Journal articles: 'Injection system modeling'

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Akram, Louiz. "Modeling of the Automatic Mechanical Injection System." Universal Journal of Mechanical Engineering 7, no. 6 (November 2019): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujme.2019.070614.

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Nagaraj, Nayak S., N. Kapilan, and Prabhu S. Sadashiva. "Modeling of Urea-Water Solution Injection Spray in SCR System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.583.

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To control the emissions from the diesel engines of modern automobiles, it requires the development of adequate and advanced exhaust gas aftertreatment devices. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is a method that can be used in mobile diesel engine aftertreatment systems to reduce harmful NOx emissions. Due to the toxicity and handling problems of ammonia, currently injection of a liquid Urea-Water Solution (UWS) into the exhaust stream approach is used. The water evaporates and the urea undergoes thermal decomposition producing ammonia that reacts with the NOx in the exhaust gas inside a SCR catalyst to produce nitrogen and water vapor. This work presents the study of UWS injection spray using commercial available CFD code, Fire v8.3. The evaporation of water from a single droplet of UWS is investigated theoretically and droplets are treated with Lagrangian particle tracking. Simulation study at different exhaust gas temperatures and injector locations is carried out and compared with experimental values. Thus, the present study results predict the local distribution and the conversion of the reducing agent.

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Guo, Shu Jun, Wen Lei Sun, Zong Bao Ping, and Hong Pan. "Development of Injection Mould Design System Based on UG." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.259.

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The development process of specialization injection mould design system orienting the injection mould industry based on UG has been studied using related technologies of UG redevelopment for the market demand of more variety, more objective, high quality and short-term concerning the injection mould industry. This paper introduces the key technologies of system development, mainly including interface technologies of UG calls MFC dialog, technologies of parameter modeling and accessing to the database, then demonstrates the process of parameter modeling using this system with an example. The system helps the management for parts library and standard size parameters database of the injection mould, and can enhance the automation and intelligent process of injection mould design.

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Wilson, Safwat A. "MODELING COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM IN DIESEL ENGINES." ERJ. Engineering Research Journal 38, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/erjm.2015.66809.

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Mejecaze, Guillaume, Laurine Curos, Tristan Dubois, Jean-Michel Vinassa, and Frederic Puybaret. "Modeling of a Current Injection System for Susceptibility Study." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 62, no. 6 (December 2020): 2737–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/temc.2020.2986512.

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Wang, H. P., D. Zheng, and Y. Tian. "High pressure common rail injection system modeling and control." ISA Transactions 63 (July 2016): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2016.03.002.

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Parsons, Michael G., and Richard W. Harkins. "Investigation of Fuel Injection System Cavitation Problems on the MV James R. Barker, MV Mesabi Miner, and MV William J. De Lancey." Marine Technology and SNAME News 22, no. 03 (July 1, 1985): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1985.22.3.219.

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Cavitation erosion has long been recognized as a potential problem in the components and piping of diesel engine fuel injection systems. Specific cavitation erosion problems have been experienced recently in the fuel injection systems of the Colt-Pielstick PC2 engines of the Great Lakes bulk carriers MV James R. Barker, MV Mesabi Miner, and MV William J. De Lancey. Similar damage has been found in the injection systems of PC2 engines onboard other U.S.-flag vessels. The experience on the subject vessels and the efforts being taken to eliminate or minimize these problems are described. The modeling and methods used in a digital computer simulation of the fuel injection system on these vessels are presented. This simulation is being developed to study the effects of the delivery valve spring characteristics and performance, system pressures, and various system details and potential modifications on the overall performance of the fuel injection system. Special emphasis has been placed upon the factors which can be causing the cavitation damage within the high-pressure injection piping and injector bodies. Example simulation results are presented. The simulation will provide a practical and economical way to evaluate potential modifications.

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Huang, Mingzhan, and Xinyu Song. "Modeling and qualitative analysis of diabetes therapies with state feedback control." International Journal of Biomathematics 07, no. 04 (June 25, 2014): 1450035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524514500351.

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For the therapies of diabetes mellitus, a novel mathematical model with two state impulses: impulsive injection of insulin and impulsive injection of glucagon, is proposed. To avoid hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, the injections of insulin and glucagon are determined by closely monitoring the plasma glucose level of the patients. By using differential equation geometry theory, the existence of periodic solution and the attraction region of the system have been obtained, which ensures that injections in such an automated way can keep the blood glucose concentration under control. The simulation results verify that the better insulin injection strategy in closed-loop control is a larger dose but longer interval rather than a smaller dose but shorter interval. Besides, our numerical analysis reveals that medicine studies and practice that slow down the insulin degradation are helpful for the plasma glucose control. Our findings can provide significant guidance in both design of artificial pancreas and clinical treatment.

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Lino, Paolo, and Guido Maione. "Accurate dynamic modeling of an electronically controlled CNG injection system." IFAC-PapersOnLine 49, no. 11 (2016): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.08.072.

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Alabastri, E., L. Magni, S. Ozioso, R. Scattolini, C. Siviero, and A. Zambelli. "Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of a Gasoline Direct Injection System." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 37, no. 22 (April 2004): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)30356-7.

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Chen, Li Dan, and Huang Xiang Shan. "Fuel Injector Design Based on 2D Technology." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1943–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1943.

