Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Initiation'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Initiation.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Initiation.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Stich, Dennis. "Convection initiation." Diss., Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-157194.
Full text
2
Barton, Alison L. "Initiation Ceremony." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3438.
Full text
3
Subhan, Syed Abdus. "Dissecting the initiation factors required for translation initiation on feline calicivirus RNA." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543924.
Full text
4
Robinson, Paul J. "IST strategic initiative initiation, development and implementation in large organisations : a processual perspective." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423620.
Full text
5
Idris, Ibrahim. "Initiation Of Excitation Waves." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490629.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis considers analytical approaches to the problem of initiation of excitation waves. An excitation wave is a threshold phenomenon. If the initial perturbation is below the threshold, it decays; if it is large enough, it triggers propagation of a wave, and then the parameters of the generated \\rave do not depend on the details of the initial conditions. The problem of initiation of excitation waves is by necessity nonlinear, non-stationary and spatially extended with at least one spatial dimension. These factors make the problem very complicated. There are no known exac...! analytical, or even good asymptotic solutions to this kind of problem in any model, and the practical studies rely on numerical simulations. In this thesis, we develop approaches to this problem based on some asymptotic ideas, but applied in the situation where the 'small parameters' of those methods are not very small. Although results obtained by such methods are not v.ery accurate, they still can be useful if they give qualitatively correct answers in a compact analytical form; such answers can give analytical insights which are impossible or very difficult to gain from numerical simulations. We develop the approaches using, as examples, two simplified models describing fast stages of excitation process: • Zeldovich-Frank-Kamenetskii (ZFK) equation, which is the fast (activator) subsystem of the FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) 'base model' of excitable media, and • Biktashev (2002) [8] front model, which is a caricature simplification of the fast subsystem of a typical detailed ionic model of cardiac excitation waves. For these models, we consider two different approaches: • Galerkin-style approximation, where the solution is sought for in a pre-determined analytical form ('ansatz') depending on a few parameters, and then the evolution equation for these parameters are obtained by minimizing the norm of a residual of the partial differential equation (PDE) system, • linearization of the threshold hyper-surface in the functional space, described via linearization of the PDE system on an appropriately chosen solution on that surface (a 'critical solution').
6
Pere, Verne Harlan. "Antiscarp initiation and evolution." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3690.
Full textAbstract:
Antiscarps are defined here as any uphill facing scarp that may be observed on slopes, regardless of size or scale. They are not present on all slopes, but where they have been observed, they typically occur sub-parallel to the valley axis near the ridge crests in mountainous regions. Antiscarps are generally, but not exclusively, found in glaciated regions, where loading and unloading of the rock mass has effected changes to the in situ stress fields through cycles of compression and elastoplastic rebound and has also removed large volumes of material by the formation of cirques. Non-glacial antiscarps are commonly associated with tectonic activity. An extensive review of current literature has been used to assist in the identification of key parameters associated with antiscarps and to provide a basis for clearly defining the terminology used to address antiscarp related processes and features. All of the reviewed material has been collated into a chart where the factors that have been extracted from the articles are grouped and compared. The chart has been instrumental in selecting the nomenclature to be used when addressing different types of antiscarp and also in constraining the extent to which the term can be reasonably used. A flowchart has been developed to assist in the identification of the primary antiscarp forming process. The flowchart was successfully used to identify the primary processes associated with antiscarps observed in field studies in both the South Island of New Zealand and in the Scottish Highlands. Physical base friction models and numerical finite element modelling, using Plaxis v6.1 and FLAC 2D v3.40, both indicate that antiscarps can form solely under a gravitational load. Base friction models used individual elements of various geometries. Antiscarps formed in most of the models and were best identified in models that had a clearly defined discontinuity surface. The numerical models also indicate that shear along existing discontinuities is the dominant mode for the formation of antiscarps under a gravitational load in homogeneous massifs.
7
Knudtzon, Alexandra, and Lise Andrea S. Andersen. "Initiation of business relationships." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20977.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the initiation process of business relationships to customers, which is a key issue for all selling firms. We address the topic by considering newly and well-established firms and their strategy regarding this initiation process. To get a deeper understanding, we have conducted a case study of three newly and three well-established firms. To answer the research question of this thesis a Theoretical Framework is made, based on a literature review, in order to study sub-processes of the initiation process and the initiation strategy in detail. We have found some clear differences, regarding both the initiation strategies and the initiation process, between the newly and well-established firms studied. Both newly and well-established firms seemed to have planned-emergence as part of their intended initiation strategy, but for different reasons well-established firms planned in more detail based on experiences from previous relationships. On the other hand, the newly established firms had less detailed plans and were more or less forced to seize opportunities that emerge as a result of a planned-emergence strategy. Both types of firms initiated business relationships to customers that were not closely located. Well-established firms had developed a reputation and established references. This was less obvious for newly established firms who needed to utilize their personal reputation and network, and external agents most often connected them to new business customers. There were similar patterns of negotiation and establishing of agreement between newly and well-established firms. Based on our interpretation of the complexity of strategy formation, both newly and well-established firms had a high degree of deliberate elements in their realized initiation strategy. For all the case firms studied, the sub-processes in the initiation elapsed in flexible successions, and we therefore suggest that the state theory should be used in further research of the initiation process of business relationships to customers.
8
Sutherland, Michael R. "Initiation of coagulation on herpesviruses." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29067.
Full textAbstract:
Herpesviruses are highly prevalent human pathogens that have the ability to form life-long latent infection in host cells. The persistent reinjury of vessels upon virus reactivation has been suggested to link infection to vascular disease. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanism and role of early initiating events in virus-mediated vasculopathy. We now report that these events are mediated through the expression of tissue factor (TF) and a previously unknown mechanism, that both function in the acceleration of factor VIIa (FVIIa)-dependent activation of factor X (FX) to FXa. The current study identifies herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1)-encoded glycoprotein C (gC) as a novel second independent FX activating pathway on the virus surface. Using specific chromogenic assays, an HSV1 gC-deficient virus invariably generated 5 fold less FXa per particle than either wild type or gC-rescued strains. The direct involvement of gC was confirmed using purified recombinant gC, which enhanced FXa production, and like TF, was dependent on FVIIa, Ca 2+ and anionic phospholipid. Differential inhibition of gC-competent and -deficient strains by an anti-TF antibody confirmed simultaneous and independent TF- and gC-dependent FX activating mechanisms on the virus. Hypothesizing that cell signaling by thrombin, the final coagulation protease, may be advantageous to the virus, the effect on Herpesvirus infection was assessed. Using plaque formation assays, a thrombin specific inhibitor, hirudin, was shown to attenuate the serum-dependent increase in infection, demonstrating the importance of virus initiated thrombin production. In agreement, the addition of purified thrombin resulted in an approximate 60--80% increase in infectious events. The same enhancement was facilitated by incubation with a protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) agonist, TRAP, indicating the effect is mediated through at least PAR1 on the cell surface. Using western blot analysis and chromogenic assays, individual variations in thrombogenic potential associated with each Herpesvirus was also determined and correlated with well-documented clinical observations. Cumulatively, these observations illustrate that Herpesviruses have evolved strategies to mimic and exploit host proteins to generate haemostatic cell signaling enzymes that may ultimately lead to the increased susceptibility of cells to infection and perturbation of the vasculature.
