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1
Sener, Goker. "Phase Control By Injection Locking." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605181/index.pdf.
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Phase control in microwave circuits is an impotant process. Especially, in certain applications such as phase array antennas, it is the main principle of opeation.
In antenna arrays, each array element is fed by an individual oscillator. By controlling the phase of each oscillator, the radiation pattern and the RF power can be combined in space in certain directions. For such applications, phase shifters have been utilized extensively. However, their high costs, difficulties in design and efficiency are impotant disadvantages.
More recently, another technique, "Injection Locking"
or "
Phase Locking"
suggests to use a single reference signal injected into each oscilator element. Through this signal, the phase of the individual oscillators can be controlled and set to a desired value. Therefore, power combining in space or known as "
Spaial Power Combining"
is possible by using "
Phase Locking"
of individual oscillator elements. In this thesis, this new phase control technique is examined in theory and in application of a 1GHz oscillator system. A reference signal is injected into a voltage controlled oscillator, and the phase progression is obtained by tuning the oscilator'
s free running frequency.
2
Prakasha, Prarthana. "A Study of Injection Locking in Optoelectronic Oscillator." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41147.
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The random fluctuations of signal phase of an oscillator limit the precision of time and frequency measurements. The noise and long-term stability of the system’s oscillator or clock is of major importance in applications such as optical and wireless communications, high-speed digital electronics, radar, and astronomy. The Optoelectronic Oscillator (OE Oscillator), a new class of time delay oscillator with promise as a low-phase noise source of microwave carriers, was introduced by Steve Yao and Lute Malek in 1996. The OE Oscillator combines into a closed loop an RF photonic link and an RF chain. The RF photonic link consists of a laser, electro-optic modulator, optical fibre delay line, and a photo-receiver that together provide an RF delay. An RF chain consists of one or more amplifiers and a RF resonator that together provide the sustaining amplification and the frequency selectivity necessary for single mode oscillation of the loop. The low loss of optical fibres enables the attainment of delays that correspond to optical fibre lengths of several kilometers. It is the long delay, unattainable in an all electronic implementations that is responsible for the superior phase noise performance of an OE Oscillator.
In this thesis the fundamental principles of operation of an OE Oscillator are described and the principal sources of in-loop phase fluctuations that are responsible for phase-noise identified. This lays the ground for an exposition of the mechanism that describes the perturbation of a time delay oscillator by injection into the loop of a carrier that is detuned in frequency from the natural frequency of the oscillator. For sufficiently small detuning the oscillator can become phase locked to the injected carrier. The model presented in the thesis generalises the traditional Yao-Maleki and Leeson model to include all the important features that describe the injection locking dynamics of an OE Oscillator. In particular the common assumptions of single mode oscillation and weak injection are removed. This is important to correctly predict the effect of injection locking on the spurious peaks in the phase noise spectrum corresponding to the side-modes of a time delay oscillator. Simulation results are presented in order to validate the dynamics of the oscillator under injection and analytic results on the lock-in range and phase noise spectrum. A 10 GHz OE Oscillator with a single 5km delay line is used as an example in the simulation illustration.
3
Liptay, Thomas John 1977. "Cavity filtered injection locking for large angle atomic interferometry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/86793.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; and, (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-55).
by Thomas John Liptay.
M.Eng.
S.B.
4
Gatare, Gahangara Ignace. "Polarization switching, locking and synchronization in VCSELs with optical injection." Thesis, Metz, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008METZ004S/document.
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Le laser à cavité verticale émettant par la surface (VCSEL ou Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser) comporte des avantages compétitifs par rapport aux lasers émettant par le côté. Le VCSEL présente souvent deux modes de polarisation linéaire orthogonaux avec des fréquences et des gains optiques presque identiques. Dès lors, de faibles perturbations telles que des modifications du courant d injection ou de la température peuvent induire des basculements de polarisation. Toutefois, en utilisant un schéma d injection optique d un faisceau laser externe, il est possible de contrôler ces instabilités de polarisation. Nous nous intéressons au contrôle du basculement de polarisation, à la bistabilité de polarisation ainsi qu à la compétition des modes transverses d un VCSEL soumis à injection optique de polarisation orthogonale. En variant les paramètres d injection¡(puissance injectée et désaccord en fréquence entre le laser maître et le VCSEL), nous montrons que le basculement de polarisation implique des dynamiques non linéaires telles le mélange d ondes, le cycle limite, la résonance subharmonique ainsi qu une route de doublement de période vers le chaos optique. L analyse des bifurcations sous-jacentes permet de dresser une cartographie des dynamiques de basculement de polarisation du VCSEL. orthogonaux affecte la qualité de la synchronisation du chaos. Ces résultats sont intéressants dans le cadre du développement de liaisons de communication sécurisée par chaos optique. Dans notre thèse, nous étudions également la synchronisation du chaos de VCSELs dans un schéma de couplage unidirectionnel. Nous montrons que la compétition des modes de polarisation linéaireVertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have competitive advantages with respect to conventional edge-emitting lasers such as the fabrication of dense two-dimensional VCSEL arrays for optical interconnects. VCSELs exhibit intriguing polarization properties which are critical in polarization-sensitive applications. Polarization switching (PS) between two VCSEL s preferential orthogonal linearly polarized (LP) modes may be induced by changing the bias current, temperature or, externally, through orthogonally polarized optical injection. Depending on optical injection parameters, i.e., the injected power and the frequency detuning, injection-locking of the VCSEL can be achieved. We contribute to the study of polarization bistability, polarization switching (PS), injection-locking and transverse mode competition in a VCSEL subject to orthogonal continuous-wave optical injection. We experimentally show and theoretically demonstrate that PS and locking may involve rich nonlinear dynamics including wave mixing, limit cycle, subharmonic resonances or a period-doubling route to chaos. In particular, we analyze the interplay between PS and the underlying nonlinear dynamics, and unveil its bifurcation mechanisms. Our study brings a new insight into the physics of polarization dynamics in externally-driven VCSELs. Chaos synchronization of coupled VCSELs is also investigated. A feedback-induced chaotic light from the master VCSEL is unidirectionally injected into the slave VCSEL. We show that the synchronization quality can be significantly enhanced when chaos involves both orthogonal LP modes. This result is interesting for chaos communication schemes based on VCSELs
5
Memon, Muhammad Irfan. "Optical injection locking and four-wave mixing in semiconductor ring lasers." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535213.
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6
Shin, Dongseok. "Frequency Locking Techniques Based on Envelope Detection for Injection-Locked Signal Sources." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86673.
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Signal generation at high frequency has become increasingly important in numerous wireline and wireless applications. In many gigahertz and millimeter-wave frequency ranges, conventional frequency generation techniques have encountered several design challenges in terms of frequency tuning range, phase noise, and power consumption. Recently, injection locking has been a popular technique to solve these design challenges for frequency generation. However, the narrow locking range of the injection locking techniques limits their use. Furthermore, they suffer from significant reference spur issues.
This dissertation presents novel frequency generation techniques based on envelope detection for low-phase-noise signal generation using injection-locked frequency multipliers (ILFMs). Several calibration techniques using envelope detection are introduced to solve conventional problems in injection locking. The proposed topologies are demonstrated with 0.13um CMOS technology for the following injection-locked frequency generators.
First, a mixed-mode injection-frequency locked loop (IFLL) is presented for calibrating locking range and phase noise of an injection-locked oscillator (ILO). The IFLL autonomously tracks the injection frequency by processing the AM modulated envelope signal bearing a frequency difference between injection frequency and ILO free-running frequency in digital feedback.
Second, a quadrature injection-locked frequency tripler using third-harmonic phase shifters is proposed. Two capacitively-degenerated differential pairs are utilized for quadrature injection signals, thereby increasing injection-locking range and reducing phase error.
Next, an injection-locked clock multiplier using an envelope-based frequency tracking loop is presented for a low phase noise signal and low reference spur. In the proposed technique, an envelope detector constantly monitors the VCO's output waveform distortion caused by frequency difference between the VCO frequency and reference frequency. Therefore, the proposed techniques can compensate for frequency variation of the VCO due to PVT variations.
Finally, this dissertation presents a subharmonically injection-locked PLL (SILPLL), which is cascaded with a quadrature ILO. The proposed SILPLL adopts an envelope-detection based injection-timing calibration for synchronous reference pulse injection into a VCO. With one of the largest frequency division ratios (N=80) reported so far, the SILPLL can achieve low RMS jitter and reference spur.Ph. D.
7
Chi, Taiyun. "Silicon-based terahertz signal generation with multi-phase sub-harmonic injection locking technique." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55058.
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This thesis presents a multi-phase injection locking (IL) technique and its application in the locking range extension in multi-phase injection locking oscillators (ILOs) for Terahertz (THz) signal generation. The proposed technique can significantly increase the frequency locking range of a multi-phase injection locking oscillator compared to the conventional single-phase injection locking scheme. Based on the multi-phase IL technique and sub-harmonic ILOs, an “active frequency multiplier chain” architecture and a multi-ring system layout topology are also proposed to achieve scalable THz signal generation. As proof of concept, a cascaded 3-stage 3-phase 2nd-order sub-harmonic ILO chain is implemented in the IBM 9HP SiGe BiCMOS process. The design achieves a maximum output power of -16.6dBm at 498GHz, a phase noise of -87dBc/ Hz at 1MHz offset, and a total 5.1% frequency tuning range from 485.1GHz to 510.7GHz, which is the largest frequency tuning range among all the reported silicon-based THz oscillator sources in the 0.5THz band.
8
Ferreira, Elnatan Chagas 1955. "Projeto de um demodulador sincrono de frequencia utilizando o fenomeno "injection-locking"." [s.n.], 1990. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260606.
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Orientador: Alberto Martins JorgeTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-13T23:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_ElnatanChagas_D.pdf: 5502481 bytes, checksum: d297267bf1fbbea4e62d61b7a6b44b76 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1990
Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma nova técnica de demolulação de freqüência utilizando o fenômeno ¿Injection locking¿, para aplicação em sistemas FI/FM broadcast comercials. É bem conhecido que, os sinal externo, quando condições apropriadas de amplitude e freqüência estão presentes. Este ¿locking¿ é conhecido como ¿Injection locking¿ ou ¿Injection syncronization¿ . ¿Injection locking¿ tem sido estudado desdo o trabalho pioneiro feito por Van der Pol na decade de 20. Apesar disso a aplicação deste principio tem sido limitada aos sistemas de microonda, para desempenhar funções tais como; amplificação, limitação e deteção de sinais FM ou PM. Nós acreditamos que este trabalho apresenta a primeira proposta em utilizar o fenômeno ¿Injection locking¿ fora da área de microonda. No capítulo I nós apresentamos de forma sucinta as principais técnicas de demodulação de freqüência. No capítulo II nós fazemos um estudo mais aprofundado numa linguagem familiar aos engenheiros elétricos, do fenômeno ¿Injection locking¿ em osciladores; neste capitulo são deduzidas expressões que fornecem, em conjunto, com os resultados simulados, condições suficientes para a compreensão e projeto do demodulador proposto. No capitulo III e IV são realizadas análises do desempenho do demodulador e projeto do circuito integrado para sua implementação, bem como os principais resultados deste trabalho ... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: This work proposes a new frequency demodulation technique using the principle of injection locking oscillation, with application to Broadcast FM and TV signals. It is well know that the signal generated by a nonlinear oscillating system can be synchronized to an external source when appropriated frequency and power conditions are present. This ¿Locking¿ is know as ¿Injection locking¿ or ¿Injection synchronization¿ Injection locking has been studied since the pioneering work done by Van der Pol in the twenties. In spite of that, the application of the principles has been limiter to microwave system, to perform tasks like amplifyling limiting and detecting FM or PM signals. We believe that ours is the first proposition using the principle of ¿injection locking¿ outside the microwave field. In chapter I the usual techniques for frequency demodulation are briefly rewied and some relations useful for the evaluation of the circuit are emphazised. In chaper II a detailed presentation of this apllication is developed, using the usual tools of electrical engineering cicuit design, some relations are deduce, which provide, with the results of simulation, conditions for reliable designs. The analysis of the performance for the proposed demodulator, as well the I.C design and evaluation (experimental results) are presented chapters III and IV, respectively ... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations
Doutorado
Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica
9
Marković, Danijela. "Applications of the Josephson mixer : ultrastrong coupling, quantum node and injection locking in conversion." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE025/document.