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Through the discussion of main shortages of the high-speed electromagnetic valve used in electronic fuel injection system, the author introduced a new design thought of fuel injector based on 2D technology. Axial displacement of controlling valve was used to control the volume of gushing oil, while radial revolution of spool valve was used to change the time of injection. Additionally, mathematic modeling and MATLAB simulating indicated that, the injector designed based on 2D technology acquired the advantages of quick response and also realized the ideal shape of fuel injection rate.

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Yuan, Yanling, Zuyi Li, and Kui Ren. "Modeling Load Redistribution Attacks in Power Systems." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2, no. 2 (June 2011): 382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2123925.

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State estimation is a key element in today's power systems for reliable system operation and control. State estimation collects information from a large number of meter measurements and analyzes it in a centralized manner at the control center. Existing state estimation approaches were traditionally assumed to be able to tolerate and detect random bad measurements. They were, however, recently shown to be vulnerable to intentional false data injection attacks. This paper fully develops the concept of load redistribution (LR) attacks, a special type of false data injection attacks, and analyzes their damage to power system operation in different time steps with different attacking resource limitations. Based on damaging effect analysis, we differentiate two attacking goals from the adversary's perspective, i.e., immediate attacking goal and delayed attacking goal. For the immediate attacking goal, this paper identifies the most damaging LR attack through a max-min attacker-defender model. Then, the criterion of determining effective protection strategies is explained. The effectiveness of the proposed model is tested on a 14-bus system. To the author's best knowledge, this is the first work of its kind, which quantitatively analyzes the damage of the false data injection attacks to power system operation and security. Our analysis hence provides an in-depth insight on effective attack prevention with limited protection resource budget.

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Bu, Chi Wu. "System Modeling and Analysis for Injection Molding Machine Take-Out Manipulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 55-57 (May 2011): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.55-57.587.

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A 4-DOF joint type manipulator is presented for injection molding machines. The kinematic and dynamic models of the manipulator have been built. The simulation model has been finished by MATLAB/Simulink/SimMechanics. Results show the property of the trajectory tracking and control torque of the manipulator. It can provide basis for the structural design for take-out manipulators of injection molding machines.

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Polovinka, E. M. "MODELING OF FUEL INJECTION PROCESSES OF RT-FLEX ENGINES ACCUMULATOR COMMON RAIL FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM." Ship power plants 39, no. 1 (May 5, 2019): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/smf39.2019.115-128.

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The summary: the article presents hydrodynamic processes modeling results of RT-flex engines common rail fuel injection accumulator system. The analysis of the structural elements of the system is given; their functions and their combined action algorithm are considered. A mathematical model of fuel injection processes has been developed and their computer model created. The calculation procedure has been worked out; the example of calculation has been completed. The analysis of processes in the main elements and sections of the system has been performed.

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Liever, Peter A., Clifford E. Smith, and Geoffrey D. Meyers. "Fluid Modeling vs. Pollution." Mechanical Engineering 121, no. 01 (January 1, 1999): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1999-jan-5.

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This article reviews how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis provides an enhanced understanding of a low-emission combustion system. When AlliedSignal Engines in Phoenix wanted its ASE40 industrial gas turbine to meet tough new standards for nitrogen oxide emissions, the company decided to try a design that injected water into the combustion zone so the system would burn cooler. AlliedSignal combined full-scale engine tests and computer models to study the effect of water injection on the ASE40. CFD provided detailed flow field information not available from engine tests. This information allowed engineers to verify the effectiveness of the numerous design changes made in axial air swirlers, mixing jets, and cooling flows. Work is also in progress on a dual-fuel system with water injection, using the same gas/water manifold and combustor. Oil fuel will be introduced through the original water circuit, with water being introduced into the gas side. This system will be distributed for the European market by AlliedSignal’s partner, Motoren-und Turbinen-Union (MTU) of Friedrichshafen, Germany.

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Liu, Ju Yan, Zhi Xia He, Qian Wang, and Yun Long Huang. "Finite Element Analysis of High-Pressure Common-Rail Injector Body." Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (February 2011): 579–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.579.

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The high pressure common rail injection System is one of the most advanced technologies for the diesel engine to reduce fuel consumption exhaust emissions. While the design of the high pressure common rail injector is the key for the whole system. Considering that the working pressure of fuel in the injector, a more accurate injector body model was established with the modeling software Pro/Engineer in this study. Finite element analysis technology in Ansys software was applied to calculate the strength of injector body of the high pressure common rail system under different injection pressures. And then the rationality of structure parameters and material selection of the injector body can be analyzed and verified. The research conclusions can provide the theoretical basis for the optimization design of the injector.

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Bianchi, G. M., P. Pelloni, F. E. Corcione, L. Allocca, and F. Luppino. "Modeling Atomization of High-Pressure Diesel Sprays." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 2 (December 7, 2000): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1361110.

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This paper deals with a numerical and experimental characterization of a high-pressure diesel spray injected by a common-rail injection system. The experiments considered a free non-evaporating spray and they were performed in a vessel reproducing the practical density that characterizes a D.I. diesel engine at injection time. The fuel was supplied at high pressure by a common-rail injection system with a single hole tip. The computations have been carried out by using both the TAB model and a hybrid model that allows one to describe both liquid jet atomization and droplet breakup. In order to validate the breakup model, an extensive comparison between data and numerical predictions has been carried out in terms of spray penetration, Sauter mean diameter, near and far spray cone angles, and spray structure.

