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Journal articles on the topic "Injection molding of plastics":
1
Jin, Jie, H. Y. Yu, and S. Lv. "Optimization of Plastic Injection Molding Process Parameters for Thin-Wall Plastics Injection Molding." Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (May 2009): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.525.
The effects of the process parameters on the warpge and shrinkage of parts in different thickness are analyzed by Taguchi optimization method. Taguchi optimization method was used for exploiting mold analysis based on three level factorial designs. Orthogonal arrays of Taguchi, the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) are utilized to find the optimal levels and the effect of process parameters on warpage. It can be concluded that Taguchi method is suitable to solve the quality problem of the injection-molded thermoplastic parts.
2
Ragan, Emil, Petr Baron, and Jozef Dobránsky. "Sucking Machinery of Transport for Dosing Granulations of Plastics at Injection Molding." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2813.
Advantageous properties of plastic materials, low investment costs for a production, cheap and productive processing method were given the rapid development of plastic materials. In this time injection molding technology is the most using technology for processing plastics in our country. Quality of the plastics processing depends mainly on the quality of material and preparing it for production. The first step in the processing of plastic by injection molding is dosing of granulations from hopper of injection machine unit. Task of this contribution is to theoretically describe a pneumatic method for transport of granulations in injection molding machine.
3
Huang, Yi Jun. "The Applied Study Based on the Injection Molding Mechanism of Microcellular Foamed Plastics (MCFP)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 709 (December 2014): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.709.374.
Injection molding is one of several molding technology of microcellular foamed plastics. This paper mainly discusses the injection molding mechanism and applications of microcellular foamed plastics here, and analyzes the influence of microcellular foamed plastics injection molding process parameters, including injection pressure, melt temperature, injection time, etc.; At the same time, this paper makes a more systematic discussions for the injection molding technology of microcellular foamed plastics, and the typical cases of microcellular foamed plastics in engineering application are introduced in detail.
4
Wagner, Alan H., Jeong S. Yu, and Dilhan M. Kalyon. "Injection molding of engineering plastics." Advances in Polymer Technology 9, no. 1 (1989): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.1989.060090103.
Zhang, Qing Wen, Ying Jie Xu, Wei Hong Zhang, and Jun Wang. "Integrative Analysis of the Injection Molding Process and Mechanical Behavior of Plastic Part." Advanced Materials Research 705 (June 2013): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.705.181.
For parts made of plastics, injection molding is a common manufacturing process. Warpage and residual stress induced during the injection molding process have very important influences on the mechanical performance of injection products. In this paper, an integrative analysis of the injection molding process and mechanical performance of plastic parts is proposed. This integrative approach incorporates the effects of the manufacturing process in the mechanical simulation: (a) firstly, the finite element package MoldFlow is used to simulate the injection molding process and obtain the warpage and residual stress results. (b) Then the finite element model of plastic part including the process induced warpage and residual stress is established. Explicit dynamic finite element program LS-DYNA is used to simulate the mechanical behaviors of the molded part. Based on the integrative analysis, the influences of injection molding process parameters on mechanical behavior of a PC windshield against impact loading are studied.
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Chen, Jyun Yi, and Wen Bin Young. "Two-Component Injection Molding of Molded Interconnect Devices." Advanced Materials Research 628 (December 2012): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.628.78.
Molded Interconnect Device (MID) can be defined as that an injection-molded plastic part combining with electrical and mechanical functions in a single device. This study is to examine the application of micro injection molding technology to the two-component molding process for the MID fabrication. The process involves the first shot of a plastic component with channel patterns on the surface. A second shot by micro injection molding technology is applied to fill the channel with the plateable plastics. The effects of the micro injection molding process parameters on filled line width of the two-component MID will be investigated. It is concluded that, for a MID component, the molding conditions must be designed carefully to keep the thickness variation below the allowable value. It is also found from the experiments that the thickness interference may in the range from 92 m to 196 m to have adequate molding at the second shot.
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Koo, Lih Zhang, Douglas Kum Tien Tong, and Matias Rinne. "Community Waste Plastic Recycling System Through Plastic Injection Molding." MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503009.