9
Moroz, Kelly. "Drug use, initiation and progression." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0020/MQ55227.pdf.
Full text
10
Grünert, Stefan. "Translation initiation in mammalian systems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390257.
Full text
11
Underwood, Sarah. "Sporulation initiation in Clostridium difficile." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505066.
Full textAbstract:
Clostridium difficile is a leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea, responsible for over 30% of cases of antibiotic-associated colitis, nearly all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and costs the NHS over 200 million per year. This bacterium is able to persist in the hospital environment to cause recurrent infection by the formation of stable spores, refractile to current decontamination procedures. A more comprehensive understanding of the sporulation signal transduction pathway is essential for the design of a decontamination regime effective in removing the spores from the nosocomial environment and the logical design of novel antimicrobial agents. This project aimed to elucidate the mechanism of sporulation initiation . regulation and the role of sporulation-associated proteins in other C. difficile virulence processes, such as toxin production and colonisation. Analysis of sporulation in response to various hospital cleaning agents showed that the combination of a neutral detergent (such as Hospec) with EDTA is a more effective cleaning agent than the chlorine-based agents currently used, as the combination product is uniquely able to both kill vegetative cells and inhibit spore formation. A variety of molecular approaches were used to elucidate information regarding the C. difficile sporulation initiation pathway and the relationship between sporulation and toxin production. Three putative C. difficile sporulation-associated sensor histidine kinases (CD1A, CD2A and CD3B) were identified and shown to be independently involved in sporulation initiation. Furthermore, CD3B has been shown to directly phosphorylate the master response regulator SpoOA, strongly suggesting that this pathway is a two-component system, as opposed to the extended phosphore lay pathway found in B. subtilis. Previous studies on bacteria capable of both toxin production and endospore formation have described links between the two processes. Data presented here indicates SpoOA has a role in indirectly regulating C. difficile toxin A and B production, as the protein is capable of specifically binding promoter regions of the toxin regulatory genes tcdC and tcdD. Inoculation of a triple-stage continuous-culture chemostat that modelled the human gut with C. difficile spoDA- mutant provided further evidence that SpoDA has a key role in both colonisation a!1d toxin production. Overall, this work adds to the growing body of evidence that SpaDA is a master global regulator and has a crucial role in the pathogenicity of C. difficile, making it an excellent target for future novel antimicrobial therapies.
12
Cohn, Martin. "Initiation of vertebrate limb development." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267128.
Full text
13
Montgomery, I. A. "Radical initiation using borole derivatives." Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444751.
Full text
14
Nakamura, Takatoshi. "Fatigue crack initiation in weldments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38349.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ocean. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Ocean Engineering, 1994, and Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-162).
by Takatoshi Nakamura.
M.S.
Ocean.E.
15
Parkins, Christopher James. "Newtonian asymptotics for detonation initiation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624136.
Full text
16
Dunster, Nicholas James. "Chain initiation of polyketide synthases." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624499.
Full text
17
Edwards, Margaret Ellenor. "Confidence in initiation of breastfeeding." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21014.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Breastfeeding confers health and social benefits on both mother and baby and is thus a key global public health priority, with exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months recommended. A variety of factors can influence a woman’s decision to initiate breastfeeding but a short duration of breastfeeding appears to be common in developed countries. In the UK, promotion of breastfeeding has been government policy since 1974 and gradually the incidence has increased. In Scotland in 2010 the incidence was 74% but by one week 17% of women had given up. A minority of women find that their babies attach easily at birth and more than half report problems at this time. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding falls sharply in the first few weeks and the introduction of formula is associated with a shorter duration. It is therefore crucial to understand what happens at this time to enable women to continue breastfeeding effectively. Study Aim: To use Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) to explore and help explain the expectations, knowledge and experiences of women and midwives with regard to breastfeeding initiation. Methods: A systematic review of qualitative studies synthesised using thematic analysis and SCT was conducted and afforded insight into what had been known before and highlighted further aspects that needed to be explored with a qualitative study. The qualitative study was comprised of five focus groups with ten antenatal women, eight postnatal women and eighteen midwives. Photographs included in a leaflet “Feeding cues at birth”, and the chart of “Feeding cues after the first few hours” were developed and used as focussing exercises during the focus groups and interviews. The focus groups and interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using a hybrid process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis which integrated data driven codes with theory driven codes based on SCT. Results: Twenty one studies were included in the systematic review and identified clear differences in the experiences of women when breastfeeding was going well as compared to when it was going wrong at the start. There were also differences in the midwives’ knowledge, experience and confidence when breastfeeding was going well in contrast to when it was going wrong. The synthesis did not identify any qualitative studies relevant to initiation which explored skin contact, instinctive behaviour or strategies to resolve failure to attach in the first few days after birth, from the perspectives of mothers and midwives. These topics were therefore explored in detail in the qualitative study. Few mothers recruited to my study experienced instinctive behaviour and successful attachment (in SCT enactive behaviour) at birth. The majority of mothers did not experience attachment at birth and struggled to persist and maintain their motivation to enable breastfeeding initiation in an unfamiliar environment. Midwives’ social expectations and environmental circumstances made women centred care difficult. Midwives considered that sleepy babies who were unable to feed were normal, but women were unprepared for this, compounding the difficulties in initiating breastfeeding. The triangulation of the findings from the systematic review and the qualitative study provide a more complete picture of contributory factors to understanding of difficulties in breastfeeding initiation. Conclusion: It is recognised that behaviour interacts with emotions, perceived abilities and the environment, as in triadic reciprocal causation, which affects peoples’ decisions, experiences and abilities to enable the successful initiation of breastfeeding. Social Cognitive Theory could be used as a framework to develop strategies and materials to enhance women’s confidence both antenatally and in the postnatal period. In a minority of women, breastfeeding goes well and is more likely when the baby is an active participant and the midwife a knowledgeable and confident supporter. This is not the case for the majority of women and babies or their midwives. There is a need to consider strategies to develop appropriate skills and environmental changes that would in turn lead to changes in behaviour and successful interventions. More emphasis should be made clinically on facilitating instinctive behaviour. The current position where babies’ sleepy behaviour is considered normal in this particular environment could be challenged. Social Cognitive Theory could be utilised in research to develop strategies to increase women’s and midwives’ confidence specifically in initiation.