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Wu, Yuh Yih, Bo Chiuan Chen, and Anh Trung Tran. "Semi-Direct Injection Engine Modeling for Real Time Control." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 2504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.2504.

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The Semi-Direct Injection (SDI) system has been shown to improve small engine efficiency and exhaust by utilizing a lean burn method. In order to better understand how to more readily utilize the control systems in SDI engine, the real-time operation of an SDI engine was modeled. A charging model was developed by using a filling-and-emptying model to simulate air exchange in an engine, including varying the intake manifold structure. A single-zone model was applied to a combustion model and the effects of air/fuel ratio and swirl ratio on combustion duration were also considered. The calculated results of the intake manifold pressure, heat release rate, and cylinder pressure were compared with the experimental data. The results of this study show that this modeling process approximates reality.

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Yang, W. C., J. M. Glidewell, W. E. Tobler, and G. K. Chui. "Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Automotive Multi-Port Electronic Fuel Delivery System." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 113, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2896341.

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A dynamic model of a multi-port electronic fuel injection system, capable of analyzing fast fluid transients in the fuel, is presented. The model consists of distributed parameter models for fuel lines and lumped parameter models for the fuel pump, pressure regulator and injectors. Modal approximation is used to model fuel lines. An experimental test bench has been established, and comparison of simulation and experimental results shows excellent agreement in transient characteristics. Using this experimentally verified model, the effects of injector clogging and vapor in the fuel rail on pressure transients are examined. A bond graph model of the total system is presented to identify the proper formulation of each subsystem model.

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Balasubbareddy*, M., and Divyanshi Dwivedi. "Squirrel Search Algorithm for Solving Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Problem with FACTS Device." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 9, no. 3 (January 30, 2020): 854–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.8577.019320.

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In this paper, a novel algorithm which is being inspired by the natural foraging phenomenon of squirrel, called as Squirrel SSA for solving optimal reactive power dispatch (ORPD) problem of power system, in which FACTS device namely, UPFC is incorporated. Power Injection Modeling (PIM) and Current Injection Modeling (CIM) of UPFC are considered, both are compared for determining the best modeling technique of UPFC which can be incorporated in power system. The performance and possibility of the proposed algorithm are validated on IEEE 30-bus power system. Results obtained are compared with the other recent algorithms to show the superiority of SSA.

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Yan, Ruan, Wu Tong, Chen Jiaona, Hassan A. Alteraz, and Hamdy M. Mohamed. "Evaluation of Factors Influencing Energy Consumption in Water Injection System Based on Entropy Weight-Grey Correlation Method." Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amns.2021.2.00044.

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Abstract In order to determine the importance of influencing factors of energy consumption in oilfield water injection systems, the distribution of energy loss in the water injection system was analyzed, the factors affecting the energy consumption of the water injection system were determined, and an evaluation index system for the energy consumption of the water injection system was established. This indicator system covers all links and all energy loss nodes of the energy loss of the water injection system, thereby an evaluation model for influencing factors of energy consumption in water injection system based on entropy weight - grey correlation method was built. Use the entropy weight method to get the ranking of the importance of energy consumption indicators; use the gray correlation method to determine the correlation between each water injection system and energy consumption factors. The application results show that the entropy weight-grey correlation method proposed in this paper can effectively obtain the importance of the energy consumption factors of the oilfield water injection system, and provide scientific guidance for the daily management and targeted optimization of the water injection system.

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Lee, Ya Wei. "Dynamic Modeling and Identification of an Electric-Hydraulic Controlled Fuel Injection System." Advanced Materials Research 918 (April 2014): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.918.206.

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Fuel consumption, related to engine operation and performance, has always been emphasized in the modern design of heavy vehicles. For identifying the operational mechanism of a novel hydraulically actuated electronic unit injection (HEUI) system from the viewpoint of energy conversion, this study presents the estimation of a nonlinear autoregressive moving average with exogenous inputs (NARMAX) models. By this modeling approach, the correlation between injection pressure and fuel rate under normal operations is detected. When mapping the NARMAX models into the frequency domain, the frequency response functions (FRFs) representing the energy transfer mechanisms in the system can then be precisely obtained. Due to the high-order FRFs responsible for the non-linear coupling between the various input spectral components, the HEUI dynamics can be demonstrated as an energy resonance of 22.5 Hz.

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Feng, Tan, and Lin Lv. "Modeling and Weight Analysis of Urea-SCR System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 535 (February 2014): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.796.

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Emission regulations for diesel engines are becoming increasingly stricter worldwide, which make the modification to the SCR aftertreatment systems for marching various diesel engines of different emission levels become an urgent problem. This work presented a complete urea-SCR modeling approach. An accurate urea-SCR model consisting of 1d/3d adblue injection model and 1d catalytic converter model was established. After the estimation of kinetic parameters, the model showed good agreement with experimental data for different exhaust temperatures. Based on this advanced urea-SCR platform, this work explored influencing factors on SCR system, analyzed the individuals' weight, and finally found out the critical elements. Obviously, the results of this work can be used to reduce the development cycle and to promote the efficiency.

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Lee, Min-Kyung, Jae-Uk Lee, Min Ho Chang, Jin-Kuk Ha, Hyunmin Oh, In-Beum Lee, and Euy Soo Lee. "Dynamic modeling of pellet production process for pellet injection system in ITER." Fusion Engineering and Design 155 (June 2020): 111564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111564.

