Academic literature on the topic 'Initiatives multi-parties'

What is the role of political representation by ethnic parties in a multi-ethnic state that has undergone a transition from military rule, and is seeking to resolve protracted intrastate conflicts? The present article examines this question through a contextual case study of ethnic parties in Myanmar – a state that is characterised by unresolved ethnic grievances and conflicts; a political transition that has created new opportunities for ethnic representation; and multiple ethnic parties making representative claims on behalf of ethnic groups. Based on a mixed methods approach, the article documents that ethnic parties have been relatively ineffective in ensuring formal and descriptive representation and have had limited possibilities for substantive representation of ethnic interests. The article also identifies key explanations for the weak electoral performance of ethnic parties, emphasising party fragmentation and vote-splitting as well as weak party institutionalisation and limited capacity to make representative claims. Finally, the article analyses strategies for party-building, in preparation for the 2020 election. Based on the common emphasis on vote-splitting, most ethnic states have seen initiatives to merge parties, while a few parties have also sought to develop their political platform and sector policies. The article concludes that ethnic parties may gain improved formal representation after the next election but questions about the parties’ capacity for substantive representation remains. The 2020 election will thus be a new test for how ethnic voters see themselves best represented, in the light of competing representative claims and past experiences: by ethnic parties or non-ethnic democracy parties?

Objectives This paper aims to consider the factors shaping the smart city structures from the perspective of institutional organizational theories and in context of sustainable development. Prior work The previous findings have revealed significant lack of attention to factors impacting the smart city concept. Approach The paper applies literature reviews and survey analysis involving the experts in the field of smart cities. Results The paper applies literature reviews and survey analysis involving the experts in the field of smart cities. Implications The study provides the perspective useful for local and regional authorities as well as other parties involved in smart city implementation and development. Value The paper proposes the extended multi-factor smart city model approach encompassing the factors from different theories.

Purpose This paper aims to focus on deliberate actions by the building client to integrate knowledge of facilities management, in particular building operation, in design and construction of sustainable facilities. Examples of current practices are studied to answer the following questions: Which initiatives to enable operational friendly and sustainable buildings are currently used by building clients in Denmark? Which initiatives could be appropriate to use in the future, and which parties are in the best position to implement the various initiatives? Design/methodology/approach The study is a hermeneutic multi-method study, which consists of a review of former research, a case study and a survey. It starts with theoretical background based on earlier research with the aim to identify initiatives to ensure the use of operational knowledge in building design. Hereafter, the paper presents, analyses and discusses two studies: a case study of current practices at a university campus organisation and a survey of five swimming facilities. All cases are from Denmark. Findings In all, 31 initiatives to enable use of operational knowledge in building design were initially identified. In the case study, 11 additional initiatives were found. The case study and the survey of swimming facilities show different degrees of implementation, varying from 18 to 31 initiatives implemented. However, the studies show that introducing the initiatives is not sufficient; it takes deliberate actions to get the initiatives well implemented. Within the building client organisation, three main actors should care for implementing the initiatives: Top management, building client division and operation division. Originality/value Research-based literature on practices in relation to knowledge transfer from operation to design is limited. This paper provides insights into deliberate efforts on transferring knowledge from operation to design among Danish building clients.

A public-private partnership (P3) and public-private-people partnership (P4) are amongst the institutional options available when it comes to funding cultural heritage management through the involvement of private players pertaining to the business or third sectors, respectively. In light of the growing relevance of P4 operations as a means to improve heritage management, this paper aims at analyzing the initiatives developed by the Fondazione Cariplo banking foundation, which can be considered exemplary instances of P4. A total of two projects were selected, which go by the name of Distretti Culturali and AttivAree, respectively, and may serve as highly indicative examples of community involvement and multi-sector-oriented action. To conduct a truly realistic analysis and reliably measure the adequacy of the outcomes obtained, interviews with the parties involved were performed and direct participation in the projects was provided for. Considering, also, that funding has, so far, typically been aimed at interventions on individual buildings, the foundation has managed to develop some true cross-sector programs, and thus further refine the multi-sector approach most likely to prove useful in future community-centered initiatives. Herein, some of the features are isolated; those which we deem most suitable for adoption in the planning of future cultural heritage-related projects.

