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Journal articles on the topic 'Injection stretch blow moulding'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Billon, Noelle, Jean Marc Haudin, Camille Vallot, and Charles Babin. "Stretch Blow Moulding of Mineral Filled PET." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1099.

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Injection Stretch Blow mouldng is a two step processing that was designed and optimized mainly using unfilled PET resins. This study focuses on stretch blow moulding of a PET filled with a few percent of sub micronic mineral fillers. Based on DSC, DMA, tensile tests as well as blowing on prototype machine main effects of fillers are analysed. It is demonstrated that fillers increases crystallization kinetics resulting in a reduction of the processing range. Difference in strain hardening induced by fillers makes it necessary to adjust blowing temperature. However main effect occurs during heating phase. Temperature within the perform is much less homogeneous than in PET making thermal gradient totally different if heating protocole is kept unchanged. Once heating is controlled to reach to equivalent thermal gradients as for PET blowing is possible and rather equivalent to that of pure PET.
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2

Nixon, J., S. Yan, and Gary H. Menary. "Analysis and Simulation of the Free-Stretch-Blow Process of PET." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1729.

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This paper is concerned with understanding the behaviour of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in the injection stretch blow moulding (ISBM) process where it is typically bi-axially stretched to form bottles for the packaging industry. Preforms which have been pre sprayed with a pattern and heated in an oil bath have been stretched and blown in free air using a lab scale ISBM machine whilst being monitored via high speed video. The images have subsequently been analysed using a digital image correlation system (VIC 3D). The results have been used to validate appropriate simulations of the free-blow process using ABAQUS®/Explicit FEA with a suitable viscoelastic material model, along with experimental process data obtained using an instrumented stretch rod.
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3

Menary, G. H., C. G. Armstrong, R. J. Crawford, and J. P. McEvoy. "Modelling of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in injection stretch–blow moulding." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 29, no. 7 (July 2000): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146580100101541166.

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4

Donzella, G., M. Grazioli, F. Chiesa, A. Avanzini, M. Antonini, A. Vertuan, D. Battini, M. Mor, and D. Fausti. "Experimental characterisation and modelling of polyethylene terephthalate preform for injection stretch blow moulding." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 60, no. 1 (2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2020.10030445.

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5

Battini, D., A. Avanzini, M. Antonini, D. Fausti, M. Mor, A. Vertuan, F. Chiesa, M. Grazioli, and G. Donzella. "Experimental characterisation and modelling of polyethylene terephthalate preform for injection stretch blow moulding." International Journal of Materials and Product Technology 60, no. 1 (2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmpt.2020.108493.

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6

Menary, G. H., and C. G. Armstrong. "Experimental study and numerical modelling of injection stretch blow moulding of angioplasty balloons." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 35, no. 8 (October 2006): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328906x143877.

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7

Salomeia, Y., G. H. Menary, C. G. Armstrong, J. Nixon, and S. Yan. "Measuring and modelling air mass flow rate in the injection stretch blow moulding process." International Journal of Material Forming 9, no. 4 (April 19, 2015): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-015-1240-0.

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8

Awaja, Firas, and Dumitru Pavel. "Injection stretch blow moulding process of reactive extruded recycled PET and virgin PET blends." European Polymer Journal 41, no. 11 (November 2005): 2614–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.05.036.

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9

Yang, Ziqi, Wasif Naeem, Gary Menary, Jing Deng, and Kang Li. "Advanced Modelling and Optimization of Infared Oven in Injection Stretch Blow-moulding for Energy Saving." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 47, no. 3 (2014): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20140824-6-za-1003.01191.

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10

Yang, Z. J., E. Harkin-Jones, G. H. Menary, and C. G. Armstrong. "Coupled temperature–displacement modelling of injection stretch-blow moulding of PET bottles using Buckley model." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 153-154 (November 2004): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.04.203.