High demand for plastic worldwide has resulted in increasing environmental pollution. To make the plastic manufacturing process more environmentally friendly, recycling of waste plastic must be considered. In view of this a social enterprise called Me.reka Makerspace aims to use waste plastic to produce recycled plastic products using injection molding. However, injection molding is a complex process. In the past Me.reka experienced numerous failures resulting in defective plastic products and cost wastage. To assist with Me.reka’s objective, this study aimed to recommend a process capable of producing good quality recycled plastic products that meet dimensional accuracy and surface roughness requirements. Literature review done on plastic waste separation techniques, plastic properties testing for injection molding, and ventilation systems. Manual plastic sorting was found to be the best for Me.reka, where it can separate all 7 types of plastics collected by Me.reka with the highest accuracy and efficiency and the lowest cost. The melt flow rate of specific plastic type can determine its compatibility for use in the injection molding machine. Furthermore this study found that the best ventilation system for Me.reka Makerspace’s plastic injection molding facility was the displacement ventilation. It is expected that with the installation of an efficient ventilation system, the hazardous gasses produced during the process will be efficiently expelled thus protecting the health of workers. With regards to injection molding, a mold design was made for a book cover mold by applying the applicable mold design principles. However, this mold was later sent for testing at another facility. A flowerpot mold that had arrived at Me.reka which required immediate testing was tested instead. Through testing, improvements were made to the mold and the molding process by finding out the optimum injection molding temperature for the waste plastic used and the mold sprue diameter required to produce a well formed molding.
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Masato, Davide, Leonardo Piccolo, Giovanni Lucchetta, and Marco Sorgato. "Texturing Technologies for Plastics Injection Molding: A Review." Micromachines 13, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13081211.
Texturing is an engineering technology that can be used to enable surface functionalization in the plastics injection molding industry. A texture is defined as the geometrical modification of the topography by addition of surface features that are characterized by a smaller scale than the overall surface dimensions. Texturing is added to products to create novel functionalities of plastic products and tools, which can be exploited to modify interactions with other materials in contact with the surface. The geometry, dimensions, and positioning on the surface define the function of a texture and its properties. This work reviews and discuss the wide range of texturing technologies available in the industry. The advantages and limitations of each technology are presented to support the development of new surface engineering applications in the plastics manufacturing industry.
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POSTAWA, PRZEMYSLAW. "Shrinkage of moldings and injection molding conditions." Polimery 50, no. 03 (March 2005): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2005.201.
Satin, Lukáš, and Jozef Bílik. "Verification CAE System for Plastic Injection." Applied Mechanics and Materials 834 (April 2016): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.834.79.
This article is focused on the field of computer simulation and it is subsequent verification in practice. The work highlights the injection process, the simulation software that is specialized in injection molding and the technology process of injection itself. The major subject of the thesis is the use of the computer aided injection molding technology by using the CAE systems. The experimental part of the thesis deals with the production of the 3D model specific plastic parts in two modifications, injection molding simulation in the system Moldex3D and digitization of moldings on the optical 3D scanner. In the thesis we also provide measuring realization on digitized models and comparison of the parts size with the computer model. In conclusion we summarize the results achieved from the comparison. The thesis is carried out in cooperation with the Simulpast s.r.o.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Injection molding of plastics":
1
Berkery, Daniel J. (Daniel John). "Process monitoring for plastics injection molding." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12746.
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1993 and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1993. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 196-197). by Daniel John Berkery. M.S.
2
Pham, Giang T. "Ejection force modeling for stereolithography injection molding tools." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18214.
Yang, Yi. "Injection molding control : from process to quality /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CENG%202004%20YANG.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-244). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.
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Yao, Ke. "Energy-efficient control in injection molding /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CENG%202008%20YAO.
Gomes, Vincent G. (Vincent Gracias). "The dynamics and control of melt temperature in thermoplastic injection molding /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65921.
Rios, Erick E. "Design and manufacturing of plastic micro-cantilevers by injection molding." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18888.
