Journal articles: 'Injection location'

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Lučin, Ivana, Luka Grbčić, Zoran Čarija, and Lado Kranjčević. "Machine-Learning Classification of a Number of Contaminant Sources in an Urban Water Network." Sensors 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010245.

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In the case of a contamination event in water distribution networks, several studies have considered different methods to determine contamination scenario information. It would be greatly beneficial to know the exact number of contaminant injection locations since some methods can only be applied in the case of a single injection location and others have greater efficiency. In this work, the Neural Network and Random Forest classifying algorithms are used to predict the number of contaminant injection locations. The prediction model is trained with data obtained from simulated contamination event scenarios with random injection starting time, duration, concentration value, and the number of injection locations which varies from 1 to 4. Classification is made to determine if single or multiple injection locations occurred, and to predict the exact number of injection locations. Data was obtained for two different benchmark networks, medium-sized network Net3 and large-sized Richmond network. Additionally, an investigation of sensor layouts, demand uncertainty, and fuzzy sensors on model accuracy is conducted. The proposed approach shows excellent accuracy in predicting if single or multiple contaminant injections in a water supply network occurred and good accuracy for the exact number of injection locations.

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Jeong, Eunju, Sean O’Byrne, In-Seuck Jeung, and A. F. P. Houwing. "The Effect of Fuel Injection Location on Supersonic Hydrogen Combustion in a Cavity-Based Model Scramjet Combustor." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010193.

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Supersonic combustion experiments were performed using three different hydrogen fuel-injection configurations in a cavity-based model scramjet combustor with various global fuel–air equivalence ratios. The configurations tested were angled injection at 15° to the flow direction upstream of the cavity, parallel injection from the front step, and upstream injection from the rear ramp. Planar laser-induced fluorescence of the hydroxyl radical and time-resolved pressure measurements were used to investigate the flow characteristics. Angled injection generated a weak bow shock in front of the injector and recirculation zone to maintain the combustion as the equivalence ratio increased. Parallel and upstream injections both showed similar flame structure over the cavity at low equivalence ratio. Upstream injection enhanced the fuel diffusion and enabled ignition with a shorter delay length than with parallel injection. The presence of a flame near the cavity was determined while varying the fuel injection location, the equivalence ratio, and total enthalpy of the air flow. The flame characteristics agreed with the correlation plot for the stable flame limit of non-premixed conditions. The pressure increase in the cavity for reacting flow compared to non-reacting flow was almost identical for all three configurations. More than 300 mm downstream of the duct entrance, averaged pressure ratios at low global equivalence ratio were similar for all three injection configurations.

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Aksamit, Nikolas O., Ben Kravitz, Douglas G. MacMartin, and George Haller. "Harnessing stratospheric diffusion barriers for enhanced climate geoengineering." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11 (June 11, 2021): 8845–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8845-2021.

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Abstract. Stratospheric sulfate aerosol geoengineering is a proposed method to temporarily intervene in the climate system to increase the reflectance of shortwave radiation and reduce mean global temperature. In previous climate modeling studies, choosing injection locations for geoengineering aerosols has, thus far, only utilized the average dynamics of stratospheric wind fields instead of accounting for the essential role of time-varying material transport barriers in turbulent atmospheric flows. Here we conduct the first analysis of sulfate aerosol dispersion in the stratosphere, comparing what is now a standard fixed-injection scheme with time-varying injection locations that harness short-term stratospheric diffusion barriers. We show how diffusive transport barriers can quickly be identified, and we provide an automated injection location selection algorithm using short forecast and reanalysis data. Within the first 7 d days of transport, the dynamics-based approach is able to produce particle distributions with greater global coverage than fixed-site methods with fewer injections. Additionally, this enhanced dispersion slows aerosol microphysical growth and can reduce the effective radii of aerosols up to 200–300 d after injection. While the long-term dynamics of aerosol dispersion are accurately predicted with transport barriers calculated from short forecasts, the long-term influence on radiative forcing is more difficult to predict and warrants deeper investigation. Statistically significant changes in radiative forcing at timescales beyond the forecasting window showed mixed results, potentially increasing or decreasing forcing after 1 year when compared to fixed injections. We conclude that future feasibility studies of geoengineering should consider the cooling benefits possible by strategically injecting sulfate aerosols at optimized time-varying locations. Our method of utilizing time-varying attracting and repelling structures shows great promise for identifying optimal dispersion locations, and radiative forcing impacts can be improved by considering additional meteorological variables.

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Luboń, Katarzyna. "Influence of Injection Well Location on CO2 Geological Storage Efficiency." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 8604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248604.

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An analysis of the influence of injection well location on CO2 storage efficiency was carried out for three well-known geological structures (traps) in deep aquifers of the Lower Jurassic Polish Lowlands. Geological models of the structures were used to simulate CO2 injection at fifty different injection well locations. A computer simulation showed that the dynamic CO2 storage capacity varies depending on the injection well location. It was found that the CO2 storage efficiency for structures with good reservoir properties increases with increasing distance of the injection well from the top of the structure and with increasing depth difference to the top of the structure. The opposite is true for a structure with poor reservoir properties. As the quality of the petrophysical reservoir parameters (porosity and permeability) improves, the location of the injection well becomes more important when assessing the CO2 storage efficiency. Maps of dynamic CO2 storage capacity and CO2 storage efficiency are interesting tools to determine the best location of a carbon dioxide injection well in terms of gas storage capacity.

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Jin, Lei, Chao Li, Balaji Palanisamy, and James Joshi. "k-Trustee: Location injection attack-resilient anonymization for location privacy." Computers & Security 78 (September 2018): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2018.07.002.

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Eucher, Philippe M., Jean-Paul Haxhe, Jean-François De Wispelaere, Serge Broka, and Jean-Claude Schoevaerdts. "Pulmonary nodule location by coil injection." Annals of Thoracic Surgery 60, no. 6 (December 1995): 1858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-4975(96)81283-5.

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Puri, R., and S. R. Gollahalli. "Effects of Location and Direction of Diluent Injection on Radiation and Pollutant Emissions of a Burning Spray." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 111, no. 1 (March 1, 1989): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3231395.