18
Li, David Fengming. "THE INITIATION OF BINOCULAR RIVALRY." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1631.
Full textAbstract:
Binocular rivalry refers to the perceptual alternation that occurs while viewing incompatible images, in which one monocular image is dominant and the other is suppressed. Rivalry has been closely studied but the neural site at which it is initiated is still controversial. The central claim of this thesis is that primary visual cortex is responsible for its initiation. This claim is supported by evidence from four experimental studies. The first study (described in Chapter 4) introduces the methodology for measuring visual sensitivity during dominance and suppression and compares several methods to see which yields the greatest difference between these two sensitivities. Suppression depth was measured by comparing the discrimination thresholds to a brief test stimulus delivered during dominance and suppression phases. The deepest suppression was achieved after a learning period, with the test stimulus presented for 100 ms and with post-test masking. The second study (Chapter 5) compares two hypotheses for the mechanism of binocular rivalry. Under eye suppression, visibility decreases when the tested eye is being suppressed, regardless of the test stimulus’s features. Feature suppression, however, predicts that reduction of visibility is caused by suppression of a stimulus feature, no matter which eye is suppressed. Eye suppression claims that monocular channels in the visual system alternate between dominance and suppression, while Feature suppression assumes that the features of stimuli inhibit each other perceptually in the high-level cortex. The experiment used a test stimulus similar in features to one, but not the other, rivalry-inducing stimulus. Test sensitivity was found to be lowered when the test stimulus was presented to the eye whose rivalry-inducing stimulus was suppressed. Sensitivity was not lowered when the test stimulus was presented to the other eye, even when the test shared features with the suppressed stimulus. The conclusion is that feature suppression is weak or does not exist without eye suppression, and that rivalry therefore originates in the primary visual cortex. If binocular rivalry is initiated in the primary visual cortex, stimuli producing no coherent activity in that area should produce no rivalry. In the third study (Chapter 6) this idea was tested with rotating arrays of short-lifetime dots. The dots with the shortest lifetime produced an image with no rotation signal, and an infinite lifetime produced rigid rotation. Subjects could discriminate the rotation direction with high accuracy at all but the shortest lifetime. When the two eyes were presented with opposite directions of rotation, there was binocular rivalry only at the longest lifetimes. Stimuli with short lifetimes produce a coherent motion signal, since their direction can be discriminated, but do not produce rivalry. A simple interpretation of this observation is that binocular rivalry is initiated at a level in the visual hierarchy below that which supports the motion signal. The model supported by the results of previous chapters requires that binocular rivalry suppression be small in the primary visual cortex, and builds up as signals progress along the visual pathway. This model predicts that for judgements dependent on activity in high visual cortex: 1. Binocular rivalry suppression should be deep; 2. Responses should be contrast invariant. The fourth and last study (chapter 7) confirmed these predictions by measuring suppression depth in two ways. First, two similar forms were briefly presented to one eye: the difference in shapes required for their discrimination was substantially greater during suppression than during dominance. Second, the two forms were made sufficiently different in shape to allow easy discrimination at high contrast, and the contrast of these forms was lowered to find the discrimination threshold. The results in the second experiment showed that contrast sensitivity did not differ between the suppression and dominance states. This invariance in contrast sensitivity is interpreted in terms of steep contrast-response functions in cortex beyond the primary visual area. The work in this thesis supports the idea that binocular rivalry is a process distributed along the visual pathway. More importantly, the results provide several lines of evidence that binocular rivalry is initiated in primary visual cortex.
19
Ostensen, Karin Fosse. "Initiation of International Business Relationships." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24130.
Full textAbstract:
Establishing new, international business relationships is a highly relevant and critical issue for many firms that want to go abroad, as international business relationships are a rapidly growing attested by the increased importance of conducting business across national borders. However, the risk for failing in initiating new, international business relationships is significant; giving the rise for a need to increase the knowledge about such processes and those circumstances that may affect it along the way. Despite the addressed need, the literature on the area of international business relationship initiation processes has been recognized as scarce. Thus the purpose of this study is therefore to enrich the research area with an increased understanding of the phenomenon of international business relationship initiation processes.The purpose is achieved by combining empirical findings with theories from the disciplines of internationalization, business relationships, and networking. Relationships are bridges to new markets, and thus initiations of international business relationships may be regarded as the internationalization process of a firm. Third actors are a part of the dyad?s network, and by merging its networking effect on the dyad, new theory is new theory is developed concerning initiations of international business relationships and third actors? influence on these. The empirical findings are deducted from a case study of the relationship initiation process between the software supplier Powel and the engineer consultancy firm Norconsult Andina in Chile. Through the case study, the study will i) provide a description of the characteristics of the international business relationship initiation process, ii) explain how third actors may influence this process, and iii) identify how the difference in the third actors? nationality influence the relationship initiation process.The choice of using a case study design reflects upon the complexity of business relationships, whose initiation is extensively subjected to dynamism. Drawing on the strengths of such a research design, the study employs multiple source of evidence by collecting data from participating-observations, direct observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. Based on the findings of the study, it is suggested that those factors regarded as influential for the process can be divided into internal, relational, and external factors, respectively extracted from the firm, the relational, and the environmental level of the business relationship to be initiated. Third actors are suggested to belong to the relational factor category, and can take the forms as persons, organizations, artifacts and piece of work, solely or multiple. Together with the internal and external factors, they have a relative influence on the relationship initiation process, upon which sum decides the outcome; whether the process decreases or increases its closeness to a business agreement, linger for a period of time, or even stop. The study suggests that the relationship initiation process is even more dynamic than previously found in the literature, which is further emphasized by seeing the process from the perspective of both parts of the dyad: The process patterns may differ, however, they do converge as the closeness to the business agreement decreases, which is reached simultaneously in time.Further, vertically linked third actors are found to be particularly influential for the process, especially if they are linked to both of the companies of the dyad. Concerning their international dimension, they can be seen in terms of not only their nationality, but also their international experience and country of presence. Indeed, the two latter dimensions appear to be most important in terms of reaching the business agreement, implying that managers should focus their efforts on those customer companies that are common for the two firms, have international experience, and have local presence in the country where the future business is supposed to take place.Based upon the findings of the study, the thesis contributes to the theory by suggesting a new conceptual model on international business relationship initiation processes. However, as this thesis is merely based on a single case study, the new model should be tested in future studies by the use of a higher number of cases across industries and national borders.
20
Goldammer, Christian. "Initiation in den Romanen Ralf Rothmanns." Würzburg Königshausen & Neumann, 2009. http://d-nb.info/999697943/04.
Full text
21
Parmenter, Kathleen S. "Developmental regulation of axillary meristem initiation /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe.pdf.
