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Shi, Fang, Yang Zhao, Qinghua Tang, and Ximing Xie. "Experiment Research of Microbial Flooding Injected Capacity and Injected Volume." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 108 (January 2018): 032075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/3/032075.
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Awadeesian, Awadees M. R., Salih M. Awadh, Moutaz A. Al-Dabbas, Mjeed M. Al-Maliki, Sameer N. Al-Jawad, and Abdul-Kareem S. Hussein. "A MODIFIED WATER INJECTION TECHNIQUE TO IMPROVE OIL RECOVERY: MISHRIF CARBONATE RESERVOIRS IN SOUTHERN IRAQ OIL FIELDS, CASE STUDY." Iraqi Geological Journal 52, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.52.1.8ms-2019-06-30.
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A modified water injection technique has organized by this study to improve oil recovery of the Mishrif reservoirs using polymerized alkaline surfactant water (PAS-Water) injection. It is planned to modify the existing water injection technology, first to control and balance the hazardous troublemaker reservoir facies of fifty-micron pore sizes with over 500 millidarcies permeability, along with the non-troublemaker types of less than twenty micron pore sizes with 45 to 100 millidarcies permeability. Second to control Mishrif reservoirs rock-wettability. Special core analysis under reservoir conditions of 2250 psi and 90 °C has carried out on tens of standard core plugs with heterogeneous buildup, using the proposed renewal water flooding mechanism. The technique assures early PAS-water injection to delay the water-breakthrough from 0.045 – 0.151 pore volumes water injected with 8 – 25% oil recovery, into 0.15 – 0.268 pore volumes water injected with 18 to 32% improved oil recovery. As well as, crude oil-in-water divertor injection after breakthrough, within 0.3 to oil0.65 – 0.85-pore volume of water injected to decrease water cut 1 four 0 to 15%. The overall progress of the PAS-water injection has achieved residual oil mobility of 65%, and upgraded the 35 – 50% oil recovery range by less than three pore volume water injected with 20 – 60% water cut, compared with the same oil recovery range by more than ten pore volume water injected with around 70% water cut. The ultimate oil recovery improved by this technique is from 70% via more than 20 pore volume water injected with over 95% water cut by usual water injection, to 85 – 90% via 6.4 pore volume water injected with over 90% water cut by the modified water injection. The technique succeeded to lower the end-point mobility ratio to 1.5 from above five by usual water injection. It is highly recommended to use ten micron mesh filter at the main injection site and four or five micron mesh filter at the injector sites; to avoid more than 80% of the suspended particles and save as much as possible the overall reservoir facies from permeability damage.
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Gupta, Sanjiv Kumar, Ajai Kumar, and Arun Kumar Sharma. "Intravitreal injections: volume injected Vs. volume retained and its implications." IP International Journal of Ocular Oncology and Oculoplasty 4, no. 3 (October 15, 2018): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/2581-5016.2018.0030.
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Lai, Grace Y., William Chu Kwan, Karolina Piorkowska, Matthias W. Wagner, Pouya Jamshidi, Birgit Ertl-Wagner, Thomas Looi, Adam C. Waspe, and James M. Drake. "Prediction of persistent ventricular dilation by initial ventriculomegaly and clot volume in a porcine model." Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 29, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2021.9.peds2190.
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OBJECTIVE While intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is associated with posthemorrhagic ventricular dilation (PHVD), not all infants affected by high-grade IVH develop PHVD. The authors aimed to determine clot-associated predictors of PHVD in a porcine model by varying the amount and rate of direct intraventricular injection of whole autologous blood. METHODS Seven 1-week-old piglets underwent craniectomy and injection of autologous blood into the right lateral ventricle. They survived for a maximum of 28 days. MRI was performed prior to injection, immediately postoperatively, and every 7 days thereafter. T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) sequences were used to segment ventricular and clot volumes. Spearman correlations were used to determine the relationship between blood and clot volumes and ventricular volumes over time. RESULTS The maximum ventricular volume was up to 12 times that of baseline. One animal developed acute hydrocephalus on day 4. All other animals survived until planned endpoints. The interaction between volume of blood injected and duration of injection was significantly associated with clot volume on the postoperative scan (p = 0.003) but not the amount of blood injected alone (p = 0.38). Initial postoperative and day 7 clot volumes, but not volume of blood injected, were correlated with maximum (p = 0.007 and 0.014) and terminal (p = 0.014 and 0.036) ventricular volumes. Initial postoperative ventricular volume was correlated with maximum and terminal ventricular volume (p = 0.007 and p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS Initial postoperative, maximum, and terminal ventricular dilations were associated with the amount of clot formed, rather than the amount of blood injected. This supports the hypothesis that PHVD is determined by clot burden rather than the presence of blood products and allows further testing of early clot lysis to minimize PHVD risk.
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Sangras, R., O. C. Kwon, and G. M. Faeth. "Self-Preserving Properties of Unsteady Round Nonbuoyant Turbulent Starting Jets and Puffs in Still Fluids." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 3 (May 10, 2002): 460–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1421047.
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The self-preserving properties of round nonbuoyant turbulent starting jets, puffs, and interrupted jets were investigated both experimentally and theoretically for flows in still and unstratified environments. The experiments involved dye-containing fresh water sources injected into still fresh water within a large windowed tank. Time-resolved video images of the flows were obtained using a CCD camera. Experimental conditions were as follows: jet exit diameters of 3.2 and 6.4 mm, jet exit Reynolds numbers of 3000–12,000, jet passage lengths in excess of 50 injector passage diameters, volume of injected fluid for puffs and interrupted jets up to 191 source diameters, and streamwise penetration lengths up to 140 source diameters. Near-source behavior varied significantly with source properties but the flows generally became turbulent within 5 source diameters from the source and self-preserving behavior was generally observed at distances greater than 20–30 source diameters from the source. Within the self-preserving region, both the normalized streamwise penetration distance and the normalized maximum flow radius varied as functions of time in agreement with estimates for self-preserving turbulent flows to the following powers: 1/2 for starting nonbuoyant jets and 1/4 for nonbuoyant puffs and interrupted jets. Effects of injected fluid quantity for self-preserving puffs and interrupted jets could be handled by correlating the location of the virtual origin as a function of the volume of the injected fluid represented by the number of passage lengths of injected fluid. In particular, the virtual origin for puffs was independent of injected fluid volume for injected passage lengths less than 120 but became proportional to the injected fluid volume thereafter, defining a boundary between puff and interrupted-jet behavior.
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Self, Mitchell, James Mooney, John Amburgy, Bonita Agee, Leah Schoel, Patrick Pritchard, and Melissa Chambers. "Analysis of injected cement volume and clinical outcomes following kyphoplasty for vertebral compression fractures." Surgical Neurology International 11 (March 28, 2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_22_2020.
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Background: It has been suggested that greater volumes of cement injected during kyphoplasty correlate with improved vertebral body height restoration and kyphotic angulation correction. However, there is little evidence tying cement volume to patient outcomes. Here, we analyzed the association between cement volume and outcome utilizing indices of pain, disability, and quality of life. Methods: One hundred and thirty-six patients undergoing kyphoplasty were analyzed retrospectively. The total volume of bone cement injected was recorded intraoperatively for each patient; the average total cement volume was 5.44 cc. Pre- and postoperative outcome indices were documented, using the visual analog scale (VAS), Roland-Morris disability index (RMDI), and the EuroQol 5 Dimension instrument (EQ5D). Pearson’s correlations and linear regression models were derived for the association of total cement volume with each of the patient outcome measures. This was a retrospective cohort study. Results: The average change in VAS, RMDI, and EQ5D scores for all patients was −6.8, +8.3, and +0.41, respectively. For VAS, RMDI, and EQ5D improvements, neither Pearson’s correlations nor multiple linear regression models revealed a correlation or an association with total cement volume. Conclusion: For patients undergoing kyphoplasty, outcomes were not associated with the total injected cement volume; all had a significant reduction in pain and most exhibited decreased disability with improved quality of life.
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Zahidul I. Bhuiyan, Mohammad, Shanyong Wang, Scott W. Sloan, John Carter, and Tabassum Mahzabeen Raka. "Effects of grout injection techniques in pressure grouted soil nail system." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 17010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199217010.