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Introduction of diluents into diffusion flames is an effective method of changing their combustion and pollutant emission characteristics. Since the dominant thermochemical processes vary from region to region of a burning spray, diluent injection at different locations of a flame can affect its overall characteristics differently. This study examines the effects of location and orientation of N2 injection into an air-atomized kerosene spray flame. Flame length, radiant emission, temperature profiles, flame opacity, and concentration profiles of NO, CO, and soot are measured. The overall emission indexes of NO, CO, and soot are calculated. Results show that the diluent injection in the axial downstream direction is superior to the radial injection from the point of reducing heat loss to the combustor walls. The location of injection affects flame characteristics substantially. Injection of diluent into midflame region produces largest reductions in radiation, flame length, and emissions of soot and CO. Nitric oxide emission does not depend significantly on the location of injection.

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JAVADZADEHKALKHORAN, Majid, Akın KUTLAR, Ömer CİHAN, and Hüseyin Emre DOĞAN. "Determination of the injector type and location for a direct injected Wankel engine." International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 11, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1179168.

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Direct injection on the Wankel engines has been practiced since the 1970’s. By applying direct injection in the Wankel engine, the specific fuel consumption and HC emissions, which are seen as disadvantages for this engine, might be reduced and the mixture formation is improved. In order to obtain a better mixture formation, the fuel injector must be located in a proper place and a correct direction. In addition, the most suitable injector for the engine structure should be selected. In this study, direct injection was applied for the RENESIS 13B Wankel engine and injector selection for the engine and the location of the injector on the housing were examined. In addition, the diameter of orifice and flow rate characteristics of the injector were investigated. According to the results, two types of injectors were selected. These injectors were called as low speed and high speed. An injector with a narrow nozzle angle (<30°) was used to deliver the fuel to the leading of the chamber, and the fuel injected after the intake ports closed. The orifice diameters of low-speed and high- speed injectors were measured 0.33 and 0.45 mm, respectively. In addition, both injectors have low speed rates when injection duration was below 2 ms. This flow rate was increased by providing high voltage.

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Haddad, Header, Syed H. Masood, and Abul B. M. Saifullah. "Gate Location and its Effects on Product Quality in Injection Moulding." Advanced Materials Research 32 (February 2008): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.32.181.

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Design of gate location is a crucial factor in achieving product quality in injection moulding. It Influences the manner of plastic flow into the cavity. The optimum gate location improves quality and avoids products defects. This paper presents an investigation for the effects of gate location on product quality in injection moulding. Plastic advisor, simulation software embedded in Pro/Engineer package has been used for flow analysis of plastic product for selected gate locations. It has been shown that optimum gate location improves cooling quality resulting in a better product quality. The previous conventional experiences by individual credited engineers have been considered.

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Witten, Ben, and Jeffrey Shragge. "Image-domain velocity inversion and event location for microseismic monitoring." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): KS71—KS83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0561.1.

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Microseismic event locations obtained from seismic monitoring data sets are often a primary means of determining the success of fluid-injection programs, such as hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas extraction, geothermal projects, and wastewater injection. Event locations help the decision makers to evaluate whether operations conform to expectations or parameters need to be changed and may be used to help assess and reduce the risk of induced seismicity. However, obtaining accurate event location estimates requires an accurate velocity model, which is not available at most injection sites. Common velocity updating techniques require picking arrivals on individual seismograms. This can be problematic in microseismic monitoring, particularly for surface acquisition, due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of the arrivals. We have developed a full-wavefield adjoint-state method for locating seismic events while inverting for P- and S-wave velocity models that optimally focus multiple complementary images of recorded seismic events. This method requires neither picking nor initial estimates of event location or origin time. Because the inversion relies on (image domain) residuals that satisfy the differential semblance criterion, there is no requirement that the starting model be close to the true velocity. We determine synthetic results derived from a model with conditions similar to a field-acquisition scenario in terms of the number and spatial sampling of receivers and recorded coherent and random noise levels. The results indicate the effectiveness of the methodology by demonstrating a significantly enhanced focusing of event images and a reduction of 95% in event location error from a reasonable initial model.

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Mehendale, Anant B., H. Wanda Jiang, Srinath V. Ekkad, and Je-Chin Han. "Effect of Film Injection Location on Local Heat Transfer Coefficient on a Gas Turbine Blade." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 4, no. 3 (1998): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x98000141.

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Experiments were performed to study the effect of film hole location on local heat transfer coefficient distribution of a turbine blade model with air or CO2 film injection to simulate coolant density effect. Tests were performed on a five blade linear cascade at the chord Reynolds number of3×105at cascade inlet. The test blade had three rows of film holes in the leading edge region and two rows each on the pressure and suction surfaces. Film hole locations were varied by leaving the desired ones open and plugging the rest. A combination of turbulence grid and unsteady wake was used to generate upstream high turbulence condition. Results indicate that film injection by itself causes a substantial increase in Nusselt numbers over a blade model without film holes. An increase in mainstream turbulence intensity causes an increase in Nusselt numbers over most of the blade surface, for both coolants, and at all blowing ratios. Film injection promotes an earlier boundary layer transition on the suction surface and the onset of transition depends on the film injection location; but at high turbulence levels, transition location is almost independent of film injection location.

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Selveindran, Anand, Zeinab Zargar, Seyed Mahdi Razavi, and Ganesh Thakur. "Fast Optimization of Injector Selection for Waterflood, CO2-EOR and Storage Using an Innovative Machine Learning Framework." Energies 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 7628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14227628.

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Optimal injector selection is a key oilfield development endeavor that can be computationally costly. Methods proposed in the literature to reduce the number of function evaluations are often designed for pattern level analysis and do not scale easily to full field analysis. These methods are rarely applied to both water and miscible gas floods with carbon storage objectives; reservoir management decision making under geological uncertainty is also relatively underexplored. In this work, several innovations are proposed to efficiently determine the optimal injector location under geological uncertainty. A geomodel ensemble is prepared in order to capture the range of geological uncertainty. In these models, the reservoir is divided into multiple well regions that are delineated through spatial clustering. Streamline simulation results are used to train a meta-learner proxy. A posterior sampling algorithm evaluates injector locations across multiple geological realizations. The proposed methodology was applied to a producing field in Asia. The proxy predicted optimal injector locations for water and CO2 EOR and storage floods within several seconds (94–98% R2 scores). Blind tests with geomodels not used in training yielded accuracies greater than 90% (R2 scores). Posterior sampling selected optimal injection locations within minutes compared to hours using numerical simulation. This methodology enabled the rapid evaluation of injector well location for a variety of flood projects. This will aid reservoir managers to rapidly make field development decisions for field scale injection and storage projects under geological uncertainty.

