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1
Mata, Carmen, Jakub Piaszyk, José Antonio Soriano, José Martín Herreros, Athanasios Tsolakis, and Karl Dearn. "Impact of Alternative Paraffinic Fuels on the Durability of a Modern Common Rail Injection System." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164166.
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Common rail (CR) diesel fuel injection systems are very sensitive to variations in fuel properties, thus the impact of alternative fuels on the durability of the injection system should be investigated when considering the use of alternative fuels. This work studies a high-pressure CR (HPCR) diesel fuel injection system operating for 400 h in an injection test bench, using a fuel blend composed of an alternative paraffinic fuel and conventional diesel (50PF50D). The alternative fuel does not have aromatic components and has lower density than conventional diesel fuel. The injection system durability study was carried out under typical injection pressure and fuel temperature for the fuel pump, the common rail and the injector. The results show that the HPCR fuel injection system and its components (e.g., piston, spring, cylinder, driveshaft and cam) have no indication of damage, wear or change in surface roughness. The absence of internal wear to the components of the injection system is supported by the approximately constant total flow rate that reaches the injector during the whole the 400 h of the experiment. However, the size of the injector nozzle holes was decreased (approximately 12%), being consistent with the increase in the return fuel flow of the injector and rail (approximately 13%) after the completion of the study. Overall, the injection system maintained its operability during the whole duration of the durability study, which encourages the use of paraffinic fuels as an alternative to conventional diesel fuel.
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Basavarajappa, D. N., N. R. Banapurmath, S. V. Khandal, and G. Manavendra. "Performance evaluation of common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine fuelled with Uppage Oil Methyl Ester (UOME)." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 4, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.4.1.1-10.
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For economic and social development of any country energy is one of the most essential requirements. Continuously increasing price of crude petroleum fuels in the present days coupled with alarming emissions and stringent emission regulations has led to growing attention towards use of alternative fuels like vegetable oils, alcoholic and gaseous fuels for diesel engine applications. Use of such fuels can ease the burden on the economy by curtailing the fuel imports. Diesel engines are highly efficient and the main problems associated with them is their high smoke and NOx emissions. Hence there is an urgent need to promote the use of alternative fuels in place of high speed diesel (HSD) as substitute. India has a large agriculture base that can be used as a feed stock to obtain newer fuel which is renewable and sustainable. Accordingly Uppage oil methyl ester (UOME) biodiesel was selected as an alternative fuel. Use of biodiesels in diesel engines fitted with mechanical fuel injection systems has limitation on the injector opening pressure (300 bar). CRDI system can overcome this drawback by injecting fuel at very high pressures (1500-2500 bar) and is most suitable for biodiesel fuels which are high viscous. This paper presents the performance and emission characteristics of a CRDI diesel engine fuelled with UOME biodiesel at different injection timings and injection pressures. From the experimental evidence it was revealed that UOME biodiesel yielded overall better performance with reduced emissions at retarded injection timing of -10° BTDC in CRDI mode of engine operation.
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SIDOROWICZ, Maciej, and Ireneusz PIELECHA. "Inflammability evaluation of hydrocarbon fuels mixtures formed directly in the combustion chamber." Combustion Engines 170, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-309.
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The proposed article involves an investigation of the processes taking place during the preparation of mixed fuels that are combined directly before combustion. The fuel dose formed in this way must take into account the qualitative and quantitative composition of the fuels and the amount of air in the process. Given that liquid fuels similar to gasoline (e.g. methanol, ethanol, butanol) are characterized by different properties, their comparison would be useful in order to use their ratio to influence the combustion process. The process of fuel preparation plays a decisive role in this issue. The article describes abilities of modelling the injection of various fuels simultaneously to the combustion chamber for creating fuel mixture directly before ignition. First part of the article consists of analysis of light hydrocarbon fuels mixing abilities, supported with present research data. Next part describes the evaluation of execution of the assumed system – two fuel injectors with analysis of spray penetration. The modelling of the injection and spray was performed in the AVL FIRE 2014.2 environment and the results were presented. The injection possibility was proven by injecting the fuel to the combustion chamber model. Local values of air-fuel ratio, density and ambient pressure were presented to better understand the potential in mixing fuels directly before ignition. The conclusion includes description of fuel mixing abilities, influence of various fuels on creation of a stratified mixture and definition of controllability of charge ignition.
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Henein, N. A., B. Jawad, and E. Gulari. "Effects of Physical Properties of Fuels on Diesel Injection." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 3 (July 1, 1990): 308–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906496.
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The physical properties of the fuel, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and bulk modulus of elasticity, affect many aspects of the diesel injection process. The effects of these fuel properties on the fuel pressure in the high-pressure line, rate of injection, leakage, spray penetration, and droplet size distribution were determined experimentally. The mechanism of spray development was investigated by injecting the fuel into a high-pressure chamber. A pulsed Malvern drop-size analyzer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction, was utilized to determine droplet size ranges for various fuels.
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Teja, K. M. V. Ravi, P. Issac Prasad, K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, Nagaraj R. Banapurmath, Muhammad A. Kalam, and C. Ahamed Saleel. "Effect of Injection Parameters on the Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Powered with Jamun Seed and Cashew Nutshell B20 Biodiesel Blends." Sustainability 14, no. 8 (April 13, 2022): 4642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084642.
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Renewable fuels are alternative resources that find use in the power generation, agricultural, and transportation sectors. The sustainable utility of these renewable fuels mostly addresses the socio-economic issues of a country and reduces its dependency on fossil fuels. In addition, being environmentally friendly allows them to handle global warming more effectively. Two B20 fuel blends were produced using methyl esters of cashew nutshell and jamun seed oils to test the performance of the common rail direct injection engine. To improve the engine performance, injection parameters such as nozzle geometry, injection time, and injector opening pressure are used. Improved brake thermal efficiency and lower emissions of smoke, hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were achieved with the help of advancing the injection timing, raising the injector opening pressure, and increasing the number of injector nozzle holes. In addition to reducing the ignition delay, extending the combustion duration, and increasing the peak pressure, the revised injection settings also boosted the heat release rates. At the maximum load, compared to CHNOB B20, JAMNSOB B20 showed a significant rise in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 4.94% and a considerable decrease in smoke emissions (0.8%) with an increase in NOx (1.45%), by varying the injection timing, injection pressure, and nozzle geometry of the common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine.
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RYBAK, Arkadiusz, Jacek HUNICZ, Paweł KRZACZEK, Wojciech GOLIMOWSKI, and Damian MARCINKOWSKI. "Effect of different biofuels on common rail injector flow rate." Combustion Engines 171, no. 4 (November 1, 2017): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-407.
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In this study dynamic flow rates of a common rail injector using diesel fuel and different biofuels were determined. As biofuels, fatty acid methyl esters originating from canola, poultry, cattle and used cooking oil were tested. The tested fuels exhibited different physical properties e.g. density and viscosity. Measurements of the injector delivery rates were performed on a test stand designed for determination of injectors and injection pumps characteristics. Each fuel was tested at temperatures between 30 and 60°C, under injection pressure in the range of 30–180 MPa and injection time in the range of 200–1600 microseconds. The results showed differences in injector flow rates depending on used fuel, however different fuel properties affected amount of fuel injected especially at short injection durations.
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Candan, Feyyaz, Murat Ciniviz, and Ilker Ors. "Effect of cetane improver addition into diesel fuel: Methanol mixtures on performance and emissions at different injection pressures." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 555–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160430265c.
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In this study, methanol in ratios of 5-10-15% were incorporated into diesel fuel with the aim of reducing harmful exhaust gasses of Diesel engine, di-tertbutyl peroxide as cetane improver in a ratio of 1% was added into mixture fuels in order to reduce negative effects of methanol on engine performance parameters, and isobutanol of a ratio of 1% was used as additive for preventing phase separation of all mixtures. As results of experiments conducted on a single cylinder and direct injection Diesel engine, methanol caused the increase of NOx emission while reducing CO, HC, CO2, and smoke opacity emissions. It also reduced torque and power values, and increased brake specific fuel consumption values. Cetane improver increased torque and power values slightly compared to methanol-mixed fuels, and reduced brake specific fuel consumption values. It also affected exhaust emission values positively, excluding smoke opacity. Increase of injector injection pressure affected performances of methanol-mixed fuels positively. It also increased injection pressure and NOx emissions, while reducing other exhaust emissions.