Full text
22
Dobson, Lucas E. "Security analysis of session initiation protocol." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FDobson.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010.Thesis Advisor(s): Dinolt, George ; Eagle, Chris. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on July 13, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Session initiation protocol, voice over IP, information security, siproxd, linphone, Qutecom, osip, eXosip Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-78). Also available in print.
23
Bukvova, Helena. "Supporting the Initiation of Research Collaborations." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-19646.
Full textAbstract:
This paper describes the background, objectives and methods of my doctoral research concerned with the support of the initiation of research collaboration with the help of information and communication technologies. The research is based on the assumption that providing more information about potential partners would lead to better-grounded decisions about collaboration. The purpose of this research is also to support and utilize Open Research. To address these aims, I suggest the design and creation of an ePortfolio that will aggregate information from the Internet, particularly Web 2.0 applications.
24
Rajaram, Vijay Sundar. "Session initiation protocol for wireless channels." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4917.
Full textAbstract:
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) was designed for wire line networks. It was
developed to initiate, modify and terminate sessions between two hosts on a network.
When the Internet expanded to include wireless hosts, SIP did not scale well for these
wireless hosts because of the nature of the wireless channel. Also, there were issues
with mobility and real time communication. This thesis proposes improvements to
some of the extensions to SIP, for better performance over wireless channels. We
investigate the call setup time for various transport mechanisms viz. TCP and UDP,
and study the performance of a dynamic Session Timers compared to the current
standard of a periodic refresh mechanism, where the frequency of UPDATEs vary with
the condition of the wireless channel. We also propose a handoff algorithm that
reduces the handover time with decreased packet losses.
25
Kyle, Natasha Flemming. "Muscle activation patterns during gait initiation." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27147.
Full textAbstract:
Gait initiation is a temporary movement between upright posture and steady-state gait. The activation of several postural muscles has been identified to precede changes observed in vertical reaction force. Previous research examining gait initiation has concentrated on the electromyographic activity of muscles of the lower limbs. Few studies, however, have looked at recruitment patterns of the muscles of the thigh and trunk. This study was conducted to determine the recruitment patterns and the roles of certain muscles of the trail and lead lower limbs and trunk for the duration from quiet stance to trail leg toe-off. Eleven healthy participants initiated gait with their right leg. Electromyographic data were collected bilaterally from the erector spinae, tensor fasciae latae, adductor magnus and tibialis anterior muscles. In addition, force platform data were recorded for the duration of quiet stance to toe-off of the trail limb. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
26
Carson, Christine. "Initiation of nuclear disassembly during apoptosis." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/29044.
Full textAbstract:
Apoptosis has long been recognised by two hallmarks of the end stage of nuclear breakdown: collapse of the chromatin and oligonucleosomal cleavage of the DNA. Control of initial nuclear events, such as high molecular weight (HMW) DNA and specific nuclear matrix cleavage, and their relationship to the cytoplasmic steps of cell death has not been elucidated. Examination of the relationship between events in the cell death path is limited by the stochastic nature of the process in all known models, which forces investigators to deal with mixed populations, combined with the tight temporal relationship of events in single cells. To determine whether a mitochondria-based signal could be responsible for the initial nuclear events of apoptosis, the timecourse of cell death in both primary rat thymocytes treated with dexamethasone or VM-26 (teniposide) and human Jurkat T cells treated with anti-Fas was first established using several cytoplasmic and nuclear criteria of cell death. Initial nuclear events were characterised at the single cell level at early time points in the apoptotic response by staining of the chromatin, immunofluorescence labelling of nuclear matrix and in situ detection of DNA breaks by TUNEL. Reorganisation of the matrix attachment region (MAR)-binding protein SATB1 was uniquely detected prior to chromatin collapse but after the appearance of initial DNA breaks. Early reorganisation of a portion of SATB1 was followed by increasing DNA cleavage, the reorganisation of the internal nuclear matrix, represented by NuMA, coincident with chromatin collapse and maximal DNA breaks. Peripheral nuclear proteins, represented by lamin B, lamin B receptor (LBR) and PI2, were not affected until after chromatin collapse, if at all. SATB1 reorganisation and initial DNA breaks were then compared with mitochondrial function detected in live Jurkat cells by uptake of DiOC6(3), using flow cytometry and cell sorting to isolate those cells with normal mitochondrial membrane potential, normal size and intact plasma membrane from the mixed population of anti-Fas treated Jurkats. At the single cell level, changes in nuclear morphology, initial DNA cleavage and early reorganisation of SATB1 were detected in a minority of the "apparently normal" cells that displayed a normal mitochondrial membrane potential. Specific cleavage of SATB1 in these cells was detected by Western blotting and accumulation of single strand breaks demonstrated as well, using two-dimensional electrophoresis of DNA. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
27
Lin, Chen-ju. "Targeting translation initiation for cancer therapy." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96981.