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Les circuits supraconducteurs sont parmi les technologies de l'information quantique les plus avancées. Ils ont aujourd'hui atteint la maturité qui offre un grand degré de contrôle et une large gamme d'interactions qui peuvent être précisément réalisées sur mesure. Le mixeur Josephson est un exemple de circuit supraconducteur qui effectue le mixage à trois ondes aux fréquences micro-ondes. Dans cette thèse, trois expériences, où le mixeur Josephson est utilisé pour trois applications différentes sont décrites. D'abord, nous avons réalisé le couplage ultrafort effectif entre deux modes bosoniques afin d'étudier les propriétés de l'état fondamental de ce système, tels que le squeezing à un mode et à deux modes du champ radié. Ensuite, nous avons construit un nœud quantique, capable de créer et distribuer de l'intrication sur un réseau quantique micro-onde, alors que de stocker et relâcher de l'information quantique à demande. Nous avons intégré un qubit de mesure dans ce dispositif pour augmenter le degré de contrôle sur son état quantique. Finalement, nous avons poussé le mixeur Josephson au delà du seuil de l'oscillation paramétrique, où nous avons démontré une technique inhabituelle de verrouillage par injection en conversion de fréquence dans ce dispositif non-dégénéréSuperconducting circuits stand among the most advanced quantum information processing platforms. They have nowadays reached a maturity that offers a high level of controllability and a large variety of interactions that can be precisely designed on demand. The Josephson mixer is one such superconducting device that performs three-wave mixing at microwave frequencies. In this thesis, we describe three experiments in which the Josephson mixer was used for different applications. First, we have realized an effective ultrastrong coupling of two bosonic modes that allowed us to study the ground state properties of this system, such as the single mode and the two mode squeezing of the emitted radiation. Second, we have built a quantum node, able to generate and distribute entanglement over a microwave quantum network, as well as to store and release quantum information on demand. We have integrated an ancilla qubit to this device in order to increase the degree of control over the quantum state of the system. Finally, we have pushed the Josephson mixer beyond the parametric oscillation instability threshold, where we have demonstrated an atypical injection locking technique that relies on coherent frequency conversion in this non-degenerate device
10
Finateu, Thomas. "A direct digital retransmitter based on phase-interpolar direct digital synthesizer and injection locking." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13671/document.
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Cette thèse présente un émetteur radio-fréquences, composé d’un synthétiseur numérique de fréquences, lui-même construit autour d’un sigma delta et d’un interpolateur de phase, ainsi que d’un oscillateur verrouillé par injection. Le synthétiseur numérique direct génère des fréquences de 400 à 500 MHz avec une résolution fréquentielle d’au moins 60 Hz. L’oscillateur verrouillé par injection, quand à lui, transpose ces fréquences dans la bande Bluetooth en assurant une multiplication de fréquences par 5. De plus, l’oscillateur verrouillé filtre le bruit de phase du signal d’injection jusqu’à récupérer celui de l’oscillateur libre. La bande passante de l’oscillateur verrouillé par injection peut être programmée numériquement. Cet émetteur a été développée dans une technologie CMOS 65 nmThis Ph.D dissertation presents a radio-frequency transmitter, made of a direct digital frequency synthesizer, built around a sigma delta and a phase interpolator, and an injection locked oscillator. The direct digital synthesizer generates frequencies between 400 and 500 MHz with a frequency resolution better than 60 Hz. On the other hand, the injection locked oscillator up-converts synthesizer output up to the Bluetooth band by multiplying frequencies by 5. Moreover, the locked oscillator filters injected signal phase noise up to recover the one of the free running oscillator. The locked oscillator bandwidth can be tuned digitally. This transmitter has been developed on 65-nm CMOS technology
11
Matharoo, Rishi. "1/f Additive Phase Noise Analysis for One-Port Injection Locked Oscillators." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1430772754.
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Kim, Jimyung. "Quantum Dot Based Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers and Applications." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4293.
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In this dissertation, self-assembled InAs/InGaAs quantum dot Fabry-Perot lasers and mode-locked lasers are investigated. The mode-locked lasers investigated include monolithic and curved two-section devices, and colliding pulse mode-locked diode lasers. Ridge waveguide semiconductor lasers have been designed and fabricated by wet etching processes. Electroluminescence of the quantum dot lasers is studied. Cavity length dependent lasing via ground state and/or excited state transitions is observed from quantum dot lasers and the optical gain from both transitions is measured. Stable optical pulse trains via ground and excited state transitions are generated using a grating coupled external cavity with a curved two-section device. Large differences in the applied reverse bias voltage on the saturable absorber are observed for stable mode-locking from the excited and ground state mode-locking regimes. The optical pulses from quantum dot mode-locked lasers are investigated in terms of chirp sign and linear chirp magnitude. Upchirped pulses with large linear chirp magnitude are observed from both ground and excited states. Externally compressed pulse widths from the ground and excited states are 1.2 ps and 970 fs, respectively. Ground state optical pulses from monolithic mode-locked lasers e.g., two-section devices and colliding pulse mode-locked lasers, are also studied. Transformed limited optical pulses (~4.5 ps) are generated from a colliding pulse mode-locked semiconductor laser. The above threshold linewidth enhancement factor of quantum dot Fabry-Perot lasers is measured using the continuous wave injection locking method. A strong spectral dependence of the linewidth enhancement factor is observed around the gain peak. The measured linewidth enhancement factor is highest at the gain peak, but becomes lower 10 nm away from the gain peak. The lowest linewidth enhancement factor is observed on the anti-Stokes side. The spectral dependence of the pulse duration from quantum dot based mode-locked lasers is also observed. Shorter pulses and reduced linear chirp are observed on the anti-Stokes side and externally compressed 660 fs pulses are achieved in this spectral regime. A novel clock recovery technique using passively mode-locked quantum dot lasers is investigated. The clock signal (~4 GHz) is recovered by injecting an interband optical pulse train to the saturable absorber section. The excited state clock signal is recovered through the ground state transition and vice-versa. Asymmetry in the locking bandwidth is observed. The measured locking bandwidth is 10 times wider when the excited state clock signal is recovered from the ground state injection, as compared to recovering a ground state clock signal from excited state injection.Ph.D.
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics PhD
13
Williams, Charles. "Injection Locking of Semiconductor Mode-Locked Lasers for Long-Term Stability of Widely Tunable Frequency Combs." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5726.
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Harmonically mode-locked semiconductor lasers with external ring cavities offer high repetition rate pulse trains while maintaining low optical linewidth via long cavity storage times. Single frequency injection locking generates widely-spaced and tunable frequency combs from these harmonically mode-locked lasers, while stabilizing the optical frequencies. The output is stabilized long-term with the help of a feedback loop utilizing either a novel technique based on Pound-Drever-Hall stabilization or by polarization spectroscopy. Error signals of both techniques are simulated and compared to experimentally obtained signals. Frequency combs spaced by 2.5 GHz and ~10 GHz are generated, with demonstrated optical sidemode suppression of unwanted modes of 36 dB, as well as RF supermode noise suppression of 14 dB for longer than 1 hour. In addition to the injection locking of actively harmonically mode-locked lasers, the injection locking technique for regeneratively mode-locked lasers, or Coupled Opto-Electronic Oscillators (COEOs), is also demonstrated and characterized extensively.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics
14
Dal, Toso Stefano. "Analysis and Design of Injection-Locked Building Blocks for RF Frequency Generation in Ultra-Scaled CMOS Technologies." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421554.
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This work presents the analysis and the design of injection-locked building blocks for RF frequency generation in ultra scaled CMOS technologies. The injection locked mechanism is analyzed and employed both in the sub-harmonic injection locking version and in the super-harmonic injection locking version.
In the former case sub-harmonic injection locking is employed to generate the fasthopping carriers required in UWB systems for WiMedia band #6 (i.e. from 15.3 GHz to 17.4 GHz). The work is supported by analysis of the LC oscillator in presence of a multitone synchronization signal and analysis of the hopping time. Measurement results of a 90 nm CMOS prototype demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution, achieving the lowest power and area consumption with respect to the state of the art.
In the latter case, super-harmonic injection locking is employed to a ring oscillator to realize a very compact, wideband divider topology that features low power consumption. A first test chip containing a divide-by-2 divider was realized in a 65 nm CMOS process. Measurements demonstrate a 2 to 16 GHz locking range, achieved with the lowest power and area consumptions among the state of the art solutions. In particular, the power
consumption is 2 mW while the area consumption is only 130 μm^2.
The same divider topology is then extended to realize a divide-by-4 divider. The divider was implemented in a 65 nm CMOS process, together with a LC VCO operating at 8 times the GSM frequency range. The combination VCO + divider was implemented to generate a low power, low area local oscillator for the GSM standard. The figure of merit of the system VCO + divider is comparable with the state-of-the-art, despite the additional power consumption due to the divider. Moreover, the silicon area of the proposed work is remarkably smaller (0.06 mm^2).Questa tesi descrive l’analisi e la progettazione di blocchi circuitali per la generazione di segnali a radio frequenza in tecnologie CMOS ultrascalate, basati sul meccanismo dell’ “injection locking”. All’intenro della tesi il meccanismo di injection locking viene analizzato ed utilizzato sia nella sua variante di “sub-harmonic injection locking”, sia nella variante di super-harmonic injection locking”. Nel primo caso il meccanismo di sub-harmonic injection locking viene applicato ad un oscillatore LC per generare le portanti “fast-hopping”della banda #6 dello standard UWB WiMedia (i.e. da 15.3 GHz a 17.4 GHz). Il lavoro ´e stato accompagnato da uno studio teorico della risposta dell’oscillatore LC in presenza di un segnale di sincronizzazione multitono e dallo studio del transitorio di hopping. I risultati delle misure effetuate su un prototipo realizzato in un processo CMOS a 90 nm hanno dimostrato la fattibilita' della soluzione proposta, candidandola come la migliore soluzione, fra quelle presenti allo stato dell’arte, in termini di consumi di potenza e area. In meccanismo di super-harmonic injection locking e' stato invece applicato ad un ring oscillator per realizzare in forma estremamente compatta una nuova topologia di divisori di frequenza a larghissima banda e basso consumo di potenza. Un primo test chip contenente un divisore per 2 e' stato realizzato in un processo CMOS a 65 nm per dimostrare la fattibilita' della topologia proposta. Le misure hanno evidenziato un locking range da 2 a 16 GHz, ottenuto con i pi´u bassi consumi di potenza (2 mW) e area (130 μm^2) fra quelli dello stato dell’arte. In seguito la stessa topologia di divisore e' stata estesa per realizzare un divisore per 4. Il divisore e' stato implementato in un processo CMOS a 65 nm, assime ad un VCO LC operante a 8 volte il range di frequenze GSM, per generare in forma compatta e a basso consumo di potenza un oscillatore locale conforme allo standard GSM. La figura di merito del sistema oscillatore + divisore risulta comparabile con quelle dello stato dell’arte, nonostante il consumo di potenza addizionale dovuto al divisore, ma con un consumo di area, pari 0.06 mm^2, sensibilmente inferiore.