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11

Biglione, Jordan, Yves Bereaux, J. Y. Charmeau, Renaud G. Rinaldi, Jean Balcaen, and Sambor Chhay. "Injection Blow Moulding Single Stage Process – Approach of the Material Behaviour in Process Conditions and Numerical Simulation." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.805.

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Single stage injection blow moulding process, without preform storage and reheat, could be run on a standard injection moulding machine, with the aim of producing short series of specific hollow parts. In this process, the preform is being blow moulded after a short cooling time. Polypropylene (Random copolymer) is a suitable material for this type of process. The preform has to remain sufficiently melted to be blown. This single stage process introduces temperature gradients, molecular orientation, high stretch rates and high cooling rates. These constraints lead to a small processing window, and in practice, the process takes place between the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature. To investigates the mechanical behaviour in conditions as close to the process as possible, we ran a series of experiments: First, Dynamical Mechanical Analysis was performed starting from the solid state at room temperature and ending in the vicinity of the melting temperature. Conversely, oscillatory rheometry was also performed starting this time from the molten state at 200°C and decreasing the temperature down to the vicinity of the crystallization temperature. The influence of the shear rate and of the cooling kinetics on the enhancement of the mechanical properties when starting from the melt is discussed. This enhancement is attributed to the crystallization of the material. The question of the crystallization occurring at such high stretch rates and high cooling rates is open. A viscous Cross model has been proved to be relevant to the problem. Thermal dependence is assumed by an Arrhenius law. The process is simulated through a finite element code (POLYFLOW software) in the Ansys Workbench framework. Thickness measurements using image analysis are performed and comparison with the simulation results is satisfactory.
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12

Tan, C. W., G. H. Menary, Y. Salomeia, C. G. Armstrong, M. Picard, N. Billon, E. M. A. Harkin-Jones, P. J. Martin, and K. Maheshwari. "Modelling of the Injection Stretch Blow Moulding of PET Containers via a Pressure-Volume-time (PV-t) Thermodynamic Relationship." International Journal of Material Forming 1, S1 (April 2008): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0296-5.

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13

Luo, Yun Mei, Luc Chevalier, and Eric Monteiro. "Numerical Simulation of the Viscohyperelastic Behaviour of PET near the Glass Transition Temperature." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1139.

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The presentation deals with the non linear strongly elastic and viscous behaviour of poly ethylene terephthalate near the glass transition temperature and biaxially stretched at high strain rates representative of the injection stretch blow moulding process. A non linear visco-hyperelastic model inspired from [1] and identified from the experimental results of the equi-biaxial tension test [2], have been developed and presented in [3] is implemented into a finite element code developed with Matlab. The thermal behaviour modelling, identification and simulation has also been managed. First, a numerical simulation of 2D plane stress case has been performed involving 2 fields (global velocity V and elastic Cauchy Green tensor Be). Rectangular finite elements with quadratic and linear interpolations have been employed for velocity and the elastic left Cauchy Green tensor. Second, an axi symmetric formulation involving 4 fields (global velocity V, lagrange multiplier p associated with the global incompressibility condition, and multiplier q associated with the incompressibility of the elastic part) has been performed using rectangular elements. Degree of interpolation have been tested for all possible combinations to test the LBB like condition. Both simulations are compared with equi biaxial or sequential biaxial testing in order to reproduce the strain hardening effect and the self-heating observed. The final goal of this work is to perform the free blowing simulation to compare with experimental data. Therefore, we should solve an iterative procedure for a thermo-mechanical equation. At each time step, a four-field approach is adopted for the mechanical part, and a classical heat transfer equation is discretised for the thermal part.
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14

Wei, Huidong, Shiyong Yan, and Gary Menary. "Modelling Stretch Blow Moulding of Poly (l-lactic acid) for the Manufacture of Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 22, 2021): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060967.