Full textAbstract:
The recruitment of ribosomes to the 5' end of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells is generally thought to be the rate-limiting step of translation initiation and this process is mediated by the eukaryotic initiation factor 4F complex (eIF4F). This complex consists of three subunits: eIF4E, a mRNA-cap binding protein, eIF4A, a RNA helicase and eIF4G, a large molecular scaffold that mediates the binding of mRNA to ribosomes. Deregulation of translation initiation through eIF4F activation has been widely observed in human cancers. The eIF4F complex lies downstream of key signalling pathways involved in oncogenesis (such as c-Myc and PI3K/Akt/mTOR), thus targeting translation initiation provides an attractive therapeutic approach for cancer therapy. Here, we show that c-Myc stimulates protein synthesis by up-regulating the expression and activity of not only eIF4E, but that of the other two subunits of eIF4F. In turn, this elevated eIF4F levels result in increased synthesis and function of c-Myc, establishing a positive feedforward loop. We used the Eμ-myc lymphoma mouse model to show that expression of the three eIF4F subunits is also up-regulated by c-Myc in vivo. Most importantly, we demonstrate that loss of eIF4E function using inducible and reversible RNA interference (RNAi) greatly delays the rates of c-Myc-induced lymphoma development. These data suggest that targeting eIF4E in vivo is an effective therapeutic approach. Since the assembly of eIF4F complex is regulated by mTOR signaling, the coupling of c-Myc to eIF4F is under mTOR control. In the course of a screen of inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, we found two small molecules, silibinin and the anti-depressant sertraline, both of which show anti-proliferative effects on breast cancer cells. Silibinin and sertraline effectively target eIF4F complex function by downregulating mTOR signaling. Importantly, sertraline is able to enhance the chemosensitivity of PTEN (+/-)/Eμ-Myc lymphomas to the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin in vivo. Thus, targeting mTOR-dependent translation initiation shows anti-cancer activity in this pre-clinical setting.Il est généralement admis que le recrutement des ribosomes à l'extrémité 5' des ARN messagers (ARNm) est l'étape limitante de l'initiation de la traduction chez les eucaryotes. Cette étape est dépendante de l'activité du complexe d'initiation eIF4F qui comprend trois sous-unités: eIF4E, une protéine liant la coiffe des ARNm, eIF4A, une hélicase d'ARN et eIF4G, une grande protéine d'échafaudage dont le rôle est de coordonner la liaison du ribosome à l'ARNm. Le dérèglement du contrôle de l'initiation de la traduction suite à l'activation d'eIF4F est observé fréquemment chez les cancers humains. L'activité de ce complexe est contrôlée par plusieurs voies de signalisation clés qui sont impliquées dans la formation des tumeurs (tels que c-Myc et PI3K/Akt/mTOR). Donc, cibler l'initiation de la traduction représente une avenue attrayante pour contrer le cancer. Nous démontrons ici que l'oncogène c-Myc peut stimuler la synthèse protéique en favorisant l'expression et l'activité de non-seulement eIF4E, mais aussi des deux autres sous-unités du complexe eIF4F. En réponse à cela, les niveaux supérieurs d'eIF4F permettent une augmentation de la synthèse et donc de l'activité de c-MYC, établissant alors une boucle auto-stimulante. Nous avons utilisé le modèle de souris Eμ-myc pour démontrer que l'expression de chacune des sous-unités d'eIF4F est stimulée par c-Myc in vivo. Plus important encore, nous avons démontré que la réduction des niveaux d'eIF4E en utilisant la technique d'interférence à ARN (ARNi) de manière inductible et réversible freine considérablement le développement de lymphomes par c-Myc. Ces données suggèrent que cibler eIF4E in vivo est une approche thérapeutique viable et efficace. De plus, puisque l'assemblage d'eIF4E est contrôlé de mTOR, il en résulte donc que le couplage de c-Myc et d'eIF4F est donc aussi sous contrôle de cette voie de signalisation. Suite à un cribblage de molécules inhibitrices de la voie PI3K/Akt/mTOR, nous avons identifié deux molécules, la silibinine et l'anti-dépresseur sertraline, qui ont la propriété de bloquer la prolifération de cellules du cancer du sein. La silibinin et la sertraline inhibent efficacement l'activité du complexe eIF4F en ciblant la voie de signalisation de mTOR. Par surcroît, la sertraline accentue fortement la sensibilité des lymphomes PTEN (+/-)/Eμ-Myc à l'agent chimiothérapeutique doxorubicin in vivo. En conclusion, il appert que cibler le contrôle de la traduction par mTOR peut contrer efficacement le cancer dans ce modèle de cancer préclinique.
28
Shaw, Daniel John. "Femtosecond photo-initiation of protein folding." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426828.
Full text
29
Beever, P. F. "Initiation and propagation of smouldering reactions." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374171.
Full text
30
Stewart, John. "Pit initiation on austenitic stainless steels." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.277798.
Full text
31
Rossi, Adriano Giorgio. "Initiation, propagation and resolution of inflammation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24284.
Full textAbstract:
In order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling inflammatory processes with a view to developing novel therapies for inflammatory disease, the research presented in this thesis has been focused on unravelling the molecular complexities associated with the initiation, propagation and resolution of inflammation. Although neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes are key effector cells in orchestrating host defence against invading bacteria and parasites, their over-recruitment, uncontrolled activation and defective removal by macrophages play a prominent role in generating tissue damage associated with chronic inflammatory conditions such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. Much of the work presented in this thesis investigates these processes and the findings are divided into three overlapping sections; initiation, propagation and resolution of the inflammatory process. Section 1 describes studies principally investigating the mechanisms governing the initiation and regulation of the inflammatory process. The main focus of this section involves work investigating the activation and responsiveness of neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages and platelets to agents such as various lipids, small peptides and nitric oxide. Section 2 presents publications describing the propagation of the inflammatory process in various in vivo models of skin and lung inflammation including studies investigating relevant in vitro inflammatory processes. Section 3 describes research focusing on the processes governing the resolution of inflammation especially the phenomena of apoptosis and macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells. This includes in vitro studies investigating the mechanisms regulating human granulocyte apoptosis and in vivo work investigating the effects of apoptosis modulation in different models of inflammation.
32
Misopolinou, Anna. "Grotowski : ecstasy and initiation in performance." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.768240.
Full text
33
Wilkinson, Christopher John. "Chain initiation on modular polyketide synthases." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621331.
Full text
34
Duchi, Llumigusin Diego Armando. "Single-molecule studies of transcription initiation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fa5d7117-4270-4362-95f4-ce1c870f2921.
Full textAbstract:
Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has emerged as an important tool for studying biological reactions. This thesis describes smFRET investigations into the mechanism of bacterial transcription initiation. We developed protocols to immobilize RNAP-DNA initiation complexes using vesicles and antibodies. We used these techniques to show that the transcription bubble conformation in immobilized complexes exhibits inter-molecular heterogeneity. We observed large FRET changes that we attribute to transcription bubble opening and closing dynamics. We found that σ70 region 3.2 (σR3.2) influences the kinetics of the bubble dynamics, which supports proposals that σR3.2 interacts with the transcription bubble template strand. We extended our investigations to RNA synthesis and were able to observe abortive initiation cycles directly. We observed RNAP pausing and backtracking for the first time in transcription initiation. We obtained data suggesting that σR3.2 stabilises short RNAs at the active centre and forms a barrier to the extension of RNAs longer than 5-nt in length. We extended our abortive initiation assay to observe signal changes that we attribute to promoter escape. Our data revealed the number of abortive cycles that occur prior to escape, the kinetics of promoter escape, and pausing events that may have some regulatory function. We investigated the conformational dynamics of the RNAP β clamp and observed dynamic conformational changes between clamp-open and clamp-closed states. Our work confirms proposals that the clamp remains stably closed once the open complex (RPO) is formed. We investigated what affect the antibiotics Myxopyronin and Lipiarmycin have on the clamp conformation. Our results revealed that Myxopyronin traps the clamp in a closed conformation, while Lipiarmycin traps it in an open conformation. Overall, we made a number of novel observations that we believe advance our understanding of the mechanism of transcription. We hope that the discoveries reported here will direct future research efforts into RNAP function.
35
Jones, Robert John. "The initiation of rain-triggered lahars." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16520/.