15
Yang, Bo. "High Power Microwave Wireless Power Transmission System with Phase-Controlled Magnetrons." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/259739.
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Yum, HoNam. "A 6-beam combiner using superimposed volume index holographic gratings." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2759.
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In this thesis, a 6-beam combiner using multiplexed holograms in dye-doped polymer is investigated. It is realized by recording six superimposed holographic gratings, which show uniform diffraction efficiency. The coupled wave theory for N superimposed gratings is more generalized and is used to analyze the amplitudes of diffracted waves in three different boundary conditions.
Multiple-ring diffracted beam analysis is proposed to determine the dynamic range of a holographic material. The M/# is evaluated by recording a single hologram and counting the number of ring patterns in the diffracted beam. This analysis is extended to assess the equalized grating strength of N superimposed holograms. Six holograms with the equalized grating strength which can be assigned within the dynamic range of our material and show maximum diffraction efficiency are recorded.
The phase locking of five beams to one reference beam is performed using PZT controller. The designs of lock-in amplifier, ramp generator and servo using commercial chips are demonstrated. The readout set-up used to split one single beam into six coherent copies is presented. The function of each part of the PZT controller in the readout set-up is discussed in detail.
The intensity profile of an N-beam combiner is investigated by varying the phase angle between adjacent input waves. The entire solution which describes the amplitude of a combined beam is derived from generalized coupled wave theory. A simplified experimental set-up without a complicated PZT controller is demonstrated using a planoconvex lens. In order to provide six coherent light sources in future work, the injection locking of a single laser diode to the master laser diode is performed. An expected read-out setup is proposed to carry out both the achievement of six coherent sources and a 6 beam combination.
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Gatare, Gahangara Ignace Maufoy Jean. "Basculement de polarisation, contrôle et synchronisation de lasers à cavité verticale émettant par la surface (VCSELs) soumis à injection optique=Polarization switching, locking and synchronization in VCESLs with optical injection." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2008/Gatare_Gahangara.Ignace.SMZ0804.pdf.
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Thèse de doctorat : Physique : Optoélectronique : Metz : 2008. Thèse de doctorat : Physique : Optoélectronique : Vrije Universiteit Brussel : 2008.Thèse soutenue en co-tutelle sur ensemble de travaux. Bibliogr.p.239-256. Liste des publications p. 257-260.
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Hoghooghi, Nazanin. "Injection-locked semiconductor lasers for realization of novel RF photonics components." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5303.
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This dissertation details the work has been done on a novel resonant cavity linear interferometric modulator and a direct phase detector with channel filtering capability using injection-locked semiconductor lasers for applications in RF photonics. First, examples of optical systems whose performance can be greatly enhanced by using a linear intensity modulator are presented and existing linearized modulator designs are reviewed. The novel linear interferometric optical intensity modulator based on an injection-locked laser as an arcsine phase modulator is introduced and followed by numerical simulations of the phase and amplitude response of an injection-locked semiconductor laser. The numerical model is then extended to study the effects of the injection ratio, nonlinear cavity response, depth of phase and amplitude modulation on the spur-free dynamic range of a semiconductor resonant cavity linear modulator. Experimental results of the performance of the linear modulator implemented with a multi-mode Fabry-Perot semiconductor laser as the resonant cavity are shown and compared with the theoretical model. The modulator performance using a vertical cavity surface emitting laser as the resonant cavity is investigated as well. Very low V? in the order of 1 mV, multi-gigahertz bandwidth (-10 dB bandwidth of 5 GHz) and a spur-free dynamic range of 120 dB.Hz2/3 were measured directly after the modulator. The performance of the modulator in an analog link is experimentally investigated and the results show no degradation of the modulator linearity after a 1 km of SMF. The focus of the work then shifts to applications of an injection-locked semiconductor laser as a direct phase detector and channel filter. This phase detection technique does not require a local oscillator. Experimental results showing the detection and channel filtering capability of an injection-locked semiconductor diode laser in a three channel system are shown. The detected electrical signal has a signal-to-noise ratio better than 60 dB/Hz. In chapter 4, the phase noise added by an injection-locked vertical cavity surface emitting laser is studied using a self-heterodyne technique. The results show the dependency of the added phase noise on the injection ratio and detuning frequency. The final chapter outlines the future works on the linear interferometric intensity modulator including integration of the modulator on a semiconductor chip and the design of the modulator for input pulsed light.ID: 031001383; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed May 22, 2013).; Adviser: Peter J. Delfyett, Jr.; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-110).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Optics and Photonics
Optics and Photonics
Optics
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Ardey, Abhijeet. "On-Chip Optical Stabilization of High-Speed Mode-locked Quantum Dot Lasers for Next Generation Optical Networks." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/6240.
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Monolithic passively mode-locked colliding pulse semiconductor lasers generating pico- to sub-picosecond terahertz optical pulse trains are promising sources for future applications in ultra-high speed data transmission systems and optical measurements. However, in the absence of external synchronization, these passively mode-locked lasers suffer from large amplitude and timing jitter instabilities resulting in broad comb linewidths, which precludes many applications in the field of coherent communications and signal processing where a much narrower frequency line set is needed. In this dissertation, a novel quantum dot based coupled cavity laser is presented, where for the first time, four-wave mixing (FWM) in the monolithically integrated saturable absorber is used to injection lock a monolithic colliding pulse mode-locked (CPM) laser with a mode-locked high-Q ring laser. Starting with a passively mode-locked master ring laser, a stable 30 GHz optical pulse train is generated with more than 10 dB reduction in the RF noise level at 20 MHz offset and close to 3-times reduction in the average optical linewidth of the injection locked CPM slave laser. The FWM process is subsequently verified experimentally and conclusively shown to be the primary mechanism responsible for the observed injection locking. Other linear scattering effects are found to be negligible, as predicted in the orthogonal waveguide configuration. The novel injection locking technique is further exploited by employing optical hybrid mode-locking and increasing the Q of the master ring cavity, to realize an improved stabilization architecture. Dramatic reduction is shown with more than 14-times reduction in the photodetected beat linewidth and almost 5-times reduction in the optical linewidth of the injection locked slave laser with generation of close to transform limited pulses at ~ 30 GHz. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel injection locking technique for an all-on-chip stability transfer and provides a new way of stabilizing monolithic optical pulse sources for applications in future high speed optical networks.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Physics
Sciences
Physics
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Feliciani, Michael. "Studio e sperimentazione di un'antenna indossabile auto-oscillante a 5.8 GHz per il monitoraggio della respirazione." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/17438/.
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In questa tesi viene per la prima volta sperimentata un'antenna attiva (auto-oscillante) alla frequenza di 5.8 GHz indossabile al fine di essere impiegata per il monitoraggio della respirazione. Dall'analisi della letteratura è emerso come questo sia un argomento di crescente interesse e in continuo sviluppo, sia per la parte hardware che per quella software. Oltre a sistemi RADAR ad impulsi e ad onda continua, una terza classe, i RADAR SIL (Self Injection Locked), sta attirando l'attenzione dei ricercatori per via dei numerosi vantaggi in vista del loro impiego comesistemi indossabili. Attraverso simulazioni e prove sperimentali, in questa tesi si dimostra la possibilità di rilevare il movimento della parete toracica di un soggetto mediante un oscillatore SILO (Self-Injection Locking Oscillator) in cui le porte d'ingresso ed uscita sono retroazionate attraverso un antenna patch a doppia polarizzazione lineare. Una volta verificata la sua stabilità nell'agganciarsi alla frequenza del segnale riflesso dal corpo, è stato testato su quattro soggetti, per diverse modalità di respirazione e diverse distanze dal ricevitore.Mediante il software di simulazione elettromagnetica CST è stato possibile studiare numericamente l'effetto dell'accoppiamento tra antenna ed il corpo in termini del campo irradiato dall'antenna stessa. Infine i limiti di esposizione, SAR ed EIRP sono stati verificati numericamente adottando un opportuno modello patch-multislab. Questo elaborato pone le basi per ulteriori ricerche e sviluppi nel campo della sensoristica indossabile.
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Garbin, Bruno. "Excitabilité et solitons temporels de phase dans un système laser neuromorphique." Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE4133/document.
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Dans cette thèse, je reporte les résultats d'études développées durant ces trois dernières années à l'Institut Non-Linéaire de Nice. Premièrement, je présente des résultats sur l'application de perturbation à un système excitable, obtenus à partir d'un simple laser à signal injecté. L'excitabilité, qui vient dans ce cas de la proximité d'une bifurcation noeudselle sur un cercle, et est définit comme une réponse tout-ou-rien à une perturbation. La réponse excitable, présente pour des perturbations supérieures à un certain seuil, correspond au décrochage des deux lasers pour une période. Le déclenchement de tels réponses excitable, dont la forme ne dépend pas de la perturbation (type, amplitude), est démontré par l'application de perturbation. Dans un deuxième temps, j'analyse l'influence de la connexion entre un neurone et son propre axone. Expérimentalement nous ajoutons un miroir de rétroaction fabriquant ainsi un laser injecté et réinjecté. Sous certaines conditions, la précédente réponse excitable se régénère dans la cavité externe, exhibant une propriété de mémorisation, où l'information est codée dans la phase du faisceau. Analytiquement, cela correspond à l'addition d'un terme de retard linéaire qui joue le rôle d'un "quasi-espace" permettant la coexistence de plusieurs "réponse excitable", et leur interprétation en terme de solitons topologique de Sine-Gordon. L'application de perturbations appropriées peut mener au contrôle de l'information présente. De nombreux comportements ont ainsi été observés et reproduits numériquement avec des modèles appropriés, comme les collisions, le groupement, la diffusion, l'accrochage à une modulation périodique,In this thesis, I report the results of studies performed during these last three years at Institut Non Linéaire de Nice. First, I present results on perturbing a neuron-like excitable system build from a simple laser with an injected signal experiment. Excitability, that comes in this case from the proximity of a Saddle-node bifurcation, is defined as an all or-nothing response to an external perturbation. The excitable response, that arises from perturbation larger than a certain threshold, corresponds to the unlocking between the two lasers for one period. Triggering of such excitable responses, that shape do not dependent on the perturbation (kind, strength), is demonstrated applying perturbations. In a second part, I analyze the influence of the connection between one of this neuron and its own axon. Experimentally we add a feedback mirror building a laser submitted to injection and feedback. Under certain conditions, the previous excitable response is found to regenerate in the external cavity, exhibiting a memory behavior where the information is coded in the time spiking pattern. Analytically, this corresponds to the addition of a linear delay term that acts as a space-like coordinate allowing the storage of many "excitable responses", and their interpretation in terms of Sine-Gordon topological solitons. Application of appropriate perturbations could lead to the control of "information" present. Many interesting behaviors of this new structures are observed and analyzed numerically with appropriate models, like collisions, clustering, particle-like diffusion, locking to periodic additional forcing
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Tong, Haitao. "Design of CMOS integrated frequency synthesizers for ultra-wideband wireless communications systems." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1497.