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The use of pressure grouting techniques in the soil reinforcement system is frequent as it has many advantages over gravity grouting. Pressure grouting can be injected by pressure and volume (flow) controlled techniques. A preliminary study was conducted for a newly developed pressure grouted soil-nail system, where a latex membrane was used as a liner around the grouting outlet to form a Tube a Manchette (TAM) for direct injection of grout into sand. In addition, a grout bag was formed with the membrane to prevent the grout injection into the sand for simulating a compaction grouting. In the investigation, a newly developed volume controlled injection system was used to inject the cement grout into the sand or grout bag for a specified flow rate and the interaction of injected grouted with the soil mass (i.e., soil stress state) was monitored by the installed total earth pressure cell around the grout outlets. From the investigation, it was found that the injected grout volume was much less for the soil-nail (TAM) than that with a grout bag around for a certain flow rate. In addition, the preliminary results indicated that the pullout capacity of the pressure grouted soil-nail controlled by the injected grout volume (grout bulb).
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Bencivenga, Michael A., Philip A. Bowling, Jimmy O. Fiallos, Alicia M. Gehling, Robert G. Stafford, Simon Y. Long, David P. Fetterer, Thomas M. Bocan, and Christian C. Hofer. "Investigation of Various Intramuscular Volumes Delivered to the Semimembranosus Muscle of Cavia porcellus." Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 59, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 310–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000101.
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The goal of this study is to provide quantitative data on the ideal volume for intramuscular (IM) injections into the semimembranosus muscle of guinea pigs weighing between 320 to 410 grams. This evaluation comprised 2 experiments. The first was to assess dispersion leakage of intramuscularly injected iohexol, a radiocontrast agent commonly used in Computed Tomography (CT), based on analysis of in vivo imaging. The second used varying volumes of intramuscularly injected sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl) to assess pain and pathology associated with IM injection. Hartley guinea pigs were injected IM with varying volumes of either iohexol or sodium chloride (150, 300, 500, 1000 and 1500 μL). In the iohexol experiment, results suggest IM volumes of 150 and 300 μL remain within the target muscle. In the experiment using sodium chloride, pain and pathology did not increase as IM volume increased. The pathology noted was related to needle tract through the musculature rather than the volume size of the injectate. The results did not reveal a correlation between volume of IM 0.9% NaCl and pain levels. We conclude that volume size correlates more with precision and accuracy of delivery into the intended muscle tissue. Regarding tissue distribution, our findings also suggest that the optimal capacity for IM injection in the semimembranosus muscle should be less than 500 μL.
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Lutsky, Kevin F., Fred Liss, Jack Graham, and Pedro K. Beredjiklian. "Volume of the Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint." Journal of Wrist Surgery 09, no. 01 (July 9, 2019): 019–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693043.
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Background The volume of the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb (TCMC) and its capacity to accommodate fluid injection is unknown. Questions/Purpose The purpose of the present study is to assess the volume of the TCMC. Methods Forty-two thumbs undergoing surgical treatment for symptomatic TCMCJ osteoarthritis (OA) were evaluated. Prior to the start of the surgical procedure saline was injected into the TCMC until resistance was felt and no further saline could be injected. The maximum volume (MaxVol) of injectate was measured and recorded. Results Mean MaxVol among all patients was 0.9 cc (range: 0.2–3.0 cc). There were 15 patients with 1 cc or more injected, the rest were less than 1 cc. The mean MaxVol for Eaton 2 thumbs was 1.5 cc, for Eaton 3 thumbs 0.9 cc, and for Eaton 4 thumbs 0.7 cc, with negative correlation between Eaton stage and MaxVol. Conclusion TCMC has limited capacity for injected fluid. Level of Evidence This is a Level II, diagnostic study.
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Ballo, Solveig, Tonje Hjelseng, Lena Flatlandsmo Tangen, Janne Svindal Lundbom, Trine Skarsvåg, and Vilhjalmur Finsen. "The Influence of Injected Volume on Discomfort During Administration of Digital Block." Journal of Hand Surgery (Asian-Pacific Volume) 21, no. 03 (September 5, 2016): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424835516500363.
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Background: Digital nerve block is associated with pain. In a search for methods to reduce the discomfort, we investigated how the volume of anaesthetic fluid influences pain during subcutaneous digital nerve block, and how it affects the success of the anaesthesia. Methods: A randomized blinded prospective study was performed on 36 healthy volunteers. The single injection subcutaneous digital block technique was used to anaesthetize the participants´ 4th digit on both hands. The same amount of lidocaine was used, but in two different volumes; 1 ml 2% lidocaine and 2ml 1% lidocaine. After each injection the participant was asked to estimate pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The distribution of anaesthesia was then measured by using a Semmes-Weinstein 4.56 monofilament. Finally, participants gave a verbal assessment of which injection was least painful. Results: In total, 72 blocks were performed. There were no statistically significant differences in pain intensity or preference between the two groups. Furthermore, the 1 ml injection gave poorer anaesthesia and had longer time to onset. Neither injection anaesthetized the dorsal aspect of the proximal phalanx. Conclusions: The two volumes cause the same degree of discomfort. Greater volume gives a greater area of distribution and more rapid onset of anaesthesia. It seems unreasonable to use a smaller volume of more concentrated anaesthetic when performing the subcutaneous technique.
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Nakamura, Tadashi, Frederique Popitz-Bergez, John Birknes, and Gary R. Strichartz. "The Critical Role of Concentration for Lidocaine Block of Peripheral Nerve In Vivo." Anesthesiology 99, no. 5 (November 1, 2003): 1189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200311000-00028.
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Background The adjustment of local anesthetic dosage for peripheral nerve block must meet two basic requirements: a drug concentration sufficient to inhibit Na+ channels to the point of impulse failure and a volume of drug sufficient to expose a length of nerve longer than the "critical length" for propagation failure. This study examines the lidocaine dosage requirement, in milligrams, for functionally assayed sciatic nerve block in the rat using a fourfold range of volume corresponding to concentrations from 2 to 7 mg/ml and compares these blocks with the intraneural lidocaine content after injection of equipotent doses. Methods Lidocaine was injected percutaneously at the sciatic nerve in volumes of 0.05 ml, 0.1 ml, and 0.2 ml (all at pH 6.8), and quantitative neurobehavioral assays were conducted on male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing from 200 to 250 g. The dose requirements for 50% maximum possible effect (ED50) and for just achieving complete block (i.e., minimal blocking dose for 90% effect), the fraction of completely blocked animals, and the duration of complete block at all doses were assessed for the inhibition of three different functions: proprioception, motor, and nocifensive activities. Radiolabeled (14C) lidocaine was injected in separate experiments, and the total drug content and its longitudinal distribution were determined in nerves dissected from animals (sevoflurane anesthetized) at 10 min, the time of peak block, after injection of the E50 and minimal blocking dose for 100% effect for the three different volumes. Results For all functions, the smaller the volume, the lower was the E50, resulting in a nearly constant concentration to achieve an equivalent degree of block. Durations of block were longer, and the dose to full block was lower for the smaller injected volumes. Intraneural lidocaine, at the equipotent doses for analgesia, was not related to concentration but rather increased with increasing volume, being almost proportional to the given dose. The longitudinal spread of lidocaine was also greater with increasing volume of lidocaine solution. Conclusion Blocks of greater depth and longer duration result from injection of smaller volumes and, correspondingly, higher lidocaine concentrations containing the same dose. The corollary is that lower lidocaine doses are required to achieve the same effect when smaller volumes are injected. Curiously, when the equivalent E50 is injected, total drug taken into the nerve is less from the smaller volumes than from the larger volumes, even though the peak functional effects are equal. Total intraneural local anesthetic may not represent the effective drug in the compartment that contains nerve axons, the actual location of neural blockade.
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Farid, Hafiz U., Allah Bakhsh, Muhammad U. Ali, Zahid Mahmood-Khan, Amir Shakoor, and Imran Ali. "Field investigation of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) technique to recharge groundwater: a case study in Punjab province of Pakistan." Water Supply 18, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.083.