Recent developments in the business and human rights field demonstrate an eagerness to come up with stronger and mandatory regulations addressed at corporations in the internal realm, required by international norms. This is seen as conducive to the necessary protection of human dignity, which therefore can be seen as insufficiently achieved at the moment. Given the existence of voluntarily-accepted initiatives on corporate-conduct regulation created by businesses themselves or by third parties which are yet not (legally) mandatory, it is necessary to consider whether the previous perception is exaggerated or accurate. The article explores this and identifies that voluntary initiatives may indeed produce positive effects that increase the likelihood of a responsible business conduct from a human rights perspective if certain conditions are met, among others by interacting with other regimes in a multi-level manner. However, it also observes that they are unreliable and in no way replace or eliminate the needof coming with mandatory corporate obligations, being there a risk of their being invoked in ways that bluewash the reputation of those endorsing those initiatives and diverting attention away from the necessity of stronger regulations.

The current Rohingya situation has been addressed through international initiatives. Quiet diplomacy transitions to loud diplomacy. The situation in Rakhine State has improved because of such diplomatic advances. This essay sought to examine Indonesia's approach to helping Rohingya through humanitarian aid. This study will investigate the mechanism of mediation and its particular techniques, such as multi-party involvement, manufactured discourse, and fourth parties, using the Quiet Diplomacy approach. The contribution of Indonesia also covered in this paper mainly related to interfaith dialogue. The research in this study shows that Indonesian engagement in global, regional, and national collaborative collaboration is having a substantial impact on reducing tension in the Rakhine States.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how multinational corporations (MNCs) orchestrate internal and external resources to help their multi-tier supply chains learn sustainability-related knowledge. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory multiple case study approach was adopted and three MNCs’ sustainable initiatives in China were examined. The data were primarily collected through 43 semi-structured interviews with managers of focal companies and their multi-tier suppliers. Findings The authors found that in order to facilitate their supply chains to learn sustainability, MNCs tend to orchestrate in breadth by internally setting up new functional departments and externally working with third parties, and orchestrate in depth working directly with their extreme upstream suppliers adopting varied governance mechanisms on lower-tier suppliers along the project lifecycle. The resource orchestration in breadth and depth and along the project lifecycle results in changes of supply chain structure. Practical implications The proposed conceptual model provides an overall framework for companies to design and implement their multi-tier sustainable initiatives. Companies could learn from the suggested learning stages and the best practices of case companies. Originality/value The authors extend and enrich resource orchestration perspective (ROP), which is internally focused, to a supply chain level, and answer a theoretical question of how MNCs orchestrate their internal and external resources to help their supply chains to learn sustainability. The extension of ROP refutes the resource dependence theory, which adopts a passive approach of relying on external suppliers and proposes that MNCs should proactively work with internal and external stakeholders to learn sustainability.

Abstract The idea of interreligious dialogue has gained worldwide traction in the last decades and has been promoted as a key component for religious peace. The aim of the article is to examine how interreligious aspirations and practices crystallize in different settings – namely diplomacy, governance and activism – and are shaped by the particular historical and political dynamics of each of these settings. The article explains how the plasticity of the idea of interreligious dialogue contributes to foster its popularity across different domains while serving to convey a wide range of meanings and expectations regarding interreligious pasts, presents and futures. Geographically, the article focuses on Spain and is based on qualitative fieldwork. The article shows that there have been considerable efforts to promote interreligious initiatives and that the global interreligious narrative has been re-fashioned locally, by including the idea of Al-Andalus as a lighthouse. However, the image of Spain and its history, as a foundational space for interreligious dialogue and multi-religious coexistence is contested by the current growth of extreme-right movements, and parties re-claiming the Christian foundational narrative of the country put this kind of initiative in peril.

Business incubators are intended to support startup and entrepreneurial businesses by providing a number of services and resources to clients. The effectiveness of the business incubation industry has been debated since the industry gained popularity in the 1990s. But up to now, there exists no commonly agreed model in theory and practice to measure the effectiveness of business incubation in a standardized way. The aim of this paper is to identify and to assess critical dimension of business incubation, which are suitable to measure the effectiveness of business incubation. This research is a multi-method approach combining desk-research, interviews and a multi-case study of five incubator organizations in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states. From these findings, a model for measuring the effectiveness of business incubation in a standardized way is developed. This model helps incubator manager, policy maker researchers, practitioners, stakeholders and government parties for successful implementation of business incubation initiatives. In addition, it increases new knowledge for academic literature incubators and economic development.

