Journal articles on the topic 'Injection grouting'
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1
Liu, Jun, Qingsong Zhang, Lianzhen Zhang, Fang Peng, Zhipeng Li, and Xianjie Weng. "Model Test on Segmental Grouting Diffusion Process in Muddy Fault of Tunnel Engineering." Geofluids 2020 (December 19, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6698011.
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In order to realize the diffusion law of segmental grouting in muddy fault of tunnel engineering, a three-dimensional grouting diffusion simulation test has been done. Three times of grouting operation have been done for three adjacent sections in grouting pipe. Grouting pressure, injection rate, soil pressure field, and seepage pressure field have been real-time monitored in three grouting stages. The effect of segmental grouting operation on soil pressure field and effective stress field has been analyzed. Results show that previous grouting operation can affect later grouting operation. Due to previous grouting operation, the grouted stratum can be compacted and grouting diffusion will conquer greater resistance in later grouting stages. Correspondingly, grouting pressure increases and injection rate decreases in the later grouting stage. There exists a limited influence range for a single grouting operation. For every grouting stage, soil pressure and effective stress in the section which the injection hole locates in are affected effectively by grouting operation. By contrast, soil pressure and effective stress in section away from injection hole are affected relatively weakly by grouting operation. With distance to injection hole increasing, compaction degree and reinforcement effect of grouted muddy fault decay in space. Multisegmental grouting method has significant advantages over single grouting method. Ineffectively compacted area by previous grouting operation can be effectively compacted by later grouting operation from adjacent injection hole. As a result, uniformity of grouting reinforcement effect can be improved, and weakly reinforcement area can be reduced.
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Lyapidevskaya, Olga. "Grouting mortar for annular injection." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825101004.
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In conditions of cramped urban development, trenchless methods of laying engineering communications are used for environmental protection. Currently, the most widespread is shield driving with tunneling complexes. However, during construction work voids and crevices may form between the shell of the shield and the tunnel lining. In order to fill these voids and create a durable waterproof screen around the lining, the technology of injecting grouting mortars in the annular space is applied. The article shows the results of laboratory tests and gives a comparative analysis of applied grouting mortars based on mineral binders. A new composition of a grouting mortar with improved characteristics including Portland cement and bentonite clays is proposed. The results of laboratory tests of a new material are presented. Data are given that indicate the advantages of using bentonite powders for the preparation of grouting compositions over other materials used as protective injection mortars. The article contains information about field tests of the developed material, which show that the proposed grouting mortar is characterized by high rheological properties and allows obtaining a high-quality waterproof shell in the annulus.
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Sumirin, Sumirin, and Rifqi Brilyanto Arief. "Analisis Efektivitas Model Perkuatan dengan Injeksi Semen untuk Peningkatan Angka Keamanan Lereng." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 23, no. 1 (July 28, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v23i1.14738.
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The problem of slope stability can be overcome by grouting of cement paste. But, the question often arises as to the extent of grouting of cement paste can increase the factor of safety. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the effect of grouting on increasing safety factor on the slope of embankment. Experiments have been conducted in the laboratory using 6 types of mixed samples of sand and coarse aggregate. Field testing was conducted on 1 model to determine the effectiveness of grouting. The results of the experiments show that the injection of cement paste in this study proved to be effective in strengthening the embankment with the content of coarse aggregate 60%. The increase factor of safety (FS) using grouting is from FS= 1.9 (33.3%) to FS = 2.80 (90.0%). Factors determining the effectiveness of injection are: (a) injection method with drilling technique before injection to form cement column; (b) the optimum of water-cement ratio w/c = 1.5; (c) the ratio of spacing and injection diameter Lg / Dg = 8, the depth of injection 0.75 from the height of the embankment.
4
Lai, Jinxing, Zhihua Feng, Junling Qiu, Jianxun Chen, and Haobo Fan. "In Situ Test of Grouting Reinforcement for Water-Enriched Sandy Gravel Ground in River Floodplain." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2129659.
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The performance of the ground treatment is always critical for a tunnel excavated in unstable stratum. Laodongnanlu Xiangjiang Tunnel (Changsha, China) across the Xiangjiang River will be constructed in a sandy gravel ground which is characterized by loose structure, extensive porosity, elevated sensitivity, poor stability, and a high groundwater table. Permeation grouting will be employed to improve the bearing capacity and mitigate groundwater movement into the excavation. In order to seek suitable injection parameters and grouting method, a field trial of vertical grouting was conducted in the sandy gravel stratum in river floodplain. A series of tests focusing on grout material, grouting sequence of boreholes, injection pressure, and grouting volume were performed to improve the sandy gravel mass strength and reduce water permeability. The examination of the results obtained during water pressure testing and core drilling on completion of the grouting trial successfully demonstrated that the specified injection criteria had led to an expected effect. Grouting control method of this saturated sandy gravel stratum was concluded after the test, which would contribute to the future pregrouting work during the tunnelling.
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Guo, Zhi Dong, Li Jing Yi, Jing Yi Liu, and Dong Qiang Xu. "The Cause of Cracks in the Cement Concrete Pavement of County-Highway and Precautionary Measures." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.909.
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This article has analyzed the main cause of cracks in the cement concrete pavement of county-highway and proposed some precautionary measures and disposition measures.The measures of cracks in cement concrete pavement mainly have pressure injection and grouting,expansion seam grouting,directly grouting,striped overlay and nozzle grouting.
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Bzówka, Joanna, Anna Juzwa, Konrad Wanik, Lidia Wanik, and Tomasz Żyrek. "Discussion on the Influence of Various Technological Parameters on Jet Grouting Columns Geometry." Transactions of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Civil Engineering Series. 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tvsb-2015-0002.
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Abstract One of the most popular elements created by using jet grouting technology are columns. During designing such columns, it is a problem of estimating their shape and dimensions. The main factors that influence on columns geometry are soil characteristic and technological parameters. At the frame of Authors scientific research, following technological factors were taken into account: system of jet grouting, injection pressure, dimension of nozzles and rotation speed during injection. In the paper some results of the field tests of jet grouting columns are presented
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Al-Saidi, Aamal A., Khawla Ahmed Khalil Al-Juari, and Mohammed Y. Fattah. "Reducing settlement of soft clay using different grouting materials." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0033.
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Abstract Different injection material types were tried in the injection of soft clay, such as lime (L), silica fume (SF), and leycobond-h (LH). In this study, experiments were made to study the effect of injection on soft clay consolidation settlement. A sample of natural soft clayey soil was investigated in the laboratory and the sample was injected with each of the grout materials used, L, SF, L + SF, and L + SF + LH. A 20 cm3 of each slurry grout was conducted into the soil, which was compacted in California Bearing Ratio (CBR) mold and cured for 7 days, and then the sample was loaded to 80 N load by a circular steel footing 60 mm in diameter. The settlement was recorded. The sample of each slurry grout, which provided minimum settlement, was chosen (L + SF + LH). To reduce soft clay settlement before and after footing construction, four cases were investigated. The impact of injection hole spacing and grout depth was studied. It was discovered that injecting a slurry of (L + SF + LH) into the soft clay beneath or surrounding the footing increased bearing capacity by 5–88%. Due to the shape of shear failure of the soft clay around the footing, grouting near the footing at a distance of 0.5 diameter of the footing is more effective than grouting at a distance of 1.0 diameter of the footing, and grouting near the footing at a distance of 0.5 diameter of the footing is more effective than grouting at a distance of 1.0 diameter of the footing.
