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Journal articles on the topic 'Initiation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 July 2024

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1

Gill, Grace. "Transcriptional Initiation: Taking the initiative." Current Biology 4, no. 4 (April 1994): 374–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(00)00084-1.

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2

Saragih, Natanael, Mardin Silalahi, and Sandi Ramot Lumban. "Initiation Response Feedback Pattern On Students Interaction In Speaking At Eight Grade Class In SMP Negeri 5 Pematangsiantar." Bilingual : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36985/jbl.v6i1.1209.

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The purpose of this study is to find out the using of Initiation Response Feedback (IRF) Pattern on Students Interaction In Speaking Skills. The writer carried out in class VIII-7 of the SMP Negeri 5 Pematang Siantar. This researcher used the qualitative approach with ethnography by using PURPOSIVE sampling technique for selecting 27 students from class VIII-7 as the data . The data were collected by observation and video recording. The result of study is initiation because initiation is the main role who acted as the initiator of a topic or conversation in order to get feedback and response. The students are already able to find sufficient initiative topics when they want to open a conversation, because the initiative isn’t complicated when giving feedback and responses. Initiative is the same as basic greeting which does not require complicated vocabulary to follow topics such as feedback and respond. Simple initiation can be easily understood by students because the sentence is not complicated, without having to strengthen the topic, because initiation acts as the way of opening. so cause the aspect of initiation is higher than the other aspects
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3

Dhaliwal, Dan S., Oliver Zhen Li, Albert Tsang, and Yong George Yang. "Voluntary Nonfinancial Disclosure and the Cost of Equity Capital: The Initiation of Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting." Accounting Review 86, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 59–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000005.

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ABSTRACT: We examine a potential benefit associated with the initiation of voluntary disclosure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities: a reduction in firms’ cost of equity capital. We find that firms with a high cost of equity capital in the previous year tend to initiate disclosure of CSR activities in the current year and that initiating firms with superior social responsibility performance enjoy a subsequent reduction in the cost of equity capital. Further, initiating firms with superior social responsibility performance attract dedicated institutional investors and analyst coverage. Moreover, these analysts achieve lower absolute forecast errors and dispersion. Finally, we find that firms exploit the benefit of a lower cost of equity capital associated with the initiation of CSR disclosure. Initiating firms are more likely than non-initiating firms to raise equity capital following the initiations; among firms raising equity capital, initiating firms raise a significantly larger amount than do non-initiating firms.
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4

Agyei, G., and A. J. Dadzie. "Comparative analysis on the performance of non-electronic and electronic initiation systems on fragmentation distribution at Gold Fields Ghana Limited-Tarkwa Gold Mine." Nigerian Journal of Technology 41, no. 4 (November 2, 2022): 644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v41i4.2.

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The purpose of blasting is to reduce rock mass to acceptable sizes suitable for load and haul operations to satisfy primary crusher requirement. The crusher settings of Gold Fields Ghana Limited require that about 80 percent of every muckpile be less than the size of 240 mm to enable free flow of materials in the crusher. Initiating blast at Gold Fields Ghana Limited is done by the shock tube non-electronic (NONEL) initiation system as well as the electronic initiation system. As a result of findings from previous studies the shock tube non-electronic system is used more often while the electronic initiation system is used at sensitive areas of the mine specifically the Atuabo pit. However, no detailed current study has been carried out to determine which of these initiation systems is more efficient in terms of the cut-off sieve size of the crushing plant. This paper compares the percentage fragmentation sizes of the blasts produced by the initiations systems used at the mine to determine which of the initiation methods produces 80 percent of the muckpile being less than the size of 240 mm; keeping every parameter related to fragmentation constant. The results obtained reveal that initiating with the electronic system increases the percentage of the required sizes above the 80 percent benchmark. About 33.33% of blast initiated by the NONEL system were below the 80 percent. The achievement by the electronic initiation system could be attributed to the higher precision and accuracy of the electronic detonators.
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5

Lu, Y. B. "Mechanistic studies of initiator-initiator interaction and replication initiation." EMBO Journal 17, no. 17 (September 1, 1998): 5192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emboj/17.17.5192.

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6

Cao, Ya Feng, Zao Li Liu, Yuan Li, and Feng Zhi Tan. "Graft Copolymerization of Starch and Acrylamide Initiated by AIBN in Aqueous Two-Phase System." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 1433–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.1433.

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In aqueous two-phase system, azodiisobutyronitrile（AIBN） was adsorbed on starch by dissolve- precipitate method. Free radical was then produced by its thermolysis, thus graft copolymerization of starch and acrylamide could be initiated. The effect of factors such as initiating system, organic solvent for AIBN dissolving, time for pre-initiation, concentration of initiator, composition and concentration of disperse system on monomer conversion, grafting efficiency, and dissolution property of the reaction product were studied. The optimum conditions of the reaction were as follows: AIBN was used as initiator and methanol as solvent; pre-initiation time was 25 min; concentration of AIBN was 2.6×10-4 mol/L; polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as disperse system, the ratio of m(PEG):m(PVA) was 2.0:1 and their total mass fraction was 6.5%; both pre-initiation and polymerization temperatures were 60-65 °C. Monomer conversion (C) and grafting efficiency (GE) of the product obtained under these conditions were 99.4% and 99.1%, respectively.
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7