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Rotondi, Rossella. "Modeling Mixture Formation in a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine." Journal of Applied Mechanics 73, no. 6 (December 19, 2005): 931–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2173284.

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Mixture formation and combustion in a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were studied. A swirl-type nozzle, with an inwardly opening pintle, was used to inject the fuel directly in a four stroke, four cylinder, four valves per cylinder engine. The atomization of the hollow cone fuel spray was modeled by using a hybrid approach. The most important obstacle in the development of GDI engines is that the control of the stratified-charge combustion over the entire operating range is very difficult. Since the location of the ignition source is fixed in SI engines the mixture cloud must be controlled both temporally and spatially for a wide range of operating conditions. Results show that the volume of the spark must be considered when discretizing the computational domain because it highly influences the flow field in the combustion chamber. This is because the volume occupied by the plug cannot be neglected since it is much bigger than the ones used in port fuel injection engines. The development of a successful combustion system depends on the design of the fuel injection system and the matching with the in-cylinder flow field: the stratification at part load appears to be the most crucial and critical step, and if the air motion is not well coupled with the fuel spray it would lead to an increase of unburned hydrocarbon emission and fuel consumption

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Kitaev, Dmitry, Egor Aralov, Dmitry Bugaevsky, and Artem Makarov. "Modeling the work of a steam-water injector in a heat supply system." E3S Web of Conferences 157 (2020): 06037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015706037.

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One of the energy-efficient technologies is the use of injectors in heat supply systems. Steam-water injectors are very sensitive to changes in the thermodynamic parameters of water and steam. The operating range of such devices is limited to boiling liquids. The search for ranges of thermodynamic parameters that ensure the operation of the injector in real conditions of functioning of heating networks is an urgent task. The maximum energy-saving effect can be achieved by replacing devices that reduce steam pressure by injectors in which there will be a simultaneous decrease in steam pressure, heat transfer between steam and return network water to achieve the necessary thermodynamic parameters of the mixed flow. The article presents the results of modeling the operation of a steam-water injector with a cylindrical mixing chamber, taking into account the actual values of temperatures and pressures in the heating network. With constant parameters of hot steam, the possible ranges of the injector for the temperatures and pressures necessary for the implementation of temperature schedules for regulating heating networks are determined. The procedure for identifying input parameters that ensure the implementation of temperature schedules of heating networks has been carried out. Equations are obtained that allow one to determine the temperature of the water leaving the injector from the injection coefficient for the found working pressure ranges of the injected water.

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Peacock, Jared R., Stephan Thiel, Graham S. Heinson, and Peter Reid. "Time-lapse magnetotelluric monitoring of an enhanced geothermal system." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): B121—B130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0275.1.

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Realization of enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) prescribes the need for novel methods to monitor subsurface fracture connectivity and fluid distribution. Magnetotellurics (MT) is a passive electromagnetic (EM) method sensitive to electrical conductivity contrasts as a function of depth, specifically hot saline fluids in a resistive porous media. In July 2011, an EGS fluid injection at 3.6-km depth near Paralana, South Australia, was monitored by comparing repeated MT surveys before and after hydraulic stimulation. An observable coherent change above measurement error in the MT response was present and causal, in that variations in phase predict variations in apparent resistivity. Phase tensor residuals proved the most useful representation for characterizing alterations in subsurface resistivity structure, whereas resistivity tensor residuals aided in determining the sign and amplitude of resistivity variations. These two tensor representations of the residual MT response suggested fluids migrated toward the northeast of the injection well along an existing fault system trending north-northeast. Forward modeling and concurrent microseismic data support these results, although microseismic data suggest fractures opened along two existing fracture networks trending north-northeast and northeast. This exemplifies the need to use EM methods for monitoring fluid injections due to their sensitivity to conductivity contrasts.

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Yeung, Hoi C., and Paulo C. R. Lima. "Modeling of Pig Assisted Production Methods." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1446474.

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More and more transient gas-liquid operations in pipes have been successfully applied in the oil and gas industry. Pigging operation in two-phase pipelines to remove liquid accumulation or for cleaning purpose is an important transient operation. Another important operation is the injection of gas to transport the accumulated liquid in the pipeline to process facilities. Analysis of such transient two-phase flow in a pipeline is necessary not only for designing the liquid and gas handling facilities, but also for establishing safe operating procedures. In pipeline-riser systems, such operations cause even more severe change in flow conditions. A two-fluid model has been developed to determine the transient behavior of fluids during these operations. A one-dimensional set of equations for bubble/mist, annular and stratified flows has been derived. Slug flows were modeled as a combination of the foregoing. Semi-implicit finite difference schemes were used to solve the initial and boundary value problem for each phase of the pigging process: gas/pig injection, gas shut-in, slug production, and gas flow out of the system. An extensive experimental program was carried out to acquire two-phase transient flow and pigging data on a 69-m-long, 9.9-m-high, 50-mm-dia pipeline-riser system. A computer based data acquisition system was used to obtain rapidly changing and detailed information of the flow behavior during tests. The model compared well with the experimental data for characteristics such as inlet pressure, hold-up, and pig velocity. Liquid production efficiencies for different operations were compared.

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Ramsy, Him, Amir Khalid, Adiba Rhaodah Andsaler, and M. Jaat. "Modeling of Common Rail System and Constant Volume Chamber in Biodiesel Combustion: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.555.