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Ananthan, Prakash, and Leong Sing Wong. "Field Investigation on Limestone Treatment using Fissure Grouting Method." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (November 30, 2018): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22757.
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This paper documents a field study on fissure grouting for limestone with a specific aim to investigate grout injection into the rock in order to reduce its permeability. The study focused on grouting in advance of excavation and it is applicable to grouting carried out to seal exposed rock surfaces. Investigation concentrated on the need to carry out fissure grouting to seal off excessive water entering the excavation through fractured rocks. In this case, the grout mixtures involved a combination of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and bentonite with appropriate amount of water. The grouting was performed at each stage until the grout flow rate and pressure reached a constant level for the last five minutes. If the stage of grouting in a borehole required more grout, this implies that there exist more fissure and cracks in the rock. The ultimate outcome of the rock fissure grouting was to obtain a good feed into limestone rock fissures, and thus, the process involved high injection pressure. The minimum grouting pressure was indicated as the hydrostatic pressure plus line loss pressure. To ensure that the outcome was achieved, it was recommended for an additional two bar pressure to be maintained as hydrostatic pressure.
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Xuan, Dayang, Jian Li, Kaidan Zheng, and Jialin Xu. "Experimental Study of Slurry Flow in Mining-Induced Fractures during Longwall Overburden Grout Injection." Geofluids 2020 (September 4, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8877616.
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Slurry flow in mining-induced overburden fractures is an important theoretical concept for the grouting design of longwall overburden grout injection engineering. In this study, a visual experimental simulation system of longwall overburden grouting was designed to study the flow, pressure distribution, consolidation, and fill thickness of fly ash slurry in overburden bedding separation. Experiments showed that the slurry generates a radial and bidirectional flow during nonpressure grouting and presents itself as an approximately elliptical dominant flow channel under pressure injection. This channel expanded horizontally along the strike direction and gradually became tabular. The slurry pressure increased as the grouting time increased. Although the pressure curves at different locations exhibited similar trends, their values did not decrease as the distance from the borehole center decreased during observations. Bleeding and consolidation occurred in the slurry as soon as it flowed out of the borehole to the fracture, and the degree of consolidation increased as a function of the distance from the injection borehole. The bleeding water gathered continually to the boundary of the bedding separation fracture and was then seeped to and stored by the underlying strata based on the injection pressure. The final injection fill is manifested as a half pace with a large thickness at the center. This research provides a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of overburden grout injection in underground longwall mining.
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Zahidul I. Bhuiyan, Mohammad, Shanyong Wang, Scott W. Sloan, John Carter, and Tabassum Mahzabeen Raka. "Effects of grout injection techniques in pressure grouted soil nail system." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 17010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199217010.
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The use of pressure grouting techniques in the soil reinforcement system is frequent as it has many advantages over gravity grouting. Pressure grouting can be injected by pressure and volume (flow) controlled techniques. A preliminary study was conducted for a newly developed pressure grouted soil-nail system, where a latex membrane was used as a liner around the grouting outlet to form a Tube a Manchette (TAM) for direct injection of grout into sand. In addition, a grout bag was formed with the membrane to prevent the grout injection into the sand for simulating a compaction grouting. In the investigation, a newly developed volume controlled injection system was used to inject the cement grout into the sand or grout bag for a specified flow rate and the interaction of injected grouted with the soil mass (i.e., soil stress state) was monitored by the installed total earth pressure cell around the grout outlets. From the investigation, it was found that the injected grout volume was much less for the soil-nail (TAM) than that with a grout bag around for a certain flow rate. In addition, the preliminary results indicated that the pullout capacity of the pressure grouted soil-nail controlled by the injected grout volume (grout bulb).
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Christodoulou, Dimitrios, Philotheos Lokkas, Ioannis Markou, Alexandros Droudakis, Ioannis Chouliaras, and Nikolaos Alamanis. "Principles and Developments in Soil Grouting: a Historical Review." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ADVANCES in ENGINEERING EDUCATION 18 (November 29, 2021): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232010.2021.18.18.
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Grouting includes a range of processes that involve the injection of wet or dry materials into the ground to provide improved engineering properties. Common aims are to increase strength or stiffness or to reduce permeability within the mass of ground treated. The simplest process in concept is the permeation of the pore spaces with a fluid grout which then sets, and provides the desired properties. Jet grouting employs erosion and mixing using high energy jets, to attack a wide-ranging set of soils and applications. This paper, mainly, addresses permeation grouting for the improvement of soils, in terms of strengthening or reduction of permeability, and compensation grouting for the displacement of structures during subsurface exploration. The historical evolution of these two grouting processes is described leading up to present-day practice. Reference is made to grouting materials, methods of injection, equipment, limitations and verification for each type of grouting. The grouts used to make permeation grouting are mainly suspensions and chemical solutions. The suspensions penetrate well into soils with granulometry up to coarse sand. On the contrary, the chemical solutions penetrate satisfactorily in finer formations up to fine sands or coarse sludges. Because some chemical solutions are toxic or generally harmful to the environment and humans, an effort has been made internationally in recent years to replace them with inorganic fine-grained suspensions.
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Yu, Qing, Kexin Yin, Jinrong Ma, and Hideki Shimada. "Vertical Shaft Support Improvement Studies by Strata Grouting at Aquifer Zone." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (June 25, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5365987.
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The shaft lining failure which occurs in deep alluvium is a sudden coal mine hazard. The strata grouting is one of the treatment methods for the shaft lining failure. To investigate the impact of grout injection pressure on the shaft lining, the field measurement and the numerical analysis of the shaft lining stress variation during the grouting were conducted. To improve the strata grouting, the underground continuous impervious curtain (UCIC) is proposed as a new method by using the chain conveyor cutter technique without the impact on the shaft lining. The effects of the new method were also analyzed by means of the numerical methods. The results show that the strata grouting in the deep alluvium needs a high injection pressure, and in the horizontal direction, the shaft lining sustains the repeat tensile and compressive force during the grouting process. The negative influence of strata grouting on the stability of the shaft lining is obvious and serious. The UCIC built around the shaft lining can restrain the stress concentration induced by the aquifer drawdown. The triangular UCIC has a similar effect as that of the vertical one, and the small angle is better for preventing the shaft lining failure.
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Al-kafaji, Ammar. "Using Seismic Cross-Hole Method to Evaluate Soil Improvement for Outside Wall in Al-Abbas Holy Shrine in Holy Karbala, Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 55, no. 2D (October 31, 2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.55.2d.7ms-2022-10-23.