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Filipovic, Ivan, Boran Pikula, and Goran Kepnik. "Impact of physical properties of mixture of diesel and biodiesel fuels on hydrodynamic characteristics of fuel injection system." Thermal Science 18, no. 1 (2014): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130513010f.
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One of the alternative fuels, originating from renewable sources, is biodiesel fuel, which is introduced in diesel engines without major construction modifications on the engine. Biodiesel fuel, by its physical and chemical properties, is different from diesel fuel. Therefore, it is expected that by the application of a biodiesel fuel, the characteristic parameters of the injection system will change. These parameters have a direct impact on the process of fuel dispersion into the engine cylinder, and mixing with the air, which results in an impact on the quality of the combustion process. Method of preparation of the air-fuel mixture and the quality of the combustion process directly affect the efficiency of the engine and the level of pollutant emissions in the exhaust gas, which today is the most important criterion for assessing the quality of the engine. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the influence of physical properties of a mixture of diesel and biodiesel fuels on the output characteristics of the fuel injection system. The following parameters are shown: injection pressure, injection rate, the beginning and duration of injection, transformation of potential into kinetic energy of fuel and increase of energy losses in fuel injection system of various mixtures of diesel and biodiesel fuels. For the analysis of the results a self-developed computer program was used to simulate the injection process in the system. Computational results are verified using the experiment, for a few mixtures of diesel and biodiesel fuels. This paper presents the verification results for diesel fuel and biodiesel fuel in particular.
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Niculae, Andrei Laurentiu, Radu Chiriac, and Alexandru Racovitza. "The effect of using different Biodiesel fuels on jet development in a Diesel engine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 960, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/960/1/012011.
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Abstract The fuel properties and the injection rate-shape play an important role in the improvement of the combustion process of Diesel engines. In this work, the influences of using the forthcoming renewable biodiesel fuels on fuel jet development utilizing a computer simulation model created with the AVL Hydsim software were studied. Biodiesel fuels B20, B30 and B100 were considered and compared with the original pure Diesel fuel D100. The injection system behaviour under research was that one existing on a tractor engine equipped with Delphi DP200 pump and Delphi injectors. Two engine speeds of 1400 rpm and 2400 rpm were considered representative for the engine operation. For these speeds, the fuel jet characteristics as penetration, spray cone angle and Sauter mean diameter were analyzed. It can emphasize that in similar conditions of needle lift and injection rate-shape variation the usage of biodiesel fuels does not significantly alter the injection pressure and the Sauter mean diameter. However, the specific physical properties of biodiesel fuels affect substantially the spray penetration and its cone angle.
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Gao, Tongyang, Shui Yu, Tie Li, and Ming Zheng. "Impacts of multiple pilot diesel injections on the premixed combustion of ethanol fuel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 232, no. 6 (July 3, 2017): 738–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407017706858.
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Engine experiments were carried out to study the impact of multiple pilot injections of a diesel fuel on dual-fuel combustion with a premixed ethanol fuel, using compression ignition. Because of the contrasting volatility and the reactivity characteristics of the two fuels, the appropropriate scheduling of pilot diesel injections in a high-pressure direct-injection process is found to be effective for improving the clean and efficient combustion of ethanol which is premixed with air using a low-pressure port injection. The timing and duration of each of the multiple pilot injections were investigated, in conjunction with the use of exhaust gas recirculation and intake air boosting to accommodate the variations in the engine load. For correct fuel and air management, an early pilot injection of fuel acted effectively as the reactivity improver to the background ethanol, whereas a late pilot injection acted deterministically to initiate combustion. The experimental results further revealed a set of pilot injection strategies which resulted in an increased ethanol ratio, thereby reducing the emission reductions while retaining a moderate pressure rise rate during combustion.
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Raghu, P., Michael S. Mukilan, R. Bharath Viswanath, S. Audithya Krishna, and N. Nallusamy. "Experimental Study on the Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Biodiesel (Jatropha Oil) in a Spray Chamber." Advanced Materials Research 768 (September 2013): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.768.180.
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The increasing industrialization and motorization of the world has led to a steep rise for the demand of petroleum-based fuels. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves highly concentrated in certain regions of the world i.e. those countries that lack these resources are facing energy crisis. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from resources available locally within the country such as biodiesel, alcohol and vegetable oil. The biodiesel is technically competitive with conventional petroleum derived diesel fuel and requires no changes in the fuel distribution system. For this reason and its biodegradability, use of biodiesel is considered a good alternative of fossil fuels. Injection process of biodiesel influences the atomization and dispersion of fuel in the combustion chamber. In this research work the influence of biodiesel on injection process and their impact on the air-fuel mixture preparation are studied. Spray characteristics of biodiesel (Jatropha oil) and diesel under various injection pressures were studied experimentally. Spray penetration and spray angle were measured in a spray vessel using a high speed video camera. The study shows the biodiesel gives longer spray tip penetration and spray angle are smaller than those of diesel fuels. The parameters like break up time and break up velocity were for biodiesel and diesel at various injection pressures. It was found that breakup time for biodiesel increases and breakup velocity decreases. Breakup velocity of biodiesel is less than diesel, this is due to higher sound velocity, density, viscosity and bulk modulus of biodiesel. High viscosity fuel suppresses the instabilities required for fuel jet to breakup and thus delays atomization and reduces fuel losses during injection. With the increase in fuel injection pressure, the breakup time for biodiesel is more than diesel, this is due its larger surface area of the spray and larger mixing time of biodiesel than diesel.
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СЛАВИНСКАС, Стасис, Томас МИЦКЯВИЧЮС, and Арвидас ПАУЛЮКАС. "Дослідження змащувальної здатності дизельного та авіаційного палива на паливному насосі високого тиску." СУЧАСНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В МАШИНОБУДУВАННІ ТА ТРАНСПОРТІ 2, no. 17 (November 14, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/automash.v2i17.631.
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This paper presents comparative experimental study’s results of diesel fuel and aviation fuel effect on operational properties of a high-pressure fuel pump of a common rail injection system. The two identical fuel injection systems mounted on a test bed of the fuel injection pumps were prepared for the experimental durability tests. The lubricity properties of diesel fuel and aviation fuel (Jet-A1) were studied using the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) method. The values of wear scar diameter (WSD) obtained with Jet-A1 fuels were compared to the respective values measured with the reference diesel fuel. The microscopic photographs of the wear scar diameters obtained on above mentioned fuels are presented in the paper. The test results showed that long-term (about 300 hours) using aviation fuels produced a negative effect on the durability of the high-pressure fuel pump. Due to the wear of plunger-barrel units the decrease in the fuel delivery rate occurred of about 6.7 % operating with aviation fuel. The average friction coefficients of Jet-A1 fuels were higher than that of the normal diesel fuel.
Keywords: diesel fuel, aviation Jet-A1 fuel, lubricity, plunger-barrel units, wear scar diameter
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Singh, Ripudaman, Taehoon Han, Mohammad Fatouraie, Andrew Mansfield, Margaret Wooldridge, and Andre Boehman. "Influence of fuel injection strategies on efficiency and particulate emissions of gasoline and ethanol blends in a turbocharged multi-cylinder direct injection engine." International Journal of Engine Research 22, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 152–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087419838393.
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The effects of a broad range of fuel injection strategies on thermal efficiency and engine-out emissions (CO, total hydrocarbons, NOx and particulate number) were studied for gasoline and ethanol fuel blends. A state-of-the-art production multi-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection engine equipped with piezoelectric injectors was used to study fuels and fueling strategies not previously considered in the literature. A large parametric space was considered including up to four fuel injection events with variable injection timing and variable fuel mass in each injection event. Fuel blends of E30 (30% by volume ethanol) and E85 (85% by volume ethanol) were compared with baseline E0 (reference grade gasoline). The engine was operated over a range of loads with intake manifold absolute pressure from 800 to 1200 mbar. A combined application of ethanol blends with a multiple injection strategy yielded considerable improvement in engine-out particulate and gaseous emissions while maintaining or slightly improving engine brake thermal efficiency. The weighted injection spread parameter defined in this study, combined with the weighted center of injection timing defined in the previous literature, was found well suited to characterize multiple injection strategies, including the effects of the number of injections, fuel mass in each injection and the dwell time between injections.