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Among the challenges faced by diesel engines combustion nowadays are to reduce emission especially Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Particular Matter (PM) while enhancing fuel efficiency and power. The purpose of this review is to explore the mixture formation of biodiesel combustion using constant volume chamber and optical visualization. This paper will review the development of a single-shot combustion system and constant volume chamber. An overview of the relation of mixture formation and combustion process in diesel combustion is provided first. This review has shown that the application of Rapid compression Machine (RCM) is used to simulate actual condition especially the injection pressure and air motion. The review also found that the mixing between fuel and air is unavoidable and very important during ignition delay period thus predominantly influences the exhaust emission. The detailed behaviour of injection characteristic that strongly effects the mixture formation especially the spray evaporation and spray interference are discussed.Keywords: Rapid Compression Machine; Ignition Delay; Nozzle; Injection System; Air Motion; Ambient

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Abdulelah, Baraa Jalil, Yousif Ismail Mohammed Al-Mashhadany, Sameer Algburi, and Gozde Ulutagay. "Modeling and analysis: power injection model approach for high performance of electrical distribution networks." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 2943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i6.3126.

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The generation of electrical energy varies depending on the needs of the user, initial requirements, capacity, intended use, waste generation, and economic efficiency. In order to meet the challenges of the proposed overvoltage of the presented system, it is possible to use the solar collectors and profit from them economically through smart grid smart control systems. The mathematical model with four main parts was created: simulation, correlation, and evaluation according to the solar program set of photovoltaic solar modules, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller, and 600-volt electric network. Then in this phase, the investigation of the effects on the network on the basis of the output power with the coincidence of radiation and the effect of temperature in the network is carried out. An analysis was carried out to evaluate the impact of these fundamental limitations in practical application. In this section, the simulation of the proposed system is discussed. The block diagram of the developed system is presented in the last part. The proposed system was assessed from the Matlab simulation tapes and graphs for each part of the system, and the results of the overall system simulation were taken into account.

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Beaumont, Fabien, Fabien Bogard, Hassen Hakim, Sébastien Murer, Bastien Bouchet, and Guillaume Polidori. "Modeling of an Innovative Nitrogen-Free Cryotherapy Device." Dynamics 1, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 204–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dynamics1020013.

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Partial body cryotherapy cabins most often use liquid nitrogen as their cryogenic fluid, which raises safety concerns during operation. In this study, an innovative cryotherapy cabin design is presented, featuring an electric cooling system suitable for producing cold air at −30 °C. The geometry of the designed cryotherapy cabin is evaluated by a thermodynamic modeling which aims at optimizing the circulation of cold air flows inside the cabin. The numerical study is carried out in two successive phases, the first one being necessary to model the pre-cooling phase and to estimate the time required to reach an average temperature close to the set temperature of −30 °C. The second one aims at modeling a 3-min cryotherapy session by taking into account the thermal transfers between the human body and its environment. Results demonstrate the potential benefits of the cold air injection device which has been designed to optimize the thermal transfers and homogenize the temperatures within the therapeutic enclosure. The main innovation of this study is the ability to customize cryotherapy protocols by injecting cold air at different levels through targeting of specific body areas. Further calculations would be required to determine the precise impact of zone-targeted injection on skin cooling.

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Miller, Abbi, Nicole Hill, Kel Hakim, and Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas. "Fine-Tuning Electrokinetic Injections Considering Nonlinear Electrokinetic Effects in Insulator-Based Devices." Micromachines 12, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12060628.

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The manner of sample injection is critical in microscale electrokinetic (EK) separations, as the resolution of a separation greatly depends on sample quality and how the sample is introduced into the system. There is a significant wealth of knowledge on the development of EK injection methodologies that range from simple and straightforward approaches to sophisticated schemes. The present study focused on the development of optimized EK sample injection schemes for direct current insulator-based EK (DC-iEK) systems. These are microchannels that contain arrays of insulating structures; the presence of these structures creates a nonuniform electric field distribution when a potential is applied, resulting in enhanced nonlinear EK effects. Recently, it was reported that the nonlinear EK effect of electrophoresis of the second kind plays a major role in particle migration in DC-iEK systems. This study presents a methodology for designing EK sample injection schemes that consider the nonlinear EK effects exerted on the particles being injected. Mathematical modeling with COMSOL Multiphysics was employed to identify proper voltages to be used during the EK injection process. Then, a T-microchannel with insulating posts was employed to experimentally perform EK injection and separate a sample containing two types of similar polystyrene particles. The quality of the EK injections was assessed by comparing the resolution (Rs) and number of plates (N) of the experimental particle separations. The findings of this study establish the importance of considering nonlinear EK effects when planning for successful EK injection schemes.

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Saad, Muhammad, Husan Ali, Huamei Liu, Shahbaz Khan, Haider Zaman, Bakht Khan, Du Kai, and Ju Yongfeng. "A dq-Domain Impedance Measurement Methodology for Three-Phase Converters in Distributed Energy Systems." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 2732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102732.