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Jeswani, A. L., and J. A. Roux. "Effect of Injection Slot Location on Die-Detached Tapered Injection Chamber in Resin Injection Pultrusion." Polymers and Polymer Composites 19, no. 7 (September 2011): 513–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111101900701.

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Chen, Kun Nan, and Wen Der Ueng. "Determination of the Optimal Locations for Injection Molding Gates with Higher Order Response Surface Approximations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.126.

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This paper proposed a gate location optimization scheme to minimize the maximum injection pressure in plastic injection molding. The method utilized a series of higher order response surface approximations (RSA) to model the maximum injection pressure distribution with respect to gate locations, and the global minimum of these response surface models were subsequently sought by a global optimization method based on a multi-start sequential quadratic programming technique. The design points for RSA were evaluated by the finite element method. After a sequence of repetitions of RSA and optimization, the converged minimizer would represent the optimal gate location. A rectangular plate with two segments of different thicknesses was selected to demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure. The variation of the thicknesses causes the optimal gate location to deviate from the center and induce multiple valleys in the maximum injection pressure distribution, which is ideal for the application of the higher order RSA and a global searching technique.

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RACASAN, O., and TH DUBERT. "The Safest Location for Steroid Injection in the Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 30, no. 4 (August 2005): 412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsb.2005.04.009.

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Steroid injections are routinely performed for carpal tunnel syndrome. Direct needle injury of the median nerve is the major complication of these injections. The safest location of the injection remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to define safe guidelines to avoid nerve injury. The distances between the Median nerve, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris and Flexor Carpi Radialis tendons were measured preoperatively, 1 cm proximal to the distal wrist crease in 93 endoscopic carpal tunnel releases. We found that the median nerve extended ulnarly beyond the Palmaris Longus tendon in 82 hands (88%). It is concluded that the median nerve is at risk if the injection is performed within 1 cm on either the ulnar or radial side of the Palmaris Longus tendon. More ulnarly, there is risk to the ulnar pedicle. The safest location is to inject through the FCR tendon.

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Kuk, Michał, Edyta Kuk, Damian Janiga, Paweł Wojnarowski, and Jerzy Stopa. "Optimization Wells Placement Policy for Enhanced CO2 Storage Capacity in Mature Oil Reservoirs." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164054.

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One of the possibilities to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is the use of the CCS method, which consists of CO2 separation, transport and injection of carbon dioxide into geological structures such as depleted oil fields for its long-term storage. The combination of the advanced oil production method involving the injection of carbon dioxide into the reservoir (CO2-EOR) with its geological sequestration (CCS) is the CCS-EOR process. To achieve the best ecological effect, it is important to maximize the storage capacity for CO2 injected in the CCS phase. To achieve this state, it is necessary to maximize recovery factor of the reservoir during the CO2-EOR phase. For this purpose, it is important to choose the best location of CO2 injection wells. In this work, a new algorithm to optimize the location of carbon dioxide injection wells is developed. It is based on two key reservoir properties, i.e., porosity and permeability. The developed optimization procedure was tested on an exemplary oil field simulation model. The obtained results were compared with the option of arbitrary selection of injection well locations, which confirmed both the legitimacy of using well location optimization and the effectiveness of the developed optimization method.

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Schweitzer, Jeffrey S., Bin Song, Pierre R. Leblanc, Melissa Feitosa, Bob S. Carter, and Kwang-Soo Kim. "Columnar Injection for Intracerebral Cell Therapy." Operative Neurosurgery 18, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ons/opz143.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Surgical implantation of cellular grafts into the brain is of increasing importance, as stem cell-based therapies for Parkinson and other diseases continue to develop. The effect of grafting technique on development and survival of the graft has received less attention. Rate and method of graft delivery may impact the cell viability and success of these therapies. Understanding the final location of the graft with respect to the intended target location is also critical. OBJECTIVE To describe a “columnar injection” technique designed to reduce damage to host tissue and result in a column of graft material with greater surface area to volume ratio than traditional injection techniques. METHODS Using a clinically relevant model system of human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors injected into athymic rat host brain, we describe a novel device that allows separate control of syringe barrel and plunger, permitting precise deposition of the contents into the cannula tract during withdrawal. Controls consist of contralateral injection using traditional techniques. Graft histology was examined at graft maturity. RESULTS Bolus grafts were centered on the injection tract but were largely proximal to the “target” location. These grafts displayed a conspicuous peripheral distribution of cells, particularly of mature dopaminergic neurons. In contrast, column injections remained centered at the intended target, contained more evenly distributed cells, and had significantly more mature dopaminergic neurons. CONCLUSION We suggest that this columnar injection technique may allow better engraftment and development of intracerebral grafts, enhancing outcomes of cell therapy, compared to fixed-point injection techniques.

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Abdullah, Marwan Sulayman, Hussein Hameed Karim, and Zeena Waleed Samueel. "Investigation structural settlement by Ground Penetrating Radar (Case study)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012037.

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Abstract Electromagnetic wave is transferred by the GPR (ground penetrating radar), and A geotechnical application may benefit from this non-destructive test. This study is proposed to estimate the type and soil problem location that causes differential settlement of a structure (pumping station) by GPR surveying. The survey is achieved before and after the treatment by cement injection method to identify the locations that took cement injections as a full injection, partial or not at all using two types of antennas (160,450) MHz. The study also will estimate the thickness of the foundation by GPR and comparing it with actually executed. The results showed the creeping soil has occurred in some parts of the soil under the foundation, and after soil treatment, most of these parts were taken injection, and others did not. Also, it was found the relatively high accuracy of GPR for detecting the thickness of the raft foundation.

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Zhou, Peng, Zheng Liu, Hemmings Wu, Yuli Wang, Yong Lei, and Shiva Abbaszadeh. "Automatically detecting bregma and lambda points in rodent skull anatomy images." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 29, 2020): e0244378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244378.