Full textAbstract:
Rain-triggered lahars are a significant secondary hazard at volcanoes where unconsolidated pyroclastic material is exposed to intense rainfall, frequently occurring for years to decades after the initial eruptive activity affects proximal areas or primary hazard zones. Mechanisms of rain-triggered lahar initiation are often inferred from downstream flow observations, whilst rain-triggered lahar risk mitigation typically relies on ground-based flow detection. As a result, increasing knowledge of the physical processes involved in rain-triggered lahar initiation and enhancing the use of underutilised instrumental networks are key areas in the development of lahar risk mitigation techniques. This thesis examined rain-triggered lahar initiation in three primary ways: (i) The field-based examination of factors influencing the nature of the rain-triggered lahar hazard following the April 2015 eruption of Calbuco; (ii) The development of quantitative rainfall simulation experiments examining the effects of grain size distribution and antecedent rainfall; and (iii) The analysis of rainfall data and instrumental lahar records to devise new methods of rain-triggered lahar prediction and forecasting. Parameters identified at Calbuco as dictating the spatial variability and magnitude of the post-eruption rain-triggered lahar hazard included the volume and grain-size of emplaced pyroclastic material, vegetation coverage, pre-eruption ice and snow cover, topography and rainfall characteristics. Subsequent laboratory-based rainfall simulation experiments featuring man-made tephra beds examined the quantitative effects of factors including the grain-size of surface tephra and antecedent rainfall upon rain-triggered lahar initiation processes. Increased surface runoff was demonstrated during periods of heightened antecedent rainfall and as a result of reduced surface grain size. Reduced surface grain size also induced the formation of surface crusts, further enhancing runoff. Real-time telemetered rainfall data have been utilised as an effective basis for the creation and development of lahar forecasting models, with peak rainfall intensity acting as the optimal rainfall parameter for predicting lahar occurrence. The demonstrated increased warning times provided by such real-time predictive models illustrates their value both alongside existing lahar detection networks and as an alternative where such resources are unavailable. The incorporation of antecedent rainfall data has been shown to increase model performance, as has the integration of catchment recovery proxies at locations in periods of eruptive quiescence. The probabilistic models developed within this thesis also facilitate the continuous temporal calibration and adjustment of predictions as the databases used to generate lahar forecasts expand and evolve. The quantitative examination of factors driving rain-triggered lahar initiation processes within this thesis and the development of new techniques of lahar forecasting and prediction provide a platform for enhanced lahar risk mitigation. Further research should aim to integrate quantitative lahar magnitude thresholds into the developed lahar forecasting models, facilitating probabilistic inundation modelling and enhanced inter-location lahar comparisons.
36
Graner, Solana Alejandro. "Fatigue initiation in adhesively bonded structures." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844365/.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this research was to find patterns of fatigue initiation in adhesively bonded structures. Fatigue initiation plays a very important role in the useful life of any structure, but it is a difficult phenomenon to quantify. Three types of aluminium-FM73M single lap joints (SLJ) were tested in tensile mode at different loads. The damage was recorded using the backface strain technique. Six strain gauges (SGs) were installed to record damage. Several types of tests were performed: tests to failure, tests to limited damage and sectioning, and tests to limited damage and a residual strength test. The tests to failure were performed to obtain backface strain patterns. The specimens tested to limited damage were sectioned, polished and inspected under a microscope to study how the damage affected the adhesive. The tests to limited damage, followed by a static test to failure, were carried out to find the effect of damage on the static strength. The load-life data obtained matched previous data well. Experimental tests found that the damage appeared in the fillet as a microcrack formation, merging at the end of the test into a major crack. This pattern depended on geometry and load. The residual strength tests in specimens with limited damage showed that the joints kept a significant proportion of original static strength, even if the joint had been damaged significantly. Numerical simulations were performed in ABAQUS to match and predict fatigue life and backface strain patterns at different loads. Fortran was used to develop damage models based on user-defined field subroutines. Two elastic damage models were developed (one and two phase), which reduced the elastic modulus as damage increased. A more complete elasto-plastic damage model was also developed. In this model the elastic modulus and yield stress were reduced. This gave good predictions of both fatigue life and backface strain patterns. This model can be used to determine fatigue lives in other bonded structures and represents an important step forward in this area.
37
Gioldasi, Ioanna. "Translation initiation on feline calicivirus mRNA." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2003. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844326/.
Full textAbstract:
Caliciviruses are single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. The viral genome is polyadenylated and 7-8 kb in length. Non-structural polypeptide coding sequences are located in the 5' region of the genome whereas structural polypeptide coding sequences are located at the 3' end. In addition the replication cycle involves the synthesis of at least one 3' co-terminal subgenomic RNA. The most important feature of calicivirus mRNA is the lack of a "cap" structure at the 5' end. The viral mRNA bears a 10-15 IcDa VPg protein linked to both genomic and sub-genomic RNAs. The lack of a 'cap' structure suggests that calicivirus mRNA is translated by a cap-independent mechanism. The aim of this project was to investigate the mechanism of translation initiation on feline calicivirus (FCV) mRNA. This was achieved by examining (i) the proposed role for the 15 IcDa VPg protein, as a 'cap analogue', and (ii) the interactions of cellular proteins to the 5' and 3' ends of the FCV genome. Firstly, expressed FCV VPg was purified and used to raise antisera in rabbits. The antisera were subsequently used to analyse proteins from FCV-infected CRFK cells. Secondly, pull-down and ELISA-based binding assays suggested interaction of recombinant FCV VPg with the canonical initiation factor eIF4E. Thirdly, studies of the interactions between cellular proteins and the 5' and 3' terminal ends of the FCV genome by UV cross-linking and oligo(dT) RNA-protein binding assays were conducted. Results suggested interaction of the 5' end of the FCV genome with proteins eIF4A, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) and La, and eIF4A with the 3' end of the FCV genome. Based on the results of this work, this thesis proposes a model of the interactions between the FCV genome, VPg and cellular proteins in translation initiation.
38
Chen, Demeng. "WNT SIGNALING AND HAIR FOLLICLE INITIATION." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1355448596.
Full text
39
Anthony, Donald D. "Translation initiation: Typical and atypical mRNAs." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1055862170.
Full text
40
Geoffroy, Madeleine. "Jane eyre : quete, initiation et realisation." Grenoble 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE39036.