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A distributed energy system (DES) using controlled power electronics converters delivers power to loads, via conventional, as well as a number of renewable, energy sources. However, stability concerns retard the integration of power electronics converters into an existing DES. Therefore, due to the high penetration of power converters, the overall network analysis of DES is becoming increasingly difficult. Impedance-based DES modeling emerged as an effective technique as it reduces the system into source and load subsystems and offers easier analysis of the dynamic interactions between them. These models can be obtained using either analytical calculations, simulations, or experimental measurements. In this work, firstly, a line-to-line current injection technique is used for the measurement of alternating current (AC) impedances. Since it requires repeated injections, a d q -domain impedance measurement methodology based upon a set of independent perturbations and measurements is proposed. The perturbation is injected via a sweep signal which is preprocessed by the digital signal processor (DSP) prior to injection. The d q reference frame is synchronized with the three-phase AC system using a low-bandwidth phase-locked loop (PLL). The close matching of impedance parameters measured in simulation using the proposed approach with those obtained using analytical expressions and the line-to-line current injection technique verifies the effectiveness of the approach. Furthermore, the method was also implemented experimentally, and the close matching of the results with the analytical and simulation results validates the overall modeling and measurement procedure.

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Hu, J., and J. H. Vogel. "Dynamic Modeling and Control of Packing Pressure in Injection Molding." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 116, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904280.

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A dynamic model of injection molding developed from physical considerations is used to select PID gains for pressure control during the packing phase of thermo-plastic injection molding. The relative importance of various aspects of the model and values for particular physical parameters were identified experimentally. The controller gains were chosen by pole-zero cancellation and root-locus methods, resulting in good control performance. Both open and closed-loop system responses were predicted and verified, with good overall agreement.

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Zhong, Yan Hui. "The Modeling Study of Compound Control System of the Injection Molding Machine’ VFSR." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 1501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.1501.

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This thesis paper proposes the theory of compound control system to solve the problems of slow dynamic response, low system control precision, and reduced productivity in the process of speed regulation generated because of the frequency conversion renovation in the injection molding machine, and deduces it with mathematical modeling based on the qualitative theories of ordinary differential equations. My conclusions indicate that to adopt the compound control system can largely improve its steady state and precision, and increase its dynamic response speed.

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Qingyu Yang, Jie Yang, Wei Yu, Dou An, Nan Zhang, and Wei Zhao. "On False Data-Injection Attacks against Power System State Estimation: Modeling and Countermeasures." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 25, no. 3 (March 2014): 717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2013.92.

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Cha, Ki Young, and Robert C. Borden. "Impact of injection system design on ISCO performance with permanganate — mathematical modeling results." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 128, no. 1-4 (February 2012): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2011.10.001.

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Luo, X., and Chr Day. "3D Monte Carlo vacuum modeling of the neutral beam injection system of ITER." Fusion Engineering and Design 85, no. 7-9 (December 2010): 1446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.04.002.

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Kremenetsky, Mikhail I., Andrey I. Ipatov, Alexander A. Rydel, Kharis A. Musaleev, and Anastasija N. Nikonorova. "Risk decreasing of water waste through spontaneous fracturing in injectors by integrated well-testing and production logging." PROneft’. Proffessional’no o nefti 6, no. 4 (December 24, 2021): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.51890/2587-7399-2021-6-4-92-105.

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Background. When creating an effective reservoir pressure maintenance system, unstable spontaneous hydraulic fractures can be created in injection wells. This can both negatively and positively affect hydrocarbon production. First, fracture improves reservoir connectivity, which increases injection efficiency. On the other hand, unstable fractures can cause behind-the-casing flows and unproductive injection into off-target layers or fingering. Goal. The paper is devoted to the analysis of well testing (PTA) and production logging (PLT) improvement for the diagnosis of unstable fractures in injection wells. Materials and methods. The analysis is based on the results of modeling the pressure in the reservoir system, describing the penetration reservoirs by an unrestricted conductivity unstable fracture. It is taken into account that the fracture can cross both the perforated formation and the thickness not penetrated by the perforation, and can grow with increasing overbalance. The modeling results made it possible both to assess the potential informative capabilities of well testing and to substantiate recommendations for the practical use of the obtained results. Conclusions. The proposed approaches to the technology of well testing and production logging and the interpretation of their results make it possible to estimate the additional thicknesses of the reservoirs connected by the spontaneous hydraulic fracturing to injection, the proportion of nonproductive injection in the total volume of the well. The research technology used by the authors is based on continuous measurements of pressure and flow rate during cyclic change of pressure and assessment of the effective transmissibility of the formation system at different heights of unstable fractures. The role of the PLT is to determine the effective production thickness of the reservoirs. When assessing the injectivity profile when penetrating the injector with the spontaneous hydraulic fracturing, the key role belongs to non-stationary temperature logging. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of temperature relaxation in the wellbore after the injection cycle, related to hydraulic fracturing, primarily the increase in the relaxation rate with increasing fracture length.

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Catania, A. E., C. Dongiovanni, A. Mittica, M. Badami, and F. Lovisolo. "Numerical Analysis Versus Experimental Investigation of a Distributor-Type Diesel Fuel-Injection System." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 814–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906890.