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Currently, injection sites of probes, cannula, and optic fibers in stereotactic neurosurgery are typically located manually. This step involves location estimations based on human experiences and thus introduces errors. In order to reduce localization error and improve repeatability of experiments and treatments, we investigate an automated method to locate injection sites. This paper proposes a localization framework, which integrates a region-based convolutional network and a fully convolutional network, to locate specific anatomical points on skulls of rodents. Experiment results show that the proposed localization framework is capable of identifying and locatin bregma and lambda in rodent skull anatomy images with mean errors less than 300 μm. This method is robust to different lighting conditions and mouse orientations, and has the potential to simplify the procedure of locating injection sites.

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Pilsl, Ulrike, Walter Rosmarin, and Friedrich Anderhuber. "The Premaxillary Space: A Location for Filler Injection?" Dermatologic Surgery 40, no. 3 (March 2014): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dsu.12431.

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Mitropoulos, Dimitris, and Diomidis Spinellis. "SDriver: Location-specific signatures prevent SQL injection attacks." Computers & Security 28, no. 3-4 (May 2009): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2008.09.005.

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Witten, Ben, and Jeffrey Shragge. "Microseismic image-domain velocity inversion: Marcellus Shale case study." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): KS99—KS112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0263.1.

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Seismic monitoring at injection wells relies on generating accurate location estimates of detected (micro-) seismicity. Event location estimates assist in optimizing well and stage spacings, assessing potential hazards, and establishing causation of larger events. The largest impediment to generating accurate location estimates is an accurate velocity model. For surface-based monitoring, the model should capture 3D velocity variation, yet rarely is the laterally heterogeneous nature of the velocity field captured. Another complication for surface monitoring is that the data often suffer from low signal-to-noise levels, making velocity updating with established techniques difficult due to uncertainties in the arrival picks. We use surface-monitored field data to demonstrate that a new method requiring no arrival picking can improve microseismic locations by jointly locating events and updating 3D P- and S-wave velocity models through image-domain adjoint-state tomography. This approach creates a complementary set of images for each chosen event through wave-equation propagation and correlating combinations of P- and S-wavefield energy. The method updates the velocity models to optimize the focal consistency of the images through adjoint-state inversion. We have determined the functionality of the method using a surface array of 192 3C geophones over a hydraulic stimulation in the Marcellus Shale. Applying the proposed joint location and velocity-inversion approach significantly improves the estimated locations. To assess the event location accuracy, we have developed a new measure of inconsistency derived from the complementary images. By this measure, the location inconsistency decreases by 75%. The method has implications for improving the reliability of microseismic interpretation with low signal-to-noise data, which may increase hydrocarbon extraction efficiency and improve risk assessment from injection-related seismicity.

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Ding, Yu Mei, Xiao Hua Wang, Peng Cheng Xie, You Chen Zhang, and Wei Min Yang. "Effects of Gate Locations on the Tensile Strength of Injection Molded Weld Lines." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.64.

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As unfavorable molding defect, weld lines often result in reduced mechanical properties and poor appearance quality of injection molded parts. In this present work, effects of gate locations on the tensile strength of weld lines were investigated by changing the distances between two gates in 10mm, 20mm and 25mm, respectively. Test specimens were prepared with an all-electrical injection molding machine under different process parameters (injection speed, injection pressure and melt temperature). Visualization method and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to further discuss mechanical test results. Study results indicated that tensile strength of injection molded weld lines was lessened as the increase of gate distances. Higher injection speed, higher injection pressure and lower melt temperature induced to lower weldline tensile strength whatever the gate locations were. Study results also illustrated that it was gate location rather than molding conditions had the most decisive influence on the weldline mechanical properties.

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SIDOROWICZ, Maciej, and Ireneusz PIELECHA. "The impact of injector placement on the dose preparation conditions in a gasoline direct injection system." Combustion Engines 172, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-104.

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Direct fuel injection requires appropriate conditions for proper ignition of the formed mixture. The proper combustion process is shaped by the direct fuel injection, whose parameters vary. Preparation of the dose requires proper injector placement in the combustion chamber. This article focuses on the issue of the injector specific spatial and angular position in order to implement the injection and atomization of the fuel. The injectors pseudo-optimal location has been presented along with several changed positions. The research was conducted as a simulation experiment using AVL FIRE 2017 software. The best position of the injector was selected based on the fuel spraying and injection process indicators. It has been shown that the spatial position has the most impact and the injector placement angle is of secondary importance.

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Kirkpatrick, C. Jordan, Nicolas S. Ernst, and Troy N. Trumble. "Palmar/plantar approach for radiographic-guided injection of the equine distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligament insertion." Veterinary Record 184, no. 17 (March 6, 2019): 527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105027.

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There are limited radiographic-guided injection techniques of the insertion of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) collateral ligaments. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate a palmar/plantar radiographic-guided injection of the collateral ligament insertion in cadavers. Fifty limbs were used to develop the technique and 24 additional limbs were used to evaluate accuracy. An 18 G, 9 cm spinal needle was placed in the depression between the palmar digital neurovascular bundle and arch of the ungular cartilage with dorsodistal advancement towards the distal phalanx collateral fossa. Radiographs verified ideal needle location on the proximal border of the distal phalanx at the collateral fossa. Dye was injected. Hoof walls were partially removed and collateral ligaments were dissected with needles in place to determine needle and dye location. Accuracy of needle placement into the insertion of the DIPJ collateral ligament was 41/48 (85 per cent), with lower accuracy of dye within the ligament (34/48; 71 per cent). Dye entered the DIPJ in 2/48 injections, but dye entered periligamentous structures in 22/48 (46 per cent) injections. A palmar/plantar radiographic-guided injection of the insertion of the DIPJ collateral ligament had high accuracy rate with low injection rate of the DIPJ in cadavers.

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Dobránsky, Jozef, Luboš Bĕhálek, and Petr Baron. "Gate Location and its Impact to Flowing Characteristics of Plastic Moldings." Key Engineering Materials 669 (October 2015): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.669.36.

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Paper deals with simulation analysis of thermoplastic flowing in plastics product. As there is a demand in plastic products, plastic industries are growing in a fastest rate. Hence plastic injection molding process begins in manufacturing of complex shapes, in this process optimum gate location is one of the important criteria in mold design. Knowledge of ideal flow properties of thermoplastic materials give us a very good starting position for design of thermoplastics products which will be made by injection molding. By simulation software Plastic Advisor was compared injection parameters for the mold with varying gate locations. Simulated thermoplastic product is made from polycarbonate and is using for the drum washing machine as console window.