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Chamas, Ibrahim. "The Analysis and Design of Phase-tunable Low-Power Low-Phase-Noise I/Q Signal Sources for Analog Phase Calibrated Transceivers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102076.
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Due to the demand for low-cost, small-form factor and large-scale integration of system-on-chip wireless transceivers, the image-reject, zero-IF and low-IF receiver architectures have become the main topologies used in mainstream wireless communication systems. Consequently, signal sources with quadrature phase outputs [quadrature oscillators (QOs)] are therefore essential, and their phase noise, driving capability, tuning range, oscillation frequency, and power consumption have a major impact on the overall receiver performance. Additionally, it is required that the QO synthesize precise I/Q waveforms across the signal bandwidth over process, voltage, and temperature variations for adequate image-rejection and signal modulation/demodulation. While the use of symmetrical layout and large inter-digitated devices minimize both systematic and random mismatches, this solution alone may not succeed in achieving the stringent performance requirements dictated by modern wireless standards particularly as the technology scales into the sub-100nm regime, necessitating both phase and gain calibration of the mismatched I/Q channels post-fabrication. Given the necessity for precise RF quadrature signal synthesis, the goal of this work is to investigate low-power low-phase-noise quadrature oscillator (QVCO) topologies with an integrated phase calibration feature.
The first part of this work focuses on the analysis and modeling of cross-coupled LC QVCOs. The analysis focuses on understanding the oscillator basic performance characteristics, design trade-offs, phase-noise performance, effect of including phase shift in the coupling paths, and on examining the quadrature accuracy in presence of process variations. New design parameters and circuit insight are developed and a generalized first order linear model and a one-port model are proposed. Particularly, we introduce the concept of an effective core and coupling transconductances to explain various oscillator properties. Additionally, a new incremental circuit element — the quadrature resistance — is introduced to evaluate the effect of coupling on the open-loop quality factor and hence on the oscillator phase noise performance. Mechanisms affecting the mode selectivity are identified and modeled. A qualitative and quantitative study of the effect of mismatch on the phase imbalance and amplitude error is presented. Particularly, closed-form intuitive expressions of the phase imbalance and amplitude error are derived and verified via circuit simulation.
Based on our understanding of the various mechanisms affecting the quadrature accuracy, the second part of this work introduces a very efficient quadrature phase calibration technique based on the disconnected-source parallel-coupled LC QVCO topology. The phase-tunable LC QVCO (PT-QVCO) achieves an ultra-wide I/Q phase tuning range without affecting the relative amplitude error or consuming additional power or chip area. Additionally, in restoring the phase balance, it is observed that the proposed method restores the phase noise performance to its optimal value which presents a potential advantage over classical calibration techniques. Time domain measurements performed on a 5 GHz prototype show that I/Q signals with phase error up to ~±30°, beyond which the VCO cores are unlocked, can be driven to perfect quadrature phase. The PT-QVCO can be tuned from 3.87-4.45 GHz at the negative mode and 4.4-5.4 GHz at the positive mode, a total of ~1.5 GHz. The fabricated circuit including pad structures occupies an area of 1.1x0.7 mm² and drains 18mW (excluding buffer circuits) from a 1.8 V supply voltage.
The third part of this work introduces a new low-power, low-phase-noise super harmonic injection-coupled LC QVCO (IC-QVCO) topology. Analysis of the waveform accuracy reveals an inverse dependence of the quadrature error on the tank quality factor thus allowing circuit optimization for both low phase noise and precise quadrature synthesis. Additionally, a tunable tail filter (TTF) is incorporated to calibrate the residual quadrature imbalance in presence of a 3-σ variation in the device parameters. An X-band IC-QVCO prototype with a TTF implemented in a 0.18μm RF CMOS process, achieves a measured phase noise figure-of-merit ranging from 177.3 to 182.6 dBc/Hz along the 9.0 to 9.6 GHz frequency tuning range while dissipating only 9mW from the 1.8V supply. The TTF reduces both the 1/f² and 1/f³ phase noise and calibrates the residual phase error within ±11° post-fabrication without affecting the relative amplitude error or the phase noise performance. The circuit performance compares favorably with recently published work.
In the fourth part of this work, we explore the implementation of LC QVCOs as potential I/Q sources at millimeter-wave (MMW) frequencies. Among the several design challenges that emerge as the oscillator frequency is scaled into the MMW band, precise quadrature synthesis and adequate frequency tuning range are among the hardest to achieve. After describing the limitation of using an MOS varactor and a digitally controlled switch capacitor array for frequency tuning, we propose an alternative frequency tuning technique based on the fundamental operation of LC QVCOs. The off-resonance operation, which is defined by the coupling network, suggests varying the coupling current to achieve frequency tuning. In essence, by modifying the bias current of the coupling transistors (GMc-tuning), a wide and linear frequency tuning range can be achieved. Extensive simulation results of a 60 GHz prototype, implemented in a 90 nm commercial RF CMOS process, demonstrates a 5 GHz of frequency tuning range (57.5 GHz → 62.5 GHz), a tuning sensitivity of 1GHz/mA, and a 4dB improvement in the phase noise compared to a varactor solution.
Finally, the Appendix includes recent research work on the analysis and design of gPh.D.
While resting in bed due to illness, the Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens keenly observed that the pendulums of two clocks hanging on the wall moved synchronously when the clocks were hung close to each other. He concluded that these two oscillatory systems were forced to move in unison by virtue of mechanical coupling through the wall. In essence, each pendulum injected mechanical vibrations into the wall that was strong enough to lock the adjacent pendulum into synchronous motion. Injection locking of oscillatory systems plays a critical role in communication systems ranging from frequency division, to generating clocks (oscillators) with finer phase separation, to the synthesis of orthogonal (quadrature) clocks. All communication systems have the same basic form. Firstly, there will some type of an information or data source which can be a keyboard or a microphone in a smartphone. The source is connected to a receiver by some sort of a channel. In wireless systems, the channel is the air medium. Moreover, to comply with the FCC and 3GPP requirements, data can only be transmitted wirelessly within a predefined set of frequencies and with stringent emission requirements to avoid interference with other wireless systems. These frequencies are generated by high fidelity clock sources, also known as oscillators. Consider a group of people sharing the same room and hence the same channel want to share information. Without regulating the “loudness” of each communicating ensemble, the quality of communication can be severely impaired. Moreover, it is to be expected that information can be shared more efficiently if each pair is allocated non-overlapping timeslots – speak when others are quiet. Called time orthogonality, all wireless systems require precise orthogonal (quadrature) clock sources to improve the communication efficiency. The precision of quadrature clocks is determined by the amplitude and phase accuracy. This dissertation takes a deep dive into the analysis and implementation of high accuracy quadrature (I/Q) clock sources using the concept of injection locking. These I/Q clocks or oscillators, also known as quadrature voltage controlled oscillators (QVCOs), have gained enormous popularity in the last decade. The first part of this work focuses on the analysis and modeling of QVCOs. The analysis focuses on understanding the oscillator basic performance characteristics, and on examining the quadrature accuracy in presence of process variations. New design parameters and circuit insight are developed and a generalized first order linear model and a one-port model are proposed. A qualitative and quantitative study of the effect of mismatch on the phase imbalance and amplitude error is presented. Particularly, closed-form intuitive expressions of the phase imbalance and amplitude error are derived and verified via circuit simulation. Based on our understanding of the various mechanisms affecting the quadrature accuracy, the second part of this work introduces a very efficient quadrature phase calibration technique based The phase-tunable QVCO (PT-QVCO) achieves an ultra-wide I/Q phase tuning range without affecting the oscillator other performance metrics. The proposed topology was successfully verified in silicon using a 5GHz prototype. The third part of this work introduces a new low-power, low-phase-noise injection coupled QVCO (IC-QVCO) topology. An X-band IC-QVCO prototype was successfully verified in a 0.18m RF CMOS process. In the fourth part of this work, we explore the implementation of QVCOs as potential I/Q sources at millimeter-wave (MMW) frequencies. Among the several design challenges that emerge as the oscillator frequency is scaled into the MMW band, precise quadrature synthesis and adequate frequency tuning range are among the hardest to achieve. After describing the limitation of using an conventional frequency tuning techniques, we propose an alternative approach based on the fundamental operation of QVCOs that outperforms existing solutions.
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Shaddock, Daniel Anthony, and Daniel Shaddock@jpl nasa gov. "Advanced Interferometry for Gravitational Wave Detection." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20020227.171850.
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In this thesis we investigate advanced techniques for the readout and control of various interferometers. In particular, we present experimental investigations of interferometer configurations and control techniques to be used in second generation interferometric gravitational wave detectors. We also present a new technique, tilt locking, for the readout and control of optical interferometers.
¶
We report the first experimental demonstration of a Sagnac interferometer with resonant sideband extraction (RSE). We measure the frequency response to modulation of the length of the arms and demonstrate an increase in signal bandwidth of by a factor of 6.5 compared to the Sagnac with arm cavities only. We compare Sagnac interferometers based on optical cavities with cavity-based Michelson interferometers and find that the Sagnac configuration has little overall advantage in a cavity-based system.
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A system for the control and signal extraction of a power recycled Michelson interferometer with RSE is presented. This control system employs a frontal modulation scheme requiring a phase modulated carrier field and a phase modulated subcarrier field. The system is capable of locking all 5 length degrees of freedom and allows the signal cavity to be detuned over the entire range of possibilities, in principle, whilst maintaining lock. We analytically investigate the modulation/demodulation techniques used to obtain these error signals, presenting an introductory explanation of single sideband modulation/demodulation and double demodulation.
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This control system is implemented on a benchtop prototype interferometer. We discuss technical problems associated with production of the input beam modulation components and present several solutions. Operation of the interferometer is demonstrated for a wide range of detunings. The frequency response of the interferometer is measured for various detuned points and we observe good agreement with theoretical predictions. The ability of the control system to maintain lock as the interferometer is detuned is experimentally demonstrated.
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Tilt locking, a new technique to obtain an error signal to lock a laser to an optical cavity, is presented. This technique produces an error signal by efficient measurement of the interference between the TEM00 and TEM10 modes. We perform experimental and theoretical comparisons with the widely used Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. We derive the quantum noise limit to the sensitivity of a measurement of the beam position, and using this result calculate the shot noise limited sensitivity of tilt locking. We show that tilt locking has a quantum efficiency of 80%, compared to 82% for the PDH technique.