Aaboen, Lise, and Leena Aarikka-Stenroos. "Start-ups initiating business relationships: process and asymmetry." IMP Journal 11, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 230–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imp-06-2015-0027.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an understanding of how start-ups initiate business relationships and to identify the subprocesses that characterise business-relationship initiations in a start-up context. Design/methodology/approach The paper builds on business-relationship initiation models, develops a theoretical framework of relationship initiation and its subprocesses and, in a multiple-case study, applies this framework to seven relationship initiations by start-ups. Findings The key findings of this study describe the process of business-relationship initiation by start-ups, which comprise six subprocesses. The authors’ detailed and structured initiation-process analyses show how the initiation process occurs in a start-up context and how start-ups develop their relationships. The authors’ analyses also reveal typical patterns and critical issues, such as asymmetry, that characterise start-ups’ business-relationship initiations, particularly with bigger players. Research limitations/implications This paper develops a model of the relationship-initiation process, uses it in a start-up context and identifies the critical characteristics, including asymmetry, of start-up initiations; these contributions address both the literature on start-ups and the literature on relationship initiation and development. Originality/value This paper is the first to focus on how start-ups initiate business relationships; previous studies of business-relationship initiation have focussed on mature firms. Using the industrial marketing and purchasing approach, the paper contributes to shifting the focus from interactions between resource entities to relationship-initiation processes in the context of start-ups.
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8

Milon, Pohl, Marcello Carotti, Andrey L. Konevega, Wolfgang Wintermeyer, Marina V. Rodnina, and Claudio O. Gualerzi. "The ribosome‐bound initiation factor 2 recruits initiator tRNA to the 30S initiation complex." EMBO reports 11, no. 4 (March 12, 2010): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2010.12.

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9

Hammerslag, Lindsey R., Aimee Mack, Redonna K. Chandler, Laura C. Fanucchi, Daniel J. Feaster, Marc R. LaRochelle, Michelle R. Lofwall, et al. "Telemedicine Buprenorphine Initiation and Retention in Opioid Use Disorder Treatment for Medicaid Enrollees." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 10 (October 18, 2023): e2336914. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36914.

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ImportanceEarly COVID-19 mitigation strategies placed an additional burden on individuals seeking care for opioid use disorder (OUD). Telemedicine provided a way to initiate and maintain transmucosal buprenorphine treatment of OUD.ObjectiveTo examine associations between transmucosal buprenorphine OUD treatment modality (telemedicine vs traditional) during the COVID-19 public health emergency and the health outcomes of treatment retention and opioid-related nonfatal overdose.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted using Medicaid claims and enrollment data from November 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020, for individuals aged 18 to 64 years from Kentucky and Ohio. Data were collected and analyzed in June 2022, with data updated during revision in August 2023.ExposuresThe primary exposure of interest was the modality of the transmucosal buprenorphine OUD treatment initiation. Relevant patient demographic and comorbidity characteristics were included in regression models.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThere were 2 main outcomes of interest: retention in treatment after initiation and opioid-related nonfatal overdose after initiation. For outcomes measured after initiation, a 90-day follow-up period was used. The main analysis used a new-user study design; transmucosal buprenorphine OUD treatment initiation was defined as initiation after more than a 60-day gap in buprenorphine treatment. In addition, uptake of telemedicine for buprenorphine was examined, overall and within patients initiating treatment, across quarters in 2020.ResultsThis study included 41 266 individuals in Kentucky (21 269 women [51.5%]; mean [SD] age, 37.9 [9.0] years) and 50 648 individuals in Ohio (26 425 women [52.2%]; mean [SD] age, 37.1 [9.3] years) who received buprenorphine in 2020, with 18 250 and 24 741 people initiating buprenorphine in Kentucky and Ohio, respectively. Telemedicine buprenorphine initiations increased sharply at the beginning of 2020. Compared with nontelemedicine initiation, telemedicine initiation was associated with better odds of 90-day retention with buprenorphine in both states (Kentucky: adjusted odds ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.01-1.27]; Ohio: adjusted odds ratio, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.06-1.32]) in a regression analysis adjusting for patient demographic and comorbidity characteristics. Telemedicine initiation was not associated with opioid-related nonfatal overdose (Kentucky: adjusted odds ratio, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.56-1.40]; Ohio: adjusted odds ratio, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.83-1.41]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of Medicaid enrollees receiving buprenorphine for OUD, telemedicine buprenorphine initiation was associated with retention in treatment early during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings add to the literature demonstrating positive outcomes associated with the use of telemedicine for treatment of OUD.
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10

Mu, Yunfei, Wei Zhang, Ruiqi Shen, and Yinghua Ye. "A chemical reaction insight of shock initiation criterion." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 6 (August 8, 2022): 064102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0109822.

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Shock initiation criteria are essential to the shock initiation process and applications in modern pyrotechnics. The most commonly used shock initiation criteria are Walker and James criterion, which can very well describe the threshold data of the impactor with sufficient size. However, the criteria were also found not to provide a good fit to the data of thin, curve, or small flyers. By comparing the wave structure of the shock process with the stable detonation wave structure, a shock initiation criterion is developed based on the concept of the chemical reactions during the impact, focusing more on the properties of the explosives. Furthermore, a desktop micro-flyer initiating system was designed for the initiation of the thin metal flyer. The obtained data and classical historical data were analyzed with the proposed criterion, producing an excellent fit, with R2 values greater than 0.96. Compared to the existing criteria, the proposed criterion can weaken the influence of the interfacial properties of the impact and collapse the threshold velocity data with different impactor types to a single curve. The shock sensitivities of various explosives are also discussed based on the criterion. A denser impactor or the incorporation of impurities may contribute to the generation of the hot spot during the impact, leading to an increase in the sensitivity. The proposed criterion provides insight into the development of the shock initiation criteria and may help to understand the mechanism of shock initiations.
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11

Newton, Katherine M., Diana S. M. Buist, Onchee Yu, Cynthia L. Hartsfield, Susan E. Andrade, Feifei Wei, Maureen T. Connelly, and K. Arnold Chan. "Hormone therapy initiation after the Women's Health Initiative." Menopause 15, no. 3 (May 2008): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e318154b9a5.

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12

Means, A. L., and P. J. Farnham. "Transcription initiation from the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is positioned by HIP1 binding at the initiation site." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 2 (February 1990): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.2.653-661.1990.