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Abdallah, Faraj W., Jorge Mejia, Govindarajulu A. Prasad, Rebecca Moga, Jaskarandip Chahal, John Theodoropulos, Tim Dwyer, and Richard Brull. "Opioid- and Motor-sparing with Proximal, Mid-, and Distal Locations for Adductor Canal Block in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction." Anesthesiology 131, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000002817.

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Abstract Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New Background The ideal location for single-injection adductor canal block that maximizes analgesia while minimizing quadriceps weakness after painful knee surgery is unclear. This triple-blind trial compares ultrasound-guided adductor canal block injection locations with the femoral artery positioned medial (proximal adductor canal), inferior (mid-adductor canal), and lateral (distal adductor canal) to the sartorius muscle to determine the location that optimizes postoperative analgesia and motor function. The hypothesis was that distal adductor block has (1) a superior opioid-sparing effect and (2) preserved quadriceps strength, compared with proximal and mid-locations for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods For the study, 108 patients were randomized to proximal, mid-, or distal adductor canal injection locations for adductor canal block. Cumulative 24-h oral morphine equivalent consumption and percentage quadriceps strength decrease (maximum voluntary isometric contraction) at 30 min postinjection were coprimary outcomes. The time to first analgesic request, pain scores, postoperative nausea/vomiting at least once within the first 24 h, and block-related complications at 2 weeks were also evaluated. Results All patients completed the study. Contrary to the hypothesis, proximal adductor canal block decreased 24-h morphine consumption to a mean ± SD of 34.3 ± 19.1 mg, (P < 0.0001) compared to 64.0 ± 33.6 and 65.7 ± 22.9 mg for the mid- and distal locations, respectively, with differences [95% CI] of 29.7 mg [17.2, 42.2] and 31.4 mg [21.5, 41.3], respectively, mostly in the postanesthesia care unit. Quadriceps strength was similar, with 16.7%:13.4%:15.3% decreases for proximal:mid:distal adductor canal blocks. The nausea/vomiting risk was also lower with proximal adductor canal block (10 of 34, 29.4%) compared to distal location (23 of 36, 63.9%; P = 0.005). The time to first analgesic request was longer, and postoperative pain was improved up to 6 h for proximal adductor canal block, compared to mid- and distal locations. Conclusions A proximal adductor canal injection location decreases opioid consumption and opioid-related side effects without compromising quadriceps strength compared to mid- and distal locations for adductor canal block in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

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Hasanbegovic, Ilvana, Amela Kulenovic, and Suada Hasanovic. "Effects of intraneural and perineural injection and concentration of Ropivacaine on nerve injury during peripheral nerve block in Wistar rats." Journal of Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 15, 2013): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17532/jhsci.2013.115.

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Introduction: Injury during peripheral nerve blocks is relatively uncommon, but potentially devastating complication. Recent studies emphasized that location of needle insertion in relationship to the fascicles may be the predominant factor that determines the risk for neurologic complications. However, it is wellestablished that concentration of local anesthetic is also associated with the risk for injury. In this study, we examined the effect of location of injection and concentration of Ropivacaine on risk for neurologic complications. Our hypothesis is that location of the injection is more prognostic for occurrence of nerve injury than the concentration of Ropivacaine.Methods: In experimental design of the study fi fty Wistar rats were used and sciatic nerves were randomized to receive: Ropivacaine or 0.9% NaCl, either intraneurally or perineurally. Pressure data during application was acquired by using a manometer and was analyzed using software package BioBench. Neurologic examination was performed thought the following seven days, there after the rats were sacrificed while sciatic nerves were extracted for histological examination.Results: Independently of tested solution intraneural injections in most of cases resulted with high injection pressure, followed by obvious neurologic defi cit and microscopic destruction of peripheral nerves. Also, low injection pressure, applied either in perineural or intraneural extrafascicular area, resulted with transitory neurologic defi cit and without destruction of the nerve normal histological structure.Conclusions: The main mechanism which leads to neurologic injury combined with peripheral nerve blockade is intrafascicular injection. Higher concentrations of Ropivacaine during intrafascicular applications magnify nerve injury.

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Qu, Ya Guang, and Yue Tian Liu. "Impact of Plane Heterogeneity of Sandstone’s Thickness on Water Flooding Effectiveness." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3663.

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Due to the sedimentary environment, diagenesis and tectonization, the thickness of sandstone distribution show heterogeneity, which affect the result of waterflooding efficiency. The single-phase flow mathematic model was built to reveal the characteristic of plane heterogeneous reservoir. The result which was obtained by discrete differential method demonstrated that outlet flow velocity during thin-thickness location injection and thick production is higher than thin-thickness location production and thick injection. Then numerical simulation was applied to analyse the rate of production and injection, recovery percent and reservoir pressure in reservoir units. The result showed that the reservoir pressure around injection well is lower and the production and injection rate is higher during thin-thickness location injection and thick production, which provide theoretical basis for the development of thick production and thin injection.

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Ghazali, Wafiuddin Md, Daing Mohamad Nafiz Daing Idris, Azizul Helmi Sofian, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, and Mohamad Firdaus Basrawi. "Gate Location and Injection Analysis of a Spur Gear." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 06012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822506012.

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Injection moulding process is one of the common processes to produce plastic parts from simple to complicated parts. This paper focuses on the injection process analysis of a 25 tooth spur gear. Three runner system are proposed for the gear and each system will be analysed using Autodesk Simulation Moldflow Advisor. The most suitable design will then be chosen based on the results obtained from the simulation. The design undergoes cooling quality, sink mark, fill + pack, and warp analysis. Based on these analyses, Design 1 gave the better results compared to Design 2 and 3. From there, Design 1 runner system is chosen for the injection moulding mould which will be fabricated later in the research.

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Fu, Junyu, Xiaogang Zhang, Long Quan, and Yongsheng Ma. "Concurrent structural topology and injection gate location optimization for injection molding multi-material parts." Advances in Engineering Software 165 (March 2022): 103088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2022.103088.