We present experimental demonstrations of tilt locking in several applications including frequency stabilisation, continuous-wave second harmonic generation, and injection locking of a Nd:YAG slab laser. In each of these cases, we demonstrate that the performance of tilt locking is not the limiting factor of the lock stability, and show that it achieves similar performance to the PDH based system.
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Finally, we discuss how tilt locking can be effectively applied to two beam interferometers. We show experimentally how a two beam interferometer typically gives excellent isolation against errors arising from changes in the photodetector position, and experimentally demonstrate the use of tilt locking as a signal readout system for a Sagnac interferometer.
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Lei, Feiran. "Injection Locked Synchronous Oscillators (SOs) and Reference Injected Phase-Locke Loops (PLL-RIs)." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492789278258943.
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Berenguer, Sau Jordi. "Síntesis de frecuencias en microondas mediante sistemas PLL: aplicación a la recepción de señales emitidas por satélite hasta 30 GHz." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6898.
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La tesi estudia el problema de la síntesi de freqüències en les bandes de freqüències de microones i ones mil·limètriques, i la seva aplicació al disseny dels oscil·ladors locals d'un receptor coherent per a la recepció de les *radiobalises que a 12, 20 i 30 GHz emetia el satèl·lit Olympus de l'Agència Espacial Europea (ESA), amb la finalitat de caracteritzar el comportament radioelèctric de l'atmosfera a aquestes freqüències, a partir de mesures d'atenuació i transpolarització sobre aquests senyals de test, tot això dintre del marc d'un experiment de propagació (OPEX) propiciat per l'agència.La tesi s'ha centrat en l'estudi dels sistemes de síntesis de freqüències utilitzats habitualment, i especialment en els de síntesi indirecta de freqüència basats en sistemes Phase Locked Loop (PLL) a freqüències de microones ja que són la base sobre la qual s'han dissenyat i construït els prototips de multiplicadors de freqüència que s'han desenvolupat, capaços de sintetitzar senyals en bandes de mil·limètriques, que en el nostre cas s'han restringit al marge de 1 a 29 GHz.
Alguns dels multiplicadors fan ús de la detecció de fase harmònica, sistema que permet realitzar multiplicacions de freqüència d'índex imparell, evitant la utilització de divisors de freqüència en el llaç de realimentació del PLL.
La tesi s'estructura en quatre parts diferenciades. La primera, amb un caire eminentment teòric, s'ofereix a manera de revisió dels aspectes del soroll de fase i dels sistemes de síntesis de freqüències existents. La segona part aborda les qüestions derivades de la síntesi de freqüències en microones mitjançant PLL's, amb descripció dels components utilitzats, per a passar a tractar dels aspectes de disseny d'un receptor coherent, els seus requisits i aplicacions. En la tercera part es presenten els multiplicadors de freqüència realitzats, la seva descripció, esquema de blocs i resultats experimentals obtinguts. I finalment, en la quarta part s'inclouen una sèrie de realitzacions derivades de la utilització de sistemes PLL a freqüències de microones, amb sincronització per injecció del VCO al senyal de referència, en aplicacions de combinació de potència i de control electrònic de fase en sistemes phased-arrays amb elements actius.
La tesis estudia el problema de la síntesis de frecuencias en las bandas de frecuencias de microondas y ondas milimétricas, y su aplicación al diseño de los osciladores locales de un receptor coherente para la recepción de las radiobalizas que a 12, 20 y 30 GHz emitía el satélite Olympus de la Agencia Espacial Europea (ESA), con la finalidad de caracterizar el comportamiento radioeléctrico de la atmósfera a estas frecuencias, a partir de medidas de atenuación y transpolarización sobre esas señales de test, todo ello dentro del marco de un experimento de propagación (OPEX) propiciado por la agencia.
La tesis se ha centrado en el estudio de los sistemas de síntesis de frecuencias utilizados habitualmente, y en especial en los de síntesis indirecta de frecuencia basados en sistemas Phase Locked Loop (PLL) a frecuencias de microondas puesto que son la base sobre la que se sustentan los prototipos de multiplicadores de frecuencia que se han desarrollado, capaces de sintetizar señales en bandas milimétricas, que en nuestro caso se han restringido al margen de 1 a 29 GHz.
Algunos de los multiplicadores hacen uso de la detección de fase armónica, sistema que permite realizar multiplicaciones de frecuencia de índice impar, evitando el empleo de divisores de frecuencia en el lazo de realimentación del PLL.
La tesis se estructura en cuatro partes diferenciadas. La primera, con un cariz eminentemente teórico, se ofrece a modo de revisión del tema del ruido de fase y de los sistemas de síntesis de frecuencias existentes. La segunda parte aborda las cuestiones derivadas de la síntesis de frecuencias en microondas mediante PLL's, con descripción de los componentes utilizados, para pasar a tratar de los aspectos de diseño de un receptor coherente, sus requisitos y aplicaciones. En la tercera parte se presentan los multiplicadores de frecuencia realizados, su descripción, esquema de bloques y resultados experimentales obtenidos. Y por último, en la cuarta parte se incluyen una serie de realizaciones derivadas de la utilización de sistemas PLL a frecuencias de microondas, con sincronización por inyección del VCO a la señal de referencia, en aplicaciones de combinación de potencia y de control electrónico de fase en sistemas phased-arrays con elementos activos.
The thesis studies the problem of the synthesis of frequencies in the microwave and millimeter waves frequency bands, and its application to the design of the local oscillators of a coherent receiver for the reception of the radio beacons that to 12, 20 and 30 GHz emitted the satellite Olympus from the European Space Agency (ESA), with the aim of characterizing the radio behavior of the atmosphere at these frequencies, from measurements of attenuation and transpolarisation on those signals of test, all that in the framework of a propagation experiment (OPEX) favored by the agency.
The thesis has been focused on the study of the frequency synthesis systems, and especially on the indirect frequency synthesis systems based on Phase Locked Loops (PLL) at microwave frequencies, since they are the base on which the prototypes of frequency multipliers that they have been developed, capable of synthesizing signals in millimeter bands, are held that in our case they have restricted regardless of 1 to 29 GHz.
Some of the multipliers make use of the harmonic phase detection system that allows carrying out frequency multiplications of odd index, preventing the use of frequency dividers in the feedback loop of the PLL.
The thesis is structured in four differentiated parts. The first, with an eminently theoretical look, offers like revision of the subject of the phase noise and the methods of frequency synthesis. The second part tackles the questions derived from the synthesis of frequencies in microwaves through PLL's, with description of the used components, to pass to deal of the aspects of design of a coherent receiver, its requirements and applications. In the third part the frequency multipliers carried out, its description, schema of blocks and obtained experimental results are presented. And finally, in the fourth part a series of accomplishments are included phased-arrays derived of the use of systems PLL at frequencies of microwaves, with synchronization by injection of the VCO to the reference signal, in applications of power combination and of electronic phase control in systems with active elements.
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Doumbia, Yaya. "Optical injection dynamics and polarization properties of semiconductor lasers frequency combs." Electronic Thesis or Diss., CentraleSupélec, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021CSUP0008.
Full textAbstract:
Dans ce travail, nous étudions la dynamique non linéaire de diodes laser injectées optiquement avec des peignes de fréquence.Nous analysons d'abord théoriquement et expérimentalement la dynamique non linéaire des lasers à émettant par la tranche (EELs) à partir d'une injection optique de peignes de fréquence. Les paramètres d'injection et les propriétés du peigne injecté sont variés pour dévoiler plusieurs dynamiques verrouillées et déverrouillées. Pour une force d'injection suffisamment grande et sur une large plage de désaccord, le verrouillage d'injection bifurque vers une dynamique temporelle correspondant à un peigne de fréquence optique qui étend le peigne injecté à un spectre optique beaucoup plus large. Une analyse de bifurcation révèle une dynamique de peigne de fréquence harmonique en cascade conduisant à une augmentation significative des lignes de peigne de sortie. Nous avons également utilisé les paramètres d'injection, les propriétés du peigne et le courant d'injection pour contrôler les propriétés du nouve peigne. Dans un deuxième temps, nous analysons expérimentalement la dynamique non linéaire et les propriétés de polarisation dans des lasers émettant par la surface (VCSEL) soumis à une injection optique orthogonale avec des peignes de fréquence. Plus important encore, le VCSEL montre deux peignes de fréquence avec une polarisation orthogonale à partir d'un seul appareil pour certains paramètres d'injection. Nous démontrons également la possibilité de contrôler le taux de répétition des peignes à une ou deux polarisations grâce à la génération de peignes à fréquence harmonique. Nous présentons enfin expérimentalement et théoriquement la dynamique d'injection de VCSEL à partir d'une injection de peigne de fréquence optique avec une polarisation parallèle à celle du VCSEL. Nous montrons que la performance des peignes à deux polarisations sont limitées à une injection de courant élevé dans le cas d'une injection optique parallèle. Pour un courant de polarisation fixe, la dynamique des deux peignes de polarisation disparaît lorsque l'on augmente l'espacement des peignes injectés.Cette thèse démontre donc outre son intérêt pour la dynamique laser non linéaire, l'injection optique est une technique permettant d'exploiter les propriétés de peigne dans les diodes laserIn this work, we study the nonlinear dynamics of laser diodes optically injected with frequency combs.We first theoretically and experimentally analyze the nonlinear dynamics of edge-emitting lasers (EELs) from an optical injection of frequency combs. The injection parameters and injected comb properties are varied to unveil several locked and unlocked dynamics. For large enough injection strength and over a large detuning range, the injection locking bifurcates to a time-periodic dynamics corresponding to an optical frequency comb that extends the injected comb to a much broader optical spectrum. A bifurcation analysis reveals a cascade harmonic frequency comb dynamics leading to a significant increase in the output comb lines. We have also used the injection parameters, comb properties, and injection current to control the new comb properties. We secondly analyze the nonlinear dynamics and polarization properties in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) subject to orthogonal optical injection with frequency combs experimentally. Most importantly, the VCSEL shows two frequency combs with orthogonal polarization from a single device for some injection parameters. We also demonstrate the possibility to control the single or two polarizations comb repetition rate through harmonic frequency combs generation. We finally present experimentally and theoretically the VCSEL injection dynamics from parallel optical frequency comb injection. We show that the two polarizations combperformance is restricted to high current injection in the case of parallel optical injection. For fixed bias current, the two polarization comb dynamics disappear when increasing the injected comb spacing.This thesis therefore demonstrates besides its interest for nonlinear laser dynamics, optical injection is a technique to harness the comb properties in laser diodes
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Konečný, Aleš. "Časoprostorová dynamika a koherentní řízení frekvenčních hřebenů kvantových kaskádových laserů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-443759.