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A production distributor-type fuel-injection system for diesel engines has been extensively investigated via computer-assisted simulation and experimentation. The investigation was mainly aimed at assessing and validating a sophisticated computational model of the system, developed with specific attention given to the pump and to some important aspects concerning the injection pressure simulation, such as the dynamic effects of the injector needle lift, the flow unsteadiness, and compressibility effects on the nozzle-hole discharge coefficient. The pump delivery assembly was provided with a valve of the reflux type. This presented a flat in the collar, forming a return-flow restriction with the seat, and had no retraction piston. A single-spring injector, with a reduced sac volume, was fitted to the system. The numerical analysis of transient flow phenomena linked to the mechanical unit dynamics, including possible cavitation occurrence in the system, was performed using an implicit finite-difference algorithm, previously set up for in-line injection equipment. Particular care was exercised in modeling the distributor pump so as to match the dynamics of the delivery-valve assembly to the pressure wave propagation in the distributor and its outlets. The so-called minor losses were also taken into account and it was ascertained that sudden expansion and contraction losses were significant for the type of pump examined. The experimental investigation was performed on a test bench at practical pump speeds. Pressures were measured in the pumping chamber, at two different pipe locations, and upstream to the needle seat opening passage. This last measurement was taken in order to evaluate the nozzle-hole flow coefficient with the support of the simulation, using experimental values of the needle lift, injection rate, and injected fuel quantity as known variables. The numerical and experimental results were compared and discussed, showing the validity of the model. The injection pressure time history and the influence of the delivery return-flow restriction on the system performance were numerically examined.

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Babyn, Ihor. "JUSTIFICATION OF THE MODES OF THE MILK WASHING SYSTEM OF THE MILKING INSTALLATION." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 4(107) (December 20, 2019): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2019-4-11.

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Keywords: milk As a result of long-term operation of the milk-conducting lines of milking machines on their internal surfaces various in composition, properties, thickness, strength of adhesion to the deposition surface of alkaline and acidic nature are formed. Their presence leads to bacterial contamination of milk, resulting in a decrease in its quality and shelf life. The process of washing the elements of milking machines is one of the most important technological operations, the efficiency of which depends on the level of primary contamination of milk. The purpose is to investigate the operating parameters of the air injector operation of the milkweed flushing system of the milking plant and to substantiate their rational values. As a result of numerical modeling in the software package STAR-CCM + and experimental studies of the process of washing the milk line of the milking plant using an injector, the dependence of the change in the speed of pressure and the value of the degree of purity of the milk line at different values of its diameter from the working vacuum injection time and injection injection time pauses of the air injector. Comparing the theoretical and experimental dependences of the Fisher pressure velocity changes, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the determination coefficient can confirm the adequacy of theoretical studies. Comparing the theoretical and experimental dependence of the degree of purity of the milk line by Fisher's criterion, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the coefficient of determination can confirm the adequacy of theoretical studies. Solving the compromise problem, which minimizes the value of the rate of change of pressure at the highest value of the degree of purity of the milk line for different values of the diameter of the milk line obtained the corresponding rational parameters of the modes of operation of the injector.

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Xu, Leilei, Xue-Song Bai, Ming Jia, Yong Qian, Xinqi Qiao, and Xingcai Lu. "Experimental and modeling study of liquid fuel injection and combustion in diesel engines with a common rail injection system." Applied Energy 230 (November 2018): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.08.104.

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Aksamit, Nikolas O., Ben Kravitz, Douglas G. MacMartin, and George Haller. "Harnessing stratospheric diffusion barriers for enhanced climate geoengineering." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11 (June 11, 2021): 8845–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8845-2021.

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Abstract. Stratospheric sulfate aerosol geoengineering is a proposed method to temporarily intervene in the climate system to increase the reflectance of shortwave radiation and reduce mean global temperature. In previous climate modeling studies, choosing injection locations for geoengineering aerosols has, thus far, only utilized the average dynamics of stratospheric wind fields instead of accounting for the essential role of time-varying material transport barriers in turbulent atmospheric flows. Here we conduct the first analysis of sulfate aerosol dispersion in the stratosphere, comparing what is now a standard fixed-injection scheme with time-varying injection locations that harness short-term stratospheric diffusion barriers. We show how diffusive transport barriers can quickly be identified, and we provide an automated injection location selection algorithm using short forecast and reanalysis data. Within the first 7 d days of transport, the dynamics-based approach is able to produce particle distributions with greater global coverage than fixed-site methods with fewer injections. Additionally, this enhanced dispersion slows aerosol microphysical growth and can reduce the effective radii of aerosols up to 200–300 d after injection. While the long-term dynamics of aerosol dispersion are accurately predicted with transport barriers calculated from short forecasts, the long-term influence on radiative forcing is more difficult to predict and warrants deeper investigation. Statistically significant changes in radiative forcing at timescales beyond the forecasting window showed mixed results, potentially increasing or decreasing forcing after 1 year when compared to fixed injections. We conclude that future feasibility studies of geoengineering should consider the cooling benefits possible by strategically injecting sulfate aerosols at optimized time-varying locations. Our method of utilizing time-varying attracting and repelling structures shows great promise for identifying optimal dispersion locations, and radiative forcing impacts can be improved by considering additional meteorological variables.

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Sarmadi, Morteza, Adam M. Behrens, Kevin J. McHugh, Hannah T. M. Contreras, Zachary L. Tochka, Xueguang Lu, Robert Langer, and Ana Jaklenec. "Modeling, design, and machine learning-based framework for optimal injectability of microparticle-based drug formulations." Science Advances 6, no. 28 (July 2020): eabb6594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6594.