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Stretch blow moulding (SBM) has been employed to manufacture bioresorbable vascular scaffold (BVS) from poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA), whilst an experience-based method is used to develop the suitable processing conditions by trial-and-error. FEA modelling can be used to predict the forming process by the scientific understanding on the mechanical behaviour of PLLA materials above the glass transition temperature (Tg). The applicability of a constitutive model, the ‘glass-rubber’ (GR) model with material parameters from biaxial stretch was examined on PLLA sheets replicating the biaxial strain history of PLLA tubes during stretch blow moulding. The different stress–strain relationship of tubes and sheets under equivalent deformation suggested the need of re-calibration of the GR model for tubes. A FEA model was developed for PLLA tubes under different operation conditions, incorporating a virtual cap and rod to capture the suppression of axial stretch. The reliability of the FEA modelling on tube blowing was validated by comparing the shape evolution, strain history and stress–strain relationship from modelling to the results from the free stretch blow test.
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15

Salomeia, Yannis M., Gary H. Menary, and Cecil G. Armstrong. "Instrumentation and Modelling of the Stretch Blow Moulding Process." International Journal of Material Forming 3, S1 (April 2010): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-0839-4.

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16

Billon, N., M. Picard, and E. Gorlier. "Stretch blow moulding of PET; structure development and constitutive model." International Journal of Material Forming 7, no. 3 (April 23, 2013): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-013-1131-1.

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17

Menary, G. H., C. W. Tan, C. G. Armstrong, Y. Salomeia, M. Picard, N. Billon, and E. M. A. Harkin-Jones. "Validating injection stretch-blow molding simulation through free blow trials." Polymer Engineering & Science 50, no. 5 (March 17, 2010): 1047–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21555.

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18

Zimmer, Johannes, Christian Detrois, and Markus Stommel. "Evaluation Method for Stretch Blow Moulding Simulations with Process-Oriented Experiments." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1658–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1658.

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In the Stretch blow moulding (SBM) process, polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-preforms are biaxially deformed to produce thin walled bottles. Finite-Element (FE)-Simulations are an important tool to optimise this process in terms of material usage and product performance. Thereby, the implementation of the thermo-mechanical material behaviour of PET plays an important role to achieve realistic simulation results. A common approach for this purpose is to calibrate a material model with stress-strain curves from biaxial stretching experiments. Thin PET-sheets are stretched under defined temperatures and strain rates. However, these experiments include process simplifications concerning geometry, heating and deformation parameters. This paper presents a method for extracting temperature dependent stress-strain-curves from experiments close to the production process. PET-Preforms receive thermal treatment with Infrared (IR)-heaters from an SBM-machine and are subsequently inflated in free air (free blow trial). A high-speed-IR-camera is used to image the axial and radial temperature distribution on the preform immediately before blowing. The deformation process is recorded via 3d-high-speed-cameras with a frame rate of 2000/s. The cameras are synchronised with a pressure sensor to consequently calculate reliable stress-strain curves at any point on the preform. In addition FE-simulations of the free blow trials are conducted using a material model calibrated with the simplified stretching experiments of thin PET sheets. Resulting stress-strain-curves from simulations and free-blow-trials are finally compared to evaluate the quality of the material model as well as the underlying testing procedure.
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19

Deloye, E., J.-M. Haudin, and N. Billon. "Influence of chemical architecture of PET on ability to stretch blow moulding." International Journal of Material Forming 1, S1 (March 29, 2008): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0315-6.

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20

Bordival, M., Y. Le Maoult, and F. M. Schmidt. "Optimisation of Preform Temperature Distribution For the Stretch-Blow Moulding of PET Bottles." International Journal of Material Forming 1, S1 (April 2008): 1023–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-008-0232-8.

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21

Wang, Yun, Kai Zhang, Ya Chun Dai, Jiong Liu, and Yuan Yuan Zhang. "State-of-the-Art of Rotational Moulding Technique and its Application." Applied Mechanics and Materials 80-81 (July 2011): 980–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.80-81.980.