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Beavis, Nicholas J., Salah S. Ibrahim, and Weeratunge Malalasekera. "Impingement characteristics of an early injection gasoline direct injection engine: A numerical study." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416663325.
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This article describes the use of a Lagrangian discrete droplet model to evaluate the liquid fuel impingement characteristics on the internal surfaces of an early injection gasoline direct injection engine. This study focuses on fuel impingement on the intake valve and cylinder liner between start of injection and 20° after start of injection using both a single- and a multi-component fuels. The single-component fuel used was iso-octane and the multi-component fuel contained fractions of iso-pentane, iso-octane and n-decane to represent the light, medium and heavy fuel fractions of gasoline, respectively. A detailed description of the impingement and liquid film modelling approach is also provided. Fuel properties, wall surface temperature and droplet Weber number and Laplace number were used to quantify the impingement regime for different fuel fractions and correlated well with the predicted onset of liquid film formation. Evidence of film stripping was seen from the liquid film formed on the side of the intake valve head with subsequent ejected droplets being a likely source of unburned hydrocarbons and particulate matter emissions. Differences in impingement location and subsequent location of liquid film formation were also observed between single- and multi-component fuels. A qualitative comparison with experimental cylinder liner impingement data showed the model to well predict the timing and positioning of the liner fuel impingement.
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Chaichan, Miqdam T., Noora S. Ekab, Mohammed A. Fayad, and Hayder A. Dhahad. "PM and NOX emissions amelioration from the combustion of diesel/ethanol-methanol blends applying exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012044.
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Abstract The fuel injection timings, equivalence ratio (Ø) and exhaust gas recirculation are considered the most important parameters can effect on combustion process and lower exhaust emissions concentrations. The influence of 15% EGR technology and operating parameters (Ø and injection timing) on NOX emissions and particulate matter (PM) using oxygenated fuel (ethanol and methanol) blends were investigated in this experimental study. The results showed that the NOX emissions concentrations with increasing the equivalence ratio (Ø) and applied EGR for all fuels studied. Besides, the E10 and M10 decreased the PM concentrations compared to the diesel fuel under various equivalence ratios (Ø). The applied EGR increased the PM concentrations, but when combination of oxygenated fuels and EGR leading to the decrease in the PM formation. The NOX emissions concentrations decreased from the combined effect of EGR and oxygenated fuels by 16.8%, 22.91% and 29.5% from the combustion of diesel, M10 and E10, respectively, under various injection timings. It is indicated that NOX emissions decreased with retarded injection timings, while the PM decreased under advanced injection timings.
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Vinogradov, Viacheslav A., Yurii M. Shikhman, and Corin Segal. "A Review of Fuel Pre-injection in Supersonic, Chemically Reacting Flows." Applied Mechanics Reviews 60, no. 4 (July 1, 2007): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2750346.
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Developing an efficient, supersonic combustion-based, air breathing propulsion cycle operating above Mach 3.5, especially when conventional hydrocarbon fuels are sought and particularly when liquid fuels are preferred to increase density, requires mostly effective mechanisms to improve mixing efficiency. One way to extend the time available for mixing is to inject part of the fuel upstream of the vehicle’s combustion chamber. Injection from the wall remains one of the most challenging problems in supersonic aerodynamics, including the requirement to minimize impulse losses, improve fuel-air mixing, reduce inlet∕combustor interactions, and promote flame stability. This article presents a review of studies involving liquid and, in selected cases, gaseous fuel injected in supersonic inlets or in combustor’s insulators. In all these studies, the fuel was injected from a wall in a wake of thin swept pylons at low dynamic pressure ratios (qjet∕qair=0.6–1.5), including individual pylon∕injector geometries and combinations in the inlet and combustor’s isolator, a variety of injection conditions, different injectants, and evaluated their effects on fuel plume spray, impulse losses, and mixing efficiency. This review article cites 47 references.
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Stroia, B. J., and D. L. Abata. "Flame Speeds of Low-Cetane Fuels in a Diesel Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 113, no. 3 (July 1, 1991): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906252.
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A theoretical and experimental investigation of the flame speeds of low-cetane fuels during the initial stage of heat release in a Diesel engine is described. This information is important for developing a fundamental background in the understanding of fuel injection rate-controlled heat release in a Diesel engine. In this study, a theoretical model based on droplet size, turbulent intensity, and equivalence ratio was developed for the flame propagation through a fuel droplet/air matrix. The results of the theoretical model were compared to experimental high-speed photographs of flame growth in a Diesel engine. For successful injection rate controlled heat release to occur using pilot injdection, the model determined that the combustion zone due to a pilot fuel spray must flow to a distance of at least 30 orifice diameters from the nozzle tip before the main injection event can take place. Results of the model were verified by experiment for the two limiting cases of X/D less than 30 and X/D greater than 30. As expected, rate-controlled heat release was to achieved for the case of X/D less than 30. However, for the case of X/D greater than 30, the main fuel injectin ignited upon injection into the cylinder, and heat release was controlled by rate of injection.
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Gil, Leszek, Daniel Pieniak, Edward Kozłowski, and Jarosław Selech. "IMPACT OF SELECTED BIOFUELS AND DIESEL AS LUBRICANTS ON THE STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION AND COURSE OF SLIDING FRICTION COEFFICIENTS FOR THE KINEMATIC PAIR 100Cr6-100Cr6." Tribologia 288, no. 6 (December 31, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7762.
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One of the functions of engine fuels is the lubrication of engine injection equipment components. The elements of the injection system are lubricated only with the fuel used to power the engine; therefore, the lubricity and its impact on the elements of the engine injection system are an important issue. The share of biofuels to power internal combustion engines is constantly increasing, because EU Member States are required to use fuel with the addition of biocomponents to power vehicle engines. These fuels are more ecological compared to petroleum fuels. Therefore, it is also necessary to identify the lubricating properties of these fuels, which can significantly affect wear processes. In order to identify wear indicators, laboratory tests were carried out to determine the lubricating properties of biofuels based on vegetable oils in relation to diesel fuel. Tribological tests were carried out for the ball-disc friction node of 100Cr6 material, which is most often used in the construction of precision pairs of injection equipment. Comparative tests were carried out for samples immersed in a fuel bath on a CSM tribometer. The friction coefficient waveforms as a function of friction distance and sample load were determined. The measured force values indicate a significant impact of the fuel used on the operating conditions and consumption in the kinematic pair being the subject of the work.
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Antoshkiv, O., Th Poojitganont, L. Jehring, and C. Berkholz. "Main aspects of kerosene and gaseous fuel ignition in aero-engine." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1246 (December 2017): 1779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2017.113.
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ABSTRACTVarious liquid and gaseous alternative fuels have been proposed to replace the kerosene as aircraft fuel. Furthermore, new combustion technologies were developed to reduce the emissions of aero-engine. A staged fuel injection arrangement for a lean burn combustion system was applied to improve the operability of an aero-engine by achieving high flame stability at reduced combustion emissions. Originally, both circuits (pilot and main) are fuelled by kerosene; moreover, the pilot injector is operating at low power (engine idle and approach) and the pilot flame is anchored in an airflow recirculation zone. In the case of the performed research, the pilot injector was modified to allow the use of gaseous fuels. Thus, the burner model allows a flexible balancing of the mass flows for gaseous and liquid fuel. The present paper describes the investigation of ignitability for the proposed staged combustor model fuelled by gaseous and liquid fuels. A short overview on physical properties of used fuels is given. To investigate atomisation and ignition, different measurements systems were used. The effectiveness of two ignitor types (spark plug and laser ignitor) was analysed. The ignition performance of the combustor operating on various fuels was compared and discussed in detail.
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Ghahremani, Amirreza, Mohammad Ahari, Mojtaba Jafari, Mohammad Saidi, Ahmad Hajinezhad, and Ali Mozaffari. "Experimental and theoretical study on spray behaviors of modified bio-ethanol fuel employing direct injection system." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160108253g.