Riddles, Mornay. "Prediction of shrinkage and warpage in injection moulded components using computational analysis." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1265.
Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, 2003 Injection moulding is a process by which molten polymer is forced into an empty
cavity of the desired shape. At its melting point, polymers undergo a volumetric
expansion when heated, and volumetric contraction when cooled. This volumetric
contraction is called shrinkage. Once the mould cavity is filled, more pressure is
applied and additional polymer is packed into the cavity and held to compensate for
the anticipated shrinkage as the polymer solidifies. The cooling takes place via the
cooling channels where the polymer is cooled until a specific ejection criterion is met.
Heat from the polymer is lost to the surrounding mould, a part of this heat reaches the
cooling channel surfaces, which in turn exchange heat with the circulating cooling
fluid.
Due to the complexity of injection moulded parts and the cooling channel layout, it is
difficult to achieve balanced cooling of parts. Asymmetric mould temperature
distribution causes contractions of• the polymer as it cools from its melting
temperature to room temperature. This results in residual stresses, which causes the
part to warp after ejection.
Given the understanding of the mathematical model describing the heat transfer
process during the cooling stage, the objectives of this study were three fold. Firstly,
an alternative numerical model for the heat transfer process was developed. The
proposed model was used to investigate the cooling stress build-up during the
injection moulding process.
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Chen, Xi. "A study on profile setting of injection molding /." View abstract or full-text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CENG%202002%20CHEN.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004. Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxi, 238 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 231-238). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
10
Hamilton, Jordan David. "Fabrication and analysis of injection molded plastic microneedle arrays." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39481.
This thesis describes the fabrication of plastic microneedle devices, their fabrication by injection molding, and analysis of the penetration mechanics. Injection molding is an economical mass-production technique that may encourage widespread adoption of microneedles for drug delivery.
Four polymers were injection molded into hexagonal and square patterns of between 91 and 100 needles per array. The patterns and geometries were chosen to study the effect of needle spacing and array design on penetration force. Two needle spacings of approximately 1 mm and 1.5 mm were employed for both patterns. Molded parts showed tip radii below 15 microns, heights of 600 to 750 microns, and an included angle of approximately 30 degrees.
An economic analysis performed of the injection molded polymer devices showed that they can be manufactured for approximately $0.10 - $0.179 per part, which should be low enough to gain market acceptance. The added benefits of low pain perception, improved drug delivery for certain treatments, and the possibly of being recyclable make
injection molded micro-needle devices a desirable alternative to silicon or metal microneedles.
Penetration tests were performed with plastic micro-needle arrays and arrays of steel needles of the same spacings and patterns. Silicone rubber with mechanical properties similar to human skin was used as a skin simulant. The results showed that the micro-needles penetrated skin to depths between 120 and 185 microns depending on
pattern, spacing, tip radius and needle length. This depth is sufficient to deliver drug therapies, but not so far that they stimulate the nerve endings present beyond 130 microns inside the dermis layer in human skin.
An analytical model was developed to estimate the effects of various microneedle and skin characteristics on penetration force. The model was based on literature sources and derived from test results. The model accounted for coefficient of friction, tip radius, tip angle, and needle spacing, as well as the skin mimic's mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, mode I fracture toughness, and puncture fracture toughness. A Monte Carlo simulation technique was used to correct for errors in needle length and testing angle. Comparison of the experiments to the model showed good agreement.
Book chapters on the topic "Injection molding of plastics":
1
Rosato, Donald V., and Dominick V. Rosato. "Injection Molding." In Plastics Processing Data Handbook, 38–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9658-4_2.
Lerma Valero, José R. "Acronyms for Some Plastics, Reinforced Plastics, and Rubbers." In Plastics Injection Molding, 41–45. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906903.005.
Rao, Natti, and Keith O'Brien. "Injection Molding." In Design Data for Plastics Engineers, 169–203. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446402447.009.
Lerma Valero, José R. "Tests on Plastics." In Plastics Injection Molding, 88–112. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906903.009.