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The aim of this study is to use the seismic cross-hole survey in evaluating the injection work to fill the cavities spread in the soil underneath the old foundation of the outer wall of the Al-Abbas holy shrine. A seismic cross-hole survey was conducted for eight profiles, four of these are applied before grouting and four profiles are done after grouting at Al-Imam Musa Al-Kadhum and Al-Imam Sahib Al-Zaman gates. Using the longitudinal and shear wave velocities for different depths ranging from 1 to 15 m. The results of the survey indicate that the soil injection process was successful and effective in filling the cavities. The results of cross- hole survey after the grouting show the percent of variation is 0.7-77 percent for seismic shear wave velocity more than before grouting to variant depths.
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Qian, Xiaqing, Peng Zhang, Shengnian Wang, Shuangfeng Guo, and Xinyu Hou. "Grouting Additives and Information-Based Construction of Jet Grouting in the Water-Rich Sand Stratum." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 12586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412586.
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The dynamic action of groundwater in the water-rich sand stratum carries away injected cement slurry before it becomes solidified, which seriously affects the determination of the diameter and strength of the column. Grouting additives and information-based construction are two main actions to control the quality of jet grouting construction. This study introduced a solution of grouting additives and information-based construction of jet grouting in the water-rich sand stratum. First, high-polymer cement grout (HPCG), red mud and phosphogypsum cement grout (RPCG) and metakaolin cement grout (MKCG) additives were screened with a series of laboratory tests on solidification time and permeability; moreover, the mix proportion of grouting fluids was developed in order to adapt for water-rich sand strata. Secondly, information-based construction of jet grouting was conducted to control grouting quantity with real-time monitoring of drill rotational velocity, drill lifting speed and injection pressure equipped with the monitoring system on the double fluid jet grouting systems. Lastly, the validity of grouting additives and information-based construction in the water-rich sand stratum was verified via a test pile in situ, and a series of material tests on drilling core samples on permeability with SEM observation. The results indicate that the high polymer is the preferred additive of grouting fluids because the solidification time can be controlled in the range of 10 min to 20 min; the permeability of drilling core samples can reach the order of 10−7, with the mix proportion being A:B = 2:1, high-polymer additive:water > 1:3, with a water-cement ratio of 0.8. The specifications of information-based construction are a drill rotational velocity of 10 r/min, a drill lifting speed of 0.2 m/min, an injection pressure of 20 MPa and a grouting quantity of 40 L/min.
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Wu, Shan, Weichao Qiu, Dunwen Liu, and Yu Tang. "Grouting Treatment and Parameters Optimization in Watery Karst Areas of High Speed Railway Tunnel Based on Comprehensive Geological Forecast: A Case Study." Geofluids 2022 (November 16, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7582916.
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Based on the failure of the initial grouting scheme in tunnel engineering, an integrated geological forecasting system incorporating an industrial endoscope was used to detect watery karst areas in this tunnel. Numerical simulations were used to analyze the change patterns of arch top settlement, arch bottom bulge, and water surge in the tunnel under different grouting thicknesses. Compared to the displacement of the support structure, curtain grouting thickness is mainly reflected in reducing the amount of water surge. When the grouting thickness exceeds 5 m, the water-stopping effect of the tunnel is almost unchanged. Finally, a grout thickness of 5 m and a grout length of 25 m were selected as the grouting range for this project. During grouting, the combination of the three grouting techniques can effectively solve the problems of high water surges and difficult hole formation. The principle of “combination of exploration and injection” was followed to obtain real-time geological information and optimize the subsequent grouting plan. After the grouting, the grouting evaluation results and the field construction conditions showed that the grouting effect was good.
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Lin, Hai, Muhannad T. Suleiman, Hanna M. Jabbour, and Derick G. Brown. "Bio-grouting to enhance axial pull-out response of pervious concrete ground improvement piles." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55, no. 1 (January 2018): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2016-0438.
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Bio-grouting is an environmentallly friendly, sustainable, and low-cost ground improvement technique, which mainly utilizes microbial-induced carbonate precipitation. Previous large-scale applications of MICP have encountered practical difficulties including bio-clogging, which resulted in a limited zone of cemented soil around injection points. The research presented in this paper focuses on evaluating the feasibility of cementing a limited soil zone surrounding permeable piles using MICP bio-grouting to improve the mechanical response of permeable piles under axial pull-out loading. Two instrumented pervious concrete piles (test units), one with and one without MICP bio-grouting, were subjected to pull-out loading at the Soil-Structure Interaction Facility at Lehigh University. The pervious concrete pile served as an injection point during the MICP bio-grouting. The mechanical responses of the test units and surrounding soil were analyzed, along with shear wave (S-wave) velocities, moisture, and CaCO3 contents of the surrounding soil. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that the limited MICP-improved zone, extending a radial distance of approximately 102 mm around pervious concrete piles, improved the load–displacement response, load transfer, and pile capacity under pull-out loading. The ratios between ultimate loads of the test units with and without MICP bio-grouting were 4.2. The average shaft resistance along the pile with MICP bio-grouting was up to 2.8 times higher than that of the pile without bio-grouting.
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Peřina, Zdeněk, Boris Plšek, and Marie Wolfová. "Verification of Range of Chemical Grouting of Masonry by Non-Destructive Method Using Infrared Thermography." Advanced Materials Research 923 (April 2014): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.923.191.
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Verification of reach of grouting masonry using infrared thermography. Chemical grouting masonry is a progressive, modern restoration technique. Verification of reach (efficiency) of injection media by nondestructive methods have not been established and verified, yet. The article deals with the presentation of the results of the pilot thermography measurements.
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Zhai, Minglei, Dan Ma, and Haibo Bai. "Diffusion Mechanism of Slurry during Grouting in a Fractured Aquifer: A Case Study in Chensilou Coal Mine, China." Mathematics 10, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10081345.
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Grouting is one of the main technical means to prevent water inrush hazards in coal seam floor aquifers. It is of great significance to elucidate the diffusion law of slurry in the process of grouting in fractured aquifers for safe mining in coal mines. In this paper, the mechanism of slurry diffusion in horizontal fractures of fractured aquifers was studied based on the Bingham slurry with time-varying characteristics; additionally, a one-dimensional seepage grouting theoretical model considering the temporal and spatial variation of slurry viscosity under constant grouting rate was established. In this model, the grouting pressure required by the predetermined slurry diffusion radius can be obtained by knowing the grouting hole pressure and injection flow. Slurry properties, fracture parameters, grouting parameters, and water pressure were the parameters affecting the slurry diffusion process. Looking at the problem of water disaster prevention of coal seam floor in the Working Face 2509 of the Chensilou Coal Mine, according to the aquifer parameters and model calculation results, a grouting scheme with a slurry diffusion radius of 20 m and grouting pressure of 12 MPa was proposed. Finally, with the comparative analysis of the transient electromagnetic method (TEM) and water inflow before and after grouting, it was verified that the design grouting pressure and the spacing of grouting holes were reasonable and the grouting effect was good.
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Xue, Linli, Yushan Zhu, Tao Guan, Bingyu Ren, Dawei Tong, and Binping Wu. "Grouting Power Prediction Using a Hybrid Model Based on Support Vector Regression Optimized by an Improved Jaya Algorithm." Applied Sciences 10, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 7273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207273.