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One of the key solutions to improve engine performance and reduce exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines is direct injection of bio-fuels. A new modified bio-ethanol is produced to be substituted by fossil fuels in gasoline direct injection engines. The key advantages of modified bio-ethanol fuel as an alternative fuel are higher octane number and oxygen content, a long-chain hydro-carbon fuel, and lower emissions compared to fossil fuels. In the present study spray properties of a modified bio-ethanol and its atomization behaviors have been studied experimentally and theoretically. Based on atomization physics of droplets dimensional analysis has been performed to develop a new non-dimensional number namely atomization index. This number determines the atomization level of the spray. Applying quasi-steady jet theory, air entrainment and fuel-air mixing studies have been performed. The spray atomization behaviors such as atomization index number, Ohnesorge number, and Sauter mean diameter have been investigated employing atomization model. The influences of injection and ambient conditions on spray properties of different blends of modified bio-ethanol and gasoline fuels have been investigated performing high-speed visualization technique. Results indicate that decreasing the difference of injection and ambient pressures increases spray cone angle and projected area, and decreases spray tip penetration length. As expected, increasing injection pressure improves atomization behaviors of the spray. Increasing percentage of modified bio-ethanol in the blend, increases spray tip penetration and decreases the projected area as well.
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Eliasz, Jacek, Tomasz Osipowicz, Karol Franciszek Abramek, and Łukasz Mozga. "Model Issues Regarding Modification of Fuel Injector Components to Improve the Injection Parameters of a Modern Compression Ignition Engine Powered by Biofuel." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 5479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9245479.
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This article presents a theoretical analysis of the use of spiral-elliptical ducts in the atomizer of a modern fuel injector. The parameters of the injected fuel stream can be divided into quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative parameter is the injection dose amount, and the qualitative parameter is characterized by the stream of injected fuel (width, atomization, opening angle, and range). The purpose of atomizer modification is to cause additional flow turbulence, which may affect the stream parameters and improve the combustion process of the combustible mixture in a diesel engine. The spiral-elliptical ducts discussed here could be used in engines powered by vegetable fuels. The stream of such fuels has worse quality parameters than conventional fuels, due to their higher viscosity and density. The proposal to use spiral-elliptical ducts is an innovative idea for diesel engines.
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Wierzbicki, Sławomir, Michał Śmieja, and Andrzej Piętak. "EFFECT OF THE PILOT CHARGE INJECTION ADVANCE ANGLE ON THE OPERATING PARAMETERS OF A DUAL-FUEL COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINE FUELLED WITH BIOGAS." Agricultural Engineering 46, no. 1 (September 10, 2014): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/ageng.2014.012.
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One of the ways of increasing the share of renewable fuels in the overall energy balance is to develop effective methods for using low calorific gaseous fuels, including biogas, to fuel combustion engines. This paper presents the results of research on the effect of changing the diesel fuel pilot charge injection advance angle on the operating parameters of a dual-fuel compression-ignition engine. The obtained results confirm the significant effect of the pilot charge injection advance angle on the engine torque value at a constant engine speed.
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Leach, Felix, Richard Stone, Derek Fennell, David Hayden, Dave Richardson, and Nick Wicks. "Predicting the particulate matter emissions from spray-guided gasoline direct-injection spark ignition engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 6 (September 30, 2016): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016657453.
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An index which links the fuel composition to particulate matter emissions (the PN index) was developed and is here evaluated with model fuels in a single-cylinder optical-access spray-guided direct-injection engine; the model fuels have independent control of the double-bond content and volatility, as used in the index. This index is investigated in three different engines: a single-cylinder research engine, a V8 engine recently available in the market and a current-production supercharged V6 engine. A number of market gasolines were tested in all three engines, and the results follow the trends predicted by the particle number index. Imaging of the in-cylinder sprays shows that the composition of the model fuels affects the mixture homogeneity and their particulate matter emissions; in particular, the lack of a light end in the model fuel composition can lead to misleadingly low particle number emissions owing to improved mixture preparation which is unrepresentative of market fuels. The PN index was investigated in a Jaguar Land Rover V6 engine with five different fuels over a simulated New European Driving Cycle, and the results show that the index trends are followed. The emissions were evaluated from two fuels representing the EU5 reference-fuel specifications that has been developed using the particle number index to give a difference in particulate matter emissions. The results from these fuels show that a difference in the particle number emissions of a factor of about 2 can be seen at both stoichiometric conditions and rich conditions, for two fuels representative of the EU5 reference-fuel specifications. This follows trends predicted by the particle number index. This has important implications for policy makers and European Union legislation, where particle number emissions from gasoline vehicles are now regulated for the first time, as batch-to-batch variations in the fuel composition would result in different test results under the current legislation.
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Kenanoğlu, Raif, M. Kaan Baltacioğlu, and Ertuğrul Baltacioğlu. "Numerical Comparison of HHO and HHOCNG Fuel Performance Analysis with Pilot Diesel Injection." Advanced Engineering Forum 18 (September 2016): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.18.58.
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Nowadays, alternative fuels usage is increasing due to limited oil reserves and increasing petrol demands. There are many advantages and disadvantages of alternative fuels when used alone. In this study, alternative fuels with various specifications are mixed in different proportions to tolerate these disadvantages. Hydroxy (HHO) and hydroxy enriched compressed natural gas (HHOCNG) fuel mixtures with pilot diesel injection was used as dual-fuels on a non-modified diesel engine and investigated their performance parameters such as torque (T), power (P), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and volumetric efficiency (ηv). This study conducted with AVL Boost simulation program and all graphs are plotted to compare HHO and HHOCNG fuel mixtures performance outputs, additionally all results are compared with neat diesel performance values. The general results show that, HHOCNG enrichment has the best improvement values with respect to single HHO enrichment. Overall improvements for BSFC, torque, power and IMEP values of 25 HHOCNG are 4,086%, 1.67%, 4.13% and 3.67%, respectively.
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Wissink, Martin L., Scott J. Curran, Greg Roberts, Mark PB Musculus, and Christine Mounaïm-Rousselle. "Isolating the effects of reactivity stratification in reactivity-controlled compression ignition with iso-octane and n-heptane on a light-duty multi-cylinder engine." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 9 (October 9, 2017): 907–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417732898.
Full textAbstract:
Reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) is a dual-fuel variant of low-temperature combustion that uses in-cylinder fuel stratification to control the rate of reactions occurring during combustion. Using fuels of varying reactivity (autoignition propensity), gradients of reactivity can be established within the charge, allowing for control over combustion phasing and duration for high efficiency while achieving low NOx and soot emissions. In practice, this is typically accomplished by premixing a low-reactivity fuel, such as gasoline, with early port or direct injection, and by direct injecting a high-reactivity fuel, such as diesel, at an intermediate timing before top dead center. Both the relative quantity and the timing of the injection(s) of high-reactivity fuel can be used to tailor the combustion process and thereby the efficiency and emissions under RCCI. While many combinations of high- and low-reactivity fuels have been successfully demonstrated to enable RCCI, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of what properties, chemical or physical, are most important or desirable for extending operation to both lower and higher loads and reducing emissions of unreacted fuel and CO. This is partly due to the fact that important variables such as temperature, equivalence ratio, and reactivity change simultaneously in both a local and a global sense with changes in the injection of the high-reactivity fuel. This study uses primary reference fuels iso-octane and n-heptane, which have similar physical properties but much different autoignition properties, to create both external and in-cylinder fuel blends that allow for the effects of reactivity stratification to be isolated and quantified. This study is part of a collaborative effort with researchers at Sandia National Laboratories who are investigating the same fuels and conditions of interest in an optical engine. This collaboration aims to improve our fundamental understanding of what fuel properties are required to further develop advanced combustion modes.
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Prakash, Vaibhav, B. Praveen Ramanujam, C. Sanjeev Nivedan, N. Nallusamy, and P. Raghu. "Effect of Various Injection Pressures on Spray Characteristics of Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME) and Diesel in a DI Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.815.