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Abstract Fast decline of groundwater levels in Pakistan requires the use of artificial recharging techniques to minimize the adverse effect of over pumping. A study was conducted in the Toba Tek Singh district, Punjab, Pakistan, to investigate aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) technology to recharge groundwater. The facility was developed by drilling a pumping/injection well and constructing the water storage tank along with developing the recharge mechanism. Three treatments of 51, 71, and 99 m3 of treated canal water were injected into the aquifer under gravity and were retained for 7 days. Another three treatments of 100 m3 each were injected for retention times of 14, 28, and 56 days. The recovery efficiency (RE) was found to be 83, 91, and 98% for injected volumes of 51, 71, and 99 m3, respectively, for retention time of 7 days. Similarly, the RE for an injected volume of 100 m3 was found to be 73, 62, and 52% for retention times of 14, 28, and 56 days, respectively. These results indicated that RE improved with increase in injected volume and decreased with increase in retention time; however, the technology was found to have potential for storing and recovering of water injected into the aquifer.
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Shevelev, Alexander P., Alexander Ya Gilmanov, and Anton M. Kasperovich. "Simulation of blocking of hydraulic fracture near injector in a reservoir simulator." Tyumen State University Herald. Physical and Mathematical Modeling. Oil, Gas, Energy 9, no. 1 (April 14, 2023): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7978-2023-9-1-78-91.
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Mature fields, as a rule, are developed using flooding technology. During long-term operation of field, in order to maintain the fluid flow rate at the same level, it is necessary to increase the bottom-hole pressure of the injector, which, when the pressure of the fracturing is exceeded, leads to the formation of fractures near the injectors. Uncontrolled growth of these fractures can lead to a breakthrough of water through it into the drainage zone of the producer and increase in the water cut of the production. This phenomenon has been observed in several fields, so the task of blocking of hydraulic fractures near injector is relevant. The existing mathematical models of blocking of hydraulic fractures near the injectors do not allow to determine the volume of leaks from the fracture in order to accurately calculate the volume of the injected reagent. The article describes the creation of a physical and mathematical model of injection of a polymer solution in water in the fracture. The aim of the work is to establish the dependencies of the critical fracture filling time and the volume of polymer leaks on the flow rate of the injected reagent. The mathematical model developed in the article is based on the laws of conservation of mass, momentum and energy for the oil, water and polymer. A reservoir simulator model describing the process of colmatation of hydraulic fracture near injector is created. The distribution of the concentration of the retained polymer was obtained both in the fracture and outside it. The critical time of filling the fracture was determined for the specified rock properties and technological parameters of the well operation. It is determined that the volume of polymer leaks becomes larger due to an increase in the flow rate of the injected displacement agent.
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Lee, G. M. "Measurement of volume injected into individual cells by quantitative fluorescence microscopy." Journal of Cell Science 94, no. 3 (November 1, 1989): 443–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.94.3.443.
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Pressure microinjection is frequently used to introduce substances into mammalian cells, but precise quantitation of the volume injected into individual cells has been difficult. A simple and reliable procedure for determining the volume injected was developed in order to determine what intracellular concentration of AMP-PNP was necessary to inhibit specific cellular processes. The technique uses fluorescent Lucifer Yellow-labeled dextrans in the microinjection buffer and quantitative fluorescence microscopy to measure the fluorescence intensity of the injected cell. The volume injected is computed from a standard curve derived from the volume and fluorescence of spherical, microscopic droplets of Lucifer Yellow dextran solution. The droplets are ejected from a micropipet into immersion oil where they sink to rest on a siliconized coverslip. For the measurement of fluorescence, an inexpensive photomultiplier system that is attached to a fluorescence microscope is described. The potential uses of this method for other microassays are discussed.
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He, Yang, and Chul-Ho Kim. "Effect of Nozzle Port Shape of Fuel Injector of Micro Gas Turbine Engine Combustor on Mixture Gas Formation for Combustion." Fluids 7, no. 6 (May 26, 2022): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7060184.
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The objective of this study was to optimize the design of the injection nozzle hole of the fuel injector of a model MGT engine. To achieve a higher combustion efficiency of the mixed gas in the combustion chamber, first, well-mixed homogeneous gas should be formed to accelerate the flame propagation in the chamber to reach a higher combustion temperature and pressure. In this study, four different shapes of the nozzle hole of the fuel injector were designed, and the mixed gas formation characteristics in the chamber were numerically analyzed. Three parameters—the penetration, diffusivity, and amount of fuel injected—were analyzed and compared to find the optimum shape of the nozzle hole with the highest combustion efficiency in the chamber. CFD analysis was conducted using a general-purpose CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code-named PHOENICS (ver. 2020). Based on the analysis results, it was found that the penetration length (lp), diffusion angle (θ), and volume flow rate (Q˙f) of the injected fuel of Model 3 had the best injection characteristics for the well-mixed gas formation condition in the combustion chamber. Especially, the volume flow rate of the injected fuel of Model 3, which directly affects the output power of the engine, increased by more than 5%. This result is useful and informative for making a sample combustor for a combustion performance test of the model gas turbine engine.
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Carpaneda, Carlos A., and Marco T. Ribeiro. "Percentage of graft viability versus injected volume in adipose autotransplants." Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 18, no. 1 (1994): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00444242.
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Tanaka, N., and K. Takenaka. "Control of hydrogen sulfide and degradation of organic matter by air injection into a wastewater force main." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 7 (April 1, 1995): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0243.
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In an attempt to establish a method for controlling the generation of hydrogen sulfide in wastewater force mains, we injected air into a force main, measured its effect on the level of hydrogen sulfide and organic matter, and studied pressure loss and the appropriate volume of air to inject. When air was injected, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was 1 mg/l or more at the terminal point of the force main and there was no increase of hydrogen sulfide. An experimental equation for finding the volume of air injection required to inhibit the generation of hydrogen sulfide was established. This method both inhibits the generation of hydrogen sulfide and helps to purify the wastewater. Our study on pressure loss in the two-phase flow of air and liquid confirmed that it is possible to calculate it using previously proposed models.
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Tian, Leng, Ming Xu Ma, and Shun Li He. "A New Study of China's Advanced Water Injection Technology for Low-Permeability Reservoirs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 273 (January 2013): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.273.55.
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China has large volumes of low-permeability reservoirs, distributed widely in the Ordos, Karamay and Songliao basins. In the recent decade, a new technology called advanced water injection (AWI), which is to inject water into formation to increase or maintain pressure for 3 to 6 months before oil production, has been applied to efficiently develop low-permeability reservoirs. This paper studies mechanisms and applications of AWI in China. Especially, its resent application in Xifeng oilfield has been described in detail. Most importantly, this paper proposes a simple equation to calculate optimal injected volume of water and pressure rise.
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Caricato, Antonio, Antonio Paolo Carlucci, Magda Elvira Cassone Potenza, Domenico Laforgia, Marco Torresi, and Luciano Strafella. "Autoignition Characterization of Hydrogen Directly Injected into a Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber through a Heavy-Duty Injector." Energies 16, no. 19 (September 26, 2023): 6823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16196823.
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One factor limiting the exploitation of hydrogen as a fuel in internal combustion engines is their tendency to autoignition. In fact, on one hand, its low activation energy facilitates autoignition even with low compression ratios; on the other hand, this can become uncontrollable, due, for instance, to the presence of hot spots in the combustion chamber or to the collision of hydrogen on close surfaces. This represents a limit to the use of hydrogen at medium–high loads, therefore limiting the power density of the engine. In this work, hydrogen was injected at a pressure ranging between 15 and 25 bars into a constant-volume combustion chamber in which the temperature and pressure were increased by means of a previous combustion event. The phenomena taking place after hydrogen injection were observed through fast image acquisition and characterized by measuring the chamber pressure and temperature. In particular, ignition sites were established. The physical system was also modeled in Ansys Fluent environment, and the injection and mixture formation were simulated in order to evaluate the thermo-fluid dynamic field inside the combustion chamber just before autoignition.
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Furukawa, Tetsushi, Takehiko Ogura, Yoshifumi Katayama, and Masayasu Hiraoka. "Characteristics of rabbit ClC-2 current expressed in Xenopus oocytes and its contribution to volume regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 274, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): C500—C512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.2.c500.