Full textAbstract:
Kvantové kaskádové laserové frekvenční hřebeny jsou slibnými kandidáty pro nové miniaturizované spektrometry bez pohyblivých částí. Mohou být generovány v samočinném režimu pomocí různých nelinearit vyvolaných asymetrickým ziskem a vlnovodovou disperzí. K simulaci samočinných hřebenů byl použit dostupný vysoce optimalizovaný nástroj založený na modelu postupné vlny. Dále byl rozšířen o funkci zamykání optickým vstřikováním, koherentní techniky ovládání frekvenčních hřebenů. Následné simulace potvrdily uzamčení pomocí vstřikovaného signálu. Bylo zjištěno, že disperze grupové rychlosti (GVD) má významný dopad na rozsah zamykání. GVD byla vypočtena pro typické zařízení a frekvenční hřeben byl uzamčen pomocí optického vstřikování v rozsahu ladění od -2 do 47 MHz.
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Coronel-Rico, Juan Fernando. "Étude et réalisation d'un oscillateur à base de VCSEL verrouillé en phase pour des applications en télécommunications." Thesis, Toulouse, ISAE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESAE0013/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les oscillateurs sont présents dans tous les systèmes de communications que nous utilisons. Ils nous permettent de faire la synchronisation entre l’émetteur et le récepteur d’un message. La qualité de cette synchronisation dépend de la stabilité de l’oscillateur. Afin de caractériser cette stabilité dans le domaine fréquentiel, le bruit de phase est utilisé comme paramètre de référence. Un oscillateur qui délivre un signal avec une faible valeur de bruit de phase est un oscillateur de grande pureté spectrale. Les oscillateurs électroniques ont une bonne performance à basse fréquence. En mesure de la demande des systèmes de très haut débit, les oscillateurs électroniques ne sont pas capables de produire signaux qu’avec l’utilisation de multiplicateurs de fréquence qui ajoutent plusieurs éléments à la chaine de communication. Les systèmes hybrides permettent de prendre d’avantage la bonne performance de composants optiques en haute fréquence afin de les intégrer dans les systèmes électroniques et surmonter de cette façon-là les limitations fréquentielles des systèmes électroniques. Ce travail vise l’utilisation de la technique de verrouillage optique par injection du faisceau d’un laser maître vers la cavité d’un VCSEL sous modulation directe dans la boucle d’oscillation. La technique du verrouillage optique du VCSEL permets d’élargir la bande passante de modulation directe du VCSEL et réduire son bruit d’intensité (Relative Intensity Noise - RIN). La réduction du RIN a comme effet secondaire la réduction de la contribution du bruit additif dans l’oscillateur et, en conséquence, la réduction du bruit de phase de l’oscillateurOscillators are present in all telecommunication systems. They synchronize the emitter and receiver of a message. The quality of the synchronization depends on the oscillator stability. To characterize the frequency domain oscillator stability, the phase noise of the carrier is used as figure of merit. An oscillator delivering a low phase noise carrier is a high spectral purity oscillator. Electronic oscillators are high performing at low frequencies. As communications systems require high data rate transmission, the electronic oscillators uses frequency multipliers that degrades the spectral purity of the carrier. The hybrid systems take advantage of the good performance of optical components at high frequency with the goal to be integrated in the electronic systems to overcome frequency limitation issues. This work use the optical injection locking technique by injecting the laser beam of a master laser inside the cavity of a VCSEL under direct modulation. The optical injection locking technique enlarges the direct modulation bandwidth of the VCSEL and reduces the Relative Intensity noise of the laser (RIN). The RIN reduction has as side effect the reduction of the additive noise inside the oscillator and, in consequence, reducing the oscillator phase noise
30
Niang, Alioune. "Manipulation d’un grand nombre de solitons dissipatifs dans les lasers à fibre." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0023/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail est consacré à l’étude des interactions d’un grand nombre de solitons dans un laser à fibre dopée erbium/ytterbium. Les impulsions interagissent entre elles et se structurent pour former des distributions plus ou moins organisées. Deux cavités ont été réalisées, l’une basée sur la rotation non-linéaire de la polarisation (RNLP) et l’autre sur le miroir optique à boucle non-linéaire (NOLM) en configuration de laser en forme de huit. Avec la RNLP, nous nous sommes intéressés d’abord à une distribution où les impulsions sont liées (cristal de solitons). Ce cristal, stable pour des puissances moyennes, devient instable lorsque la puissance augmente : il se disloque. Les solitons se réorganisent pour former un régime de verrouillage harmonique (HLM) de 50 cristaux. Nous avons ensuite cherché s’il était possible de contrôler les distributions de solitons par l’injection d’une composante continue externe. Nous avons montré que le HLM peut être forcé par l’injection de cette composante. Nous avons développé deux approches afin de modéliser un laser verrouillé en phase et soumis à l'injection d'une composante continue, l'une est scalaire et l'autre vectorielle. Ces modèles démontrent que le signal injecté peut modifier les interactions entre les solitons. Enfin, le NOLM a permis d’observer plusieurs dynamiques : pluie de solitons, gaz de solitons, liquide de solitons, poly-cristal de solitons, multi-cristal de solitons, cristal de solitons, états liés et verrouillage harmonique d’états liés. Ce laser a permis également d’observer une émission laser continue et impulsionnelle autour de 1600 nmThis work has been devoted to study the interaction of the large number of solitons in the erbium/ytterbium doped fiber laser. The interaction of pulses with each other causes to form more or less organized distribution. Two laser cavities have been constructed, one based on the non-linear polarization rotation (NLPR) and the other based on the nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) in a figure-eight laser configuration. With the NLPR, we were interested to the distribution of coherent pulses (crystal solitons). This crystal, stable for moderate power, becomes unstable at high power, which means to get loose from the initial soliton. These solitons rearrange their relative position to form one harmonic-mode locking regime (HML) of 50 crystals. Afterward, we have investigated the possibility of controlling the solitons distribution by injecting an external continuous wave (cw). It has been observed that cw could force the laser to operate at HLM regime. Moreover, we have developed two theoretical approaches, such as scalar and vectorial, to model the passively mode-locked fiber laser submitted to the cw. Both models confirm that the injected signal could modify the interactions between the solitons. Finally, the NOLM allowed us to observe several dynamics, including rain solitons, gas solitons, liquid solutions, poly-crystal solitons, multi-crystal solitons, crystal solitons, bound states and harmonic-mode locking of bound states. Furthermore, it made possible to observe the continuous as well as pulsed laser emission around 1600 nm
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Kao, Hong-Wei, and 高宏瑋. "Reinforcements of Injection Locking Frequency Generator." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93505384237557474796.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
101
For the sake of enhancing the locking range of Ku-band frequency divider and multiplier in the frequency synthesizer. Both of divider and multiplier's locking range, there is a trade-off between output power and power consumption. How to enhance locking range and reduce power consumption for a certain input power and power consumption is the major focus in this study. In order to improve the locking range with proper transistor's working mode, a current-reused directly injection-locked frequency tripler is investigated first. The harmonics’ strength in triode mode are stronger that those of saturation mode. The achieved locking range is 31%, and the output power can reach -1dBm. At 1.2V bias, the power consumption is only 3.6 mW, For the case of tripler circuit, using mixing circuit to generate third harmonic signal can suppress the fundametal and the second harmonic signals at the same. the proposed topology uses a push-push and mixer architecture to generate triple signal with good harmonic suppression. Compared with published data, locking range for fixed Vtune is 23% and the overall locking range can be extended to 36.4%. It's three times larger than other structures. At 1.2V bias voltage, power consumption is 5.34 mW output power up to 0.32 mW. Subsequently, further improvements on the operating mode of push-push oscillator and using current-reused structure make the circuit perform well with lower power consumption. The modified structure takes power consumption only 4.8 milli-watts under the same output power level, and locking range is extend to 42.2%. In the divider section, injections both on the tail transistor and the bottom of cross-couple pair provides more contribution upon the locking range. To ensure that it is effective in case of low-voltage operation, it is clarified first there is no interaction between these two injections, and the way to enhance locking range is proved to be effective in case of low-power consumption. The overall locking rang can be extended to 35%. And at 1.2V bias voltage, power consumption is only 0.38 mW and output power reaches up to 0.2 mW.
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Παπαλάμπρου, Ανδρέας. "Σχεδιασμός και υλοποίηση ταλαντωτή με injection locking." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/8122.
Full textAbstract:
Ο ταλαντωτής αποτελεί σημαντικό κομμάτι κάθε τηλεπικοινωνιακού συστήματος. Το σημαντικότερο στοιχείο της απόδοσής του είναι ο θόρυβος φάσης. Για τη βελτίωσή του χρησιμοποιείται η μέθοδος του injection locking. Με αυτή τη μέθοδο ένα σήμα αναφοράς με καλά χαρακτηριστικά θορύβου χρησιμοποιείται για να βελτιώσει την έξοδο του ταλαντωτή. Χρησιμοποιείται μια τοπολογία τροποποιημένου ταλαντωτή Colpitts, ο οποίος εξομοιώνεται και υλοποιείται. Με τις μετρήσεις που ακολουθούν επιβεβαιώνεται η καλύτερη συμπεριφορά θορύβου που επιτυγχάνει η μέθοδος του injection locking.Oscillators form an integral part of all communication systems. Their most crucial element regarding performance is phase noise. To improve it we use the method of injection locking. With this method, a reference signal with good noise characteristics is used to improve the output of the oscillator. A modified Colpitts oscillator topology is used which is both simulated and implemented as a circuit board. Measurements confirmed that injection locking improved the characteristics of phase noise.
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Yen-Ting, Chen. "Optical Carrier-Sideband Phase Control by Injection Locking." 2006. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0001-2207200620414800.
Full text
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"New techniques of injection locking in communication systems." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887800.
Full textAbstract:
by Wong, Kwok-wai.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1993.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-93).