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With the rapid development of plastic products in the world and the increasingly sophistication of plastic technology, rotational moulding (RM), has become the most practical and irreplaceable way of producing the large and super large containers like tanks, tank, etc. Compared with injection moulding and blow moulding, RM has the characteristics of low cost and easy-to-use, and its application has been extended into many domains. The principle of rotational moulding and comparison of raw material by the requirement of rotational moulding is introduced. The paper emphasizes the introduction of state-of-the-art of RM equipment; also it points out the development of RM.
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22

Koiso, Nobuhisa, Kentarou Ichikawa, Norio Akuzawa, Hisashi Kotani, and Kensuke Ohara. "Development of Microcellular Plastics Container by Injection and Stretch Blow Molding." Seikei-Kakou 26, no. 11 (October 20, 2014): 521–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.26.521.

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23

White, S. A., and S. K. Doun. "The development of surface texture in injection stretch-blow molded polypropylene." Polymer Engineering and Science 32, no. 19 (October 1992): 1426–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760321905.

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24

Tan, Z. Q., Nurrina Rosli, and Muchamad Oktaviandri. "Simulation on Effect of Preform Diameter in Injection Stretch Blow Molding." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 319 (March 2018): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/319/1/012053.

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25

Bagherzadeh, S., F. R. Biglari, and K. Nikbin. "Parameter study of stretch—blow moulding process of polyethylene terephthalate bottles using finite element simulation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 224, no. 8 (February 4, 2010): 1217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem1853.

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26

Erbulut, D. U., S. H. Masood, V. N. Tran, and I. Sbarski. "A novel approach of measuring the dielectric properties of PET preforms for stretch blow moulding." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 109, no. 5 (2008): 3196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.28378.

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27

Nixon, J., G. H. Menary, and S. Yan. "Finite element simulations of stretch-blow moulding with experimental validation over a broad process window." International Journal of Material Forming 10, no. 5 (October 25, 2016): 793–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-016-1320-9.

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28

Mayrhofer, P. "High heat applications for ELIX® 300 modified rigid PVC in injection moulding, extrusion, calandering and blow moulding." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 29, no. 1 (June 1989): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19890290119.

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29

Denysiuk, R., N. Gonçalves, R. Pinto, H. Silva, F. Duarte, J. Nunes, and A. Gaspar-Cunha. "Optimization of Injection Stretch Blow Molding: Part I – Defining Part Thickness Profile." International Polymer Processing 34, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.3746.

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30

Schmidt, F. M., J. F. Agassant, and M. Bellet. "Experimental study and numerical simulation of the injection stretch/blow molding process." Polymer Engineering & Science 38, no. 9 (September 1998): 1399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.10310.

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31

Nixon, James, and Gary H. Menary. "Determining Volumetric Strain in Biaxial Deformation of PET at Temperatures and Strain Rates for Stretch Blow Moulding." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.869.

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For materials formed in the rubbery region eg. PET in the stretch blow moulding process, the normal assumption is that the material is incompressible. In this paper the validity of this assumption is challenged by conducting a series of experiments that measure the volumetric strain under different strain and temperature histories. Experiments have been conducted on a biaxial testing machine instrumented with lasers for measuring the strain through the thickness in combination with and digital image correlation for measuring the in plane strain for PET stretched in uniaxial and biaxial deformation between 90°C and 100°C. Results will be presented that show that the Poisson’s ratio for PET can vary between 0.4 and 0.55 depending on the test conditions. It is concluded that the values measured greater than 0.5 are due to the strain induced crystallinity that occurs with PET during the biaxial deformation process.______________________________________________________________________
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32

Yan, Shiyong, Gary Menary, and James Nixon. "A novel methodology to characterize the constitutive behaviour of polyethylene terephthalate for the stretch blow moulding process." Mechanics of Materials 104 (January 2017): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2016.10.006.

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33

Demirel, B., and F. Daver. "Experimental study of preform reheat temperature in two-stage injection stretch blow molding." Polymer Engineering & Science 53, no. 4 (September 28, 2012): 868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.23333.