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Grouting power is a vital parameter that can be used as an indicator for simultaneously controlling grouting pressure and injection rate. Accurate grouting power prediction contributes to the real-time optimization of the grouting process, guaranteeing grouting safety and quality. However, the strong nonlinearity of the grouting power time series makes the forecasting task challenging. Hence, this paper proposes a novel hybrid model for accurate grouting power forecasting. First, empirical wavelet transform (EWT) is employed to decompose the original grouting series into several subseries and one residual adaptively. Second, partial autocorrelation function (PACF) is applied to identify the optimal input variables objectively. Then, support vector regression (SVR) is adopted to obtain prediction outcomes of each subseries, while an improved Jaya (IJaya) algorithm by coupling chaos theory and Lévy flights to improve the algorithm’s accuracy performance is proposed to optimize the SVR hyperparameters. Finally, the prediction results of decomposed subseries are superimposed to produce the final results. A consolidation grouting project is taken as a case study and the computation results with the RMSE = 0.2672 MPa·L/min, MAE = 0.2165 MPa·L/min, MAPE = 3.85% and EC = 0.9815 demonstrate that the proposed model exhibits superior forecasting ability and can provide a viable reference for grouting construction.
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Zhang, Haibo, Xiaotian Zhang, Zhiying Guo, and Hucheng Chai. "Optimization of the Injection and Physical Properties of Sulfoaluminate Cement via the In Situ Polymerization of Acrylamide." Buildings 12, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 2237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12122237.
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Deep coal mining requires grouting to reinforce the coal rock walls. The conventional polymer-modified cement-based grouting materials have improved toughness but poor fluidity. The purpose of this paper was to improve the injectability of grout. The preconditions were that the physical properties of the stones are not obviously damaged and the mechanical properties are optimized. The acrylamide monomer was incorporated into the sulfoaluminate cement-based grouting material system. The effects of the in situ polymerization modification of the acrylamide on the paste properties and stone body strength were investigated. The results showed that the acrylamide mixed with the sulfoaluminate cement could increase the fluidity of the grouting material, prolong the paste setting time, and improve the flexural strength of the stone body. Compared with the blank group, the 500 mL efflux time of the 1006 mud viscometer in the 35% AM (acrylamide) dosing group decreased from 51 s to 41 s, the initial setting time increased from 15 min to 98 min, and the flexural strength at three days increased by 202.8%. The compressive stress–strain of the stone body gradually changed from brittle to ductile damage as the acrylamide dosing increased. Based on the microscopic analysis, a composite structure model of the inorganic skeleton of the flexible polyacrylamide network of toughened AFt (ettringite) was built in this paper. A mechanical study of the compressive stress–strain characteristics of the stone body was performed. It was concluded that the acrylamide in situ polymerization-modified sulfoaluminate cement-based grouting material is suitable for coal rock wall grouting reinforcement.
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Akyol, Erdal, Suat Tasdelen, and Ali Aydin. "Adverse Effects of Soil Grouting on Sandy Soils." Applied Mechanics and Materials 802 (October 2015): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.802.3.
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Uncontrolled growing of construction industry in Turkey has caused a large number of buildings were constructed without the benefit of sufficient engineering supervision. These phenomena have contributed to the increase in the number of seismically weak buildings. After the Great Marmara Earthquake seismic performances of the existing structures have been inspected and some of them fortified. In this context, an existing building foundation, built on a problematic soil and located in Denizli where is in high seismic risk area, has been strengthened by cement injection. Grouting holes up to 7 m in depth from the basement level were used in 45 points. The injection has created a less permeable barrier, acts like an underground dam. This barrier has caused rising of the underground water table around the recharge area of the foundation. The raised underground water has increased hydraulic gradient and hydraulic pressure. Then, the basement floor has arched up to 12 cm and underground water has risen up to 30 cm high after one year of the injection practice. In this study, hydrogeological characteristics of the soil structural analysis have been evaluated and some solutions suggested remedying the problem. It should be kept in mind as injection practice is employed in aquifers.
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Niu, Jiandong, Yong Sun, Bin Wang, Keneng Zhang, Youhan Huang, Shiwu Huang, Jiaqin Yu, and Liangliang Qiu. "Grouting Treatment of Water and Mud Inrush in Fully Weathered Granite Tunnel: A Case Study." Geofluids 2020 (November 26, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8838769.
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When mountain tunnel passes through completely weathered granite strata, water and mud inrush is easy to occur, causing casualties and economic losses. Grouting is a common and effective treatment method for water and mud inrush disaster. The current existing researches focus on theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and laboratory test, and the researches based on the field of engineering application are few. Based on the fully weathered granite tunnel of Junchang tunnel in Guangxi, this paper studies the grouting treatment of water and mud disaster in the fully weathered granite tunnel. This paper first introduces the geological and hydrological conditions of Junchang tunnel in order to understand the causes of water inrush and mud inrush. Then, the treatment method of full-section curtain grouting is introduced. During the grouting, the combination of exploration and injection is adopted. According to different hydrological conditions, different kinds of grouting materials are adopted. After grouting is completed, Transient Electromagnetic Methods, water inflow analysis, borehole investigation, and P-Q-T method are used to evaluate the grouting effect. According to the reaction of the detection results, the weak part of grouting can be supplemented to improve the grouting quality. The results show that the curtain grouting is effective for the treatment of water-mud inrush disaster in the fully weathered granite tunnel. This study provides a reference for the treatment of water and mud inrush in other similar tunnels.
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Farooq, Muhammad, Samgyu Park, Jung Ho Kim, Young Soo Song, Mohammad Amjad Sabir, Muhammad Umar, Mohammad Tariq, and Said Muhammad. "Time-Lapse Electrical Resistivity Investigations for Imaging the Grouting Injection in Shallow Subsurface Cavities." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/178203.
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The highway of Yongweol-ri, Muan-gun, south-western part of the South Korean Peninsula, is underlain by the abandoned of subsurface cavities, which were discovered in 2005. These cavities lie at shallow depths with the range of 5∼15 meters below the ground surface. Numerous subsidence events have repeatedly occurred in the past few years, damaging infrastructure and highway. As a result of continuing subsidence issues, the Korean Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) was requested by local administration to resolve the issue. The KIGAM used geophysical methods to delineate subsurface cavities and improve more refined understanding of the cavities network in the study area. Cement based grouting has been widely employed in the construction industry to reinforce subsurface ground. In this research work, time-lapse electrical resistivity surveys were accomplished to monitor the grouting injection in the subsurface cavities beneath the highway, which have provided a quasi-real-time monitoring for modifying the subsurface cavities related to ground reinforcement, which would be difficult with direct methods. The results obtained from time-lapse electrical resistivity technique have satisfactory imaged the grouting injection experiment in the subsurface cavities beneath the highway. Furthermore, the borehole camera confirmed the presence of grouting material in the subsurface cavities, and hence this procedure increases the mechanical resistance of subsurface cavities below the highway.