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We have identified a sequence element that specifies the position of transcription initiation for the dihydrofolate reductase gene. Unlike the functionally analogous TATA box that directs RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription 30 nucleotides downstream, the positioning element of the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is located directly at the site of transcription initiation. By using DNase I footprint analysis, we have shown that a protein binds to this initiator element. Transcription initiated at the dihydrofolate reductase initiator element when 28 nucleotides were inserted between it and all other upstream sequences, or when it was placed on either side of the DNA helix, suggesting that there is no strict spatial requirement between the initiator and an upstream element. Although neither a single Sp1-binding site nor a single initiator element was sufficient for transcriptional activity, the combination of one Sp1-binding site and the dihydrofolate reductase initiator element cloned into a plasmid vector resulted in transcription starting at the initiator element. We have also shown that the simian virus 40 late major initiation site has striking sequence homology to the dihydrofolate reductase initiation site and that the same, or a similar, protein binds to both sites. Examination of the sequences at other RNA polymerase II initiation sites suggests that we have identified an element that is important in the transcription of other housekeeping genes. We have thus named the protein that binds to the initiator element HIP1 (Housekeeping Initiator Protein 1).
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13

Means, A. L., and P. J. Farnham. "Transcription initiation from the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is positioned by HIP1 binding at the initiation site." Molecular and Cellular Biology 10, no. 2 (February 1990): 653–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.10.2.653.

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We have identified a sequence element that specifies the position of transcription initiation for the dihydrofolate reductase gene. Unlike the functionally analogous TATA box that directs RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription 30 nucleotides downstream, the positioning element of the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is located directly at the site of transcription initiation. By using DNase I footprint analysis, we have shown that a protein binds to this initiator element. Transcription initiated at the dihydrofolate reductase initiator element when 28 nucleotides were inserted between it and all other upstream sequences, or when it was placed on either side of the DNA helix, suggesting that there is no strict spatial requirement between the initiator and an upstream element. Although neither a single Sp1-binding site nor a single initiator element was sufficient for transcriptional activity, the combination of one Sp1-binding site and the dihydrofolate reductase initiator element cloned into a plasmid vector resulted in transcription starting at the initiator element. We have also shown that the simian virus 40 late major initiation site has striking sequence homology to the dihydrofolate reductase initiation site and that the same, or a similar, protein binds to both sites. Examination of the sequences at other RNA polymerase II initiation sites suggests that we have identified an element that is important in the transcription of other housekeeping genes. We have thus named the protein that binds to the initiator element HIP1 (Housekeeping Initiator Protein 1).
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14

Kim, Jieun, and Sung-Ock Shin Sohn. "Repair Initiation by Advanced Non-heritage Korean Learners." Korean Language in America 17, Special Issue 2012 (January 1, 2012): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/42922363.

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ABSTRACT Taking a conversation analytic perspective, this study examines advanced non-heritage Korean learners' repair initiation practices. By examining interaction between Korean native speakers (NSs) and nonnative speakers (NNSs), the study particularly addresses two questions: 1) Is there any similarity and/or difference between NSs and NNSs in terms of their repair practices? 2) Is there any similarity and/or difference between advanced and lower level speakers in terms of their repair practices? In terms of repair initiation format, NNSs display a similar preference with NSs. However, in their responses to the repair initiations, we found a different pattern between NSs and NNSs. Speakers sometimes employ different repair initiation formats from target issues. While NNSs tend to rely more on the surface format in interpreting the repair initiations, NSs frequently notice the discrepancy and interpret hearing repair initiations as understanding problems. Advanced Korean learners show some differences from lower level speakers in terms of preferred other-repair initiation formats. They produce most understanding repair initiations whereas the lower level speakers produce substantially more hearing repair initiations. Also, advanced speakers tend to use 'questioning-repeat', as a turn-holder, mostly in the subsequent turn to a NS's question.
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15

Kim, Jieun, and Sung-Ock Shin Sohn. "Repair Initiation by Advanced Non-heritage Korean Learners." Korean Language in America 17, Special Issue 2012 (January 1, 2012): 151–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/korelangamer.17.2012.0151.

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ABSTRACT Taking a conversation analytic perspective, this study examines advanced non-heritage Korean learners' repair initiation practices. By examining interaction between Korean native speakers (NSs) and nonnative speakers (NNSs), the study particularly addresses two questions: 1) Is there any similarity and/or difference between NSs and NNSs in terms of their repair practices? 2) Is there any similarity and/or difference between advanced and lower level speakers in terms of their repair practices? In terms of repair initiation format, NNSs display a similar preference with NSs. However, in their responses to the repair initiations, we found a different pattern between NSs and NNSs. Speakers sometimes employ different repair initiation formats from target issues. While NNSs tend to rely more on the surface format in interpreting the repair initiations, NSs frequently notice the discrepancy and interpret hearing repair initiations as understanding problems. Advanced Korean learners show some differences from lower level speakers in terms of preferred other-repair initiation formats. They produce most understanding repair initiations whereas the lower level speakers produce substantially more hearing repair initiations. Also, advanced speakers tend to use 'questioning-repeat', as a turn-holder, mostly in the subsequent turn to a NS's question.
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16

Annisa, Nur, Sumiaty Sumiaty, and Henrietta Imelda Tondong. "Hubungan Inisiasi Menyusu Dini dan ASI Eksklusif dengan Stunting pada Baduta Usia 7-24 Bulan." Jurnal Bidan Cerdas 1, no. 3 (August 31, 2019): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33860/jbc.v1i3.256.