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34

Mir, H., F. Thibault, and R. DiRaddo. "Modelling Behaviour of PET for Stretch and Micro-Blow Moulding Applications Using an Elasto-Visco-Plastic Material Model." International Polymer Processing 26, no. 2 (May 2011): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.2414.

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35

Chevalier, L., C. Linhone, and G. Regnier. "Induced crystallinity during stretch–blow moulding process and its influence on mechanical strength of poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 28, no. 8 (August 1999): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146580199101540556.

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36

Hsieh, Yi Chern, Minh Hai Doan, and Thi Thanh Hoi Pham. "The Study of Infrared Heating on PET Bottles by Experiment and Adaptive Finite Volume Method." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 750–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.750.

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Stretch-Blow moulding (SBM) fabricate process is a well known method to produce PET bottles. During the construction procedure, PET surface temperature distribution controlled by infrared heating is the key factor about manufacture technique for the better quality of PET. This paper focuses on how to measure and estimate temperature distribution on the surface of semi-transparent polymers so that we can make sure the proper position and intensity of the infrared lamb. We use infrared camera to detect the real temperature distributions and C++ object-oriented programming to estimate the infrared radiation (IR) results by adaptive finite volume method (Adaptive FVM). The numerical results have been compared with experimental results and the consequence is satisfied. Multiple lambs’ cases and the interior temperature distribution in PET will be discussed in future.
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37

Ramkumar, P. L., D. M. Kulkarni, and Vikas V. Chaudhari. "Effect of Cooling Medium on Fracture Toughness of Rotomoulded Product." Applied Mechanics and Materials 852 (September 2016): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.852.85.

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In day-to-day life, usage of plastics is numerous. It offers variety of benefits compared to other materials in various sectors like house hold applications, agricultural industry, and packaging, etc. There are numerous methods for processing plastics. These include: blow moulding, injection moulding, rotational moulding, transfer moulding and thermoforming. Rotational moulding is a competitive alternative to other plastic manufacturing process, since it offers designers an opportunity to achieve an economic production of stress free products. Many products made by rotational moulding process using linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) are widely used in outdoor applications such as boats, over head tanks, and car body parts etc. In such applications, fracture properties are considered to be critical from the quality characterization point of view. Selection of appropriate cooling medium plays vital role to enhance the quality of rotomolded products. In this paper, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of cooling medium on fracture toughness of the rotationally moulded products. Fracture tests are carried out on a compact tension (CT) test specimens prepared as per the ASTM D 6068 (2012). The tests are performed on a universal testing machine. R-curve method is used to determine the fracture toughness (JIC) of rotomoulded products. From the experimental results it is found that rapid cooling method favours better fracture toughness of rotomoulded products. Therefore, it is recommended to use faster cooling aids like water cooling in rotational moulding process to achieve highest fracture toughness.
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38

Daver, F., and B. Demirel. "A simulation study of the effect of preform cooling time in injection stretch blow molding." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 212, no. 11 (November 2012): 2400–2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.06.004.

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39

Hanan, Jay C. "Birefrengent Residual Stress and Improved Injection Mold Design." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.217.

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Efficient manufacturing requires consistency. Automated equipment is designed to accept a small range of input variability and quickly sort and process for next steps. A case study for injection molding of polyethylene terephthalate preforms for use in stretch-blow molding was presented. One convenient method for measuring stresses in optically transparent birefringent parts is photoelasticity. Using cross-polarized light, fringes proportional to the stress state were observed. Faster cooling improved the residual stress state in the injected preforms. The improvements were both in magnitude, as represented by the frequency of fringes and consistency, as represented by the improved symmetry of the fringes. Lower pressure in the mold also aided in improving the residual stress state. Reducing the pressure needed to inject was accomplished by increasing the vent width.
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40

Atigkaphan, Nuchnalin, and Satjarthip Thusneyapan. "Finite-Element Analysis of Preform Deformation for Flat Wall Thickness Distribution in the Injection Blow Molding Process." Materials Science Forum 987 (April 2020): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.987.142.