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Inefficient injection of microparticles through conventional hypodermic needles can impose serious challenges on clinical translation of biopharmaceutical drugs and microparticle-based drug formulations. This study aims to determine the important factors affecting microparticle injectability and establish a predictive framework using computational fluid dynamics, design of experiments, and machine learning. A numerical multiphysics model was developed to examine microparticle flow and needle blockage in a syringe-needle system. Using experimental data, a simple empirical mathematical model was introduced. Results from injection experiments were subsequently incorporated into an artificial neural network to establish a predictive framework for injectability. Last, simulations and experimental results contributed to the design of a syringe that maximizes injectability in vitro and in vivo. The custom injection system enabled a sixfold increase in injectability of large microparticles compared to a commercial syringe. This study highlights the importance of the proposed framework for optimal injection of microparticle-based drugs by parenteral routes.

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Denil, Joachim, Paul De Meulenaere, Serge Demeyer, and Hans Vangheluwe. "DEVS for AUTOSAR-based system deployment modeling and simulation." SIMULATION 93, no. 6 (February 6, 2017): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549716684552.

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AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) is an open and standardized automotive software architecture, developed by automobile manufacturers, suppliers, and tool developers. Its design is a direct consequence of the increasingly important role played by software in vehicles. As design choices during the software deployment phase have a large impact on the behavior of the system, designers need to explore various trade-offs. Examples of such design choices are the mapping of software components to processors, the priorities of tasks and messages, and buffer allocation. In this paper, we evaluate the appropriateness of DEVS, the Discrete-Event System specification, for modeling and subsequent performance evaluation of AUTOSAR-based systems. Moreover, a DEVS simulation model is constructed for AUTOSAR-based electronic control units connected by a communication bus. To aid developers in evaluating a deployment solution, the simulation model is extended with co-simulation with a plant and environment model, evaluation at different levels of detail, and fault injection. Finally, we examine how the simulation model supports the relationship between the supplier and the original equipment manufacturer in the automotive industry. We demonstrate and validate our work by means of a power window case study.

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Zhang, Yu, Hua Cai, and Guo Fu Tian. "Information Modeling and Implementation of Mold Enterprises Based on Teamcenter System Management Platform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 220-223 (November 2012): 2169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.220-223.2169.

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The information modeling of mold enterprises which based on Teamcenter product lifecycle management software platform is put forward, according to the analysis to the characteristics of injection mold manufacturing enterprises. User management model, product structure model and workflow management model have been established and implemented in the system management platform. It is not only enhance management level to data of mold enterprises, but also the scientific and effective methods of modeling and implementing can be provided for the other mold enterprises to carry out system platform of product lifecycle management.

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Zhang, Jian, Wen Lei Sun, Xiang Long Wang, Chun Xiang Wang, and Shu Jun Guo. "The Design of Injection Mold Assembly System Based on the Virtual Reality Technology." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.757.

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Traditional injection mould development needs longer cycle and higher cost, while the use of virtual assembly technology can greatly reduce the cost of the design process. Besides, the cost of newly designed products injection mold shaping and its die trial was very expensive; yet virtual mold assembly system can reduce the cost in the process of actual assembly. The simulation system of injection mold assembly and modeling can be designed by applying the virtual reality technology and its virtual roaming displaying can be achieved with external control and display devices on the virtual interaction platform of the Nvision. Finally utilizing man-machine interface technology can make users immersed in a virtual environment, realize man-machine interaction and provide a brand-new information exchange interface superior to the traditional manifestation way.

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Fite, Kevin B., Jason E. Mitchell, Eric J. Barth, and Michael Goldfarb. "A Unified Force Controller for a Proportional-Injector Direct-Injection Monopropellant-Powered Actuator." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, no. 1 (November 14, 2005): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2168473.

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This paper describes the modeling and control of a proportional-injector direct-injection monopropellant-powered actuator for use in power-autonomous human-scale mobile robots. The development and use of proportional (as opposed to solenoid) injection valves enables a continuous and unified input/output description of the device, and therefore enables the development and implementation of a sliding-mode-type controller for the force control of the proposed actuator, which provides the stability guarantees characteristic of a sliding-mode control approach. Specifically, a three-input, single-output model of the actuation system behavior is developed, which takes a nonlinear non-control-canonical form. In order to implement a nonlinear controller, a constraint structure is developed that effectively renders the system single input, single output, and control canonical, and, thus, of appropriate form for the implementation of a sliding-mode controller. A sliding-mode controller is then developed and experimentally implemented on the proposed actuator. Experimental results demonstrate closed-loop force tracking with a saturation-limited bandwidth of approximately 6Hz.

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Xiang, Hao, Jiu He Wang, Yu Ling Ma, and Dong Ying Yang. "Three-Phase Induction Motor Modeling and Control Based on the EL Equation." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1917–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1917.

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The Euler-Lagrange (EL) model of the three-phase induction motor is set up based on the mathematical model of the three-phase induction motor in the two-phase static coordinate. The passivity and dissipativity of the three-phase induction motor are studied by EL model. Based on the passivity of induction motor, the passivity-based controller of system is designed with the method of damping injection under the conditions of the stator flux oriented.The system simulation model of the three-phase induction motor is established under MATLAB/Simulink environment. The Simulation results show that the passivity-based controller designed with the method of damping injection under the conditions of the stator flux orientedis feasible.

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B. L. Steward and D. S. Humburg. "MODELING THE RAVEN SCS-700 CHEMICAL INJECTION SYSTEM WITH CARRIER CONTROL WITH SPRAYER SIMULATION." Transactions of the ASAE 43, no. 2 (2000): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.2698.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Injection system modeling'

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