National Forestry Council (DKN) is a multi-stakeholder initiative organization (MSI) that was established as a collaborative forum for parties to contribute to Indonesia's forestry governance policy process. As MSI, DKN aims to become a collaborative forum for forestry stakeholders in the policy-making process. The dilemma between institutional status and the ability of constituent representatives is a factor in the decline of their performance and credibility. This research aims to empirically examine the legitimacy of DKN as an MSI using the input and output legitimacy approach. Using semi-structured interviews, snowball sampling, and triangulation approaches, information regarding organizational dynamics was obtained. Based on our empirical findings, we conclude that DKN satisfies all of the criteria for an institution with relatively high input legitimacy and low output legitimacy. DKN involves many stakeholders affected by forestry policies and is able to cooperate successfully in every decision-making process while preserving the rights of each constituent. In particular, DKN does not meet the criteria for output legitimacy in carrying out its role as an MSI by offering policy-adopted recommendations or suggestions.

La déforestation, le changement climatique et la pauvreté sont devenus des sujets critiques de ce siècle. [...] L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre le rôle des initiatives multi-acteurs ou collectives visant à traiter les problèmes complexes -« wicked problems »- dans le contexte des chaînes logistiques globales. Pour atteindre un tel objectif, il est important, dans un premier temps, de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement de ces initiatives collectives, leurs mécanismes de gouvernance, comment elles sont organisées, et quelles dynamiques politiques et de pouvoir sont présentes au sein de ces initiatives multi-acteurs dans le contexte des chaines globales. Cette étude s'inscrit principalement dans le domaine du management durable de la chaîne logistique (Sustainable Supply Chain Management ou SSCM). Malgré le fait que la littérature de ce champ reconnaît l'importance de prendre en compte les enjeux de développement durable tout au long de la chaîne et d'y inclure les différents acteurs, la réalité est que la plupart des recherches menées à ce jour se sont concentrées sur les relations dyadiques, mettant ainsi en évidence la perspective des entreprises focales (Lee, 2008; Mena, et al., 2013; Beske-Janssen, Johnson, and Schaltegger, 2015; Busse, Meinlschmidt and Foerstl, 2017; Foerstl, Azadegan, Leppelt and Hartmann, 2015). De ce fait, les recherches ont soit négligé les acteurs « non traditionnels » de la chaîne logistique (tels que les Organizations non-gouvernementales, les initiatives multi-partie prenantes), soit les ont simplement considérés comme des acteurs qui servent les intérêts de l'entreprise focale (Montabon, et al., 2016). La littérature en responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), et en particulier l’approche politique de la RSE (PCSR en anglais pour Political CSR) apporte une nouvelle perspective à la littérature SSCM en explorant la pertinence et la légitimité des initiatives collectives face aux enjeux de développement durable. La littérature PCSR propose une série de critères permettant un transfert de la régulation de la sphère publique vers les acteurs privés. Par exemple, la participation démocratique est considérée comme un mécanisme clé pour la légitimité du processus (tels que l'inclusivité, la transparence et l’égalité), et pour la légitimité des résultats (tels que la couverture, l’efficacité et l’application) (Mena and Palazzo, 2012). L’ensemble de cette thèse repose sur une démarche inductive qualitative afin d’explorer les initiatives collectives à partir du cas de la RSPO. Plus précisément, l'analyse multimodale critique du discours (M-CDA) nous permet d’'intégrer de multiples ressources pour l’analyse non seulement des textes écrits mais aussi des médias, de la vidéo, de la voix ou des gestes. En tenant compte de la diversité des acteurs aux connaissances, perspectives et attentes multiples, une approche discursive semble appropriée pour étudier les initiatives multi-acteurs. Dans ce travail, l’analyse critique du discours est ainsi utilisée pour explorer les interactions, les relations et les contradictions entre le texte, l'image et la voix afin de révéler les récits et contre-récits présentés simultanément par les multiples acteurs de la RSPO. Au total, les données de cette étude comprennent : 66 vidéos, 29 entretiens, 57 articles de journaux, et une série de données secondaires (rapports annuels, code de conduite et statuts de la RSPO, observations lors de la participation à la conférence annuelle de la RSPO). Les résultats de cette thèse s'articulent autour de quatre articles [...]
Deforestation, climate change and poverty have become some of the hottest topics of this century. Both scholars and practitioners recognize them as major societal grand challenges, with a growing number of academics referring to them as “wicked problems”. Due to their complex, uncertain and controversial nature, wicked problems cannot be effectively handled by individual actors. Their magnitude calls for a collective governance approach, including a wide range of heterogeneous actors with a diverse set of expertise and background, each of them bringing a different perspective to the problem. The purpose of this research is to better understand the role of collective arrangements tackling wicked problems in the context of global supply networks. This study is mainly framed within the field of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM). Although collective initiatives are the focus of a growing number of studies in the SSCM literature, scholars from the discipline still refer to these players as “nontraditional” supply chain actors. The political CSR (PCSR) theoretical stream complements the SSCM literature and provides a new perspective to shed the light on the effectiveness and legitimacy of collective arrangements in dealing with wicked problems in global supply networks. This research adopts an inductive qualitative approach and explores collective arrangements through the case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). The findings are articulated around four papers, exploring the following issues: (1) the role of nontraditional actors in the governance of SSCM; (2) the mechanisms employed by a leading collective initiative to promote sustainability along the palm oil supply network; (3) the “dark sides” of these new forms of governance of wicked problems and; (4) the construction of a collective identity and a legitimate authority in tackling wicked problems. In contrast to the current normative approach of PCSR, mobilizing the discourse analysis methodology in the PCSR field to shed light on the political multivocal discursive construction of collective identities, contributes to the exposure of subtle and less-apparent power dynamics, underpinning the legitimacy construction of collective initiatives. By adopting a critical approach, the main contribution of this research to the SSCM literature is the shift from the traditional SCM assumptions of linearity (dominated by the focal-firm-centric perspective) to a more integrative logic at the supraorganizational level. In doing so, it is possible to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of collective arrangements in the context of supply networks and reveal their underlying political and power struggles in framing the different facets of wicked problems