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The wall thickness of plastic bottle is a major consideration for engineers in designing products with strength. For injection blow molding, the thickness depends on the preform size, and shape of the required product. The polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is injected in a mold with the shape of the preform. A stretch injection blow molding machine is used for processing the preform to the shape of the bottle. This research applied finite-element analysis for the process simulation; started from applying the air pressure inside the heated perform – until the PET expanded to the required bottle shape. While most studies were interested in axis-symmetry shape, this paper concentrated on a bottle with uniform flat wall thickness on four sides of a squared section bottle. Several finite-element models were studied and compared the simulation efficiency. Under the investigated area of ±15 mm x 90 mm, the thickness deviation found to be within 3.573%.
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41

Luo, Yun‐Mei, Luc Chevalier, Eric Monteiro, Shiyong Yan, and Gary Menary. "Simulation of the Injection Stretch Blow Molding Process: An Anisotropic Visco‐Hyperelastic Model for Polyethylene Terephthalate Behavior." Polymer Engineering & Science 60, no. 4 (April 2020): 823–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.25341.

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42

Yang, Z. J., E. Harkin-Jones, G. H. Menary, and C. G. Armstrong. "A non-isothermal finite element model for injection stretch-blow molding of PET bottles with parametric studies." Polymer Engineering and Science 44, no. 7 (2004): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20133.

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43

Wei, Huidong, Shiyong Yan, Saurav Goel, and Gary Menary. "Characterization and modelling the mechanical behaviour of poly(l-lactic acid) for the manufacture of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds by stretch blow moulding." International Journal of Material Forming 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-018-01463-2.

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44

Yang, Z. J., E. M. A. Harkin-Jones, C. G. Armstrong, and G. H. Menary. "Finite element modelling of stretch-blow moulding of PET bottles using Buckley model: Plant tests and effects of process conditions and material parameters." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 218, no. 4 (November 2004): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954408042466990.

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45

Wawrzyniak, Paweł, and Waldemar Karaszewski. "Blowing Kinetics, Pressure Resistance, Thermal Stability, and Relaxation of the Amorphous Phase of the PET Container in the SBM Process with Hot and Cold Mold. Part I: Research Methodology and Results." Polymers 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081749.

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The technology of filling drinks without preservatives (such as fresh juices, iced tea drinks, vitaminized drinks) is carried out using hot filling. Mainly due to the production costs and lower carbon footprint, polyethylene terephthalate bottles, commonly called PET, are increasingly used in this technology. In this paper, the main aim is to describe the statistical analysis methodology of the influence of the temperature of the blow mold in the SBM process and the method of hot filling on the macroscopic and microscopic bottle properties. The macroscopic bottle properties were defined by the thickness profile, pressure resistance, thermal stability, and the coefficients of blowing kinetics. Moreover, the influence of the SBM (stretch blow moulding) process on the microscopic PET material properties (in the bottle) relative to the microscopic preform properties was analyzed. The microscopic properties were defined by the degree of crystallite, density, and relaxation of the amorphous phase of the PET material. For this purpose, response surface experiments were performed for the two analyzed factors (independent variables), i.e., the temperature of the blow mold and the method of hot filling. The sample size was investigated to determine the minimum number of repetitions (number of bottles in the measurement series) required to achieve acceptable measurement uncertainty. The research conducted shows that despite fulfilling the postulate of acceptable measurement uncertainty, in terms of the power of ANOVA (analysis of variance) in DOE (design of experiment) the accepted number of bottles in the measurement series is too small. The tests of the bottle material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase relative to the preform material density, material crystallite, and relaxation of amorphous phase show that the microcavity effects occur during the deformation of the PET material, and that these are associated with the orientation of the microstructure. The blow kinetics study shows that there is a gradient of flow of the bottle material over the thickness of the bottle wall during blowing, and it has been deduced that the air temperature between the blow mold and the wall of the blown bottle has an impact on the kinetics of blowing the bottle.
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46

Chevalier, L. "Modification des propriétés durant le soufflage des bouteilles plastiques en PETMaterial properties evolution during stretch blow moulding of PET bottles." Mécanique & Industries 2, no. 3 (June 2001): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1296-2139(01)01094-6.