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Stunting can be caused by a variety of factors, such as the implementation of initiation of early breastfeeding which is not appropriate and the provision of breast milk is not exclusive. The purpose of this study was to know the relationship between early breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding with stunting in two-year-old infants aged 7-24 months in the work area of Pantoloan Health Center. This type of research was an analytical survey with design cross-sectional. The sample in this study were two-year-old infants aged 7-24 months totaling 57 samples with sampling techniques namely proportional random sampling and data analysis using Chi-Square. The results showed that respondents who experienced stunting were 36.8% and not stunting 63.2%. Respondents who had early breastfeeding initiationn din not tend to experience stunting (79.2%), while respondents who received exclusive breastfeeding tended not to experience stunting (81.0%). The results of the statistical test showed a significant relationship between early breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding with stunting with the same p-value of 0.033 (α<0.05). The conclusion is that there was a relationship between early breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding with stunting. Suggestions for researchers and for health workers to maximize promote and implement early breastfeeding initiations and exclusive breastfeeding for mothers to prevent and minimize the incidence of stunting in children in the future.
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17

Drabkin, Harold J., and Uttam L. RajBhandary. "Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Mammalian Cells with Codons Other Than AUG and Amino Acids Other Than Methionine." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 5140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.9.5140.

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ABSTRACT Protein synthesis is initiated universally with the amino acid methionine. In Escherichia coli, studies with anticodon sequence mutants of the initiator methionine tRNA have shown that protein synthesis can be initiated with several other amino acids. In eukaryotic systems, however, a yeast initiator tRNA aminoacylated with isoleucine was found to be inactive in initiation in mammalian cell extracts. This finding raised the question of whether methionine is the only amino acid capable of initiation of protein synthesis in eukaryotes. In this work, we studied the activities, in initiation, of four different anticodon sequence mutants of human initiator tRNA in mammalian COS1 cells, using reporter genes carrying mutations in the initiation codon that are complementary to the tRNA anticodons. The mutant tRNAs used are aminoacylated with glutamine, methionine, and valine. Our results show that in the presence of the corresponding mutant initiator tRNAs, AGG and GUC can initiate protein synthesis in COS1 cells with methionine and valine, respectively. CAG initiates protein synthesis with glutamine but extremely poorly, whereas UAG could not be used to initiate protein synthesis with glutamine. We discuss the potential applications of the mutant initiator tRNA-dependent initiation of protein synthesis with codons other than AUG for studying the many interesting aspects of protein synthesis initiation in mammalian cells.
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18

Ayyub, Shreya Ahana, Divya Dobriyal, Riyaz Ahmad Shah, Kuldeep Lahry, Madhumita Bhattacharyya, Souvik Bhattacharyya, Saikat Chakrabarti, and Umesh Varshney. "Coevolution of the translational machinery optimizes initiation with unusual initiator tRNAs and initiation codons in mycoplasmas." RNA Biology 15, no. 1 (September 29, 2017): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15476286.2017.1377879.

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19

Ganoza, M. C., P. Marliere, E. C. Kofoid, and B. G. Louis. "Initiator tRNA may recognize more than the initiation codon in mRNA: a model for translational initiation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 82, no. 14 (July 1, 1985): 4587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.14.4587.

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20

Kang, Taehee, Nam Hoon Kwon, Jin Young Lee, Min Chul Park, Eunji Kang, Hyo Hyun Kim, Taek Jin Kang, and Sunghoon Kim. "AIMP3/p18 Controls Translational Initiation by Mediating the Delivery of Charged Initiator tRNA to Initiation Complex." Journal of Molecular Biology 423, no. 4 (November 2012): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2012.07.020.

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21

Laursen, Brian Søgaard, Hans Peter Sørensen, Kim Kusk Mortensen, and Hans Uffe Sperling-Petersen. "Initiation of Protein Synthesis in Bacteria." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 69, no. 1 (March 2005): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.69.1.101-123.2005.

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SUMMARY Valuable information on translation initiation is available from biochemical data and recently solved structures. We present a detailed description of current knowledge about the structure, function, and interactions of the individual components involved in bacterial translation initiation. The first section describes the ribosomal features relevant to the initiation process. Subsequent sections describe the structure, function, and interactions of the mRNA, the initiator tRNA, and the initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3. Finally, we provide an overview of mechanisms of regulation of the translation initiation event. Translation occurs on ribonucleoprotein complexes called ribosomes. The ribosome is composed of a large subunit and a small subunit that hold the activities of peptidyltransfer and decode the triplet code of the mRNA, respectively. Translation initiation is promoted by IF1, IF2, and IF3, which mediate base pairing of the initiator tRNA anticodon to the mRNA initiation codon located in the ribosomal P-site. The mechanism of translation initiation differs for canonical and leaderless mRNAs, since the latter is dependent on the relative level of the initiation factors. Regulation of translation occurs primarily in the initiation phase. Secondary structures at the mRNA ribosomal binding site (RBS) inhibit translation initiation. The accessibility of the RBS is regulated by temperature and binding of small metabolites, proteins, or antisense RNAs. The future challenge is to obtain atomic-resolution structures of complete initiation complexes in order to understand the mechanism of translation initiation in molecular detail.
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22

Lees, Brian. "Lake segmentation and lunette initiation." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 33, no. 4 (December 27, 1989): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/33/1989/475.

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23

Skedsmo, Kristian. "Multiple Other-Initiations of Repair in Norwegian Sign Language." Open Linguistics 6, no. 1 (December 13, 2020): 532–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2020-0030.

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AbstractNot all other-initiations of repair (OIR) are instantly followed by a functional self-repair that restores the progress of the conversation. Despite previous observations of OIRs generally leading to restored progress after one single-repair initiation, data from a multiperson conversational corpus of Norwegian Sign Language (NTS) show that 68% of 112 individual repair initiations occur in multiple OIR sequences. This article identifies three different trajectories of multiple OIR sequences in the NTS data, which are as follows: (1) a trouble source being targeted by more than one repair initiation, (2) the self-repair becomes a new trouble source, or (3) the repair initiation becomes a new trouble source. The high frequency of multiple OIR sequences provides an opportunity to quantitatively investigate how the various formats of repair initiation are distributed in single- and multiple-OIR sequences, how they occur as first or subsequent, and whether they restore the progress of the conversation or are followed by another repair initiation.
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24

Grumbling, Megan. "Initiation." Iowa Review 40, no. 3 (December 2010): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0021-065x.6937.