Lerma Valero, José R. "Polymers." In Plastics Injection Molding, 1–24. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906903.001.
Lerma Valero, José R. "Thermodynamic Behavior of Plastics: PVT Graphs." In Plastics Injection Molding, 25–34. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906903.002.
Lerma Valero, José R. "Water and Plastics, a Difficult Friendship." In Plastics Injection Molding, 37–40. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906903.004.
Lerma Valero, José R. "General Features of Some of the Most Used Thermoplastics." In Plastics Injection Molding, 46–65. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906903.006.
Conference papers on the topic "Injection molding of plastics":
1
Reddy, R. J., R. Asmatulu, and W. S. Khan. "Electrical Properties of Recycled Plastic Nanocomposites Produced by Injection Molding." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40259.
Plastic recycling is a recovery process of waste plastics to make new products into different forms. Plastics are usually sorted based on their resin identification codes before the recycling and melting processes. Although the recycling rate of plastics is significantly high, properties and economical value of the recycled plastics are fairly low, which in turn limits the use of recycled plastics in the market. In the present study, high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the form of pellets was dissolved in toluene, and then nanoscale graphene inclusions at different loadings (e.g., 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 4%) were added into the polymeric solutions. The remaining solvent was removed from the nanocomposite before the injection molding process. The injection molding process was conducted on the chopped recycled plastics associated with graphene loadings. The dielectric and electric properties of plastic nanocomposites were studied in detail. The test results showed that the dielectric properties were slightly improved by the addition of inclusions, which may be due to the non-polar nature of HDPE and/or residues in the recycled plastics. However, electrical conductivities of nanocomposites were significantly increased because of the improved electrical conduction, polarization and electron mobility at room temperature.
2
Prystay, Mark, Hao Wang, and Andres Garcia-Rejon. "Application of thermographic temperature measurements in injection molding and blow molding of plastics." In Aerospace/Defense Sensing and Controls, edited by Douglas D. Burleigh and Jane W. Maclachlan Spicer. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.235399.
Karania, Ruchi, and David Kazmer. "Low Volume Plastics Manufacturing Strategies." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79713.
Plastic components are vital components of many engineered products, frequently representing 20–40% of the product value. While injection molding is the most common process for economically producing complex designs in large quantities, a large initial monetary investment is required to develop appropriate tooling. Accordingly, injection molding may not be appropriate for applications that are not guaranteed to recoup the initial costs. This paper extends previous work [1] with component cost and lead-time models developed from extensive industry data. The application is an electrical enclosure consisting of two parts produced by a variety of low to high volume manufacturing processes including CNC machining, fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, vacuum casting, direct fabrication, and injection molding with soft prototype and production tooling. The viability of each process is compared for production quantities of one hundred, one thousand, and ten thousand. The results indicate that the average cost per enclosure assembly is highly sensitive to the production quantity, varying in range from US$0.35 per enclosure for ten thousand assemblies produced via injection molding to US$49.30 per enclosure for one hundred assemblies produced via fused deposition modeling. The results indicate the cost and lead time advantages of the alternative processes; a flow chart is provided to assist process selection in engineering design.
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Karania, Ruchi, David Kazmer, and Christoph Roser. "Plastics Product and Process Design Strategies." In ASME 2004 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2004-57755.
Plastic components are vital components of many engineered products, frequently representing 20–40% of the product value. While injection molding is the most common process for economically producing complex designs in large quantities, a large initial monetary investment is required to develop appropriate tooling. Accordingly, injection molding may not be appropriate for applications that are not guaranteed to recoup the initial costs. In this paper, component cost and lead-time models are developed from industry data for an electrical enclosure consisting of two parts produced by a variety of low to medium volume manufacturing processes including fused deposition modeling, direct fabrication, and injection molding with used tooling, soft prototype tooling, and hard tooling. The viability of each process is compared with respect to the manufacturing cost and lead time for specific production quantities of one hundred, one thousand, and ten thousand. The results indicate that the average cost per enclosure assembly is highly sensitive to the production quantity, varying in range from $243 per enclosure for quantity one hundred to $0.52 per enclosure for quantity ten thousand. The most appropriate process varies greatly with the desired production quantity and cost/lead time sensitivity. As such, a probabilistic analysis was utilized to evaluate the effect of uncertain demand and market delays, the result of which demonstrated the importance of maintaining supply chain flexibility by minimizing initial cost and lead time.