Abstract Conclusion: A ‘Bottom-Up’ Theory of Effective Opposition to Populist Parties summarizes the book’s approach for evaluating the effectiveness of initiatives opposing populist parties (IoPPs) in multi-level Europe. It is argued that effective IoPPs achieve at least one goal of opposition without producing perverse effects. Goals of opposition are curbing implementation of illiberal and anti-democratic policies, reducing support for populist parties, diminishing party resources, and inducing moderation. Perverse effects are increasing support for populist parties, boosting party resources, and radicalization. Goals and perverse effects are produced by the manipulation of strategic choice, enforcement of the law, leverage, and persuasion. The approach is ‘bottom-up’ because it starts with specific IoPPs undertaken in a country or against a particular populist party and then theorizes the broader consequences of these initiatives for the achievement of goals. The chapter also addresses avenues for future research and practical applications.

Abstract This chapter examines some of the international law, policy, and initiatives that have been developed to take account of the empirical knowledge canvassed in Chapter 4. Pre-eminent among those tools is the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC), the most comprehensive agreement that guides international and domestic anti-corruption efforts. It outlines a clear set of state obligations and provides important mechanisms for holding state parties to account for their performance with respect to the requirements of UNCAC. Another large real-world policy area that has been making significant corruption-curbing progress is that of Multi-stakeholder Initiatives. The chapter outlines the original prominent initiative, one that developed to take account of high levels of corruption in the lucrative extractive industries and another that covers the construction sector, another area often plagued by rampant corruption. The chapter analyses where the corruption risks lie. Once we understand the kinds of risks involved at each stage, we can appreciate why the Multi-stakeholder Initiative that operates in their respective sectors are credible mechanisms for controlling corruption. As a combination, Chapters 4 and 5 show that there are some impressive real world frameworks that we should support.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) involves multi-faceted concerns and interested parties. The theoretical paper argues that pursuing CSR policies creates value for sustainable economic prosperity for the pulp and paper sector. The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest industrial sectors worldwide and plays a critical role in global development. As the fourth largest energy user and CO2 emitter, the industry is subject to the vicissitudes of global society and environment. Irresponsible pulp and paper operations are now shunned by various stakeholders, which ultimately affect their economic bottom lines. Sustainable operations bring continuity and competitiveness along with innovation, efficiency and social recognition to the industry. Using the criteria of the triple-bottom-line theory (economic, environmental and social), this paper demonstrates that a strong CSR framework and proactive initiatives add value to the pulp and paper business.