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Zhang, Weijie, Chenghao Han, Lianzhen Zhang, Jiuchuan Wei, Huiyong Yin, Weiwei Han, Chao Xie, and Wenwu Zhou. "Grouting Mechanism of Cement-Based Slurry in a Concentric Annulus under High Groundwater Pressure." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (September 19, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2587035.
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The flow of cement-based slurry within concentric annular geometry is a major problem of study in the field of engineering, especially regarding the prevention of water ingress in an annulus formed during shaft construction utilizing the artificial freezing technique in China. In this study, an analytical governing equation of motion for the axial flow of an incompressible Newtonian fluid in a long concentric annulus is derived under the condition of high groundwater pressure. A stepwise calculation method is proposed to describe the grouting process based on two injection modes, namely, flow rate control and pressure control. The injection time is divided into a series of time segments; correspondingly, the grouted zone is subdivided into infinitesimal elements. Some key parameters, such as the location, dimension, slurry viscosity, and pressure gradient of each element, can be obtained using the developed MATLAB program. On this basis, the distribution of pressure and slurry viscosity in the grouted zone and the variations in injection pressure at the grouting point and grouting flow rate are determined. Two injection mode cases are investigated to reveal the grout propagation in the concentric annulus. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted and employed to validate and calibrate the calculated results. The results obtained by the present stepwise calculation method show good agreement with the numerical results.
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Kakelar, Mahdi Maleki, Sirous Ebrahimi, and Mohammadjavad Hosseini. "Improvement in soil grouting by biocementation through injection method." Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 11, no. 6 (July 31, 2016): 930–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.2027.
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Huang, Wanpeng, Huanyu Li, Gang Sun, Donghai Jiang, and Yanfa Gao. "Performance Research of Materials and Engineering Application of Overburden Strata Separation-Zone Grouting Technology." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (January 7, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3513993.
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To solve the ground subsidence problem associated with thick coal seam mining under the railway in the Tangshan Mine, the technology of overburden strata separation-zone grouting (OSSG) was proposed. Based on the analysis of the full height overlying strata structure in the range of the six working face areas of the second mining district, the spatial distribution characteristics of the separation zone within the overlying strata are obtained after fully mining the six working faces. Then, emphasis was placed on the selection ratio of grouting materials and the hydrodynamic properties of different grout types, and grouting grout with a high concentration, slow precipitation rate, and good stability was obtained by taking fly ash and local clay as aggregates. The designed grout concentration was approximately 40%; the bulk density was approximately 1.20; and the clay content in the aggregates was approximately 40–50%. The separation-zone grouting plan was designed for the six working faces, and continuous grouting technology with the characteristics of multiple separation zones within the full-height section with a large flow and a high concentration was proposed to form a complete grouting system and reasonable grouting process. After engineering verification, the technology has an ash injection ratio of 24.2%, a grouting ratio of 100.3%, and a reduction in the ground subsidence ratio of 51.5%, effectively reducing mining damage to the ground surface and ensuring the safe operation of ground surface railways. Simultaneously, this advancement improves the resource recovery rate of coal mines and provides greater benefits for mining enterprises.
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Panthi, Krishna Kanta. "Effectiveness of Post-injection Grouting in Controlling Leakage: A Case Study." Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 8 (October 12, 2012): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v8i0.4903.
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In many occasions severe water leakage problems are faced in shotcrete lined or unlined water tunnels that not only reduce stability of the rock mass but also result in loss of valuable water in conveying tunnel systems. Such leakage causes safety risks and increases the potential for huge economic loss to the hydropower projects. On the other hand, use of full concrete lining as final support increases the construction cost and time considerably. The best way to reduce leakage control and construction costs and time is the use of pre-injection grouting in the headrace tunnels. This paper discusses the role that post-injection grouting has played for controlling leakage through shotcrete lined/unlined low pressure headrace tunnel of the 60 MW Khimti I Hydropower Project in Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v8i0.4903Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment Issue No. 8, 2011 JanuaryPage: 14-18Uploaded date: 16 June, 2011
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Zhou, Mengmeng, Fengshuai Fan, Zhuo Zheng, and Chenyang Ma. "Modeling of Grouting Penetration in Porous Medium with Influence of Grain Distribution and Grout–Water Interaction." Processes 10, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010077.
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In this study, a numerical model of grouting penetration in a porous medium is established. The fluid flow in the interstices of the porous medium is directly modeled by Navier–Stokes equations. The grouting process is considered as a two-phase flow problem, and the level set method is used to characterize the interaction between grout and groundwater. The proposed model has considered the nuances for each grain during grouting penetration, instead of representing the fluid flow as a continuum process. In the simulation, three kinds of porosity (0.3; 0.4; 0.5) and two kinds of grain size distribution (0.5~1 mm; 1~2 mm) are used. Results show that: the pressure drop along penetration distance is approximately in a linear trend. The variation of filling degree along grouting distance approximately obeys a quadratic polynomial function. The injection pressure is influenced by the porosity and grain size of the porous medium, especially by the former. A theoretical analysis is carried out to propose an analytical solution of the grouting penetration. The analytical solution gives a good estimation when the grain amounts in the porous medium are small, and the difference becomes larger as the grain amounts increase.
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Lee, Robert K. "Packer Injection Grouting for the Long-Term – An Engineering Perspective." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2008, no. 5 (January 1, 2008): 366–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864708788812497.
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Fu, Yanbin, Xiuling Wang, Sizhan Zhang, and Yong Yang. "Modelling of Permeation Grouting considering Grout Self-Gravity Effect: Theoretical and Experimental Study." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (November 27, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7968240.
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Self-gravity is one key parameter for behavior characterization of grout permeation and diffusion. This study proposes mathematical models for permeation grouting with consideration of grout self-gravity effect. The models concerning power law, Bingham, and Newtonian grouts are based on the generalized Darcy’s law and spherical diffusion theory. In addition, a prediction model of grout concretion dimension used for Bingham grout was developed. An analysis of the injection pressure distribution law and a comparative evaluation of diffusion radius considering self-gravity effect using established models were conducted subsequently. Moreover, grouting experiments were performed to check and verify the prediction model. The experimental results showed that injection pressure decreases linearly with increase of diffusion radius for the power-law grout, while nonlinear decrease of injection pressure was confirmed in Bingham and Newtonian grouts in this case. Three grouts approximately diffuse in an “ellipsoidal” shape, and it is confirmed that the diffusion radius is closely related to grout self-gravity. The Newtonian grout produces the maximum diffusion radius compared with the other two grouts whether the gravity effects were considered or not. The grout quantity under a smaller water-to-cement w/c ratio exhibits a significant difference and undergoes two increasing stages, whereas the quantity simply tends to be stable after it reaches its maximum in terms of the larger w/c ratios. The constructed dimension prediction model agrees well with the experimental results, which can be helpful for design and assessment of the grouting scheme.
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Palardy, Danielle, Stéphanie Perret, Gérard Ballivy, and Robert Laporte. "Étude de la pénétrabilité du coulis de ciment microfin sous pression dans les structures de maçonnerie dégradées à caractère historique : effet d'un agent colloïdal." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 642–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-041.