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In the Xenopus oocyte heterologous expression system, the electrophysiological characteristics of rabbit ClC-2 current and its contribution to volume regulation were examined. Expressed currents on oocytes were recorded with a two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Oocyte volume was assessed by taking pictures of oocytes with a magnification of ×40. Rabbit ClC-2 currents exhibited inward rectification and had a halide anion permeability sequence of Cl− ≥ Br− ≫ I− ≥ F−. ClC-2 currents were inhibited by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC), and anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (9-AC), with a potency order of NPPB > DPC = 9-AC, but were resistant to stilbene disulfonates. These characteristics are similar to those of rat ClC-2, suggesting rabbit ClC-2 as a counterpart of rat ClC-2. During a 30-min perfusion with hyposmolar solution, current amplitude at −160 mV and oocyte diameter were compared among three groups: oocytes injected with distilled water, oocytes injected with ClC-2 cRNA, and oocytes injected with ClC-2ΔNT cRNA (an open channel mutant with NH2-terminal truncation). Maximum inward current was largest in ClC-2ΔNT-injected oocytes (−5.9 ± 0.4 μA), followed by ClC-2-injected oocytes (−4.3 ± 0.6 μA), and smallest in water-injected oocytes (−0.2 ± 0.2 μA), whereas the order of increase in oocyte diameter was as follows: water-injected oocytes (9.0 ± 0.2%) > ClC-2-injected oocytes (5.3 ± 0.5%) > ClC-2ΔNT-injected oocytes (1.1 ± 0.2%). The findings that oocyte swelling was smallest in oocytes with the largest expressed currents suggest that ClC-2 currents expressed in Xenopusoocytes appear to act for volume regulation when exposed to a hyposmolar environment.
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Chang, Chih-Yuan. "Modeling and evaluation of the filling process of vacuum-assisted compression resin transfer molding." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0160.
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Abstract In the present study, a modified vacuum-assisted compression resin transfer molding (VACRTM) process has been developed to reduce the cycling period. The process uses an elastic bag placed between the upper mold and the preform to replace the mobile rigid mold in compression resin transfer molding. During resin injection, the bag is pulled upward by the vacuum applied in between the upper mold and the bag, and a loose fiber stack is then present. Resin is easily injected into the mold. Once enough volume of resin is injected, the compression pressure is applied on the bag, which compacts the preform and drives the resin through the remaining dry preform. Numerical results show that the bag compression phase is much longer than the resin injection one. A multistage compression strategy can be used to control the compression time. Due to inherent process defects, a higher volume of the injected liquid is essential and thus leads to a longer injection and compression phase in order to inject and squeeze the excess resin. The late compression is very slow in draining the residual resin. As compared with resin transfer molding, VACRTM can reduce the mold-filling time/injection pressure.
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Inagi, Katsuhide, Charles N. Ford, Arthur A. Rodriquez, and Dennis M. Heisey. "Transoral Electromyographic Recordings in Botulinum Toxin—Injected Rat Larynges." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 11 (November 1997): 956–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710601112.
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Objective assessment of muscle function following botulinum toxin injections in laryngeal muscles is difficult in human subjects. We developed a rat laryngeal model for the study of botulinum toxin injection. A new laryngoscopic technique has made it possible to observe the rat larynx endoscopically and to obtain electromyographic measurements during and after injection of toxin. The electromyographic interference pattern, fibrillation potentials, and vocal fold movement were used for analyzing dose and volume effects of injected toxin. We conclude that the lowest dosage able to produce the maximal duration of functional laryngeal impairment is 0.07 U in a volume of 0.4 μL. This model will enable us to obtain physiologic and histologic parameters that can be used to assess the selection of optimal treatment regimens with botulinum toxin for the treatment of patients with spasmodic dysphonia.
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Bohl, Daniel, Rachel Frank, Simon Lee, Kamran Hamid, George Holmes, Johnny Lin, and Simon Lee. "Sensitivity of the Saline Load Test for Traumatic Arthrotomy of the Ankle." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 2473011418S0016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00163.
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Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: The saline load test is routinely used to evaluate for traumatic arthrotomy in orthopaedics. The purpose of this study was to determine the volume of saline required to detect traumatic arthrotomy of the ankle. Methods: 42 patients undergoing elective ankle arthroscopy were prospectively enrolled. For each patient, a standard 4 mm anteromedial portal was established. Next, an 18-guage needle was inserted at the site of the anterolateral portal. Sterile saline was slowly injected through the needle until saline extravasated from the anteromedial portal. Saline volumes at the time of extravasation were recorded and analyzed. Results: The saline volume required to achieve extravasation ranged from 0.2mL-60.0 mL (Figure 1A). The median saline volume required to achieve extravasation (and interquartile range) was 9.7 mL (3.8-29.6 mL); however, five of 42 patients required volumes between 50.0 mL and 60.0 mL. A total of 50.0 mL was required to achieve 90% sensitivity, 55.0 mL to achieve 95% sensitivity, and 60.0 mL to achieve 99% sensitivity (Figure 1B). Conclusion: The previously recommended 30 mL of saline required to reliably detect traumatic arthrotomy of the ankle may be too small a volume. The present study suggests that clinicians should attempt to inject 60 mL in order to effectively rule out a traumatic arthrotomy injury.
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Buckingham, Mickey, Mahbuba Sultana, James M. Thomas, and Vasanth Andrews. "EFFICACY OF POLYACRYLAMIDE HYDROGEL FOR FEMALE URINARY INCONTINENCE: OUTCOME OF A SINGLE CENTRE." Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal 11, no. 2 (2023): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/eumj.2023;11(2):149-154.
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Introduction: Periurethral injection with polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAHG, Bulkamid®) is a minimally invasive treatment option to be considered for women with stress urinary incontinence. The manufacturer recommends injecting between 1.5 ml and 2 ml periurethrally. This study aims to evaluate the long-term efficacy of PAHG, and to determine whether there is a correlation between the volume of PAHG injected and the outcome in terms of symptoms. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted between 2011 and 2018. Patients were contacted by telephone and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) was used to assess their symptoms. A linear regression analysis test was performed to assess the correlation between the outcome and the volume of PAHG injected. Results: One hundred and fifteen PAHG injections were performed on 101 patients. The volume of PAHG injected ranged from 0.8 ml to 3 ml. Two patients reported procedure-related complications. Of the patients that attended their three-month follow-up, 62 (58.5%) patient-episodes reported an improvement. 62 patients were contacted by telephone and the median length of follow-up was 37.5 months. An improvement in the ICIQ-UI SF score was observed in 45.8% of patients with a mean improvement of 4 points. The volume of PAHG injected did not affect the outcome. 31% also reported a benefit with PAHG five years after their injection following previous incontinence surgery. Conclusions: PAHG injection is safe and improves symptoms of urinary incontinence at up to 7.5 years in 45.8% of women. PAHG is also useful after previous incontinence surgery. The volume of PAHG injected did not influence the outcome.
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Gauger, Laura J., and John D. Cary. "The Theory and Practice of Retrograde Infusion: Influence of Tube Diameter on Drug Delivery." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 20, no. 7-8 (July 1986): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808602000728.
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This work identifies a model for the flow dynamics of retrograde drug infusion, thereby helping to clarify the influence of variables on drug dilution in the apparatus and hence drug infusion rate. The study is a 23 factorial design that focuses on the influence of tube diameter (0.065 vs. 0.120 inches) in conjunction with changes in injected drug volume (2.0 vs. 5.0 ml) and iv flow rate (2.0 vs. 10.0 ml h−1). Each of the three variables was shown to exert a statistically significant (p = 0.01) effect on the total volume of fluid necessary to clear a dose from the retrograde apparatus. In all cases studied, smaller diameter tubes, larger injected drug volumes, and slower iv flow rates decreased the total volume fraction (F0.95). Within the confines of the study, practitioners may use an F0 95 value of 1.5 to predict the time at which a patient's retrograde drug infusion is likely to be complete. This, in turn, may be used to facilitate proper timing of blood sampling for therapeutic drug monitoring as well as other pharmacokinetic manipulations.
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Dave, Sumit, and Darius J. Bägli. "A Review of the Effect of Injected Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Copolymer Volume on Reflux Correction Following Endoscopic Injection." Advances in Urology 2008 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/579370.
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The current literature suggests that multiple variables affect vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) resolution rates following dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer (Dx/HA) injection. This article reviews the evidence pertaining to the effect of injected Dx/HA volume on success rates following endoscopic correction. Lack of prospective studies which use injected volume as a continuous variable coupled with a nonstandardized injection technique and endpoint hinders the ability to reach a definite conclusion.