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25

Maffesoli, Michel, and Albin Michel. "Initiation." La chaîne d'union N° 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cdu.043.0088.

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26

Jones, Patricia Jane. "Initiation." English Journal 84, no. 2 (February 1995): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/821040.

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27

Samuels, Ayol. "Initiation." Medical Humanities 43, no. 1 (September 15, 2016): e2-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medhum-2016-011029.

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28

McCarthy, Nicola. "Initiation." Nature Reviews Cancer 6, no. 3 (February 9, 2006): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc1822.

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29

Jones, Olivia. "Initiation." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 32, no. 8 (August 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000574528.47292.6e.

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30

Jones, Patricia Jane. "Initiation." English Journal 84, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/ej19957293.

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31

Peters, Richard Stanley. "L’éducation comme initiation « Education as Initiation »." Penser l'éducation, no. 53 (December 1, 2023): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/pensereduc.1952.

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32

Huntington, Scott F., Jessica B. Long, Jessica R. Hoag, Rong Wang, Amer M. Zeidan, Smith Giri, Steven Gore, Xiaomei Ma, Cary Philip Gross, and Amy J. Davidoff. "Physician volume and discontinuation of rituximab during lymphoma treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 6593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.6593.

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6593 Background: Despite the high complexity of cancer therapies, studies evaluating provider-level volume and outcomes of systemic treatments are lacking. As rituximab was the first approved monoclonal immunotherapy, and has the potential for severe infusion reactions, we hypothesize that low provider volume is associated with early rituximab discontinuation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results -Medicare data.Individuals 66+ years old with B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) diagnosed during 2004-2011 and 1+ rituximab claims were included. A provider was assigned to each patient-rituximab initiation using Medicare claims. We used a 12-month lookback from each initiation to categorize provider volume (0, 1-2, or 3+ rituximab initiations) in the prior year. Our primary outcome was early discontinuation, defined as receipt of 1-2 rituximab cycles within 180 days of initiation. We used a modified Poisson regression to account for provider level correlation and estimated the relative risk of early discontinuation in patients with 6+ months of follow up after rituximab initiation. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to measure the impact of discontinuation on overall survival. Results: A total of15,110 patients (median age: 75 years) initiated rituximab with 2,684 providers. The majority (70.4%) initiated rituximab in conjunction with chemotherapy and 1,146 (7.6%) experienced early rituximab discontinuation. Provider experience with rituximab during the previous 12 months was associated with early discontinuation in a dose-dependent manner (adjusted relative risk [aRR]: 1.57, [95% confidence interval [CI]:1.35-1.83], p < .001 for 0 vs 3+ initiations; aRR: 1.19 [95% CI:1.03-1.37], p = .02 for 1-2 vs. 3+ initiations). In addition, rituximab discontinuation was associated with a higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.39 [95% CI:1.28-1.52], p < .001). Conclusions: Lower physician volume is associated with increased risk of early discontinuation in older adults initiating rituximab for NHL. Due to the association between early discontinuation and mortality, physician volume may be an important factor in providing high quality NHL care.
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Steiner-Mosonyi, Marta, Carole Creuzenet, Robert A. B. Keates, Benjamin R. Strub, and Dev Mangroo. "ThePseudomonas aeruginosaInitiation Factor IF-2 Is Responsible for Formylation-independent Protein Initiation inP. aeruginosa." Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, no. 50 (September 22, 2004): 52262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m408086200.

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Formylation of the initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNAfMet) was generally thought to be essential for initiation of protein synthesis in all eubacteria based on studies conducted primarily inEscherichia coli. However, this view of eubacterial protein initiation has changed because some bacteria have been demonstrated to have the capacity to initiate protein synthesis with the unformylated Met-tRNAfMet. Here we show that thePseudomonas aeruginosainitiation factor IF-2 is required for formylation-independent protein initiation inP. aeruginosa, the first bacterium shown to have the ability to initiate protein synthesis with both the initiator formyl-methionyl-tRNA (fMet-tRNAfMet) and Met-tRNAfMet. TheE. coliIF-2, which participates exclusively in formylation-dependent protein initiation inE. coli, was unable to facilitate utilization of Met-tRNAfMetin initiation inP. aeruginosa. However, theE. coliIF-2 was made to function in formylation-independent protein initiation inP. aeruginosaby decreasing the positive charge potential of the cleft that binds the amino end of the amino acid attached to the tRNA. Furthermore increasing the positive charge potential of this cleft in theP. aeruginosaIF-2 prevented the protein from participating in formylation-independent protein initiation. Thus, this is the first demonstration of a eubacterial IF-2 with an inherent capacity to facilitate utilization of Met-tRNAfMetin protein initiation, discounting the dogma that eubacterial IF-2 can only allow the use of fMet-tRNAfMetin protein initiation. Furthermore these findings give important clues to the basis for discriminating the initiator Met-tRNA by IF-2 and for the evolution of alternative mechanisms for discrimination.
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Chen, Baojiang, Kymberle L. Sterling, Meagan A. Bluestein, Arnold E. Kuk, Melissa B. Harrell, Cheryl L. Perry, and Adriana Pérez. "Age of initiation of cigarillos, filtered cigars and/or traditional cigars among youth: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, 2013–2017." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): e0243372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243372.