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The performance and emissions from diesel engines are greatly influenced by the degree of atomization of the fuel spray. The characteristics of the spray affect the physics of formation of the air-fuel mixture. They depend on density and viscosity of fuel, injection pressure, pressure and temperature of fuel. The spray structure is primarily dependent on the fuel injection pressure. This study involves the carrying out of experimental investigations on biodiesel and diesel fuel sprays in a DI diesel engine for different injection pressures. The spray cone angle and spray tip penetration length are studied experimentally. Using spray visualization system and image processing techniques, the experimental data is obtained. The fuels used are Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) and diesel. The experimental results show that, as the injection pressure increases, the spray cone angle decreases for KOME and similar trends are observed with diesel. In addition, spray penetration length increases with increase in injection pressure and the value of the same was slightly higher for KOME than that of diesel. The results also reveal similarities in spray characteristics of both the test fuels.
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Lee, Moo-Yeon, Gee-Soo Lee, Chan-Jung Kim, Jae-Hyeong Seo, and Ki-Hyun Kim. "Macroscopic and Microscopic Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Gasoline in a Constant Volume Chamber." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 2056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082056.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to investigate the spray characteristics of diesel and gasoline under various ambient conditions. Ambient conditions were simulated, ranging from atmospheric conditions to high pressure and temperature conditions such as those inside a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. Spray tip penetration and spray cross-sectional area were calculated in liquid and vapor spray development. In addition, initial spray development and end of injection near nozzle were visualized microscopically, to study spray atomization characteristics. Three injection pressures of 50 MPa, 100 MPa, and 150 MPa were tested. The ambient temperature was varied from 300 K to 950 K, and the ambient density was maintained between 1 kg/m3 and 20 kg/m3. Gasoline and diesel exhibited similar liquid penetration and spray cross-sectional area at every ambient density condition under non-evaporation. As the ambient temperature increased, liquid penetration length and spray area of both fuels’ spray were shortened and decreased by fuel evaporation near the spray boundary. However, the two fuels were characterized by different slopes in the decrement trend of spray area as the ambient temperature increased. The decrement slope trend coincided considerably with the distillation curve characteristics of the two fuels. Vapor spray boundary of gasoline and diesel was particularly similar, despite the different amount of fuel evaporation. It was assumed that the outer spray boundary of gasoline and diesel is always similar when using the same injector and injection conditions. In microscopic spray visualization, gasoline spray displayed a more unstable and asymmetric spray shape, with more dispersed and distributed fuel ligaments during initial spray development. Large amounts of fuel vapor cloud were observed near the nozzle at the end of the injection process with gasoline. Some amounts of this vapor cloud were attributed to the evaporation of residual fuel in the nozzle sac.
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Choi, Kibong, Suhan Park, Hyun Gu Roh, and Chang Sik Lee. "Combustion and Emission Reduction Characteristics of GTL-Biodiesel Fuel in a Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 10, 2019): 2201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112201.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of using gas to liquid (GTL)-biodiesel blends as an alternative fuel on the physical properties as well as the combustion and emission reduction characteristics in a diesel engine. In order to assess the influence of the GTL-biodiesel blending ratio, the biodiesel is blended with GTL fuel, which is a test fuel with various blending ratios. The effects of GTL-biodiesel blends on the fuel properties, heat release, and emission characteristics were studied at various fuel injection timing and blending ratios. The test fuels investigated here were GTL, biodiesel, and biodiesel blended GTL fuels. The biodiesel blending ratio was changed from 0%, 20% and 40% by a volume fraction. The GTL-biodiesel fuel properties such as the fuel density, viscosity, lower heating value, and cetane number were analyzed in order to compare the effects of different mixing ratios of the biodiesel fuel. Based on the experimental results, certain meaningful results were derived. The increasing rate of the density and kinematic viscosity of the GTL-biodiesel blended fuels at various temperature conditions was increased with the increase in the biodiesel volumetric fraction. The rate of density changes between biodiesel-GTL and GTL are 2.768% to 10.982%. The combustion pressure of the GTL fuel showed a higher pressure than the biodiesel blended GTL fuels. The biodiesel-GTL fuel resulted in reduced NOx and soot emissions compared to those of the unblended GTL fuel. Based on the experimental results, the ignition delay of the GTL-biodiesel blends increased with the increase of the biodiesel blending ratio because of the low cetane number of biodiesel compared to GTL. As the injection timing is advanced, the NOx emissions were significantly increased, while the effect of the injection timing on the soot emission was small compared to the NOx emissions. In the cases of the HC and CO emissions, the GTL-biodiesel blended fuels resulted in similar low emission trends and, in particular, the HC emissions showed a slight increase at the range of advanced injection timings.
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WOJS, Marcin, Piotr ORLIŃSKI, and Jakub LASOCKI. "The effect of alternative fuels injection timing on toxic substances formation in CI engines." Combustion Engines 168, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2017-112.
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The present study describes selected issues associated with the emission level in toxic exhaust gases and fuel injection timing. The study was focused on the following types of fuels: Diesel oil (the base fuel) and the other fuels were the mixture of fatty acid methyl ester with Camelina (L10 – diesel fuel with 10% V/V FAME of Camelina and L20 – diesel fuel with 10% V/V FAME of Camelina) was used. Fuel injection advanced angle was set for three different values – the factory setting – 12° before TDC, later injection – 7° and earlier injection – 17°. The most important conclusion is that in most measurement points registered in the same engine operating conditions, the concentration of fuel NOx in L10 and L20 increased but PM emissions decreased which is caused by active oxygen located in the internal structure of the fuel. This fact contributes to the rise in temperature during the combustion process. At the same time factory settings of the angle makes NOx emissions lower and close to reference fuel.
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Harari, P. A., N. R. Banapurmath, V. S. Yaliwal, T. M. Yunus Khan, Irfan Anjum Badruddin, Sarfaraz Kamangar, and Teuku Meurah Indra Mahlia. "Effect of Injection Timing and Injection Duration of Manifold Injected Fuels in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Operated with Renewable Fuels." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2021): 4621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154621.
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In the current work, an effort is made to study the influence of injection timing (IT) and injection duration (ID) of manifold injected fuels (MIF) in the reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and compressed biogas (CBG) are used as the MIF along with diesel and blends of Thevetia Peruviana methyl ester (TPME) are used as the direct injected fuels (DIF). The ITs of the MIF that were studied includes 45°ATDC, 50°ATDC, and 55°ATDC. Also, present study includes impact of various IDs of the MIF such as 3, 6, and 9 ms on RCCI mode of combustion. The complete experimental work is conducted at 75% of rated power. The results show that among the different ITs studied, the D+CNG mixture exhibits higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE), about 29.32% is observed at 50° ATDC IT, which is about 1.77, 3.58, 5.56, 7.51, and 8.54% higher than D+CBG, B20+CNG, B20+CBG, B100+CNG, and B100+CBG fuel combinations. The highest BTE, about 30.25%, is found for the D+CNG fuel combination at 6 ms ID, which is about 1.69, 3.48, 5.32%, 7.24, and 9.16% higher as compared with the D+CBG, B20+CNG, B20+CBG, B100+CNG, and B100+CBG fuel combinations. At all ITs and IDs, higher emissions of nitric oxide (NOx) along with lower emissions of smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbon (HC) are found for D+CNG mixture as related to other fuel mixtures. At all ITs and IDs, D+CNG gives higher In-cylinder pressure (ICP) and heat release rate (HRR) as compared with other fuel combinations.
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Depcik, Christopher, Joshua Jachuck, Dylan Jantz, Farshid Kiani, Michael Mangus, Jonathan Mattson, Edward Peltier, and Susan M. Stagg-Williams. "Influence of Fuel Injection System and Engine-Timing Adjustments on Regulated Emissions from Four Biodiesel Fuels." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2503, no. 1 (January 2015): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2503-03.