Full textAbstract:
Premiere partie : jane : quete spirituelle ou voyage symbolique vers le centre jane, orpheline part a la quete du bonheur. Tout au long de son chemin, a chaque etape de son periple symbolisee par une demeure, l'heroine connait des tribulations; elle doit faire face aussi chaque fois a un severe protagoniste: a gateshead, mrs reed la rejette; a lowood, brocklehurst seme privation et mort; thornfield abrite la tentation de la chair symbolisee par le maitre du domaine, mr rochester qui la fait fuir du paradis terrestre; moorhouse voudrait faire d'elle une martyre soumise au fanatisme de st john mais ferndean l'attend au dernier detour du chemin pour la faire penetrer au sein de la beatitude. Durant ce long voyage regne une atmosphere etrange que les elements, reflets de l'ame et de la lutte de jane viennent assombrir ou eclairer. Deuxieme partie : rochester : epreuves et initiation etre de roc, de feu et de sang, ayant connu une jeunesse tumultueuse et trop attire par les desirs terrestres, il doit subir une initiation douloureuse, veritable transmutation alchimique l'obligeant a accepter les epreuves et la mort symbolique avant de le faire renaitre a une autre vie aupres de jane venue seulement alors le rejoindre. Troisieme partie : charlotte : ecriture et realisation charlotte bronte se cachait derriere ses heros. A travers la joie que lui apporta l'ecriture se revele l'experience poignante que fut sa vie, initiation douloureuse durant laquelle les privations, la souffrance et la mort sevirent dans le sombre presbytere de haworth; puis son coeur mis a nu brula sur le brasier ardent du renoncement a son retour de bruxelles. Cette grande et tragique experience sentimentale allait lui ouvrir pourtant toute grandes les portes de l'art. Combien immense fut l'allegement du poids de la vie, puissante sa vengeance, epanoui enfin son etre que l'inhibition avait fui lorsque le succes la fit penetrer dans le jardin de la notoriete eternelle mais charlotte devait succomber prematurement a ce bonheur trop tard venu malheureusementFirst part : jane : her spiritual quest or symbolical journey towards the centre jane, an orphan sets out in search of happiness. All along the road, at each stage of her progress symbolised by a dwelling place, the heroine meets trials. Each time she has to cope with a severe protagonist too : at gateshead, mrs reed rejects her; at lowood, brocklehurst is sowing starvation and death; thornfield shelters temptation symbolised by the master of the estate, mr rochester who causes her to fly the garden of eden; moorhouse would like to make a martyr of her under the influence of st john's fanaticism but ferndean is waiting for her at the last turning of her way and leads her last steps towards bliss. Throughout that long journey a strange atmosphere is prevailing, enhanced by the elements reflecting jane's feelings and struggle. Second part : rochester's trials and initiation a son of rock and fire, having experienced an eventful youth, too much attracted by earthly desires he must undergo a painful initiation, a genuine alchemical transmutation in which he almost meets his doom. But this death is metaphorical, his suffering and wounds symbolical and soon he comes to life again to enjoy the return of jane for ever. Third part : charlotte : writing and accomplishment charlotte bronte is in fact hiding herself behind her heroes. Throughout the enthralling experience of writing, the heartbreaking events of her life are revealed; it was indeed an excruciating initiation : not only did hardship and death reign supreme over the dismal parsonage but after her return from brussels her heart, laying bare, burnt on the fiery furnace of renunciation. And yet her sentimental suffering opened the way to her genius and art. When success opened the door to an eternal fame, the burden of her life, her frustration and inhibition vanished. Unfortunately at the prospect of happiness which had come too late, charlotte was about to meet an unti
41
Krok, James Christopher Shepherd J. E. "Jet initiation of deflagration and detonation /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 1997. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-11122003-181337.
Full text
42
Geoffroy, Madeleine. "Jane Eyre quête, initiation et réalisation /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376053890.
Full text
43
Ali, I. K. "The role of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F in translation initiation by linear scanning and internal ribosome binding." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.595445.
Full textAbstract:
The experiments described in this dissertation used the rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation assay system to investigate what parts of the eIF4F complex are needed for (a) initiation by the scanning ribosome mechanism, and (b) IRES-dependent initiation. To this end, an affinity chromatography method for depleting reticulocyte lysates of eIF4G was developed, in which translation of all mRNAs was compromised, except (as predicted) translation driven by the HCV and pestivirus IRESes. The activity of the FMDV IRES, and that of the closely related encephalmoyocarditis virus (EMCV), in the depleted system was efficiently rescued by low concentrations of the p100 fragment of eIF4G, or even by just the central domain (p50). Deletions from the N-terminus of p50 did not seriously reduce this activity until they invaded the eIF4A interaction site. Surprisingly, a fragment consisting of amino acids 697-969 of eIF4GI was active in supporting IRES-dependent initiation even though it appears to lack the site of interaction with eIF3. Contrary to all expectations, the translation of capped mRNAs by the scanning ribosome mechanism was also restored by these eIF4G fragments which lack an eIF4E binding site, although high concentrations of p100 were needed than for the rescue of EMCV IRES activity. p100 or p50 could also support capped mRNA translation in normal reticulocyte lysates in which the function of the eIF4F complex had been impaired by addition of either m7GpppG cap analogue, or 4E-binding protein-1 (which removes eIF4E from the eIF4F complex), or FMDV L-greatly influenced by the precise nature of the 5’-terminus, whether uncapped or capped with m7GpppG, GpppG or ApppG end groups. Deletion of just 54 amino acids from the N-terminus of p50 resulted in a severe loss of activity towards scanning-dependent initiation, but had little; effect on the function of the EMCV IRES.
44
Leren, Fredrik Kjernli, and Brage Strand. "Initiation of Business Relationships : A Study of Initiation Practices in Entrepreneurial Start-ups and Consulting Companies in Norway." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-21089.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this thesis was to find out how an entrepreneurial start‐up company should go forth to initiate successful new relationships with customers. Surprisingly few researchers have focused on initiation alone as a phenomenon, even though it is essential for creating prosperous relationships. The authors have broken the aim into five research questions. The first research question are; (1) How the initiation of a relationship progresses, and which sub‐processes and factors are important for building a new relationship for an entrepreneurial start‐up. The authors have preformed a broad literature review, covering the following categories and literature perspectives to ensure a thorough theoretical study of the phenomenon; relationship development, selling and buying, and network, third parties and social embeddedness. With regard to relationship development the authors have grouped key aspects from the literature together into a synthesis of four states, including a contextual aspects, which are important sub-processes that must be fulfilled during an initiation process, these are; (1) Pre dialogue state, (2) First contact state, (3) Forming the relationship foundation, and (4) Commitment state. In addition the authors have highlighted some contextual aspects, which may influence to process. Secondly the authors have grouped key aspects from the selling and buying literature into three phases, which describes initiation sub‐processes from a sellers perspective, namely; (1) Establishing a strategic foundation, (2) Getting in contact, (3) Meeting and dialogue with the prospect. With regards to the third literature perspective, and network, third parties and social embeddedness, the authors have studied how sellers, third parties and buyers and social relations influence the initiation process through several interfaces, which are named; S1 (seller influences the process directly), S2 (seller influences third parties), B1 (buyer influences the process directly), T1 (third parties influences the process directly), T2 (third parties influences the buyer), and T3 (third parties influences the seller). The authors combine these insights and findings in order to create a conceptualized model to describe initiation of customer relationships. Furthermore, the authors provide an analogy of a maze of traffic lights to explain the complex process.  In addition, the authors conducted a multiple comparative case study consisting of five entrepreneurial start-up companies and five consultancies, in order to gain further insight from an entrepreneurial and a consultant mindset. The findings from the case study provided an answer to the following research questions; (2) How do consulting companies proceed to initiate new customer relationships? (3) How do entrepreneurial start-ups proceed to initiate new customer relationships? (4) What are the best practices used by consultancies and entrepreneurial start-ups and what are the similarities and differences in their approaches to initiate new customer relationships? The main conclusions from the case study with regard to consultancies were that they focus most of their efforts on existing customer relationships. This is due to the fact that the consultancies are very niche and industry specific, and has a very large network and highly specialized competence within their niche and industry. Thus, even when approaching potential new customers they often have some kind of existing tie supporting the initiation process. The main conclusions from the study with regard to entrepreneurs where that they highlighted the importance of keeping the client warm through regular follow-up and involving the client in the product development in a sustainable manner. In addition the entrepreneurial companies focused on taking advantage of network effects by, for instance, make us of hybrid structures. Finally, the authors answered the last research question, which were; How may a small entrepreneurial start‐up make use of the insight provided by the literature review and the best practices uncovered in the case study to improve their processes of business relationships initiation? In conclusion, the conceptual model and insight gained from the empirical findings into the initiation process provides an improved understanding for entrepreneurial start-ups. This improved understanding can help entrepreneurs to adapt and improve their initiation efforts, by assessing their current initiation efforts and formulating a strategy to consciously improve their initiation practices. The authors propose several measures for establishing a strategic foundation, getting in contact, and meeting and dialogue with prospects. Furthermore it is important to understand that as a seller they can influence the process directly through sales effort and also proactively by facilitating that third parties influence the initiation process. Lastly, the authors propose several issues, which may be pursued in further research.