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Significance Early age of initiation of tobacco use is associated with sustained tobacco use and lower rates of smoking cessation. Although much is known about age of initiation of cigarette use, much less is known about the age of initiation of cigar product use among youth. Methods Survival analyses of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health youth annual datasets (ages 12–17) from 2013 to 2017 were conducted for any cigar product use, cigarillos or filtered cigars, and traditional cigars across four cigar use outcomes, age of initiation of: susceptibility to use, ever use, past 30-day use and “fairly regular” use. An interval censoring survival method was implemented to estimate the probability of each outcome for age of initiation of each cigar product overall. Differences in age of initiation by sex and race/ethnicity were assessed using weighted Cox proportional hazards models for interval-censored data. Results For each outcome across the three cigar products, striking increases in the probability of initiation begin before 17 years old. For cigarillo or filtered cigars, males had a higher risk of onset of susceptibility to use, initiating ever use, and initiating past 30-day use at earlier ages than females. Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Other had lower risk of initiating ever use and past 30-day use at earlier ages. Non-Hispanic Black youth had higher risk of initiating past 30-day use and “fairly regular” use than Non-Hispanic White youth at earlier ages. Similar findings are reported for any cigar use and traditional cigar use. Conclusion Developmentally and culturally appropriate cigar use interventions and communication campaigns should be provided to youth before 17 years of age to prevent the onset and progression of cigar products. Regulatory policies that reduce appeal of all cigar products should be implemented to curb cigar initiation among youth.
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Hamina, Aleksi, Piia Lavikainen, Antti Tanskanen, Anna-Maija Tolppanen, Jari Tiihonen, Sirpa Hartikainen, and Heidi Taipale. "Impact of opioid initiation on antipsychotic and benzodiazepine and related drug use among persons with Alzheimer's disease." International Psychogeriatrics 30, no. 7 (March 21, 2018): 947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002897.

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ABSTRACTBackground:We analyzed the impact of opioid initiation on the prevalence of antipsychotic and benzodiazepine and related drug (BZDR) use among community-dwelling persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods:We utilized the register-based Medication use and Alzheimer's disease (MEDALZ) cohort for this study. We included all community-dwelling persons diagnosed with AD during 2010–2011 in Finland initiating opioid use (n = 3,327) and a matched cohort of persons not initiating opioids (n = 3,325). Interrupted time series analyses were conducted to compare the prevalence of antipsychotic and BZDR use in 30-day periods within six months before opioid initiation to 30-day periods six months later.Results:Before opioid initiation, prevalence of antipsychotic use among opioid initiators was 13.3%, 18.3% at opioid initiation, and 17.3% six months later. Prevalences of BZDR use were 27.1% six months prior, 28.9% at opioid initiation, and 26.9% six months later. After opioid initiation, antipsychotic and BZDR use declined by 0.3 percentage points (pps, 95% confidence interval 0.1–0.5) and 0.4 pps (0.2–0.7) per month, respectively, until the end of the follow-up. Compared to persons not initiating opioid use, opioid initiation immediately resulted in an increase in prevalence of 1.9 pps (0.9–2.8) for antipsychotics and of 1.6 pps (0.9–2.2) for BZDR use. However, in total there was a comparative decrease of 0.5 pps (0.3–0.8) per month for antipsychotics and of 0.4 pps (0.2–0.6) for BZDR use until the end of the follow-up.Conclusion:Our results suggest that opioid initiation may reduce antipsychotic and BZDR use among persons with AD.
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36

Ray, Pallav, and Chidong Zhang. "A Case Study of the Mechanics of Extratropical Influence on the Initiation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 67, no. 2 (February 1, 2010): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jas3059.1.

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Abstract Mechanisms for extratropical influences on the initiation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) are investigated using numerical simulations and a global reanalysis product. Previous simulations by a tropical channel model captured the timing and gross features of the initiations of two MJO events and suggested that the initiations were due to influences from the extratropics. In this study, latitudinal transport of momentum from the extratropics is found to be crucial in generating the lower tropospheric westerlies in the tropics associated with the MJO initiation. The diagnoses of the zonal momentum budget for the MJO initiation region revealed that the advection by meridional winds could be important prior to the initiation of the MJO. The time evolution of the wave activity identifies its source over the southern Indian Ocean where it grows by extracting kinetic energy from the mean flow. The time scale of the lateral boundary conditions that is responsible for the MJO initiation is also investigated. The implications of the results and limitations of the approach are discussed.
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Thanedar, Swapna, T. K. Dineshkumar, and Umesh Varshney. "The Mere Lack of rT Modification in Initiator tRNA Does Not Facilitate Formylation-Independent Initiation inEscherichia coli." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 24 (December 15, 2001): 7397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.24.7397-7402.2001.

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ABSTRACT Formylation of initiator methionyl-tRNA is essential for normal growth of eubacteria. However, under special conditions, it has been possible to initiate protein synthesis with unformylated initiator tRNA even in eubacteria. Earlier studies suggested that the lack of ribothymidine (rT) modification in initiator tRNA may facilitate initiation in the absence of formylation. In this report we show, by using trmA strains of Escherichia coli(defective for rT modification) and a sensitive in vivo initiation assay system, that the lack of rT modification in the initiators is not sufficient to effect formylation-independent initiation of protein synthesis.
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38

Morigen, Felipe Molina, and Kirsten Skarstad. "Deletion of the datA Site Does Not Affect Once-per-Cell-Cycle Timing but Induces Rifampin-Resistant Replication." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 12 (June 15, 2005): 3913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.12.3913-3920.2005.