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The use of biofuels for transportation has grown substantially in the past decade in response to federal mandates and increased concern about the use of petroleum fuels. As biofuels become more common, it is imperative to assess their influence on mobile source emissions of regulated and hazardous pollutants. This assessment cannot be done without first obtaining a basic understanding of how biofuels affect the relationship between fuel properties, engine design, and combustion conditions. Combustion studies were conducted on biodiesel fuels from four feedstocks (palm oil, soybean oil, canola oil, and coconut oil) with two injection systems, mechanical and electronic. For the electronic system, fuel injection timing was adjusted to compensate for physical changes caused by different fuels. The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and partial combustion products were compared across both engine injection systems. The analysis showed differences in NOx emissions based on hydrocarbon chain length and degree of fuel unsaturation, with little to no NOx increase compared with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel for most conditions. Adjusting the fuel injection timing provided some improvement in biodiesel emissions for NOx and particulate matter, particularly at lower engine loads. The results indicated that the introduction of biodiesel and biodiesel blends could have widely dissimilar effects in different types of vehicle fleets, depending on typical engine design, age, and the feedstock used for biofuel production.
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Raghu, P., N. Nallusamy, and Pitchandi Kasivisvanathan. "Spray Characteristics of Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels for Various Injection Timings under Non Evaporating Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.682.
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Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play a vital role in the performance of internal combustion engines. Petroleum fuels are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative fuels that are economically viable to replace the petroleum fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work spray characteristics such as spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and spray area were investigated for Karanja oil methyl ester (KOME), Jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and diesel fuel. The KOME and JOME sprays were characterized and compared with diesel sprays at different injection timings. The macroscopic spray properties were acquired from the images captured by a high speed video camera employing shadowgraphic and image processing techniques in a spray chamber. The experimental results showed that biodiesel fuels had different features compared with diesel fuel after start of injection (ASOI). Longer spray tip penetration, larger spray area and smaller spray cone angle were observed for biodiesel (JOME, KOME) due to its higher density and viscosity than that of diesel fuel.
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Sezer, İsmet. "A review study on using diethyl ether in diesel engines: Effects on fuel properties, injection, and combustion characteristics." Energy & Environment 31, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 179–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x19856751.
Full textAbstract:
This study was compiled from the results of various researches performed on using diethyl ether as a fuel or fuel additive in diesel engines. Three different techniques are used, the reduction of the harmful exhaust emissions of diesel engines. The first technique for the reduction of harmful emissions has improved the combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this process is expensive and time-consuming. The second technique is the use of various exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter. However, the use of these devices affects negatively diesel engine performance. The final technique to reduce emissions and also improve diesel engine performance is the use of various alternative fuels or fuel additives. The major pollutants of diesel engines are nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. It is very difficult to reduce nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions simultaneously in practice. Most researches declare that the best way to reduce these emissions is the use of various alternative fuels i.e. natural gas, biogas, biodiesel, or the use of fuel additives with these alternative fuels or conventional diesel fuel. Therefore, it is very important that the results of various studies on alternative fuels or fuel additives are evaluated together for practice applications. Especially, this study focuses on the use of diethyl ether in diesel engines as fuel or fuel additive in various diesel engine fuels. This review study investigates the effects of diethyl ether on the fuel properties, injection, and combustion characteristics.
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Shan, J., J. Li, Z. Guo, and W. Yang. "Numerical Simulation Research on Cavitation Flow of Different Fuels in Diesel Engine Injectors." Bulletin of Science and Practice 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/62/25.
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With the increasingly stringent requirements of diesel engine fuel consumption and pollutant emission, higher requirements are put forward for the performance of diesel engine fuel injection systems. Cavitation flow in diesel fuel injectors is an extremely important factor affecting spray characteristics. In this study, the occurrence of cavitation in the fuel injector nozzle and its impact on mass flow rate and vapor fraction at the outlet of the fuel injection hole are studied numerically for various fuels such as diesel, gasoline, ethanol and methanol. The results show that the mass flow rate of diesel is the highest and that of gasoline is the lowest. Methanol and gasoline have the highest vapor content, followed by ethanol, and then diesel with the lowest vapor phase. For mass flow, the mass flow is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the fuel, and for cavitation, the amount cavitation is inversely related to the viscosity of the fuel. This agrees with many researchers’ findings.
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Baek, Hyun Min, and Hyung Min Lee. "Spray Behavior, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Jet Propellant-5 and Biodiesel Fuels with Multiple Split Injection Strategies." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072540.
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This study focuses on an analysis of the spray behavior, combustion, and emission characteristics of jet propellant-5 (JP-5) and biodiesel fuels with single-injection timing and multiple split injection strategies in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) single-cylinder diesel engine system. The analysis includes visualization of the spray and combustion. Multiple split injection strategies (e.g., double, triple, quadruple, and quintuple) were considered by equally distributing the fuel injection amount within the single-injection. Injection of biodiesel has a delayed start (0.2 ms) as well as shorter spray tip penetration compared with JP-5. As the fuel injection timing was approached to the top dead center (TDC), the engine performance and combustion efficiency improved. Retarding the injection timing contributed to an increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) (JP-5: max. 2.6% up, BD100: max. 1.5% up) and a decrease in carbon monoxide (CO) (JP-5: max. 93% down, BD100: max. 91% down) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (JP-5: max. 83% down, BD100: max. 82% down). In comparison with JP-5, biodiesel showed disadvantages from the point of its combustion and emission characteristics for all injection timings. The quadruple-injection strategy, in which fuel injection was performed four times, showed excellent combustion, engine performance, and combustion efficiency. The CO2 emissions were highest with the quadruple-injection strategy (JP-5: 6.6%, BD100: 5.8%). The CO emissions of biodiesel decreased as the pulses of split injection extended, and a significant reduction of 83.8% was observed. NOx increased as the number of split injections increased (JP-5: max. 37% up, BD100: max. 52% up). JP-5 was a longer ignition delay than that of biodiesel from combustion flame visualization results. The final combustion in the multiple-injection strategy showed a typical diffusion combustion pattern.
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Sakai, A., H. Takeyama, H. Ogawa, and N. Miyamoto. "Improvements in premixed charge compression ignition combustion and emissions with lower distillation temperature fuels." International Journal of Engine Research 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2005): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/146808705x58288.
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The charge mixture in a premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) engine with direct in-cylinder injection early in the compression stroke is still heterogeneous even at the compression end. Direct injection of a low-volatility fuel, such as diesel fuel, early in the compression stroke results in adhesion of unevaporated fuel on the cylinder liner wall. It may be possible to improve both mixture formation and homogeneity, and decrease wall wetting by using higher-volatility fuels with distillation temperatures lower than the in-cylinder gas temperature early in the compression stroke. This research addressed the potential for improvements in early direct injection type PCCI combustion with a higher-volatility fuel, experimentally and computationally. A normal heptane + isooctane blended fuel with ignitability similar to diesel fuel in PCCI operation was used as the higher-volatility fuel. The experimental results showed that the deterioration in thermal efficiency that occurs with advanced injection timings with ordinary diesel fuel could be eliminated with the higher-volatility fuel without significantly altering the total hydrocarbons (THC) and CO emissions. With early injection timings, the rate of heat release with diesel fuel is smaller than with higher-volatility fuels. This result suggests that with diesel fuel there is significant fuel adhesion to the cylinder liner wall and also absorption into the lubricating oil.
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Masjuki, H., M. Z. Abdulmuin, and H. S. Sii. "Indirect injection diesel engine operation on palm oil methyl esters and its emulsions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 211, no. 4 (April 1, 1997): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407971526443.
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Results of exhaust emissions and lube oil analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with Malaysian palm oil diesel (POD or palm oil methyl esters) and ordinary diesel (OD) emulsions containing 5 and 10 per cent of water by volume are compared with those obtained when 100 per cent POD and OD fuel were used. Very promising results have been obtained. Neither the lower cetane number of POD fuel nor its emulsification with water presented any obstacle to the operation of a diesel engine during steady state engine tests and the 20 hour endurance tests. Polymerization and carbon deposits on fuel injector nozzles were monitored. Engine performance and fuel consumption for POD and its emulsions are comparable with those of OD fuel. Accumulations of wear metal debris in crank-case oil samples were lower with POD and emulsified fuels compared with baseline OD fuel. Both OD and POD emulsions with 10 per cent water by volume show a promising tendency for wear resistance. The exhaust emissions for POD and emulsified fuels are found to be much cleaner, containing less CO, CO2, HC, NOx, SOx and smoke level. Power output is slightly reduced when using POD and emulsified fuels.