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Wang, H. P., Sreeganesh Ramaswamy, Irene Dris, Erin M. Perry, and Dominic Gao. "Performance Predictor for Thin-Wall Plastic Parts Produced by Injection Molding." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1235.
Abstract The objective of this work was to develop a numerical simulation tool that is able to predict the processing window for thin-wall plastic parts made by the injection molding process. This performance predictor links the processing conditions (filling time, resin inlet melt temperature, and so on) to the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of the part, using empirical data developed for the thermal and shear degradation behavior of the resin. Usage of such a performance predictor will help to expedite the long process development cycle time and to reduce the potentially expensive tooling costs associated with the thin-wall segment of the plastics business.
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Grelle, Peter F., and Kenneth A. Kerouac. "What's New in Plastics Injection Molding Processes for Automotive Applications: An Update." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/970666.
Osorio, Andres. "Modeling and Simulation of Cell Growth in Injection Molding of Microcellular Plastics." In MATERIALS PROCESSING AND DESIGN: Modeling, Simulation and Applications - NUMIFORM 2004 - Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Industrial Forming Processes. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1766525.
Ikeda, Tsugio, Katsutoshi Iwamoto, and Tsuyoshi Sato. "Application Study of Injection Molding Plastics to Accelerator Pedal by Using CAE." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/900835.
Maekawa, Yoshinori, Michihisa Onishi, Atsushi Ando, Shinji Matsushima, and Francis Lai. "Prediction of birefringence in plastics optical elements using 3D CAE for injection molding." In Symposium on Integrated Optoelectronics, edited by Rolf H. Binder, Peter Blood, and Marek Osinski. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.391407.
Jiang, Bingyun, Li Li, and Huilin Huang. "A structural analysis method for plastics (SAMP) based on injection molding and microstructures." In 2016 International Conference on Advanced Electronic Science and Technology (AEST 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aest-16.2016.130.
Reports on the topic "Injection molding of plastics":
1
Bhattacharya, M., and R. Ruan. Injection Molding of Plastics from Agricultural Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833784.
Boffeli, Dominic, Brett Fechner, Grant Grosskruger, Jack Nelson, Joseph R. Vanstrom, and Jacek A. Koziel. Embedded Thermal Sensor for an Injection Molding Nozzle. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/tsm416-180814-9.
Baer, Tomas, Raymond O. Cote, Anne Mary Grillet, Pin Yang, Matthew Morgan Hopkins, David R. Noble, Patrick K. Notz, et al. Modeling injection molding of net-shape active ceramic components. US: Sandia National Laboratories, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/899376.
Kramer, D. P., R. T. Massey, and D. L. Halcomb. Injection molding-sealing of glass to low melting metals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5527032.
MATERIALS SYSTEMS INC CONCORD MA. Fabrication of Piezoelectric Ceramic/Polymer Composites by Injection Molding. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada267302.
Fink, B. K., S. H. McKnight, J. W. Gillespie, and Jr. Co-Injection Resin Transfer Molding for Optimization of Integral Armor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada363416.
Sacks, M. D., and J. W. Williams. Wetting and dispersion in ceramic/polymer melt injection molding systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6623102.
Near, Craig D. Flexible Fabrication of High Performance Piezoelectric Actuators by Injection Molding. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada379116.
Fink, Bruce K., Emanuele F. Gillio, Geoffrey P. McKnight, John W. Gillespie, Advani Jr., and Suresh G. Co-Injection Resin Transfer Molding of Vinyl-Ester and Phenolic Composites. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada373528.
Sacks, M. D., and J. W. Williams. Wetting and dispersion in ceramic/polymer melt injection molding systems. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10147817.