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ABSTRACT In Escherichia coli, three mechanisms have been proposed to maintain proper regulation of replication so that initiation occurs once, and only once, per cell cycle. First, newly formed origins are inactivated by sequestration; second, the initiator, DnaA, is inactivated by the Hda protein at active replication forks; and third, the level of free DnaA protein is reduced by replication of the datA site. The datA site titrates unusually large amounts of DnaA and it has been reported that reinitiation, and thus asynchrony of replication, occurs in cells lacking this site. Here, we show that reinitiation in ΔdatA cells does not occur during exponential growth and that an apparent asynchrony phenotype results from the occurrence of rifampin-resistant initiations. This shows that the datA site is not required to prevent reinitiation and limit initiation of replication to once per generation. The datA site may, however, play a role in timing of initiation relative to cell growth. Inactivation of active ATP-DnaA by the Hda protein and the sliding clamp of the polymerase was found to be required to prevent reinitiation and asynchrony of replication.
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Yang, Qingqing, Cunquan Yuan, Tianci Cong, and Qixiang Zhang. "The Secrets of Meristems Initiation: Axillary Meristem Initiation and Floral Meristem Initiation." Plants 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2023): 1879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12091879.

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The branching phenotype is an extremely important agronomic trait of plants, especially for horticultural crops. It is not only an important yield character of fruit trees, but also an exquisite ornamental trait of landscape trees and flowers. The branching characteristics of plants are determined by the periodic initiation and later development of meristems, especially the axillary meristem (AM) in the vegetative stage and the floral meristem (FM) in the reproductive stage, which jointly determine the above-ground plant architecture. The regulation of meristem initiation has made great progress in model plants in recent years. Meristem initiation is comprehensively regulated by a complex regulatory network composed of plant hormones and transcription factors. However, as it is an important trait, studies on meristem initiation in horticultural plants are very limited, and the mechanism of meristem initiation regulation in horticultural plants is largely unknown. This review summarizes recent research advances in axillary meristem regulation and mainly reviews the regulatory networks and mechanisms of AM and FM initiation regulated by transcription factors and hormones. Finally, considering the existing problems in meristem initiation studies and the need for branching trait improvement in horticulture plants, we prospect future studies to accelerate the genetic improvement of the branching trait in horticulture plants.
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40

Farruggio, D., J. Chaudhuri, U. Maitra, and U. L. RajBhandary. "The A1 x U72 base pair conserved in eukaryotic initiator tRNAs is important specifically for binding to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2." Molecular and Cellular Biology 16, no. 8 (August 1996): 4248–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.16.8.4248.

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The formation of a specific ternary complex between eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2), the initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNA), and GTP is a critical step in translation initiation in the cytoplasmic protein-synthesizing system of eukaryotes. We show that the A1 x U72 base pair conserved at the end of the acceptor stem in eukaryotic and archaebacterial initiator methionine tRNAs plays an important role in this interaction. We changed the A1 x U72 base pair of the human initiator tRNA to G1 x C72 and expressed the wild-type and mutant tRNA genes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by using constructs previously developed in our laboratory for expression of the human initiator tRNA gene in yeasts. We show that both the wild-type and mutant human initiator tRNAs are aminoacylated well in vivo. We have isolated the wild-type and mutant human initiator tRNAs in substantially pure form, free of the yeast initiator tRNA, and have analyzed their properties in vitro. The G1 x C72 mutation affects specifically the binding affinity of eIF2 for the initiator tRNA. It has no effect on the subsequent formation of 40S or 80S ribosome initiator Met-tRNA-AUG initiation complexes in vitro or on the puromycin reactivity of the Met-tRNA in the 80S initiation complex.
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Nakamoto, Jose A., Wilfredo Evangelista, Daria S. Vinogradova, Andrey L. Konevega, Roberto Spurio, Attilio Fabbretti, and Pohl Milón. "The dynamic cycle of bacterial translation initiation factor IF3." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 12 (June 23, 2021): 6958–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab522.

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Abstract Initiation factor IF3 is an essential protein that enhances the fidelity and speed of bacterial mRNA translation initiation. Here, we describe the dynamic interplay between IF3 domains and their alternative binding sites using pre-steady state kinetics combined with molecular modelling of available structures of initiation complexes. Our results show that IF3 accommodates its domains at velocities ranging over two orders of magnitude, responding to the binding of each 30S ligand. IF1 and IF2 promote IF3 compaction and the movement of the C-terminal domain (IF3C) towards the P site. Concomitantly, the N-terminal domain (IF3N) creates a pocket ready to accept the initiator tRNA. Selection of the initiator tRNA is accompanied by a transient accommodation of IF3N towards the 30S platform. Decoding of the mRNA start codon displaces IF3C away from the P site and rate limits translation initiation. 70S initiation complex formation brings IF3 domains in close proximity to each other prior to dissociation and recycling of the factor for a new round of translation initiation. Altogether, our results describe the kinetic spectrum of IF3 movements and highlight functional transitions of the factor that ensure accurate mRNA translation initiation.
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42

RajBhandary, U. L. "More surprises in translation: Initiation without the initiator tRNA." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 4 (February 11, 2000): 1325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.040579197.

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43

Goto, Yuki, and Hiroaki Suga. "Translation Initiation with Initiator tRNA Charged with Exotic Peptides." Journal of the American Chemical Society 131, no. 14 (April 15, 2009): 5040–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja900597d.

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44

Stenlund, Arne. "Initiation of DNA replication: lessons from viral initiator proteins." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 4, no. 10 (October 2003): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1226.

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45

Denizligil, Selcuk, Aysegul Baskan, and Yusuf Yagci. "Bifunctional polytetrahydrofuran initiator for sequential photochemical and thermal initiation." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 16, no. 5 (May 1995): 387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.1995.030160507.

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46

Ohishi-Shofuda, Tomoko, Yuriko Suzuki, Ken-ichi Yano, Hiroshi Sakurai, and Toshio Fukasawa. "Transcription Initiation Mediated by Initiator Binding Protein inSaccharomyces cerevisiae." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 255, no. 1 (February 1999): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.0157.