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Bejger, Artur, and Jan Bohdan Drzewieniecki. "The Use of Acoustic Emission to Diagnosis of Fuel Injection Pumps of Marine Diesel Engines." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 4661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244661.
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The article draws attention to the problems of maintaining fuel injection pumps of marine diesel engines in the conditions of the use of residual fuels in which the quality is steadily deteriorating. The analysis of tribological processes occurring in hydraulic precision pairs of fuel injection pumps, such as a barrel-plunger, is presented. Problems occurring regarding the operation of injection pumps and the possibilities of their avoidance on board are discussed. The means of condition monitoring, including the application of thermography methods, are characterized. The authors have done research concerning diagnosing injection systems of high and medium power engines by using acoustic emission (AE) signals. The experiment results obtained with the use of acoustic emission and wavelet analysis confirmed the dependency of the frequency components contained in the acoustic emission signal on the condition state of the injector pumps’ tribological pair.
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Payri, Raul, Pedro Marti-Aldaravi, Rami Abboud, and Abian Bautista. "Numerical Analysis of GDI Flash Boiling Sprays Using Different Fuels." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 5925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185925.
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Modeling the fuel injection process in modern gasoline direct injection engines plays a principal role in characterizing the in–cylinder mixture formation and subsequent combustion process. Flash boiling, which usually occurs when the fuel is injected into an ambient pressure below the saturation pressure of the liquid, is characterized by fast breakup and evaporation rates but could lead to undesired behaviors such as spray collapse, which significantly effects the mixture preparation. Four mono–component fuels have been used in this study with the aim of achieving various flashing behaviors utilizing the Spray G injector from the Engine Combustion Network (ECN). The numerical framework was based on a Lagrangian approach and was first validated for the baseline G1 condition. The model was compared with experimental vapor and liquid penetrations, axial gas velocity, droplet sizes and spray morphology and was then extended to the flash boiling condition for iso–octane, n–heptane, n–hexane, and n–pentane. A good agreement was achieved for most of the fuels in terms of spray development and shape, although the computed spray morphology of pentane was not able to capture the spray collapse. Overall, the adopted methodology is promising and can be used for engine combustion modeling with conventional and alternative fuels.
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Tutaj, Józef, and Bogdan Fijałkowski. "A New Fuel-Injection Mechatronic Control Method for Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engines." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ama-2018-0042.
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Abstract In this paper, a novel fuel-injection mechatronic control method and system for direct injection (DI) internal combustion engines (ICE) is proposed. This method and system is based on the energy saving in a capacitance using DC-DC converter, giving a very fast ON state of the fuel injectors’ electro-magnetic fluidical valves without an application of the initial load current. A fuel-injection controller for the DI ICEs that provides a very short rising time of an electromagnet-winding current in an initial ON state of the fuel-injector’s electromagnetic fluidical valves, which improves a fuel-injection controller reliability and simplify its construction, is presented. Due to a number of advantages of afore -mentioned fuel-injection mechatronic control method and system, it may be utilised for the DI ICEs with fuel injectors dedicated to all types of liquid and/or gas fuels, for example, gasoline, diesel-oil, alkohol, LPG and NPG.
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Tuccar, Gökhan, Göktürk Memduh Özkan, and Kadir Aydın. "Determınatıon of Atomızatıon Characterıstıcs of a Dıesel Injector." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 826–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.826.
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Atomization of liquid fuels is very important topic for combustion studies since it enhances air/ fuel mixing process and therefore ensures perfect combustion. With today’s common diesel injectors, fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber with extremely high pressures which exceed 1300 bar in order to obtain perfect atomization. However, these high injection pressures unfortunately create some problems in the injection system such as cavitation erosion which may lead to mechanical failure. Introducing of air into the injector prior to combustion will increase fuel atomization, provide more complete combustion, enhance fuel economy and results in lower engine emissions. The aim of this study is to investigate atomization behaviour of a newly introduced diesel engine which mixes air and fuel prior to combustion chamber.
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Teja, K. M. V. Ravi, P. Issac Prasad, K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy, N. R. Banapurmath, Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar, T. M. Yunus Khan, and Irfan Anjum Badruddin. "Influence of Combustion Chamber Shapes and Nozzle Geometry on Performance, Emission, and Combustion Characteristics of CRDI Engine Powered with Biodiesel Blends." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 9613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179613.
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Environmentally friendly, renewable, and green fuels have many benefits over fossil fuels, particularly regarding energy efficiency, in addition to addressing environmental and socioeconomic problems. As a result, green fuels can be used in transportation and power generating applications. Furthermore, being green can ably address the emission-related issues of global warming. In view of the advantages of renewable fuels, two B20 fuel blends obtained from methyl esters of cashew nutshell (CHNOB), jackfruit seed (JACKFSNOB), and jamun seed oils (JAMSOB) were selected to evaluate the performance of a common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine. Compatibility of the nozzle geometry (NG) and combustion chamber shape (CCS) were optimized for increased engine performance. The optimized CCS matched with an increased number of injector nozzle holes in NG showed reasonably improved brake thermal efficiency (BTE), reduced emissions of smoke, HC, and CO, respectively, while NOx increased. Further combustion parameters, such as ignition delay (ID) and combustion duration (CD) reduced, while peak pressure (PP) and heat release rates (HRR) increased at the optimized injection parameters. The CRDI engine powered with JAMSOB B20 showed an increase in BTE of 4–5%, while a significant reduction in HC and CO emissions was obtained compared to JACKFSNOB B20 and CHNOB B20, with increased NOx.
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Du, Bingxuan, and Zhenfeng Zhao. "Experimental Investigation on the Effects of Injection Parameters on the Air-Assisted Diesel Spray Characteristics." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2022 (February 28, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6814732.
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The air-assisted fuel injection (AAFI) system may be installed in the spark ignition aviation piston engine for the atomization of heavy fuels. However, studies on the effects of injection parameters on the spray characteristics are insufficient, which affects the improvement of AAFI engine performance. In this study, air-assisted diesel spray characteristics are investigated experimentally using a high-speed backlit imaging technique. The effects of main air-assisted injection control parameters such as fuel injection pressure, fuel temperature, and fuel injection duration on the spray characteristics are examined. The results show that spray shape changes from “spindle” to “cone” with an increase in fuel injection pressure. As the fuel injection pressure increases to 1.0 MPa, both the spray penetration and spray width increase significantly. “Protrusions” appear on the spray edge at high fuel temperatures. When the fuel temperature drops to 268 K, the spray penetration and spray width increase slightly. The spray shrinks significantly in both the axial and radial directions with an increase in fuel injection duration. Key parameters that directly affect air-assisted spray characteristics include the difference between the fuel-air mixture injection pressure and the ambient pressure, the density of fuel-air mixture in the air-assisted injector premixed chamber, and the kinetic energy density of the fuel. The former two parameters affect the spray penetration while the latter affects the spray width. The study is beneficial for the design of AAFI engines.
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Lešnik, Luka, Breda Kegl, Eloísa Torres-Jiménez, Fernando Cruz-Peragón, Carmen Mata, and Ignacijo Biluš. "Effect of the In-Cylinder Back Pressure on the Injection Process and Fuel Flow Characteristics in a Common-Rail Diesel Injector Using GTL Fuel." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020452.
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The presented paper aims to study the influence of mineral diesel fuel and synthetic Gas-To-Liquid fuel (GTL) on the injection process, fuel flow conditions, and cavitation formation in a modern common-rail injector. First, the influence on injection characteristics was studied experimentally using an injection system test bench, and numerically using the one-dimensional computational program. Afterward, the influence of fuel properties on internal fuel flow was studied numerically using a computational program. The flow inside the injector was considered as multiphase flow and was calculated through unsteady Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations using a Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid approach. Finally, the influence of in-cylinder back pressure on the internal nozzle flow was studied at three distinctive back pressures. The obtained numerical results for injection characteristics show good agreement with the experimental ones. The results of 3D simulations indicate that differences in fuel properties influence internal fuel flow and cavitation inception. The location of cavitation formation is the same for both fuels. The cavitation formation is triggered regardless of fuel properties. The size of the cavitation area is influenced by fuel properties and also from in-cylinder back pressure. Higher values of back pressure induce smaller areas of cavitation and vice versa. Comparing the conditions at injection hole exit, diesel fuel proved slightly higher average mass flow rate and velocities, which can be attributed to differences in fluid densities and viscosities. Overall, the obtained results indicate that when considering the injection process and internal nozzle flow, GTL fuel can be used in common-rail injection systems with solenoid injectors.