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABSTRACT
Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- BASIC OSCILLATOR DESIGN --- p.5
Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- FUNDAMENTAL INJECTION LOCKING --- p.12
Chapter 3.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.12
Chapter 3.2 --- NONLINEAR OSCILLATOR MODELS --- p.13
Chapter 3.3 --- TYPES OF INJECTION LOCKED OSCILLATOR --- p.24
Chapter 3.4 --- INJECTION LOCKING CHARACTERISTICS --- p.26
Chapter 3.5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.31
Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- SUBHARMONIC INJECTION LOCKING --- p.32
Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.32
Chapter 4.2 --- SUBHARMONIC INJECTION LOCKING --- p.32
Chapter 4.3 --- SUBHARMONIC INJECTION LOCKING CHARACTERISTICS --- p.36
Chapter 4.4 --- CONCLUSION --- p.40
Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON INJECTION LOCKING --- p.41
Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.41
Chapter 5.2 --- EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS --- p.43
Chapter 5.3 --- NON-INTEGRAL SUBHARMONIC LOCKING --- p.53
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Nonlinear feedback model --- p.53
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Circuit description --- p.55
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Experimental results --- p.59
Chapter 5.3.4 --- Summary --- p.64
Chapter 5.4 --- SELECTIVE SUBHARMONIC LOCKING RANGE ENHANCEMENT --- p.65
Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mulit-feedback nonlinear model --- p.65
Chapter 5.4.2 --- Circuit description --- p.65
Chapter 5.4.3 --- Experimental results --- p.69
Chapter 5.4.4 --- Summary --- p.71
Chapter 5.5 --- FEEDBACK TYPE INJECTION LOCKED OSCILLATOR --- p.72
Chapter 5.5.1 --- Feedback type injection locked oscillator model with different injection points --- p.72
Chapter 5.5.2 --- Circuit description --- p.73
Chapter 5.5.3 --- Experimental results --- p.76
Chapter 5.5.4 --- Summary --- p.76
Chapter 5.6 --- PHASE TUNING BEYOUND 180 DEGREES BY INJECTION LOCKING --- p.79
Chapter 5.6.1 --- Phase change by single injection locking --- p.79
Chapter 5.6.2 --- Phase change by cascaded injection locking --- p.80
Chapter 5.6.3 --- Experimental results --- p.85
Chapter 5.6.4 --- Summary --- p.88
Chapter 5.7 --- CONCLUSION --- p.88
Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.89
REFERENCES --- p.90
LIST OF ACCEPTED AND SUBMITTED
PUBLICATIONS DURING THE PERIOD OF STUDY
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Chen, Jen-Ke, and 陳仁格. "RF Frequency Divider Implemented by Dual Injection-Locking." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5kk9u2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
102
The study of this thesis focuses on the design of frequency divider which is used in the phase lock loop of the wireless transceiver. All the proposed circuits were implemented by TSMC 0.18μm 1P6M CMOS and TSMC 0.18μm 3P6M BiCMOS process. In this thesis, two wide locking-range frequency dividers are proposed for X-band and Ku-band applications; and one injection-locked frequency divider by 5 for K-band application. The dual injection-locked frequency dividers proposed in this thesis demonstrate a simple but efficient method to enhance the injection strength. Based on the locking range formula, the strength enhancement of injection signal will make the locking range wider. Therefore, the proposed ILFD demonstrates dual-injection topology achieving high locking range. In chapter II, a dual-mode and wide locking-range dual injection-locked frequency divider by two and by three is demonstrated. This proposed ILFD can function as divider by two and three. The measured locking-range is from 7.95 GHz to 11.78 GHz (38.8%) with an injection power of 0dBm in divider by two and 13.39 GHz to 16.39 GHz (20.1%) with an injection power of 0dBm in divider by three. The power consumption of the core circuit takes 6.48mW from a 1.2V power supply. In chapter III, a wide locking range dual injection-locked frequency divider by three is demonstrated. This proposed ILFD uses dual direct-injection technique. The measured locking range is from 11.78 GHz to 14.81 GHz (22.8%) with an injection power of 0dBm. The power consumption of the core circuit takes 6.12mW from a 1.2V power supply. In chapter IV, a direct injection-locked frequency divider by five with wide locking range is demonstrated. This proposed ILFD uses the direct-injection technique which includes a direct injection-locked frequency divider by two to enhance the locking range and output power. But the proposed high modulus ILFD suffers a problem from the circuit layout. The measured results do not meet with the expectations. It needs more attentions on the circuit layout. The simulation and measurement results provide the proof of the dual-injection topology proposed in this thesis effectively enhancing the locking-range. In the future, it can support the study on the ultra low power consumption injection-locked frequency divider.
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Chen, Yen-Ting, and 陳彥廷. "Optical Carrier-Sideband Phase Control by Injection Locking." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86367491979848903414.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
電機工程學研究所
94
The injection locking phenomenon appears when a source laser (or a “master” laser) with a appropriated injection power is injected into a free oscillating laser (slave laser), and detuned from the frequency of it. Depending on the frequency detuning and the injection power, the slave laser can be either stably, unstably locked, or become chaotic. The phase difference between master and slave laser is also related to the detuning, injection power, and locking bandwidth. On the other hand, accurate optical phase control is always a challenge. This thesis proposes an approach, using the technique of optical injection locking, regarding to the carrier and sideband of a 823nm semiconductor laser, to control the phase between them。 We first prove by experiment that a beat note injecting radiation can also induce a beat note from the slave laser with the same frequency. Then we use this method to extract the phase signal by mixing the master and slave beat signal. By observing the phase signal we can change the frequency of the master or slave laser to control the phase difference between the carrier and sideband of the injection locked radiation.
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Monteiro, Ruben Emanuel Estrela. "Wideband Low Noise Oscillator suitable for Injection Locking." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/75032.
Full textAbstract:
There is a growing need to design compact and low power transceiver circuits. The
increasingly crowded frequency spectrum leads to increased challenges associated with
transceiver design. In particular, it becomes imperative that the oscillator circuits have a
low phase noise.
RC oscillators have the ability to produce wideband oscillations with reduced area
and low power consumption. However, a serious drawback is its high phase noise, which
leads to poor circuit performance.
To improve the performance of an RC oscillator, it is common for it to be integrated
into a frequency synthesizer. The most common approach of a synthesizer is the Phase-
Locked Loop (PLL). This approach leads to an increase in the area and complexity of the
circuit. Another approach to a synthesizer is an Injection-Locked Oscillator (ILO), which
achieves similar performances to a PLL without the disadvantages referred to above.
In this thesis, an ILO based on an RC oscillator, using a Spin Torque Oscillator (STO)
as a reference generator, is presented. The circuit is implemented in two different Complementary
Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technologies: 130 nm CMOS and 180
nm CMOS. The STO used as reference has characteristics similar to a nanometric device
developed at the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL). In addition,
the ILO operates in a wide frequency band ranging from 100 MHz to 3 GHz, has a power
consumption ranging from 2.94 mW to 6.81 mW for 130 nm CMOS technology, whereas
in 180nm CMOS technology it consumes between 4.86 mW and 13.96 mW.
Thus, the work developed in the course of this thesis serves as proof of concept for the
manufacture of a fully integrated hybrid ILO using the STO technology in conjunction
with CMOS circuits.
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HUANG, WEN-KUN, and 黃玟焜. "Injection locking of a pulsed TEA Co�� laser." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/10722282830079978563.
Full text
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Bai, Da Chuan, and 白大川. "A study of phase shifting on injection locking oscillator." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93901914318291206987.
Full text
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Hsiao, Chieh-Hsun, and 蕭介勛. "Study of Injection Locking and Pulling in Local Oscillators." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28740152779374367043.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
96
This thesis is composed of three parts. In the first part, various kinds of theory to account for injection locking and pulling in the available literature are studied and compared. In the second part, this thesis proposes an experimental setup with self-made hybrid VCO and commercially available equipments and components to measure the characteristics of injection locking and pulling. This thesis also performs simulation to verify the measured results. The simulation mainly relies on the circuit envelope technique that has been developed in our laboratory. Comparison between measurement and simulation shows good agreement in the injection-locking characteristic curves and the injection-pulling spectrum characteristics. In the third part, this thesis carries out an RFIC design for a fractional-N frequency synthesizer with special features on quantization-noise cancellation and PLL nonlinearity reduction using TSMC 0.13μm CMOS process.
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Tasi, Tai-Hsuan, and 蔡岱烜. "A Novel Frequency-Locked Loop Using Injection-Locking Oscillator." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26098257125883264170.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
電腦與通訊工程研究所
102
This paper discussed the characteristic of injection locking oscillator (ILO) primary. It depends on the output power of voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) , the Q-factor of VCO , the maximum locking bandwidth , injection power and injection frequency. The characteristic contains the stabilizing angle and locking time of ILO. And then we can apply the delay time characteristic of injection locked techniques to replace the delay line of frequency discriminator. And using the ILO to replace the delay line of traditional frequency-locked loop (FLL) . This paper demonstrated the phase noise measurement result of both FLL structure. The traditional FLL and propose FLL suppress the phase noise of VCO which performance was 5 dBC and 9 dBC @ 1 MHz offset frequency, respectively. At the same time the stabilizing angle of ILO affects locking time，and the phase noise has the best suppressing effect when the angle at 90°. Keyword：Injection locking oscillator、Voltage controlled oscillator、Frequency locked loop、Frequency discriminator、Stabilizing angle、Delay time、Phase noise
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CHENG, YUEH-LIN, and 鄭岳霖. "Design and Analysis of Injection Locking Multiple-push Oscillator." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46606116224956346100.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中正大學
電機工程研究所
104
A study of the oscillator operated close to the limitation of transistor’s fmax is investigated by multiple transistors cascaded in ring and then oscillation happens due to feedback, while the even mode is suppressed and the odd mode currents cancels out at the output combining node. By this concept, in 0.18μm CMOS process, a 25.8 GHz quadruple-push oscillator was implemented with the output power -19.59 dBm (13.03 mW), in the meanwhile the fundamental and the other unwanted harmonics being suppressed to 19.79 dBc lower. As injection-locking applied in the second design with active balun, it takes 111 mW from 1.4 V supply by 0.18μm CMOS process. The output power is -22.84 dBm with an injection power of 14 dBm at 14.17 GHz, but the unwanted harmonic suppression is still too high. In order to overcome this shortcoming of poor harmonic suppression, a Wilkinson combining structure was used in the third design by 0.18μm CMOS process, it takes 21.3 mW from 0.64 V power supply. The output power is -19.54 dBm with an injection power of -5 dBm at 6.25 GHz while the fundamental and the other unnecessary harmonics were suppressed to 13.2 dBc. Furthermore, a 2.1 GHz injection-locked triple-push oscillator in discrete module was implemented with output power 9.28 dBm (56.2 mW) as injection power being 0 dBm at 0.7 GHz. Both of fundamental and the second harmonic were suppressed to 14.7 dBc.
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Lin, Chi-Hsien, and 林紀賢. "Research on Injection-locking Nonlinear Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37575949985857362341.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立中央大學
電機工程學系
101
Research on the nonlinear monolithic microwave integrated (MMIC) circuits using injection-locking technique is presented in this dissertation. A broadband class-E power amplifier (PA) using a reactance compensation technique is proposed using a 0.5-m GaAs enhancement/depletion pseudomorphic high-electron mobility transistor (E/D-mode PHEMT) process in Chapter 2. By using the reactance compensation technique, the bandwidth of the proposed class-E PA can achieves 87%. This is the first fully integrated microwave class-E PA with the reactance compensation technique, and also this work demonstrates the highest figure-of-merit (FOM) with the 3-dB bandwidth among all the reported fully integrated PAs. To further mitigate the input driving power, a two-stage broadband injection-locking class-E PA using a 0.5-m GaAs E/D-mode PHEMT process are also presented. The PA works as an oscillator whose output voltage is tuned at the input frequency. The proposed injection-locking PA achieves high power added efficiency (PAE) and high power gain. Besides, an autonomous circuit is also employed for nonlinear stability analysis, and the design procedure is summarized for the circuit implementation. Moreover, the proposed PA with Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) and 64-QAM modulation signals still demonstrates good performance, and it is suitable for the digital modulation schemes. A 2.5-GHz class-E power oscillator (POSC) using a finite dc-feed inductance is proposed using a 0.5-m GaAs E/D-mode PHEMT process. The analysis of the class-E load network using finite dc-feed inductance is presented, and a systematic design procedure for the class-E POSC is developed. The class-E load network can be further operated above the class-E maximum frequency (fmax,E) as the core device is operated in the saturated region. Moreover, a 24-GHz class-E POSC using a 0.15-m GaAs E/D-mode PHEMT process is present in Chapter 3. The measured results of the two proposed class-E POSCs compared with the recently reported state-of-the-art POSCs are also summarized in this dissertation. With a ring self-injection technique, an eight-phase voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with eight reflection-type modulators is presented in Chapter 4. The amplitude and phase errors can be easily and accurately evaluated using the proposed topology, because the reflection-type modulators can be performed as a switch or an amplitude-phase modulator. This technique will be further applied to the characterizations of other multi-phase VCOs. A self-injection-coupled quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (SIC-QVCO) using a standard bulk 0.18-m complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) process has been successfully demonstrated. The proposed QVCO using a modified SIC method has a few advantages of low dc consumption and low phase noise. As compared with the previously reported state-of-the-art QVCOs, this SIC-QVCO features the lowest FOMs and phase noise. Besides, to further test the potential of the SIC technique in millimeter-wave (MMW) band, a 60-GHz SIC-QVCO using a 90-nm CMOS process has also been successfully designed and implemented. From these demonstrations, we can see that the proposed SIC method is suitable for the circuit designs of high performance QVCOs and multi-phase VCOs. In Chapter 5, design and analysis of a two-stage cascade low noise amplifier (LNA) and bottom-series self-injection quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (BS-QVCO) using a 65-nm CMOS dual-gate device are presented. A small-signal equivalent circuit of the dual-gate device is investigated for bandwidth. Besides, a mechanism of the quadrature signal generation using the dual-gate device is presented for the proposed QVCO design. By using the dual-gate device, the two-stage cascade LNA achieves wide 3-dB bandwidth with high gian and low noise figure, and the BS-QVCO also demonstrates good phase noise and good quadrature accuracy. The dual-gate CMOS device is suitable for the circuit design of high performance LNAs, QVCO, and other RF circuits above 20 GHz, especially for MMW applications. Finally, we summarize the concolusion and the future works in Chapter 6.