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Haughton, David N., Simon Barton, Erin Meenan, Rakesh Mehan, Philip Wykes, James Warner, and Emma Mulgrew. "Can we improve the outcome of hydrodilatation for adhesive capsulitis?" Shoulder & Elbow 10, no. 2 (May 3, 2017): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1758573217706199.
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Background Hydrodilatation (HD) has been shown to improve pain and function in patients with adhesive capsulitis (AC). There is no consensus concerning how HD should be performed or what volume should be injected. It has distinct advantages compared to surgery; however, it is a painful procedure and is often poorly tolerated. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all patients referred for HD over a 2.5-year period aiming to assess whether volume injected influences outcome. Results There were 107 patients treated with HD; of these, 76 (43 female, 32 male) had full data for analysis. The majority were classified as primary AC ( n = 57) with an average age of 55.5 years. The mean improvement in Oxford Shoulder Score (OSS) was 12.1, with females (13.9) and post-traumatic cases of AC (14.1) demonstrating the best outcome. No complications were observed during the HD process. There was a negative correlation observed between volume injected and OSS improvement. Only two patients experienced a poor outcome and required further treatment with manipulation +/– arthroscopic arthrolysis. Conclusions The present study supports the use of HD as a first line treatment for AC regardless of the underlying cause, and also demonstrates that the volume injected does appear to influence the outcome.
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Malaweera, D. B. O., G. Y. Kim, S. Ramachandra, J. Y. Jung, Y. W. Lee, and J. K. Cho. "139 EFFICIENT CONDITIONS OF CYTOPLASMIC MICROINJECTION OF FOREIGN DNA TO GENERATE PORCINE TRANSGENIC EMBRYOS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 27, no. 1 (2015): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv27n1ab139.
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To establish the efficient cytoplasmic microinjection system in the porcine embryos, pEGFP-N1 plasmid were microinjected into porcine parthenogenetic (PA) and in vitro-fertilized (IVF) embryos to investigate the optimal injection time, volume, and concentration. In experiment 1, to investigate the optimal injection time, development rates were compared among groups of 4 different time durations (2, 4, 6, and 8 hours) in the PA and IVF embryos with time point after activation and sperm removal, respectively. There were no significant differences (P < 0.05) between the 4 groups regarding the cleavage rates. However, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in development to the blastocysts (4.4, 8.9, 3.9, 0.6%) and GFP expression in blastocysts (1.3, 5.7, 2.3, 0.0%), which was injected after postactivation of 4 hours compared with another 3 groups. The IVF embryos injected after 2 and 4 hours expressed GFP significantly higher than the other two groups, which injected at 6 and 8 hours (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, EGFP-N1 with 2 different concentrations (20 and 50 ng μL–1) was injected in the PA and IVF embryos to investigate the optimal concentration. In PA embryos, there were significant differences in 20 ng μL–1-injected embryos, which had higher cleavage (58.8 v. 41.9%) than blastocysts (13.0 v. 11.1%) and GFP expression rates (P < 0.05). In IVF embryos, GFP were expressed only in 20 ng μL–1 embryos, GFP (4.2%) in the blastocysts showed no significant difference in the cleavage (77.3 v. 64.7%) and blastocyst rates (26.4 v. 23.5%). In experiment 3, three different volumes (5, 10, and 20 pL) were microinjected into porcine embryos to determine the most appropriate volume. Out of 3 groups, significantly higher development rates of cleavage (68.3, 58.0, 29.3%), blastocysts (11.7, 12.7, 0.5%), and GFP-expressed blastocysts (2.9, 7.8, 0.0%) were shown in the 10-pL group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results imply that a 20 ng μL–1 concentration, 10 pL of volume, injection 4 hours after activation for PA embryos, as well as injection 2 and 4 hours after sperm removal, a 20 ng μL–1 concentration, and 10 pL of volume for IVF embryos were more effective cytoplasmic microinjection conditions.
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Hu, Erjiang, Shihan Huang, Jinfeng Ku, and Zuohua Huang. "Combustion characteristics of natural gas injected into a constant volume vessel." Fuel 235 (January 2019): 1146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.101.
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Shaari, Christopher M., Bei-Lian Wu, Hugh F. Biller, Sung-Kiang Chuang, and Ira Sanders. "Botulinum Toxin Decreases Salivation from Canine Submandibular Glands." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 118, no. 4 (April 1998): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459989811800404.
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The objective of this study was to determine whether botulinum toxin types A and D reduced the production of saliva from the submandibular glands of 18 dogs. The left sub-mandibular glands of 8 dogs were injected with increasing doses of botulinum type A toxin (range 10 to 70 units), and the left glands of 10 dogs were injected with botulinum type D toxin (50 or 100 units). The right gland of each dog was injected with equivalent volumes of saline solution to serve as control. Six days after the injection, the lingual nerve was electrically stimulated for 10 minutes (3 mAmp, 20 Hz). The resulting volume of saliva was collected and weighed. Overall, the glands injected with types A or D toxin produced significantly less saliva than comparable glands injected with saline solution. Six of 8 dogs injected with type A toxin showed a significant decrease in saliva production (range 10.1% to 19.2%, one-sided p value = 0.0375) when compared with the controls. Nine of 10 dogs injected with type D toxin demonstrated a highly significant reduction in saliva production (total average decrease = 60%, two-sided p value = 0.001) when compared with the controls. We concluded that intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin types A and D significantly reduced the production of saliva from canine submandibular glands. The potential applications of intraglandular injections of botulinum toxin are discussed.
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Rho, Nark-Kyoung, Boncheol Leo Goo, Seong-Jae Youn, Chong-Hyun Won, and Kwang-Ho Han. "Lip Lifting Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injections: A Quantitative Assessment Using 3-Dimensional Photography." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 15 (August 4, 2022): 4554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154554.
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The study aimed to compare the volume enhancement and the lifting capacity of two different hyaluronic acid gels for lip injection. Thirty-six Korean female patients were randomized into two groups according to the cross-linking degree of the hyaluronic acid filler injected. Using a fixed injection protocol, patients were injected with 1 mL of hyaluronic acid filler in the lips and followed up at four and 12 weeks after injection. Lip volume, lip projection, and columella–labial angle were measured using a 3-dimensional imaging system at each time point. Follow-up values were compared with baseline. Compared with pre-treatment values, there was a statistically significant increase in mean lip volume and lip projection at four and 12 weeks after injection, with no significant differences between the two groups. Lips injected with hyaluronic acid filler of intermediate cross-link density resulted in more acute angles than lips injected with lightly cross-linked hyaluronic acid. The difference was statistically significant at each follow-up time point. No serious complications were observed throughout the study period. Our results imply that in patients who want a prominent upper lip lift, lip injections using hyaluronic acid fillers with intermediate cross-linking density can be a good option due to their lift capacity. The degree of cross-linking may not be a significant determinant of simple lip volume augmentation when other variables are constant.
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Allegra, Paul R., Rafael A. Sanchez, Samuel Huntley, Loren Latta, Sohil S. Desai, Jonathan Kaplan, and Amiethab Aiyer. "Diagnosis of Traumatic Ankle Arthrotomies Using Saline Load Tests, Methylene Blue, and Radiopaque Tracer: A Cadaveric Study." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 247301142090561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011420905610.
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Background: The objective of this study was to define the volume (mLs) needed for a positive saline load challenge test in anterolateral (AL), anteromedial (AM), posterolateral (PL), or posteromedial (PM) ankle arthrotomy wounds using normal saline (NS) and methylene blue (MB). Another objective was to evaluate the use of fluoroscopy and iodinated contrast in the diagnosis of ankle arthrotomies. Methods: Four cadaveric ankle specimens underwent standardized arthrotomy creation in either the AL, AM, PL, or PM portion of each specimen. An 18-gauge needle was used to inject fluid into each ankle, and the volumes needed for positive fluid challenges were recorded. All 4 ankles were tested 10 times (n = 40) with NS and 10 times using MB (n = 40). A fifth cadaveric ankle was injected with radiopaque contrast solution, and an arthrotomy was simulated and imaged with fluoroscopy.Statistical analyses compared the volumes of NS and MB needed for a positive test. In addition, the 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles of volumes needed for a positive test was calculated. Results: The volume of fluid necessary to detect 25%, 50%, 75%, 90%, and 95% of ankle arthrotomies from any site was 2.0 mL, 4.5 mL, 9.0 mL, 10 mL, and 10 mL, respectively. Anterior arthrotomies required less fluid (2.1 mL ± 0.5) than posterior arthrotomies (9.0 mL ± 1.2) for a positive test ( P < .0001). There was no difference between the amount of NS (5.5 mL ± 3.6) vs MB (5.6 mL ± 3.7) needed for a positive challenge test ( P = .739). Conclusion: Ninety-five percent of ankle arthrotomies could be diagnosed with 10 mL of injected fluid; there was no difference between the volume of NS vs MB needed. Fluoroscopy assisted with needle placement and can be combined with radiopaque contrast solution to diagnose ankle arthrotomies. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study may improve sensitivity and efficiency in the diagnosis of traumatic ankle arthrotomies, for which there is currently a paucity of literature.