The integration of routine medical care data into research endeavors promises great value. However, access to this extra-domain data is constrained by numerous technical and legal requirements. The German Medical Informatics Initiative (MII) – initiated by the Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF) – is making progress in setting up Medical Data Integration Centers to consolidate data stored in clinical primary information systems. Unfortunately, for many research questions cross-organizational data sources are required, as one organization’s data is insufficient, especially in rare disease research. A first step, for research projects exploring possible multi-centric study designs, is to perform a feasibility query, i.e., a cohort size calculation transcending organizational boundaries. Existing solutions for this problem, like the previously introduced feasibility process for the MII’s HiGHmed consortium, perform well for most use cases. However, there exist use cases where neither centralized data repositories, nor Trusted Third Parties are acceptable for data aggregation. Based on open standards, such as BPMN 2.0 and HL7 FHIR R4, as well as the cryptographic techniques of secure Multi-Party Computation, we introduce a fully automated, decentral feasibility query process without any central component or Trusted Third Party. The open source implementation of the proposed solution is intended as a plugin process to the HiGHmed Data Sharing Framework. The process’s concept and underlying algorithms can also be used independently.

Academic and policy literature over the past four decades (from as early as the 1970s) has been, and still is, concerned with understanding and articulating the core principles of sustainable development and sustainable construction or, in other words, sustainable building and construction, which is a holistic, multi-disciplinary approach. The increasing global concern with the maintenance and improvement of the environment, as well as the protection of the human health has become an important aspect to be considered by construction companies worldwide. The chapter falls into two parts. The main aim of the first part is to present a critical review of the established theoretical frameworks in order to understand the topic in depth, and identify the main concepts and relevant dimensions or variables that have a crucial influence on promoting and implementing sustainable construction/green buildings practices. The second part presents the findings of a research study conducted by the authors (Salama and Hanna, 2013) that sought to develop a strategic model for implementing the green building initiative in the UAE; Green Building Strategic Model, (GBSM – UAE). Despite being based on the UAE case, the underpinning theoretical framework and the stages of modelling used in building, training and validating the model makes this section a useful read for all parties interested in the area of sustainable construction in general, and green buildings in particular, regardless of their geographical location.

For the past decade, World Wildlife Fund Canada has been at the leading edge of GIS mapping initiatives and gap analyses regarding the establishment of protected areas across Canada’s lands and waters. In the Northwest Territories (NWT), we have led an open, multi-stakeholder exercise this past year to compile and digitise all existing bio-physical and cultural information for the Mackenzie Valley and NWT to produce high-quality readily available GIS maps showing the regional distribution of these values. These data will be available to all interested stakeholders to highlight information gaps and to consider the placement of pipeline related developments. Furthermore, consistent with the NWT Protected Areas Strategy (PAS) [1], communities and other groups can use the information to assist in identifying areas of high natural and cultural value which should be reserved for protection as pipeline development plans and approvals are being made. Based on these data, a defensible network of protected areas representing the diversity of landform features in the Mackenzie Valley natural regions can be established to provide all parties with greater certainty and confidence as the development proceeds. This poster shows some key preliminary results from this mapping project, describes the various data layers and analytical techniques used, and highlights spatial examples where pipeline routing, associated infrastructure and conservation/protected areas in affected natural regions could all be achieved and widely supported.