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Boon-EuSeow and 蕭文佑. "Injection Locking Enhancement and Injection Pulling Mitigation Techniques for Integrated Frequency Synthesizer Front-Ends." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bpvk3s.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立成功大學
電腦與通信工程研究所
106
This dissertation covers two main research topics. The first main research topic is to study the injection locking enhancement technique in CMOS injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD), which includes the dual-band operation of 30 GHz divide-by-three and 50 GHz divide-by-five ILFD. The ILFD can be applied to the proposed 28 GHz and 47 GHz frequency bands of the 5G mobile communication. The second main topic is to study the injection pulling mitigation technique in CMOS LC voltage-controlled Oscillator using a novel honeycomb-shaped planar inductor. The design of a divide-by-three frequency divider operating at 30 GHz with an injection- switched cross-coupled pair (IS-CPP) technique to enhance the locking range is reported in Chapter 2. A wider locking range as well as a lower operation voltage can be achieved because of this newly proposed topology. The divider is implemented in a 90 nm standard CMOS process. The total locking range of the divider core is 4.5 GHz with a power consumption of 2.85 mW from a supply voltage of 0.5 V. The total power consumption of the buffers is 2.65 mW from a supply voltage of 1.0 V. The measured output phase noise is -141 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset when the input referred signal with a phase noise of -131 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from 30 GHz. The phase-noise difference of 10 dB is close to the theoretical value of 9.5 dB for division-by-three. The total chip size is 0.48 mm2 and the divider core size is only about 0.14 mm2. A CMOS 30 GHz divide-by-three ILFD using the IS-CCP technique can also operate at a divide-by-5 mode. The related experimental results to demonstrate the extra capability of the proposed divider as a 50 GHz divide-by-five ILFD. The total locking range of 2.4 GHz is available at 50 GHz with a total dc power dissipation of 5.5 mW. The measured output phase noise of -143 dBc/Hz is obtained from an input signal of -127 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset from 50 GHz. This divider can be applied to a millimeter-wave PLL design for 47 GHz radio band applications, which include the newly proposed frequency band for the 5G mobile communication. The last part of the dissertation presents the injection pulling mitigation technique applied to a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) using a novel honeycomb-shaped planar inductor. Due to the twisted routes of the sub-coils in the proposed inductor, the interference caused by a nearby electromagnetic noise source can be compensated and reduced. By using a 0.18-μm standard CMOS process, the proposed honeycomb-shaped planar inductor and a conventional single-turn spiral inductor in a similar size are integrated into two respective VCO test chips. The injection pulling behaviors of these two oscillators are studied and compared. The experimental results show that the VCO integrated with the proposed honeycomb-shaped planar inductor can significantly mitigate the injection pulling phenomenon as compared to the VCO integrated with a conventional single-turn inductor in a similar size. In this study, the enhancement of mitigation over 15 dB can be achieved.
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Chang, Chih-Min, and 張智閔. "Investigation on the Tribology Behavior in Screw-locking Mechanism for New Injection Molding Machine with Locking Screw." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41032118374282311019.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
機械工程學系
87
The tribology behavior on the contact surfaces of screw and nut in the processes of tightening and releasing under the dry and six different lubricants were investigated by using a new tribological tester for screw and nut set. The materials of screw and nut are SCM 440 and HBsC3 respectively. In the dry condition, with the increasing of tightening-releasing cycles, the friction coefficient of the screw surfaces increases rapidly and the clamping force decreases rapidly. Moreover, the adhesive wear particles on the screw were observed. The screw and nut set can not be used to keep a stable clamping force. Under the lubricants of 810, 805K, NyeCorr140, and GM+GS, with the increasing of tightening-releasing cycles, the friction coefficients increase and the clamping force decrease. Under the lubricants of PASTE MZ and Longterm 2 Plus, the friction coefficients keep low value of 0.1 and the clamping forces keep stable. So that the lubricants of PASTE MZ and Longterm 2 Plus, with the additive of MoS2, can provide a long life of screw and nut set.
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Zhang, Zhe-Xin, and 張哲欣. "A Novel Polar Receiver Design Based on Injection Locking Technique." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6q8y56.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
電腦與通訊研究所
101
In the wireless communication systems, the data rate and the energy efficiency are usually trading for each other. Therefore, to strike a balance between the data rate and the energy efficiency is a challenge for the demand of the higher data-rate systems. Conventionally, an RF receiver utilizes the PLL to accomplish the carrier recovering, and the PLL may consume the most power in a low-power receiver. In order to reduce the consumption by the PLL, this research has implemented a carrier-recovering circuit based on the injection locking technique to avoid using the PLL. Furthermore, this work is aiming to the Bluetooth 4.0 applications, and the implemented 2.4 GHz polar receiver with two injection-locked oscillators can successfully demodulate the non-constant envelope signals, such as the QPSK-modulated signal as well as the -DQPSK-modulated signal.
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GIU, CHUI-PO, and 邱垂波. "CW CO2^^laser and injection locking of TEA CO2^^laser." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93406630583463067852.
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Yu, Yung-Chi, and 尤永吉. "Stability Analysis of an Injection-Locking Gyrotron Backward-Wave Oscillator." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09065341984083243837.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南台科技大學
電機工程系
94
A gyrotron backward wave oscillator is a promising source of coherent millimeter wave radiation based on the electron maser instability on a backward waveguide mode. However, a high magnetic field requirement limit on its applicability as a millimeter-wave source. Controlling the phase and frequency of a gyrotron backward-wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) by means of injection-locking techniques is of practical importance. Using a nonlinear self-consistent time-independent code, this study analyzes the stability of a gyro-BWO with an external injection signal. To examine the stability of steady-state solutions, the perturbation of the phase difference between the oscillator and injected signal must decay in time. A nonlinear time-independent code is employed to study the properties of the injection-locking gyro-BWO, including the locking power, the phase difference between the oscillator and injected signal, and the locking bandwidth curve. The simulation results show that the dependence of the phase difference of stable solutions on the frequency is consistent with the theoretical prediction at the injection-locking regime. Furthermore, the simulated phase differences of all stable solutions correspond with restrictions between -90° and 90°. Comparing with the curve of the locking bandwidth obtained by Adler’s equation, the simulated result is slightly asymmetrical due to the field concentration near beam entrance. Finally an efficiency enhancement on the injection-locked gyro-BWO is found and will be discussed.
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Kung, Fan-Hsiang, and 孔繁祥. "All Digital Phase-Locked Loop With Programmable Phase Injection Locking." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/51857591927968419002.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
電機與控制工程系所
97
This thesis propose an all digital phase-locked loop with programmable phase injection locking mechanics. The phase injection to the digitally controlled oscillator can reduce the phase noise. Using programmable phase injection strength can achieve optimum output performance in different environment. In order to enhance the resolution of digitally controlled oscillator , we use sigma-delta modulator to achieve fractional control on the LSB. This method will enhance resolution of the digitally controlled oscillator. The proposed ADPLL is implemented in TSMC 0.13 um 1P6M RF technology. The simulation results show that the output clock has a peak-to-peak jitter of 17ps, the power dissipation is 22mW, the output frequency is 1.25GHZ
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Huang, Yu-Chiang, and 黃裕強. "Locking Range Saturation of Divide-by 3 Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers at High Injection Power." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/89mqq7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
105
Phase Lock Loop (PLL), the most important role in radio frequency (RF) communication system, generates fixed frequency for transceiver, so that the transceiver can transmit/receive the correct signal and reduce the impact of noise. PLL consists of Phase Frequency Detector (PFD), Charge Pump (CP), Loop Filter (LF),Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO), and Frequency Divider (FD). In order to pursue low-power, low phase noise and wide locking range: the most important characteristics of performance of VCO and Divider, this thesis presents the design of Injection-Locked Frequency Dividers (ILFDs). First, we discuss the locking range property of a CMOS wide locking range divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD), this chip uses standard 0.18 μm BiCMOS process and die area is 0.859 × 0.817 mm2. The ILFD circuit bases on capacitive cross-coupled oscillator and uses dual-resonance RLC resonator with resistor to enhance the locking range. The power consumption of the ILFD core is 5.26 mW and the locking range is from 6.2 to 12.6 GHz (68.09%) at injection power Pinj = 0 dBm. The dual-resonance ILFD has wide locking range in normal operation with reasonable power consumption. However, the dual-resonance ILFD has three non-overlapped locking ranges for the ILFD biased at higher gate bias for the switching FETs and subject to high injection power. This indicates that the originally designed ILFD using multi-resonance resonator have three non-overlapped locking ranges of a triple-resonance ILFD. Secondly, we present the RF locking range of divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) subjected to high injection power larger than 0 dBm. The divide-by-3 ILFD bases on a push-push cross-coupled n-core MOS LC-tank oscillator and uses linear mixer and was implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS process. The locking range can saturate at high injection power and then starts decreasing as injection power further increases. Finally the ILFD stops tracking the injection source. Thirdly, we propose the RF locking range of divide-by-3 injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs) subjected to high injection power larger than 0 dBm. The divide-by-3 ILFD uses nonlinear mixer and was implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS process. Simulation shows the locking range saturates at high injection power and then starts decreasing as injection power further increases. Finally the ILFD stops tracking the injection source. Measurement shows no saturation of locking range, and this is limited by the measurement set-up. Finally, we study the high-power injection effect of frequency divider from three different architecture divide-by-3 dividers. This measurement result was verified by simulation. The research is very practical for circuit designer, they can avoid saturation phenomenon by higher power injection at design process. This is the largest contribution of my thesis.