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STĘPIEŃ, Zbigniew. "The influence of particulate contamination in diesel fuel on the damage to fuel injection systems." Combustion Engines 177, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-213.
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The impact of various size particulate contamination on the process of accelerated wear followed by damage to the fuel injection sys-tem has been studied in long-term tests on an engine test stand. Also processes of tribological wear of working components of fuel injec-tors and of high pressure pumps material has been characterised. Measurement results of particulate contamination in diesel fuels available on the Polish market have been presented, referred to requirements of the PN-EN590 standard and of the Worldwide Fuel Charter. In the summary attention has been drawn to the growing problem of particulate contamination in fuels available on the market, and in particular their threat to durability and proper operation of increasingly complex and precisely manufactured HPCR type fuel injection systems.
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Tilli, Aki, Tuomo Hulkkonen, Ossi Kaario, Martti Larmi, Teemu Sarjovaara, and Kalle Lehto. "Biofuel blend late post-injection effects on oil dilution and diesel oxidation catalyst performance." International Journal of Engine Research 19, no. 9 (October 24, 2017): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417736466.
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In this article, the effects of different biofuel–diesel blends on engine oil dilution and diesel oxidation catalyst performance during late post-injections were investigated. The engine tests were made with an off-road diesel engine under low load conditions at 1200 r/min engine speed. During the experiments, oil samples were periodically taken from the engine oil and later analyzed. Emissions and temperatures before and after the diesel oxidation catalyst were also measured. The fuels studied were fossil EN590:2013 diesel fuel, 30 vol.% biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) and 30 vol.% hydrotreated vegetable oil, which is a paraffinic diesel fuel fulfilling the EN15940 specification. The novelty of the study is based on two parts. First, similar late post-injection tests were run with blends of both hydrotreated vegetable oil and fatty acid methyl ester, giving a rare comparison with the fuels. Second, oil dilution and the fuel exit rates during normal mode without the late post-injections were measured. The results showed the oil dilution and the diesel oxidation catalyst performance to be very similar with regular diesel and hydrotreated vegetable oil blend. With the fatty acid methyl ester blend, increased oil dilution, smaller temperature rise in the diesel oxidation catalyst and higher emissions were measured. This indicates that during diesel particulate filter regeneration by late post-injections, fatty acid methyl ester blends increase fuel consumption and require shorter oil change intervals, while hydrotreated vegetable oil blends require no parameter changes.
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Li, T., R. Moriwaki, H. Ogawa, R. Kakizaki, and M. Murase. "Dependence of premixed low-temperature diesel combustion on fuel ignitability and volatility." International Journal of Engine Research 13, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087411422852.
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A comprehensive study of fuel property effects in internal combustion engines is required to enable fuel diversification as well as the development of applications to advanced engines for operation with a variety of combustion modes. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of fuel ignitability and volatility over a wide range of premixed low-temperature combustion (LTC) modes in diesel engines. A total of 23 fuels were prepared from commercial gasoline, kerosene, and diesel as baseline fuels and with the addition of additives, to generate a cetane number (CN) range from 11 to 75. Experiments with a single-cylinder diesel engine operated in moderately advanced-injection LTC modes were conducted to evaluate these fuels. The combustion phasing is demonstrated to be a good indicator to estimate the in-cylinder peak pressure, exhaust gas emissions, and thermal efficiency in the LTC mode. Fuel ignitability affects the combustion phasing by changing the ignition delay. The predicted cetane number (PCN) based on fuel molecular structure analysis can be fitted to the ignition delays with a higher coefficient of determination than CN, suggesting good potential as a fuel ignitability measure over a wide range. The stable operating load range in the smokeless LTC mode depends more on the actual ignition delay or PCN rather than CN. With fixed injection timing and intake oxygen concentration, O2in, only when PCN < 40, the load range can be expanded significantly to higher loads. By holding the combustion phasing at top dead centre and varying intake oxygen concentration, the nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions become limitations of the load expansion for some fuels. The effects of fuel volatility on the characteristics of LTC are small compared to ignitability. Finally, the operational injection timing range and robustness of the LTC to fuel ignitability are examined, showing that the advantageous ignitability range becomes narrower, with fuel ignitability decreasing.
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A. S.,, Askarova, Bolegenova S. A.,, Maximov V. Yu.,, and Beketayeva M. T. "Stochastic Model of Liquid Fuel Spraying at High Pressures and High Reynolds Numbers." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 17 (May 7, 2022): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232012.2022.17.12.
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The paper describes the main features of the combustion of liquid fuel injections, developed a stochastic model for the atomization of liquid fuels injected into the combustion chamber at high pressures and high Reynolds numbers. A mathematical model for the combustion of liquid injections at high pressures and high Reynolds numbers is presented, which includes: the equations of continuity, motion, internal energy, the K-ε model of turbulence, a system of equations describing the processes of evaporation, mixing, rupture and coalescence of liquid fuel droplets. A stochastic model of atomization of liquid fuels injected into a combustion chamber at high pressures and high Reynolds numbers has been developed. On the basis of the proposed model, computational experiments were carried out to study the combustion of liquid fuel depending on the injected mass in the combustion chamber under given initial conditions in full. When studying the effect of the mass of liquid fuel on the processes of ignition and combustion at high pressures and high Reynolds numbers, the mass values for octane 6 mg and for dodecane 7 mg were taken as the most optimal. A further increase in the injection mass, both for octane and dodecane at optimal pressures, worsens the combustion process. The results obtained are of fundamental and practical importance and can be used to develop the theory of combustion of gaseous and liquid fuels.
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Adamkiewicz, Andrzej, and Jan Drzewieniecki. "The Influence of Fuels Quality on Tribological Wear in Slow Speed Diesel Engines." Solid State Phenomena 252 (July 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.252.1.
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In this article, there are presented problems of tribological wear occurring in slow speed diesel engines elements such as piston – piston rings – cylinder liner assembly and fuel injection pumps caused by use of poor quality fuels. There are defined specific quality standards for bunkered marine residual and distillate fuels with accordance to ISO Standard 8217:2010 and recommended by engine maker’s fuel quality at engine inlet. Moreover, there are characterized common contaminants in this fuels with special attention to the most harmful the residual fuel catalytic particles so-called Cat-Fines, specified the maximum limits and described their influence on engine’s tribological pairs. Furthermore, this paper considers the operational precautions and treatment of poor quality fuels with elaboration of specific procedures to prevent and reduce the influence of Cat-fines to tribological wear in engine elements containing issues of fuel oil storage and distribution on board, fuel oil treatment, usage of poor quality fuels and condition monitoring of engine elements.
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Ambrose, M. J., R. F. Costello, and H. Schreiber. "Utility Combustion Turbine Evaluation of Coal Liquid Fuels." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 714–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239793.
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A comprehensive field test was performed to evaluate the suitability of H-Coal middle distillate and full-range Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS) coal-derived liquids (CDLs) as utility combustion turbine fuels. A Westinghouse W251AA 26 MW combustion turbine operated by the Philadelphia Electric Company was the test engine. No. 2 petroleum distillate fuel was also fired to establish baseline data. This program was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute. Site modifications included a temporary CDL storage and fuel transfer system, water storage and injection equipment, an instrumented combustor, engine and emissions instrumentation and data acquisition systems, and industrial hygiene facilities required for the proper handling of the CDLs. The overall results of testing were positive for using such CDL fuels in combustion turbines for power generation. With the exception of higher combustor metal temperatures with the CDLs, and persistent fuel filter plugging with the EDS fuel (which occurred even with increased fuel temperature and filter size), the engine operated satisfactorily during approximately 80 hr of total running over the standard range of load and water injection conditions.