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47

Cosson, Benoit, Luc Chevalier, and Gilles Régnier. "Simulation of the stretch blow moulding process: from the modelling of the microstructure evolution to the end-use elastic properties of polyethylene terephthalate bottles." International Journal of Material Forming 5, no. 1 (December 30, 2010): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12289-010-1010-y.

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48

Luo, Yun Mei, Luc Chevalier, Francoise Utheza, and Xavier Nicolas. "Simplified Modelling of the Infrared Heating Involving the Air Convection Effect before the Injection Stretch Blowing Moulding of PET Preform." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 844–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.844.

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Initial heating conditions and temperature effects (heat transfer with air and mould, self-heating, conduction) have important influence during the ISBM process of PET preforms. The numerical simulation of infrared (IR) heating taking into account the air convection around a PET preform is very time-consuming even for 2D modelling. This work proposes a simplified approach of the coupled heat transfers (conduction, convection and radiation) in the ISBM process based on the results of a complete IR heating simulation of PET sheet using ANSYS/Fluent. First, the simplified approach is validated by comparing the experimental temperature distribution of a PET sheet obtained from an IR camera with the numerical results of the simplified simulation. Second, we focus on the more complex problem of the rotating PET preform heated by IR lamps. This problem cannot be modeled in 2D and the complete 3D approach is out of calculation possibilities actually. In our approach, the IR heating flux coming from IR lamps is calculated using radiative laws adapted to the test geometry. Finally, the simplified approach used on the 2D plane sheet case to model the air convection is applied to the heat transfer between the cylindrical preform and ambient air using a simple model in Comsol where only the preform is meshed. In this case, the effect of the rotation of the preform is taken into account in the radiation flux by a periodic time function. The convection effect is modeled through the thermal boundary conditions at the preform surface using the heat transfer coefficients exported from the simulations of the IR heating of a PET sheet with ANSYS/Fluent. The temperature distribution on the outer surface of the preform is compared to the thermal imaging for validation.
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49

Todorov, Lyudmil V., Olga M. Freire, and Júlio C. Viana. "Uniaxial Stretching above the Glass Transition Temperature of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and its Effects on the Structure Development." Materials Science Forum 587-588 (June 2008): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.587-588.529.

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This work deals with an experimental investigation of the strain-induced crystalline microstructure that develops under uniaxial elongation of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, above its glass transition temperature, as an approach for industrial stretch-blow moulding processes. The present study aims at: a) defining the most relevant processing parameters which govern and are of significance for the induced morphology, and b) establishing of relationships between processing and morphology. Compression moulded amorphous PET was uniaxial stretched with variations of following stretching parameters: stretching temperature, Tst, stretching velocity, Vst, and stretching ratio, λst, that were varied in two levels according to a L8 Taguchi orthogonal array. The developed morphologies were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and birefringence measurements. Obtained results were analyzed by ANOVA statistical tool. The glass transition temperature, Tg, is influenced mainly by the stretching ratio. The cold crystallization temperature, Tcc, is determined by complex influence of all stretching variables and the interaction Tstxλst. The degree of crystallinity, χc, mainly depends upon Vst and Tstxλst interaction. The birefringence, n, is essentially determined by λst and the interaction Vstxλst. The distinct morphological parameters are then related with the purpose of understand the structure development upon polymer stretching.
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50

Ben Daly, H., K. C. Cole, K. T. Nguyen, and B. Sanschagrin. "Characterization of molecular orientation in injection–stretch–blow-molded poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles by means of external reflection infrared spectroscopy." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 104, no. 2 (2007): 1319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.25792.

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