This paper addresses the factors involved in effectively implementing a world-class program/project management information system funded by multiple nations. Along with many other benefits, investing in and utilizing such systems improves delivery and drive accountability for major expenditures. However, there are an equally large number of impediments to developing and using such systems. To be successful, the process requires a dynamic combining of elements and strategic sequencing of initiatives. While program/project-management systems involve information technologies, software and hardware, they represent only one element of the overall system. Technology, process, people and knowledge must all be integrated and working in concert with one another to assure a fully capable system. Major system implementations occur infrequently, and frequently miss established targets in relatively small organizations (with the risk increasing with greater complexity). The European Bank of Reconstruction (EBRD) is midway through just such an implementation. The EBRD is using funds from numerous donor countries to sponsor development of an overarching program management system. The system will provide the Russian Federation with the tools to effectively manage prioritizing, planning, and physically decommissioning assets in northwest Russia to mitigate risks associated the Soviet era nuclear submarine program. Project-management delivery using world-class techniques supported by aligned systems has been proven to increase the probability of delivering on-time and on-budget, assuring those funding such programs optimum value for money. However, systems deployed to manage multi-laterally funded projects must be developed with appropriate levels of consideration given to unique aspects such as: accommodation of existing project management methods, consideration for differences is management structures and organizational behaviors, incorporation of unique strengths, and subtle adjustment to compensate weaknesses. This paper addresses the architecture and sequencing of implementation. A properly designed program/project-management system provides necessary tools for those planning the program as a whole, as well as those tasked with delivering individual projects. It also provides a communication framework to transfer information to parties on the funding side of the equation. Aligned program and project management methods are key to making the overall effort effective. Ultimately, progress and transparency are essential outcomes that help to sustain funding and mitigate major funding fluctuations that create havoc for any project. A solid program-management system must provide donor countries the ability to know what is to be accomplished, how much it should cost, and over what period of time, as well as provide adequate transparency into how much is being accomplished at any given point in time. Prioritization, funding, transparency, politics, and many other considerations come into play when dealing with challenges that take decades to overcome. These issues exist for most programs, but the situation becomes even more complex when dealing in a multi-lateral framework. Project management methods and systems relate directly to program level ones and underpin the higher level program system. Before continuing, it is important to summarize the distinctions between program and project management. Program management primarily incorporates efforts relating to the identifying what is to be done over a long time horizon involving multiple projects. Project management, in contrast, generally embodies the efforts of how identified scope shall be done. Many of the efforts performed in each are similar and the distinction between programs and large projects in particular are often blurred. In general, the environment that a program manager deals with involves more uncertainty than a project manager. The essential point, however, is that a program consisting of perfectly sequenced and executed projects can still fail to provide the desired benefit if the overall program strategy is flawed or fails to adequately communicate the vision to the many lower-tier managers involved on individual projects.

Abstract As part of a strategic initiative to increase production from low-permeability mature assets on the Norwegian Continental Shelf, a single-trip, multistage proppant fracturing system was developed. A frac service tool assembly (STA) is deployed on a dedicated work string, and the fracs are pumped before installing the upper completion. With a new frac head concept, the system set a record for stage-to-stage frac time, achieving targets for reduced costs, operational time, and health, safety, and environmental (HSE) exposure. Following several successful single-stage frac jobs in the field, a horizontal well was planned in the lower part of a low-permeability formation. A higher permeability formation at the top of the reservoir would be drained through multiple transverse fractures. An uncemented liner with frac sleeves and open-hole packers was designed for the completion. Detailed pre-job meetings were held with all involved parties to establish the requirements for the multistage frac system and fracturing program and to build procedures and contingencies for various stages of the operation. The well was completed and stimulated in autumn 2022, with three proppant fracs placed in a single trip. The three stages were pumped as per the frac program. The under displaced slurry volume was reversed out before moving to the next zone. After stimulation, the upper completion was installed, and a wireline tractor was used to shift open the frac sleeves in a single trip. The new frac head stand was rigged-up and down in only 30 minutes, compared to 10 hours with a conventional frac head design. This greatly reduced time between stages and working at height and in the red zone. In addition, there were fewer potential leak paths, reducing the potential for downtime. The well was a successful proof of concept for stage efficiency, exceeding the target of performing two frac stages within a 24-hour period. Further efficiency gains could see stage time reduced to achieve up to four stages within a 24-hour period. A new well with seven stages is planned to be drilled and completed in the summer of 2024 using the same concept. This paper presents the successful use of a newly developed single-trip multi-frac system. The system demonstrated a proof of concept for the further development of tight and low-permeability mature assets. Several new wells, including subsea wells, are expected to use this technology.