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47

Liberty, Abigail L., Kathryn Wouk, Ellen Chetwynd, and Tamar Ringel-Kulka. "A Geospatial Analysis of the Impact of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative on Breastfeeding Initiation in North Carolina." Journal of Human Lactation 35, no. 1 (July 13, 2018): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334418776645.

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Background: Significant disparities in breastfeeding support and practice exist in North Carolina. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative is a worldwide intervention that encourages birth facilities to adopt specific practices in support of breastfeeding. Research aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative on breastfeeding initiation in North Carolina, with special attention to rural areas. Methods: To better understand disparities in breastfeeding initiation across North Carolina, we conducted a secondary analysis of birth certificate data from 2011 to 2014. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between breastfeeding initiation and (a) birth at a Baby-Friendly hospital and (b) maternal residence in a county with a Baby-Friendly hospital. Model residuals were aggregated by county and analyzed for spatial autocorrelation. Results: Birth at a Baby-Friendly hospital was associated with increased odds of breastfeeding initiation, adjusted odds ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [1.65, 1.89]. Model residuals showed significant clustering by county, with some rural areas’ rates systematically overestimated. Whereas presence of a Baby-Friendly hospital in a mother’s community of residence was not associated with increased initiation, birth at a Baby-Friendly hospital was associated with smaller disparities in initiation between rural and urban births. Conclusion: Birth at a Baby-Friendly hospital is associated with improved breastfeeding initiation and reduced disparities in initiation between rural and urban counties in North Carolina.
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Maldonado-Molina, Mildred M., Kelli A. Komro, and Guillermo Prado. "Prospective Association between Dieting and Smoking Initiation among Adolescents." American Journal of Health Promotion 22, no. 1 (September 2007): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-22.1.25.

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Purpose. To examine the relation between dieting and smoking initiation among adolescents. Design. Prospective data from a nationally representative study were used. Setting. Two waves (1994 to 1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Subjects. The sample included 7795 non-Latino Caucasian and non-Latino African-American adolescents. Measures. Dieting status was the independent variable and trying smoking and initiation of regular smoking were the dependent variables. Covariates included age, ethnicity, overweight status, false self-perception about being overweight, and availability of cigarettes at home. Analysis. Logistic regression and latent transition analyses were used. Results. Females had a higher prevalence of dieting (55%) when compared with males (25%). Dieting initiation was a significant predictor for initiation of regular smoking among females (OR = 1.94, p = .010), but not among males. Inactive dieting was a significant predictor among males (OR = 1.74, p = .031), but not among females. Compared to nondieters, initiating and consistent female dieters reported a higher probability of trans itioning to having tried regular smoking, although results from logistic regression suggested that the association between consistent dieting and initiation of regular smoking was not significant. Conclusions. There is a positive relation between initiating dieting and initiating regular smoking among females, but among males it is the inactive dieters who show a positive relationship. Results illustrate the importance of examining the association between dieting and the initiation of regular smoking.
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Hiraoka, Koichi, Ryota Hatanaka, Yasutaka Nikaido, Yasutomo Jono, Yoshifumi Nomura, Keisuke Tani, and Yuta Chujo. "Asymmetry of Anticipatory Postural Adjustment During Gait Initiation." Journal of Human Kinetics 42, no. 1 (October 1, 2014): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2014-0056.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the asymmetry of anticipatory postural adjustment (APA) during gait initiation and to determine whether the process of choosing the initial swing leg affects APA during gait initiation. The participants initiated gait with the leg indicated by a start tone or initiated gait with the leg spontaneously chosen. The dependent variables of APA were not significantly different among the condition of initiating gait with the preferred leg indicated by the start tone, the condition of initiating gait with the non-preferred leg indicated by the start tone, and the condition of initiating gait with the leg spontaneously chosen. These findings fail to support the view that the process of choosing the initial swing leg affects APA during gait initiation. The lateral displacement of the center of pressure in the period in which shifting the center of pressure to the initial swing phase before initiating gait with the left leg indicated by the external cue was significantly larger than that when initiating gait with the right leg indicated by the external cue, and significantly larger than that when initiating gait with the leg spontaneously chosen. Weight shift to the initial swing side during APA during gait initiation was found to be asymmetrical when choosing the leg in response to an external cue
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Miyoshi, Kenya, Yuka Tatsumoto, Shogo Ozaki, and Tsutomu Katayama. "Negative feedback for DARS2–Fis complex by ATP–DnaA supports the cell cycle-coordinated regulation for chromosome replication." Nucleic Acids Research 49, no. 22 (December 6, 2021): 12820–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1171.

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Abstract In Escherichia coli, the replication initiator DnaA oscillates between an ATP- and an ADP-bound state in a cell cycle-dependent manner, supporting regulation for chromosome replication. ATP–DnaA cooperatively assembles on the replication origin using clusters of low-affinity DnaA-binding sites. After initiation, DnaA-bound ATP is hydrolyzed, producing initiation-inactive ADP–DnaA. For the next round of initiation, ADP–DnaA binds to the chromosomal locus DARS2, which promotes the release of ADP, yielding the apo-DnaA to regain the initiation activity through ATP binding. This DnaA reactivation by DARS2 depends on site-specific binding of IHF (integration host factor) and Fis proteins and IHF binding to DARS2 occurs specifically during pre-initiation. Here, we reveal that Fis binds to an essential region in DARS2 specifically during pre-initiation. Further analyses demonstrate that ATP–DnaA, but not ADP–DnaA, oligomerizes on a cluster of low-affinity DnaA-binding sites overlapping the Fis-binding region, which competitively inhibits Fis binding and hence the DARS2 activity. DiaA (DnaA initiator-associating protein) stimulating ATP–DnaA assembly enhances the dissociation of Fis. These observations lead to a negative feedback model where the activity of DARS2 is repressed around the time of initiation by the elevated ATP–DnaA level and is stimulated following initiation when the ATP–DnaA level is reduced.
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