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Mitlapalli, R., Jeffrey A. Roux, and Anil L. Jeswani. "CHAMBER LENGTH AND INJECTION-SLOT LOCATION AND MULTIPLE SLOTS FOR TAPERED RESIN-INJECTION PULTRUSION." Journal of Porous Media 14, no. 1 (2011): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jpormedia.v14.i1.20.

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Guo, Guo Yi. "The Influence of the Weld Line and the Selection of Mold Gate Location." Key Engineering Materials 693 (May 2016): 952–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.693.952.

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Through injection molding simulation software and examples of injection,This paper analyzes the causes of the weld line when injection molding products, the impact on the quality of products, analysis of the injection mold gate location selection problems and defects produced by principle, think weld line has a great influence on the quality of injection molding, on this basis, put forward in view of the weld line, the influence of the mold gate location selection method in the practical work of is: reasonable choose the location of the gate, to control the degree of weld line, as far as possible to reduce the number of the weld line, or make them produce not important position in the mold. Etc.

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Wang, Qian, and Zi Ming Xu. "The Optimization of Gate Design of Side-Axis Part in Air Switch." Advanced Materials Research 320 (August 2011): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.320.580.

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Gate location and number setting are the key technology in injection molding. Flow direction and balanced flow of polymer depend on gate location and number whose optimization can promote product quality. Gate location and number of air switch side-axis were analyzed in injection flowing process with CAE software Moldflow. According the simulation results, the best gate location and number were set up. The study result is preparations for further injection system design and it provides evidence for mold optimization design. By utilizing the simulation results, the product quality is improved and the designing cycle is shortened.

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Brito, A. M., A. M. Cunha, A. S. Pouzada, and R. J. Crawford. "Predicting the Skin-Core Boundary Location in Injection Moldings." International Polymer Processing 6, no. 4 (December 1991): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.910370.

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Huie, Lauren M., and Mark L. Fowler. "Strategies for information injection for networks estimating emitter location." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 51, no. 3 (July 2015): 1597–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2014.120442.

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Halsey, James, Jessica Tischendorf, Laura Anderson, Aurora Pop-Vicas, Fauzia Osman, and Nasia Safdar. "Postintravitreal Injection Endophthalmitis: An Infection Control Investigation and Case–Control Analysis of Risk Factors." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.972.

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Background: Intravitreal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors with or without steroids is a well-established, effective therapy for several ocular disorders. The expected rate of complications from these injections is low, with meta-analyses reporting 5–6 occurrences of infectious endophthalmitis per 10,000 injections. Through October 2019, our health system observed 8 cases of endophthalmitis among 7,693 injections (10.4 per 10,000 injections), compared to 1 case in 2018. This unusually high rate prompted an infection control investigation and a case control study to examine risk factors for the development of postintravitreal injection endophthalmitis. Methods: Infection control providers performed direct observation of several ophthalmologists performing intravitreal injections on 3 separate occasions to determine points of intervention to prevent infection. To define risk factors for postintravitreal injection endophthalmitis, we conducted a retrospective case-control study of the 8 affected patients. Four control patients were selected per case, matched by clinic location, drug injected, and date of injection (total subjects, N = 40). We extracted patient-level risk factors from medical records; documentation was not sufficient to compare procedure-level factors. We conducted unadjusted univariate Poisson regression and Mantel–Cox method rate ratios to identify significant risk predictors of endophthalmitis. Results: Direct observation yielded variable practice in use of masks, gloves, sterile lid speculum, and the duration of povidone-iodine contact on the ocular surface prior to injection. The location of alcohol hand gel relative to the procedure field was suboptimal. Due to patient volume, there were significant delays between procedure and patient prep and injection time. The mean age was 76 years among cases and 74.1 years among controls; 35% of patients were men. Age-related macular degeneration was the most common indication for injection (55%). Only 10% of injections were bilateral. Although not statistically significant, patients with coronary artery disease had a higher rate of infection than those without coronary artery disease (165.3 vs 16.3 per 10,000 person years; IRR = 3.0; 95% CI, 0.60–14.8; P = .18); current smokers were also at higher risk (86.9 per 10,000; IRR, 3.2; 95% CI, 0.33–30.4; P = .32). Conclusions: Coronary artery disease and smoking were risk factors for the development of postintravitreal injection endophthalmitis in a 2019 cluster of cases in our organization. We are continuing to work with our ophthalmologists to optimize infection prevention in the injection environment, including strict use of gloves, appropriate use of povidone-iodine, and routinely wearing a mask and encouraging a no-talking policy during injections.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

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Bernard, D. G., A. Li, and E. E. Nattie. "Evidence for central chemoreception in the midline raphe." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.108.

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We injected acetazolamide (AZ; 5 x 10(-6) M; 1 nl; n = 14), its inactive analogue 2-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfon-t-butylamide (5 x 10(-5) M; n = 6), or mock cerebrospinal fluid (n = 5) into the caudal raphe in the midline brain stem of anesthetized paralyzed ventilated rats. These AZ injections have been shown to produce a focal region of tissue acidosis with a radius < 350 microns and are used as a probe for sites of central chemosensitivity. Compared with control injections, AZ injection into the raphe, as demonstrated by anatomic analysis of injection location, significantly increased the amplitude of the integrated phrenic neurogram over 10-40 min. Not all raphe injections produced such a response. AZ injections identified as responders (n = 8 of 14) increased integrated phrenic amplitude 43.3 +/- 10.7% (SE) of baseline 20 min after the injection. We conclude that the midline caudal raphe contains sites of ventilatory chemoreception.

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Zou, Yu-Cong, Yi-Kai Li, Cheng-Fu Yu, Xian-Wen Yang, and Run-Qi Chen. "A Cadaveric Study on Sacroiliac Joint Injection." International Surgery 100, no. 2 (February 1, 2015): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9738/intsurg-d-13-00194.1.