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Several masonry structures, built over the past centuries, have to be restored to ensure their structural integrity and their conservation. Important research and development projects have been initiated by Public Works and Government Services Canada to rehabilitate some of these structures, such as the Rideau canal locks, by using a cement-based grouting technique. By following grouting pressures and flow rates, the stability of the structure is protected and the efficiency to fill openings is assured by using microfine cement-based grouts with admixtures. However, cement grout penetration cannot be observed with precision during the injection. The project described in this paper presents the grouting treatment of a Rideau canal lock sill wall that had to be demolished and reconstructed. The penetration of two different grout mixes was observed by removing the front row of blocks, piece by piece. A second phase of this study was conducted in the laboratory to compare the penetration of different grouts in a reconstructed granular material which simulated the lock's interior walls.Key words: restoration, masonry, grouting, groutability, cement grout, colloidal agent.
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Sun, Xiaoyan, Ke Li, and Xin Wang. "Capsule-Bag-Type Sealing Technology for Gas Drainage Boreholes and Its Application." Geofluids 2022 (May 14, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1671859.
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In gas control, the quality of drilling and sealing plays a key role in the final effect of gas drainage. This paper first studies the mechanism of hole leakage and the stability of the hole sealing section. At the same time, the bag-type grouting hole sealing device and safety pressure limiting valve were developed, and a new grouting hole sealing method for gas extraction was put forward, which could exert active strong support on the hole sealing section. The grouting cement with a high flow state, early strength, good injection ability, and good microexpansibility was prepared by compounding the fast hard sulfoaluminate cement and ordinary Portland cement and adding the appropriate amount of admixture to stimulate its activity. Engineering practice shows that compared with the polyurethane hole sealing method, 97% of the total holes with gas extraction concentration above 60% are extracted by the new grouting hole sealing method under the same conditions. 47% of the total holes were extracted with a gas concentration above 60% in the polyurethane hole sealing method. This shows that the new grouting hole sealing method can keep the stability of the hole sealing section of the borehole, can evade the leakage channel around the borehole, and is beneficial to gas extraction.
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Mingli, Huang, Shen Qiaofeng, and Zhang Zhancheng. "RESEARCH ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND GROUTABILITIES OF GROUTED MORTISE-TENON JOINTS FOR PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES." Architecture and Engineering 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2022-7-1-23-32.
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Introduction: The paper addresses grouted tenon-and-groove joints in the prefabricated structure of Changchun subway station. For the first time, grouting of prefabricated structure joints with organic epoxy grouting material is analyzed. Purpose of the study: We aimed to make sure that an organic epoxy grouting material can be injected into the joints uniformly and in full and conducted its experimental study. To establish the applicability of the epoxy grouting material in the prefabricated structures, we studied the mechanical properties of the epoxy grout and its adhesive properties in relation to concrete. Methods: In the course of the study, we used a set of test equipment and an independently developed method. Results: High-quality grouting can be guaranteed at an injection pressure of 0.4 MPa and a temperature of 5–10°C. The relationship between the slurry flow rate and time was fit according to the experimental data at 5 and 10°C. The optimal quartz powder ratio was determined at the level of 1:0.6–1:0.8, and the optimal quartz powder particle size (D50) was determined at the level of 18–25 μm. The results of the study can provide references for similar projects in the future.
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Baltazar, Luis G., Fernando M. A. Henriques, and Maria Teresa Cidade. "Effects of Polypropylene Fibers and Measurement Methods on the Yield Stress of Grouts for the Consolidation of Heritage Masonry Walls." Fluids 5, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020053.
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The injection of grouts is a consolidation technique suitable for overcoming the structural deterioration of old stone masonry walls. Grouting operations involve introducing a suspension (grout) into a masonry core with the aim of improving the load capacity of the wall, as well as reducing its brittle mechanisms. The yield stress of injection grouts will affect the injection pressure and their flow inside the masonry. However, the determination of some rheological properties such as yield stress in hydraulic grout is challenging, due to the combined effects of hydration reactions and interactions between the particles present in the suspension. In this study, the determination of the yield stress of natural hydraulic lime-based grouts with polypropylene fibers was carried out. The changes in yield stress with time, fibers content and hydration were evaluated by two measurement methods using a rotational rheometer. Additionally, the static and dynamic yield stress as well as the critical shear–strain rate were determined, which provided useful information on the grout design in order to achieve successful grouting operations.
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Yao, Weijing, Happiness Lyimo, and Jianyong Pang. "Evolution regularity of temperature field of active heat insulation roadway considering thermal insulation spraying and grouting: A case study of Zhujidong Coal Mine, China." High Temperature Materials and Processes 40, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2021-0023.
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Abstract To study the active heat insulation roadways of high-temperature mines considering thermal insulation and injection, a high-temperature −965 m return air roadway of Zhujidong Coal Mine (Anhui Province, China) is selected as a prototype. The ANSYS numerical simulation method is used for the sensitivity analysis of heat insulation grouting layers with different thermal conductivities and zone ranges and heat insulation spray layers with different thermal conductivities and thicknesses; thus, their effects on the heat-adjusting zone radius, surrounding rock temperature field, and wall temperature are studied. The results show that the tunneling head temperature of the Zhujidong Mine is >27°C all year round, consequently causing serious heat damage. The heat insulation circle formed by thermal insulation spraying and grouting can effectively alleviate the disturbance of roadway airflow to the surrounding rock temperature field, thereby significantly reducing the heat-adjusting zone radius and wall temperature. The decrease in the thermal conductivities of the grouting and spray layers, expansion of the grouting layer zone, and increase in the spray layer thickness help effectively reduce the heat-adjusting zone radius and wall temperature. This trend decreases significantly with the ventilation time. A sensitivity analysis shows that the use of spraying and grouting materials of low thermal conductivity for thermal insulation is a primary factor in determining the temperature field distribution, while the range of the grouting layer zone and the spray layer thickness are secondary factors. The influence of the increased surrounding rock radial depth and ventilation time is negligible. Thus, the application of thermal insulation spraying and grouting is essential for the thermal environment control of mine roadways. Furthermore, the research and development of new spraying and grouting materials with good thermal insulation capabilities should be considered.
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Qiao, Jin Li, Yong Li Fan, Bo Liu, Yan Ping Zhang, and Yan Yan Li. "The Research of Backfill Grouting Pressure in Shield Tunneling." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2240.
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As to shield tunneling, that soil is reinforced into the void is one of the most important reasons which cause the ground settlement, and always most important factor in the tunnel construction and the relative research. The numerical simulation studies presented in this paper focus on the different grouting pressure causing different ground settlement, plastic area and stress growth behavior. Based on the simulation results and the engineering ground settlement limit, propose reasonable synchronous slurry injection pressure and the relative method of controlling ground settlement. Propose reasonable suggestion for the determination of grouting pressure during shield construction.
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Escobal-Marcos, Iñigo, Martina-Inmaculada Álvarez-Fernández, María-Belén Prendes-Gero, and Celestino González-Nicieza. "Designing Cement-Based Grouting in a Rock Mass for Underground Impermeabilization." Energies 14, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 4062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14134062.