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Seba, M. V., M. I. Yagofarov, D. K. Nosevich, and V. G. Kaplunenko. "IMPACT OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES ON THE UTERUS INVOLUTION AND DATE OF THE FIRST SEXUAL HUNTING AFTER CALVING." Animal Science and Food Technology 11, no. 2 (June 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/animal2020.02.065.
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The aim of the researches was to improve the reproductive capacity of cows by accelerating the uterus involution after the use of a complex substances mixture of neurotropic-metabolic action (L-arganine (C6H14N4O2), sodium succinate (Na2C4H4O4), sodium glutamate (C5H8NNaO4)) and trace elements nanocarboxylates (Fe, Ca, Mn, Cu, Zn)) in the first decade of the postpartum period. The experiment was conducted on cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed. One control and three experimental groups were formed, 10 animals in each group. Animals of the first experimental group were injected into the caudal fold in a volume of 10 ml once a day for 6 days from the fifth day after calving, the total volume of the drug was 60 ml. Animals of the second experimental group were injected the drug in a volume of 20 ml once a day for 3 days on the fifth, seventh and ninth days after calving, the total volume of the drug was 60 ml. Animals of the third experimental group were injected the drug in a volume of 20 ml once a day for three days on the seventh, eighth and ninth days after calving, the total volume of the drug was 60 ml. Animals in the control group were not injected the drug. It was found that the use of a complex substances mixture of neurotropic-metabolic compounds with nanocarboxylates of trace elements has a positive effect on the timing of uterine involution in cows and their first arrival in sexual hunting after calving. Thus, the injection of the complex according to the scheme of the second group reduces the involution of the uterus by 2.3 days (P - 0.01) and reduces the independence period by 3.4 days (P - 0.05). Injection according to the scheme of the third experimental group accelerates the involution of the uterus by 2.1 days (P - 0.05) and reduces by 2.5 days (P - 0.05) the period from calving to the onset of the first sexual hunt. The scheme in which animals were injected within six days after calving (the first experimental group) in a volume of 10 ml from the fifth day was less effective and more time consuming.
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Pou, N. A., R. J. Roselli, R. E. Parker, J. A. Clanton, and T. R. Harris. "Measurement of lung fluid volumes and albumin exclusion in sheep." Journal of Applied Physiology 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 1323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.67.4.1323.
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A radioactive tracer technique was used to determine interstitial diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and albumin distribution volume in sheep lungs. 125I- and/or 131I-labeled albumin were injected intravenously and allowed to equilibrate for 24 h. 99mTc-labeled DTPA and 51Cr-labeled erythrocytes were injected and allowed to equilibrate (2 h and 15 min, respectively) before a lethal dose of thiamylal sodium. Two biopsies (1–3 g) were taken from each lung and the remaining tissue was homogenized for wet-to-dry lung weight and volume calculations. Estimates of distribution volumes from whole lung homogenized samples were statistically smaller than biopsy samples for extravascular water, interstitial 99mTc-DTPA, and interstitial albumin. The mean fraction of the interstitium (Fe), which excludes albumin, was 0.68 +/- 0.04 for whole lung samples compared with 0.62 +/- 0.03 for biopsy samples. Hematocrit may explain the consistent difference. To make the Fe for biopsy samples match that for homogenized samples, a mean hematocrit, which was 82% of large vessel hematocrit, was required. Excluded volume fraction for exogenous sheep albumin was compared with that of exogenous human albumin in two sheep, and no difference was found at 24 h.
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Huo, Chen, Wang, Cai, Qi, Xia, Wen, and Lin. "Continuous-Flow Separation and Efficient Concentration of Foodborne Bacteria from Large Volume Using Nickel Nanowire Bridge in Microfluidic Chip." Micromachines 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2019): 644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10100644.
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Separation and concentration of target bacteria has become essential to sensitive and accurate detection of foodborne bacteria to ensure food safety. In this study, we developed a bacterial separation system for continuous-flow separation and efficient concentration of foodborne bacteria from large volume using a nickel nanowire (NiNW) bridge in the microfluidic chip. The synthesized NiNWs were first modified with the antibodies against the target bacteria and injected into the microfluidic channel to form the NiNW bridge in the presence of the external arc magnetic field. Then, the large volume of bacterial sample was continuous-flow injected to the channel, resulting in specific capture of the target bacteria by the antibodies on the NiNW bridge to form the NiNW–bacteria complexes. Finally, these complexes were flushed out of the channel and concentrated in a lower volume of buffer solution, after the magnetic field was removed. This bacterial separation system was able to separate up to 74% of target bacteria from 10 mL of bacterial sample at low concentrations of ≤102 CFU/mL in 3 h, and has the potential to separate other pathogenic bacteria from large volumes of food samples by changing the antibodies.
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Grigorev, N. A., and V. A. Rubanov. "Renal reflux in retrograde intrarenal surgery." Urology and andrology 10, no. 2 (2022): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/2307-6631-2022-2-12-14.
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Objective: to study renal reflux and reverse suction of irrigation fluid during retrograde lithotripsy. Patients and methods. This study was conducted at the Clinic of Urology, European Medical Center between 2021 and 2022 and included 20 urolithiasis patients who underwent retrograde lithotripsy. The volume of renal reflux was assessed by precise measurement of the amount of injected and discharged irrigation fluid. In one out of 20 patients (41-year-old male with a coral stone in the left kidney), a nephrostoma was installed before hospitalization. It was used not only as an additional drainage, but also for measuring intrarenal pressure during retrograde lithotripsy. Results. The difference between the volumes of injected and discharged irrigation fluid during retrograde lithotripsy was 29.02%. Antegrade measurement during retrograde lithorpsy with an ureteral access sheath showed that the intrarenal pressure was 80 cm of water column. In case of additional nephrostomic drainage, the volume of reverse suction of irrigation fluid was 6.7%. Conclusion. Nearly 100% of patients developed renal reflux during retrograde lithotripsy; presence of nephrostomy drainage reduced the volume of reverse suction of irrigation fluid by 4-5 times.
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Kalamaras, Sotirios D., Maria Lida Christou, Christos A. Tzenos, Sotirios Vasileiadis, Dimitrios G. Karpouzas, and Thomas A. Kotsopoulos. "Investigation of the Critical Biomass of Acclimated Microbial Communities to High Ammonia Concentrations for a Successful Bioaugmentation of Biogas Anaerobic Reactors with Ammonia Inhibition." Microorganisms 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2023): 1710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071710.
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This study aimed to investigate the role of the bioaugmented critical biomass that should be injected for successful bioaugmentation for addressing ammonia inhibition in anaerobic reactors used for biogas production. Cattle manure was used as a feedstock for anaerobic digestion (AD). A mixed microbial culture was acclimated to high concentrations of ammonia and used as a bioaugmented culture. Different volumes of bioaugmented culture were injected in batch anaerobic reactors under ammonia toxicity levels i.e., 4 g of NH4+-N L−1. The results showed that injecting a volume equal to 65.62% of the total working reactor volume yielded the best methane production. Specifically, this volume of bioaugmented culture resulted in methane production rates of 196.18 mL g−1 Volatile Solids (VS) and 245.88 mL g−1 VS after 30 and 60 days of AD, respectively. These rates were not significantly different from the control reactors (30d: 205.94 mL CH4 g−1 VS and 60d: 230.26 mL CH4 g−1 VS) operating without ammonia toxicity. Analysis of the microbial community using 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed the dominance of acetoclastic methanogen members from the genus Methanosaeta in all reactors.