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The scope of this study was to explore the possibility as well as the feasibility of sacroiliac joint injection following simple X-ray clip location. For the cadaveric study, 10 fixed sacroiliac joint (SIJ) sectional specimens, 4 dried cadaveric pelvises and 21 embalmed adult cadaveric pelvises were dissected, followed by an injection of contrast agent into the joint. The irrigation of the agent was observed through CT scanning. For the radiologic study, 188 CT scans of ankylosing spondylitis patients (143 male, 45 female) were collected from 2010 to 2012, in Nanfang Hospital. What was measured was (1) Distance between the posterior midline and sagittal synovium; (2) Length of the sagittal synovium; (3) Distance between the midpoint of the sagittal synovium and posterior superior iliac spine; and (4) Distance between the superficial skin vertical to the sagittal synovium point were measured. For the practice-based study: 20 patients (17 males and 3 females) with early ankylosing spondylitis, from Nanfang Hospital affiliated with Southern Medical University were recruited, and sacroiliac joint unguided injections were done on the basis of the cadaveric and radiologic study. Only the inferior 1/3rd portion parallel to the posterior midline could be injected into since the superior 2/3rd portion were filled with interosseous ligaments. Thirteen of the 20 patients received successful injections as identified by CT scan using the contrast agent. Sacroiliac joint injection following simple X-ray clip location is possible and feasible if the operation is performed by trained physicians familiar with the sacroiliac joint and its surrounding anatomic structures.

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Triyanto, Triyanto, Kamiso H. N., and A. Isnansetyo. "VAKSINASI INDUK LELE DUMBO (Clarias gariepinus) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KELULUSHIDUPAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN PADA TAHAP PENDEDERAN." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 1, no. 1 (January 26, 1996): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.8857.

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Female and male brooders were vaccinated by intraperitoneal injection and intramuscular injection respectively. Unvaccinated brooders were used as control. Fry which was produced by vaccinated and unvaccinated brooders were reared separately in paddy field pond for 15 days for the first nursery rearing period and another 15 days for the second nursery rearing period. These field experiment conducted in four locations, namely slmean (2 location) and magelang (2 location). Results of these experiments indicated that brooders vaccination could increase survival rates of the first and the second nursery rearing periods approximately 65.00% and 3.69% respectively. Average weight and total length of fry which produced by vaccinated broodstock increased 12.59% and 58.51% during the first nursey rearing period, 8.55% and 7.14% during the second nursery period.

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Shi, Wei Bo, and Xiu Min Yu. "Efficiency and Emissions of Spark Ignition Engine Using Hydrogen and Gasoline Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 1070-1072 (December 2014): 1835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1070-1072.1835.

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This paper reviews and summarizes recent developments in hydrogen and gasoline mixtures powered engine research. According to the hydrogen and gasoline injection location, engine can be divided into three categories: hydrogen intake port injection, gasoline direct injection; Hydrogen direct injection, gasoline intake port injection; hydrogen and gasoline intake port injection. Different gasoline and hydrogen injection location determines the engines have different advantages. Follow an overview of spark ignition engine using hydrogen and gasoline mixtures, general trade-off when operating engine on hydrogen and gasoline mixtures are analyzed and highlights regarding accomplishments in efficiency improvement and emissions reduction are presented. These include estimates of efficiency potential of hydrogen and gasoline engines, fuel economy and emissions.

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Torgerson, C. S., M. J. Gdovin, R. Brandt, and J. E. Remmers. "Location of central respiratory chemoreceptors in the developing tadpole." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 280, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): R921—R928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.4.r921.

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The location of central respiratory chemoreceptors in amphibian larvae may change as the central chemoreceptive function shifts from driving gill to driving lung ventilation during metamorphosis. We examined this possibility in the in vitro brain stem of the pre- and postmetamorphic Rana catesbeiana tadpole by microinjecting hypercapnic artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) while recording fictive lung ventilation. The rostral and caudal brain stem were separately explored systematically using injections of 11 nl of aCSF equilibrated with 100% CO2 that transiently acidified a 500-μm region, producing a maximum reduction in pH of 0.23 ± 0.06 at the site of injection. In postmetamorphic tadpoles, chemoreceptive sites were concentrated in the rostral compared with the caudal brain stem. No such segregation was observed in the premetamorphic tadpole. We conclude that, as in lung rhythmogenic function, respiratory chemosensitivity emerges rostrally in the amphibian brain stem during development.

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Kabanemi, K. K., J. F. Hétu, and A. Derdouri. "Design Sensitivity Analysis Applied to Injection Molding for Optimization of Gate Location and Injection Pressure." International Polymer Processing 17, no. 3 (September 2002): 254–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/217.1692.

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Forouzesh, Alireza, Mohammad S. Golsorkhi, Mehdi Savaghebi, and Mehdi Baharizadeh. "Support Vector Machine Based Fault Location Identification in Microgrids Using Interharmonic Injection." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082317.

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This paper proposes an algorithm for detection and identification of the location of short circuit faults in islanded AC microgrids (MGs) with meshed topology. Considering the low level of fault current and dependency of the current angle on the control strategies, the legacy overcurrent protection schemes are not effective in in islanded MGs. To overcome this issue, the proposed algorithm detects faults based on the rms voltages of the distributed energy resources (DERs) by means of support vector machine classifiers. Upon detection of a fault, the DER which is electrically closest to the fault injects three interharmonic currents. The faulty zone is identified by comparing the magnitude of the interharmonic currents flowing through each zone. Then, the second DER connected to the faulty zone injects distinctive interharmonic currents and the resulting interharmonic voltages are measured at the terminal of each of these DERs. Using the interharmonic voltages as its features, a multi-class support vector machine identifies the fault location within the faulty zone. Simulations are conducted on a test MG to obtain a dataset comprising scenarios with different fault locations, varying fault impedances, and changing loads. The test results show that the proposed algorithm reliably detects the faults and the precision of fault location identification is above 90%.

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Johnstone, Rosie, and Linda Stalker. "The Petrel Sub-basin: a world-class CO." APPEA Journal 62, no. 1 (May 13, 2022): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21092.