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Fractured rock masses below the water table are a problem in underground excavations because of their low strength and high permeability. Nowadays, these negative connotations can be reduced with techniques such as injection of cement, microcement, or resins grouts. These materials increase the rock mass cohesion while reducing the flow of water through the discontinuities. This paper describes the work carried out to design a waterproofing screen for a three-storey underground basement located in a building near the Bilbao estuary (Northern Spain) and with problems of water seepage from the river. First, a survey of the rock mass is carried out. This survey shows the presence of highly fractured zones and the variability of the permeability as functions of the fractures. Subsequently, the effect on permeability caused by the injection of cement grouts and microcement is studied by means of two pilot injection boreholes and eight control boreholes. Finally, a behavioural model is proposed to explain the heterogeneity observed in the radius of influence of the injection. As a result, a waterproofing screen with three types of treatment is designed: An ordinary treatment with cement grouts, an intensive treatment with microcement grouts, and an isolation treatment with cement-bentonite grouts.
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Wang, Xuesong, Hua Cheng, Zhishu Yao, Chuanxin Rong, Xianwen Huang, and Longhui Guo. "Theoretical Research on Grouting in Deep Loose Layers Based on the Cylindrical Diffusion Model of Radial Tube Flow." Geofluids 2022 (March 25, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1302260.
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Grouting in deep, loose layers are a complex process in which many modes such as infiltration, splitting, and compaction coexist. It is of great significance to establish a realistic, simplified physical model to study the law of slurry diffusion. Herein, a cylindrical diffusion model of radial tube flow is established, and the control differential equations of both the Bingham slurry diffusion velocity in a single tube and the diffusion velocity of the radial tube flow are deduced. Additionally, the calculation formulas for the diffusion radius and slurry pressure distribution function are obtained. The rationality of the theory is verified by combining our results with those of the field grouting test of the Guotun coal mine. The results show that the cylindrical diffusion model of radial tube flow can successfully characterize the slurry diffusion law of grouting in a deep, loose layer. The slurry pressure attenuation shows distinguishable stages: within the first 30% of the diffusion radius, the slurry pressure decreased sharply by approximately 70%, and the slurry pressure decreases slowly in the later stages. Furthermore, the diffusion radius has a nonlinear, negative correlation with the height of the grouting section and the comprehensive injection rate of formation; the change rate is relatively more gradual, and there are no distinguishable stages. The research results provide a theoretical basis for reasonably determining the grouting parameters of deep, loose layers in the future.
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Lee, Seok-Won, Tea-Seob Kim, Bo-Kyoung Sim, Jong-Sun Kim, and In-Mo Lee. "Effect of pressurized grouting on pullout resistance and group efficiency of compression ground anchor." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 8 (August 2012): 939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-059.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of pressurized grouting on pullout resistance and the group effect of the compression ground anchor by performing pilot-scale laboratory chamber tests and field tests. The laboratory test results show that the enlargement of the anchor body diameter estimated theoretically by combining the cavity expansion theory and grout penetration characteristics matches reasonably well with that obtained from experiments. The required injection time as a function of the coefficient of permeability of the ground is proposed. The results of a series of field anchor pullout tests show that the effect of pressurized grouting is more prominent in a softer ground with a smaller SPT-N value for an increase in both anchor body diameter and pullout resistance. The pressurized grouting effect in comparison with gravitational grouting was found to be almost zero if the SPT-N value is more than 50. Based on experimental results, a new equation to estimate the pullout resistance as a function of the SPT-N60 value is proposed. In addition, based on in situ group anchor pullout test results, a new group effect equation is proposed.
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Zhang, Qi, Chenhao Zhang, Yifeng Lin, Yuanhai Li, and Lei He. "Numerical Study on Seepage of Chemical Grout Flow in Rock Fracture under Temperature Field." Geofluids 2022 (May 9, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7123416.
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Grouting technology is widely used to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the permeability of the rock in underground engineering. Fluidity is important to promote the grout to be injected into longer fractures, so chemical grouts with low viscosity and adjustable gel time are usually chosen to increase this property. However, the high temperature in some deep engineering leads to a faster hydration rate of the chemical grout than that in the room temperature environment, resulting in the decrease of fluidity. The heat exchange between the grout and the environment is usually ignored in the existing researches, so the aim of the numerical study is therefore to analyse the seepage process of chemical grout in the temperature field, where heat exchange between the grout and environment is considered. A sandstone model with a fracture is established in COMSOL, which is validated using laboratory experiments to confirm the accuracy of the results. The grouting time rises exponentially with the increasing of the flow distance in a single fracture, and a higher environmental temperature leads to a larger grouting time because the gap in the viscosity of the grout at different temperatures enlarges with the increasing hydration time. The effect of the temperature field on the grouting time becomes more significant when the temperature is higher and the hydration time is longer because the viscosity of the grout rises more slowly. The grouting time reduces dramatically when injection pressure is raised because an increasing pressure results in a larger aperture and less hydration time, which is one of the best ways to improve the efficiency of the grouting. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the seepage process of chemical grout in fractures under high temperature and provide guidance for the selection of chemical grout in grouting engineering.
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Yang, Teng, Jiaqi Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Qingsong Zhang, and Zhanchao Yin. "Layered Grouting Technology Based on a Comprehensive Water-to-Cement Ratio for the Overlying Loess Stratum of Urban Shallow Tunnels." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (June 16, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2904789.
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Different from sand and clay, loess has special engineering properties; hence, existing soil grouting theories are not suitable for the disaster treatment of shallow loess tunnels. In this study, a fine grouting reinforcement test system was developed, and the Yuhan Road tunnel overlying loess was used as the injection medium. An orthogonal test based on slurry dry density, moisture content, water-to-cement ratio, and grouting pressure was conducted. Results revealed that the loess samples have high integrity after grouting, and the cohesion and compressive strength improved significantly. The stress-strain curve showed that the strengthened samples have greater ultimate and residual strengths than samples before grouting. Through a range analysis, it was determined that water-to-cement ratio and moisture content are the main factors affecting loess cohesion and compressive strength. Therefore, a comprehensive test of the water-to-cement ratio and moisture content as a single variable was conducted. It was found that their influence on loess cohesion and compressive strength is not a single linear relationship but a combined balance. To characterize the joint effect of water in loess and in slurry on reinforcement, the concept of a comprehensive water-to-cement ratio is proposed, and the cohesion and compressive strength curves with respect to this ratio were drawn. An optimal comprehensive water-to-cement ratio, which corresponds to the maximum cohesion or compressive strength, was found. Based on this ratio, we further propose a method to calculate the water-to-cement ratio of slurry and suitable grouting amount for the Yuhan Road tunnel reinforcement project, in which all solution parameters can be measured via field tests. In the project, a surface layered grouting scheme, based on the optimal comprehensive water-to-cement ratio, was designed. After grouting, loess strength was improved significantly, permeability was reduced greatly, and the overall reinforcement effect was suitable; these results provide a reference for similar projects.
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Jin, Hyunwoo, Byunghyun Ryu, and Jangguen Lee. "Development and Assessment of Laboratory Testing Apparatus on Grouting Injection Performance." Journal of the Korean Geoenvironmental Society 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14481/jkges.2016.17.10.23.