45
Dzugan, Jan. "Crack initiation determination for Charpy size specimens." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-29268.
Full textAbstract:
An investigation in the field of the crack initiation determination for Charpy size specimens was carried out. An extensive literature survey of published methods for the crack initiation was performed. Methods based on the stretch zone width measurement, blunting line, multiple gauge measurement, electric potential drop, compliance changing rate, acoustic emission, ultrasonic method and magnetic emission are discussed in the theoretical part of the report. Analytical methods for the critical J-integral evaluation were also taken into account, as well as the expressions for the J-integral calculation. On the basis of the theoretical survey suitable measurement methods were chosen and applied in the experimental programme to several different materials. Namely blunting line related methods, multiple gauge methods, electric potential drop and compliance changing rate methods were used. The initiation J-integrals were evaluated with use of wide range of evaluation procedures and compared together in order to find a reliable method for the crack initiation determination. There was not found a universal method for the crack initiation determination. The performance of the methods was varying in dependence on the investigated material, so the results enable to choose perspective method for considered case.
46
Okyay, Ozden. "Polymerization Of 2,4,6 Trichlorophenol By Microwave Initiation." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608053/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Polymerization reaction is carried out by the reaction of 2,4,6 trichlorophenol with
sodium hydroxide, in the presence of small amount of water by microwave initiation.
Synthesis of polymers were successfully performed under microwave enegy. The use
of microwave energy was due to advantages of shorter processing time. The main
focus of attention was the 90 to 600 watt microwave energy. Polymerizations were
performed with different time intervals by keeping the microwave energy and water
content constantor with different energy levels by keeping the time interval and water content constant
or by varying the amount of water by keeping the time and energy level constant.Beside poly(dichlorophenylene oxide), conducting polymer, ion-radical polymer, crosslinked polymer were also be successfully synthesized and characterized. Characterizations of the products were performed by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, DSC, TGA and elemental analysis. Molecular weight distribution was measured by PL-GPC 220 Polymer Laboratories Instrument. Conductivity measurements were performed by four probe technique.
47
Isaksson, Magnus. "Initiation of Autoimmunity in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekylär medicin, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-173427.
Full textAbstract:
The events that trigger an autoimmune disease remain largely unknown. To study these events animal models are necessary because symptoms of autoimmune diseases are preceded by a long asymptomatic period in humans. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the best characterized model for cell mediated autoimmunity and an animal model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. EAE is induced in rodents by immunization with myelin antigens (Ags) together with adjuvants. After immunization, T cells are primed in the periphery by Ag presenting cells and subsequently invade the central nervous system where they mediate parenchymal inflammation, resulting in demyelination and clinical symptoms of an ascending paralysis. It is now generally recognised that the main cell type mediating EAE is the T helper type 17 (Th17) cell. Tolerance to EAE can be attained by DNA vaccination, but how the immune response against the myelin Ags is abrogated after DNA vaccination is not known. By employing short interfering RNA technology, induction of the innate immune signalling molecule interferon (IFN) -β was found to be necessary for the protective effect of DNA vaccination in EAE. In addition, DNA vaccination inhibited subsequent autoimmune Th17 cell responses. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) of the innate immune system have evolved to recognise conserved molecular structures on microbes and signalling through them almost exclusively converge on the molecule MyD88. Signalling via MyD88 was found to be required for induction of EAE since mice deficient in this molecule did not develop disease. Upstream signalling via TLR4 and TLR9 had tolerogenic properties. In studies of Ag presentation in EAE, two major subtypes of dendritic cells (DCs) were examined. Plasmacytoid DCs were found to have a promoting role in the induction of EAE, partly via type 1 IFNs. Myeloid DCs had a redundant role in the induction phase of EAE, neither disease severity nor encephalitogenic Th17 responses were affected by their absence during priming. These studies further demonstrate that the cells and molecules of the innate immune system exhibit a crucial role in controlling the adaptive immune system which mediates tissue damage in autoimmune diseases.
48
Zhao, Yue. "Individual Business Initiation Process and Business Dynamics." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-183287.
Full textAbstract:
Many relationship-based studies focus on how businesses are maintained and developed. However, little attention focused on individuals as business initiators and the consequent processes. This study will bridge this gap. A theoretical model with two cases will answer two questions -How individuals initiate business through personal network? -What is the consequent process? The studies demonstrate that individual do play a very important role when initiating a new business and they set in motion relationship-building processes that change the network structure. The contribution for research and management is clear. The netentrepruer is a new ‘actor’ and can be useful in future studies of business networks. Management can usefully become conscious of the possibilities they have in studying their network contacts before initiating new businesses. Managers should utilize managing individual’s networks as new competition strategies. This will modify the view of management strategy and also contribute to theory building.
49
Lingard, Lorelei. "Genre as initiation, socializing the student physician." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0017/NQ37726.pdf.
Full text
50
Golshani, Ashkan. "Alternative initiation of translation in Escherichia coli." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0028/MQ51582.pdf.
Full text