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Song, Liu, Liu Xiaojie, Lyu Qing, Zhang Xusheng, and Qie Yana. "Study on the Appropriate Production Parameters of a Gas-injection Blast Furnace." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 10–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0005.
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AbstractThe change regulations of the smelting parameters in a gas-injection blast furnace are investigated using theoretical calculations. The results show that when the volume of gas injected, the oxygen enrichment rate and the theoretical combustion temperature of tuyere are 600 m3/tHM, 10% and 1950~2200∘C, respectively, the conditions meet the smelting requirements of a blast furnace. With the increase of the oxygen enrichment rate, the required air volume decreases, the contents of CO and H2 in the top gas increase, and the content of CO2 first increases and then decreases.With an increase of the volume of gas injected, the coke rate decreases. In addition, when the oxygen enrichment rate and the volume of gas injected are 10% and 600 m3/tHM, respectively, the CO content of the top gas constantly increases with the increase of the coke rate, while the H2 and CO2 contents both decrease. With the increase of the H2 content in the gas, the direct reduction degree of iron gradually decreases and the volume shrinkage burden increases. Apparently, injecting gas into the blast furnace can prevent the theoretical combustion temperature from being too high and solve the contradiction between the upper cooling and lower heating of the blast furnace.
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Helmy, Mia Ferian. "Optimasi Intermittent Gas lift Pada Sumur AB-1 Lapangan Brownfield." Jurnal Mineral, Energi dan Lingkungan 2, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31315/jmel.v2i1.2182.
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Gas lift is one of the artificial lift method that has mechanism to decrease the flowing pressure gradient in the pipe or relieving the fluid column inside the tubing by injecting amount of gas into the annulus between casing and tubing. The volume of injected gas was inversely proportional to decreasing of flowing pressure gradient, the more volume of gas injected the smaller the pressure gradient. Increasing flowrate is expected by decreasing pressure gradient, but it does not always obtained when the well is in optimum condition. The increasing of flow rate will not occured even though the volume of injected gas is abundant. Therefore, the precisely design of gas lift included amount of cycle, gas injection volume and oil recovery estimation is needed. At the begining well AB-1 using artificial lift method that was continuos gas lift with PI value assumption about 0.5 STB/D/psi. Along with decreasing of production flow rate dan availability of the gas injection in brownfield, so this well must be analyze to determined the appropriate production method under current well condition. There are two types of gas lift method, continuous and intermittent gas lift. Each type of gas lift has different optimal condition to increase the production rate. The optimum conditions of continuous gaslift are high productivity 0.5 STB/D/psi and minimum production rate 100 BFPD. Otherwise, the intermittent gas lift has limitations PI and production rate which is lower than continuous gas lift.The results of the analysis are Well AB-1 has production rate gain amount 20.75 BFPD from 23 BFPD became 43.75 BFPD with injected gas volume 200 MSCFPD and total cycle 13 cycle/day. This intermittent gas lift design affected gas injection volume efficiency amount 32%.
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Soliman, Hisham M., Ashraf Saleem, Ehab H. E. Bayoumi, and Michele De Santis. "Harmonic Distortion Reduction of Transformer-Less Grid-Connected Converters by Ellipsoidal-Based Robust Control." Energies 16, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16031362.
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A photovoltaic generator connected to a large network and supplying a nonlinear load (source of harmonics) injects distorted current into the grid. This manuscript presents an invariant-ellipsoid set design of a robust controlled active power filter to inject current into the large grid with minimum total harmonic distortion (THD). The nonlinear load current is considered an external disturbance to minimize its effect on the injected grid current. Moreover, the large grid is modeled as a fixed voltage source in a series with a Thevenin impedance whose value changes within an interval. Using the invariant-ellipsoid technique, the problem is cast as a robust disturbance-rejection tracking control. The volume of the ellipsoid is minimized, which results in minimizing the effect of disturbance on system performance and keeping the trajectories as close as possible to the origin. The design is cast into a set of nonlinear matrix inequalities that are linearized by fixing a scalar. The resulting convex optimization is solved iteratively by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The simulation and experimental findings show that the proposed design is successful in reducing THD injected into the grid when grid impedance is uncertain and variable loads are applied (balanced and unbalanced cases).
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Nicholson, Charles. "Diffusion from an injected volume of a substance in brain tissue with arbitrary volume fraction and tortuosity." Brain Research 333, no. 2 (May 1985): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)91586-0.
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Fang, Tuan-Jen, Chao-Jan Wang, and Hsueh-Yu Li. "S183 – Intracordal Fat Assessment after Injection Laryngoplasty." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 139, no. 2_suppl (August 2008): P137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2008.05.357.
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Objectives Autologous fat injection for unilateral vocal cord paralysis is a popular procedure for immediate symptoms control, but uneven long-term outcomes were reported. Most authors believed that the continual resorption of injected fat was the cause of voice degradation. A long-term residual fat volume was evaluated. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the patients following autologous fat injection for symptomatic unilateral vocal cord paralysis from 2002 Aug to 2006 July. The patients accepted head and neck computed tomogragphy (CT) evaluation following surgery were included. A three-dimensional reconstruction of the images of larynx and upper airway was performed on the work station (Vitrea® 2, version 3.9). The volume of intracordal fat was then calculated. Results 5 males and 15 females of the mean age 49 were enrolled. The mean duration from lipoinjection surgery to the CT study is 23.0 months (12–50 months). The injection fat was found in all study cases. The estimated fat volume ranged from 0.01 to 0.75 ml with a mean 0.33 ml. Compare with the injected fat volume, a mean 27.5% fat survived. The correlation between residual fat volume rate and duration of follow-up is not significant. Conclusions The intracordal fat volume didn't decline from time. Long-term intracordal injected fat diminished but survived in all cases. The degradation may be caused by absorption or immediate extrusion from injection wound. An over-correction and prevention of extrusion postoperatively would improve the long-term outcomes.
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Koopmans, Steven A., Thom Terwee, Henk J. Haitjema, Henk Deuring, Sonja Aarle, and Aart C. Kooijman. "Relation between injected volume and optical parameters in refilled isolated porcine lenses." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 24, no. 6 (November 2004): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2004.00238.x.
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Pavlovic, Miroslav, Marijana Pantovic-Pavlovic, Pavel Bartl, Jasmina Stevanovic, and Bojan Radak. "Optimization of injected radiotracer volume for flow rate measurement in closed conduits." Chemical Industry 74, no. 5 (2020): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind20050325p.
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In chemical processes it is essential that the flow in the process is accurately defined. Fluid velocity measurements are important for fluid flow quality performance in flow systems. This study focuses on determination of the volumetric flow rate and its standard (relative) deviation for calibration of conventional flow meters by using a radiotracer approach. The measurements for flow meter calibration were performed at a pilot-scale flow rig using Technetium-99 m (99mTc) as a radiotracer in the form of pertechnetate ion (99mTcO4-). The measured data were analyzed, and precision of the experimental setup was investigated under two different approaches ? IAEA?s RTD software and sum approximation of raw data. For the first time, the variation of standard deviation of calculated flow rate with the injection volume and activity of the radiotracer was determined. Plug flow with axial dispersion was used to simulate the measured RTD curves and investigate the flow dynamics of the flowing water. The results of the study have shown the possibility of in situ calibration of flow meters with a relative error lower than 1 %. They also revealed a slight dependency of the precision of output results on the injection volume as well as similar results for manual and specialized RTD software data processing.
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KATAOKA, Katsumi, Yoshio HIRAKO, and Jin HASHIOKA. "Measurement of Local Mixture Density in a Fuel-injected Constant Volume Combustor." Bulletin of JSME 29, no. 256 (1986): 3460–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsme1958.29.3460.
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Bohl, Daniel D., Rachel M. Frank, Simon Lee, Kamran S. Hamid, George B. Holmes, Johnny Lin, and Simon Lee. "Sensitivity of the Saline Load Test for Traumatic Arthrotomy of the Ankle With Ankle Arthroscopy Simulation." Foot & Ankle International 39, no. 6 (February 19, 2018): 736–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100718755656.