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Kim, Byung-Kyu, Jeong-Jun Park, Young-Sam Kwon, Ghang-Bok Jeong, and In-Mo Lee. "Groutability Enhancement Effect of Oscillatory Injection in Cement-Based Permeation Grouting." Geotechnical Testing Journal 42, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 20170036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj20170036.
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Skutnik, Zdzisław, Marek Bajda, and Mariusz Lech. "The selection of sealing technologies of the subsoil and hydrotechnical structures and quality assurance." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (August 31, 2019): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0050.
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AbstractVarious types of trenchless methods are extensively used to create engineering barriers for the purpose of achieving relatively low hydraulic conductivity of the subsoil and hydrotechnical structures. The most commonly used technologies of the grouting curtain creating are the DSM (Deep Soil Mixing), WIPS (Vibro Injcted Thin Wall), low-pressure injection and jet-grouting. Vertical barriers are widely used in environmental control systems to restrict the lateral spreading of liquid or gaseous contaminants and for seepage control through and beneath a levees. The barrier walls are constructed in a single or two phases using a slurry composed mainly of bentonite, cementitious materials and water. Often to solve complex geotechnical problems the technologies are combined (e.g. combining DSM and jet grouting). In the paper some examples of practical application of chosen types of technology dedicated different problems solving are presented. The results of geotechnical investigations of hydraulic permeability, shear strength and depth control of cut-off wall are given. The tests were carried out using BAT system, Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) and drillings. The presented test results should help define the technical and financial criteria that should be used to compare grouting based methods and other techniques applicable to the same geotechnical special works. These recommendations should permit an adequate application of grouting techniques and contribute to finding solutions for the delicate problem of ground sealing, notably when proceeding with hydrotechnical or environmental structures placed below water table.
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Gao, Quan Chen, Zhuo Yang, Hong Bo Wang, Han Lu Fu, Rong Bin Zhou, and Da Chong Feng. "Application of Water-Proof Curtain with High-Pressure Injection Concrete Piles in Foundation Pit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.447.
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This paper introduces a design program for supporting of deep foundation pit through the actual example for Beijing Moisten the world Center project to solve the difficulties of high water content in foundation soil, sensitiveness to surroundings, and difficult control of quick sand and flowing mud in the process of supporting of foundation pit. This program adopts a supporting system with upper soil nailing wall and lower pre-stressed anchor pile and a comprehensive water-proof curtain (Retaining piles + Long spiral high pressure jet grouting & mixing piles) to effectively solve the above difficulties. It is indicated through actual monitoring that displacement and settlement of foundation pit meet the specification and design requirements with excellent water-proof effect. The successful application of this program provides a reference for foundation pit engineering with rich underground water, especially for engineering at hard soil layer and stratum with sand and gravel that are apt to the formation of cement-soil grouting and mixing piles, as well as engineering with limitation on dewatering of foundation pit.
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Rhazi, Jamal, and Gérard Ballivy. "Suivi de l'injection au moyen de l'émission acoustique." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 965–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-094.
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The injection of grout in the microfissures of concrete dams in operation is very tricky because of the high pressures required to penetrate the slightly opened fissures. These conditions of grouting may result in the propagation of the fissures and contribute to the loss of stability of the mass. The technique using acoustical emission to follow the injection in real time has been evaluated. Water injection tests have been carried out on large dimensions (2.64 m × 1.42 m × 0.40 m) fissured concrete slabs instrumented with pressure, load, and displacement transducers. According to a study comparing two types of acoustical emission transducers, the low-frequency transducers would be more appropriate for this type of application. Moreover, the detected acoustical signals are not due to a constant pressure flow, but to the accelerations and decelerations of the grout, and to the mechanisms resulting from the variations of pressure and flow of the fluid (opening and closure of the fissure). Thus these observations confirm that the acoustical emission may be an interesting means to control the injections and, in particular, to determine the process of grout flow. Key words : concrete, fissure, injection, water test, pressure, acoustical emission. [Journal translation]
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Manzouri, Teymour, Michael P. Schuller, P. Benson Shing, and Bernard Amadei. "Repair and Retrofit of Unreinforced Masonry Structures." Earthquake Spectra 12, no. 4 (November 1996): 903–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585916.
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A comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different repair and retrofit techniques for unreinforced masonry (URM) structures. The study was to identify suitable grouting materials and procedures for the repair and retrofit of URM structures, quantify the efficacy of different repair and retrofit techniques, and develop analysis tools to evaluate the performance of masonry structures before and after retrofit. To this end, a number of grouting materials and procedures were evaluated with material tests, masonry component tests and shear wall tests. The experimental results indicate that the strength and stiffness of damaged walls can be fully restored with grout injection. Furthermore, the strength and ductility of a URM wall can be greatly enhanced by the introduction of steel reinforcement.
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Aranđelović, Bojan, Aleksandar Veg, and Nikolay Vatin. "Novice Methodology in Preserving Prestressed Cables by Injection of a Special Gel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 725-726 (January 2015): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.725-726.584.
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The most popular grout solutions are based on the application of cement-based materials. They are most frequently being used for grouting of prestressing tendons. Besides, there are some kinds of grease or wax having a good flexibility of the coat layer, while providing adjustability of prestressing force inside strands. Main objective of the paper is to explore the conditions and review other relevant aspects in applying injection gel for covering the prestressing tendons.
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Guo, Wenyan, Shiqi Liu, Bingnan Hu, Yanchun Xu, and Yaqi Luo. "Grouting Reinforcement of Large Building Foundation over Old Gob Areas: A Case Study in Huaibei Mining Area, China." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (December 3, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8738752.
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There are more than 14,000 square kilometers of mining subsidence areas in China, most of which have been reclaimed for the construction of new buildings. In the past, few special measures were required for the foundations of small buildings above old gob areas. But a plan was created to construct a large office building 100 m in length, 90 m in width, and 100 m in height, above old gob areas in the Huaibei subsidence area. However, the results of exploration borehole data and borehole TV observation indicated a broken bedrock stratum and developmental fractures above the old gob areas, and thus, the space stabilities of the building foundation were poor. Therefore, grouting reinforcement measure was adopted for the old gob and foundation areas. And the grouting effect was examined using borehole TV observation and the water injection test, where the detection results of boreholes TV observation showed that the filling ratio of the stratum fracture was over 85%, and the stability of the foundation was obviously enhanced. In addition, we monitored the settlement of the foundation continuously for 930 days. The results show that the maximum cumulative subsidence was 15.3 mm and the maximum slope was 0.05 mm/m, which verifies that grouting reinforcement is feasible in terms of the safety of large buildings constructed over old gob areas using bedrock stratum grouting in the Huaibei subsidence area.
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UCHITA, Yoshihisa, Kiyoji HASUMOTO, Kenji NODA, and Kenichi KANTO. "A STUDY ON CEMENT GROUTING AFFECTED BY CLOGGING IN THE INJECTION HOLE." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu C 62, no. 1 (2006): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejc.62.201.
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