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In 2021, the Australian Government announced a round of offshore greenhouse gas acreage release, including an area where research by Shell/CSIRO in 2016/2017 indicated close to 1 Gt carbon dioxide storage potential within the Mesozoic sediments of the Sandpiper, Elang and Plover Formations of the Petrel Sub-basin. The joint Shell/CSIRO study assessed key containment issues (legacy wells, potentially conductive faults, top seal extent) and storage formation connectivity. To study containment risk, CSIRO assessed a single injection well scenario and concluded that injection of up to 20 MTPA would not create geomechanical failure. Based on these findings, a ~5000 km2 area of interest southeast of the Petrel Field was proposed as suitable for injection in the Plover/Elang formations. The Shell team constructed topographical dynamic models at five potential locations. Three further models were built to simulate a base case and two end-member scenarios: (1) high permeability (leak point risk) and (2) low-pressure dissipation (top seal risk). The study showed that the development of two injector wells at one of the locations could safely and conservatively store 149 Mt, injected over a period of 30 years. Similar capacity is expected at four out of the five locations identified within the investigated area. Expansion to >2 injection wells per location, additional injection into the Sandpiper Formation and expansion to the west of the initially mapped focus area all point to achievable gigatonne storage potential. The joint study significantly expanded the understanding of the storage capacity, with recommendations for further data acquisition in both greenhouse gas (GHG) permits (GHG21-1 and GHG21-2).

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SIDOROWICZ, Maciej, and Ireneusz PIELECHA. "The injector location impact on the fuel combustion process in a direct gasoline injection system." Combustion Engines 173, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2018-204.

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The article contains an analysis of the fuel dose combustion phenomena and exhaust emissions in a direct injection system of an SI engine for variable injector location in the combustion chamber. The research performed is a continuation of the research presented in the article CE-2018-104. The tests were performed using the AVL Fire 2017 simulation environment. 27 injector placement combinations in three planes were analyzed: axial distance from the cylinder axis, injector depth relative to the head and angular position relative to the cylinder axis. An optimal solution was chosen, taking into account the significance of individual indicators. It was shown that the greatest impact in terms of the most advantageous combustion process indicators is the injector setting depth in the combustion chamber cavity, while the distance from the cylinder axis is of secondary importance. The smallest changes in the combustion and emission factors values are seen with the change of the injector placement angle (in the value range used in this study).

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Liu, Xi Fen, Yi Hua Hu, and Wei Jian Huang. "Optimum Design of Plastic Injection Mould Gate Based on MoldFlow." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2541.

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In view of the importance of proper gate location and size in mould design process, with the basic analog theory for simulating the filling process of plastic melts in the cavity of injection moulds, injection moulding CAE technology was proposed for the optimum design of gate location and size. Based on Moldflow software, the analysis process of the best gate location and size was stated. The gate location and size and injection moulding technical parameters were optimized in this paper by example. The optimal rectangular gate dimension was 5mm×2.5mm, filling state was fine, filling time was reduced from 0.72s to 0.69s. It was resulted in products of high previewed quality, reduced the cost of production and enhanced the competitive power of mould enterprises.

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Huang, Xiao Yan, De Qun Li, and Qiang Xu. "Gate Location Optimization in Injection Molding Based on Empirical Search Method." Materials Science Forum 575-578 (April 2008): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.575-578.55.

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In injection mold, design of gate location is among the most critical factors in achieving dimensionally accurate parts and high productivity of the molding process, since it influences the manner in which the plastic flows into the mold cavity. To automatically predict the optimal gate location of injection molds based on injection-molding simulation, a new and practical method: empirical search method according to the analysis of common optimization methods has been presented in this article. In this method, the gate location scope is initiated by the practical experience of mold designer so that the core for the gate location optimization is construction of empirical library. In order to build the empirical library, in terms of shape and function characteristic of injection-molding part, all the parts are classified six kinds: shell, container, plate, structural part, ornamental part and transparent part, and the corresponding design rules are kept in the empirical library. In addition, this article combines the empirical search method and numerical simulation technique, builds the mathematics model for the gate location optimization of plate part in empirical library and obtains the gate location optimization scheme for this kind of part through one concrete numerical example. The analysis and verification by adopting the software Moldflow testify the optimization mathematics model is effective.

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Franke, Henning, Ulrike Niemeier, and Daniele Visioni. "Differences in the quasi-biennial oscillation response to stratospheric aerosol modification depending on injection strategy and species." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 11 (June 8, 2021): 8615–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-8615-2021.

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Abstract. A known adverse side effect of stratospheric aerosol modification (SAM) is the alteration of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), which is caused by the stratospheric heating associated with an artificial aerosol layer. Multiple studies found the QBO to slow down or even completely vanish for point-like injections of SO2 at the Equator. The cause for this was found to be a modification of the thermal wind balance and a stronger tropical upwelling. For other injection strategies, different responses of the QBO have been observed. A theory which is able to explain those differences in a comprehensive manner has not yet been presented. This is further complicated by the fact that the simulated QBO response is highly sensitive to the used model even under identical boundary conditions. Therefore, within this study we investigate the response of the QBO to SAM for three different injection strategies (point-like injection at the Equator, point-like injection at 30∘ N and 30∘ S simultaneously, and areal injection into a 60∘ wide belt along the Equator). Our simulations confirm that the QBO response significantly depends on the injection location. Based on the thermal wind balance, we demonstrate that this dependency is explained by differences in the meridional structure of the aerosol-induced stratospheric warming, i.e., the location and meridional extension of the maximum warming. Additionally, we also tested two different injection species (SO2 and H2SO4). The QBO response is qualitatively similar for both investigated injection species. Comparing the results to corresponding results of a second model, we further demonstrate the generality of our theory as well as the importance of an interactive treatment of stratospheric ozone for the simulated QBO response.

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Lin, Yao, Chun Lin Liu, Hong Jun Yin, Xiao Yan Xu, and Yang Wang. "Study on the Determination of the Separated Layer Water Injection Based on the Grey Synthetic Degree." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 2227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.2227.

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The determination of the rational layered water injection intensity is the basis to stable oil production and high-yield in oil field. This article analyzes the various influential factors of the separated layer water injection intensity, using grey synthetic degree to determine the dominant influential factors. The weight value is obtained by normalization, each influence factor is quantization. Using grey correlation analysis method to determine the plane dividing coefficient and the vertical dividing coefficient, a reasonable stratified water injection intensity formula is got. This method considers the impact of these factors which consist of permeability, the measure transformation coefficient, perforation thickness, injector producer distance, location coefficient and the number of injector and producer. The problem which the contradiction exists in the same layer or between the layer and layer is obvious in the D block through combining with the current water injection development, reasonable dividing coefficient of block is established, a reasonable stratified water injection intensity formula is got, making well block reasonable injection and increasing adjustment effect of water flooding.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Injection location'

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