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Background: The saline load test has been used to evaluate for traumatic arthrotomy in orthopedics. The purpose of this study was to determine the volume of saline required to detect traumatic arthrotomy of the ankle. Methods: Forty-two patients undergoing elective ankle arthroscopy were prospectively enrolled. For each patient, a standard 4-mm anteromedial portal was established. Next, an 18-gauge needle was inserted at the site of the anterolateral portal. Sterile saline was slowly injected through the needle until saline extravasated from the anteromedial portal. Saline volumes at the time of extravasation were recorded and analyzed. Results: The saline volume required to achieve extravasation ranged from 0.2 to 60.0 mL. The median saline volume required to achieve extravasation was 9.7 mL (interquartile range, 3.8–29.6 mL); however, 5 of 42 patients required volumes between 50.0 and 60.0 mL. A total of 50.0 mL was required to achieve 90% sensitivity, 55.0 mL to achieve 95% sensitivity, and 60.0 mL to achieve 99% sensitivity. Conclusions: The previously recommended 30 mL of saline required to reliably detect traumatic arthrotomy of the ankle may be too small a volume. Clinical Relevance: The present study suggests that clinicians should attempt to inject 60 mL of saline to effectively rule out a traumatic arthrotomy injury. Because of the study’s methods involving an anteromedial arthrotomy with anterolateral saline injection, these findings may be most valid for arthrotomies on the medial side of the ankle.
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Digesu, P., and D. Laforgia. "Diesel Electro-injector: A Numerical Simulation Code." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 117, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2815466.
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A simulation code of an electro-injector for diesel engines is presented with the preliminary parametric analysis carried out with the code. The simulation code is based upon the concentrated volume method as for the chambers of the system. Energy and flow rate conservation equations and dynamic equations are used for the movable parts of the system under stress or friction. The magnetic force acting on the electro-injector actuator has been calculated by means of a finite element simulation. The one-dimensional code simulated the propagation in feeding pipes and the control of the electro-injector. The program, in fact, uses the method of the characteristic equations to solve conservation equations, simulating the propagation in a pipe between two chambers. The sensitivity analysis has pointed out that the parameters that are influenced by the propagation in the pipes are: needle lift, injected flow rate, pressure in each chamber, and volume. The perturbations reduce the effective pressure of injection and are influenced by pipe lengths and diameters.
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BEGISHEV, Ildar R., Irina I. REFORMATSKAYA, Sergey N. LANIN, Irina I. ASHCHEULOVA, and Dmitry A. PETRILIN. "The study of self-ignition temperature dependence on the concentration of flammable liquid vapours." Fire and Emergencies: prevention, elimination 1 (2024): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/fe.2024.1.14-22.
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Purpose. The currently used methodology for determining flammable liquid self-ignition temperature, which is well-known as the “drop method”, makes it impossible to obtain the dependence of self-ignition temperature on flammable liquid concentration that corresponds to theoretical concepts. It is related to the fact that while conducting experiments a flammable liquid is injected into the neck of an open heated vessel. The preliminary calculation of the required quantity of flammable liquid for creating its given concentration does not take into account the substance loss when it is injected into the reaction vessel. The main aim of the research is to improve the methodology for determining flammable liquid self-ignition temperature depending on the concentration of its vapors. Methods. To study the relationship between the volume of flammable liquid injected into the neck of the reaction vessel heated to a certain temperature and self-ignition temperature of this liquid the method of experimental data analysis was used. The experimental results were obtained with the help of the experimental method that involved injection of different volumes of flammable liquid and then recording flame presence or absence. Findings. A relationship was established between the fuel concentration in the vapor-air mixture and the volume of the injected sample. The methodology for determining the flammable liquid self-ignition temperature was corrected. Research application field. The results can be used in determining flammable liquids self-ignition temperature of various chemical composition, as well as in the educational process when students carry out a laboratory work on determining a flammable liquid self-ignition temperature depending on its concentration. Conclusions. The findings of the research allowed the authors to draw the following conclusions: 1) in the methodology for determining a flammable liquid self-ignition temperature when calculating the volume of the injected sample to create the required concentration of fuel in the vessel, the flammable liquid losses occurring on its injection into a heated reaction vessel were not taken into account. It is recommended to use a correction factor of 2 to take into consideration losses in calculation formulas. 2) to equally distribute the concentrations of the used fuel on the graph of the dependence under study within the lower and upper flammability limits, to calculate the volume of a flammable liquid, fuel concentration must be preset as follows: ϕ1 = 1,2ϕн, ϕ2 = ϕстех, ϕ3 = 1,8ϕстех, ϕ4 = 0,8ϕв. 3) the methodology for determining the self-ignition temperature of a flammable liquid is also valid in case of using high molecular weight aliphatic (non-cyclic) alcohols, for example, butanol, pentanol, hexanol.
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Thomas, Jacob Stephen, Anthony B. El-Khoueiry, Ian B. Walters, Nilofer Saba Azad, Lewis H. Bender, Diana L. Hanna, Giles Francis Whalen, Anthony J. Olszanski, and Lillian L. Siu. "Pharmacodynamic, safety, and efficacy results of a phase I/II trial of intratumoral INT230-6 alone (IT-01) or in combination with pembrolizumab (PEM) (Keynote A10) in patients with advanced solid tumors." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): 3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.3016.
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3016 Background: INT230-6 is comprised of cisplatin (CIS), vinblastine (VIN) and an amphiphilic penetration enhancer which facilitates dispersion throughout tumors and diffusion into cancer cells when given IT. Preclinical experiments show strong synergy with a PD1 antibody. Methods: Solid tumors pts that progressed on standard treatment were enrolled. INT230-6 dose was set by tumor volume, injected Q2weeks x 5. Escalation occurred by increasing number of tumors injected, loading per tumor, and total dose. In another arm, PEM (200mg IV Q3weeks) was combined with INT230-6. Patients were monitored for safety weekly while on INT230-6. Blood and tumors were assessed for PK and PD. Results: 46 pts (17 unique cancer types) were enrolled in the monotherapy arm and 4 pts in the PEM combo arm with a median of 3 prior treatments. Doses from 0.3 ml up to-160 ml of INT230-6 (80 mg CIS and 16mg of VIN) were injected. PK results indicate 95% of the drugs are retained in the tumor when compared to historical IV dosing. No dose limiting toxicity was reported. Two pts experienced drug-related SAE’s of tumor pain. The most frequent treatment-related AEs were: pain at injected site (48%), fatigue (40%) and nausea (33%). Most AE’s were grade 1 and 2, 17% were grade 3, and none ≥ grade 4. Several injected and non-injected tumors had > 30% decreases in diameter. Assessments revealed substantial reductions in tumor volume ( > 50%). Stable pts had a median increase of 50% in circulating CD4 and CD8 T-cells, while PD subjects showed decreases in circulating T-cells (p < 0.05). Dose-response suggests that monotherapy subjects receiving > 50% of tumors injected at dose/tumor volume ratio of > 1:4 (target dosing), predicts for prolonged SD with 88%(7/8) having SD ≥ 4mo, correlating with reduced tumor viability on IHC, and increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL’s). Conclusions: Proof of concept was demonstrated that INT230-6 delivers high drug doses into the tumor without systemic exposure and typical cytotoxic AEs. Systemic and local immune activation was observed. INT230-6 was safe and well tolerated in > 175 deep tumor injections with tumor burden reduction in injected and non-injected tumors (an abscopal effect). Patients who received target dosing often had prolonged disease control post treatment. Updated safety, response and biomarker data from the monotherapy and PEM combo arm will be presented. Clinical trial information: 03058289 .
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GROCHOWALSKA, Joanna. "Analysis of the macrostructure of the fuel spray atomized with marine engine injector." Combustion Engines 179, no. 4 (October 1, 2019): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2019-413.
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One of the main problem influencing the combustion process in the cylinder of the marine engine is an fuel spray phenomena. The parameters describing the shape of the fuel spray are named macro parameters. This article presents the research results of the macrostructure parameters of the fuel spray atomized with the marine engine injector. The research were carried out by optical visualization measurement method of Mie scattering. The diameter of nozzle injector was 0.375 mm and L/D coefficient 8.3. In these research were considered different parameters of injection opening pressures and backpressures in the constant volume chamber. Generally conlusions are: the opening pressure influence on maximum spray tip penetration, spray cone angle and influence on speed of the injected fuel. The increase of backpressure into the constant volume chamber causes the reduction of spray tip penetration and the increase of the spray cone angle.