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1
Alm, Emelie, Elin Berglund, and Andreas Falk. "Initial Public Offerings : An investigation of IPO's on the swedish market." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Accounting and Finance, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-11493.
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When a firm decides to go public, two abnormalities often occur. The first is called underpricing and can be defined as a capital loss made by the company the first day of trade due to that the offer price is lower than the closing price after the first day of trade. The increase in stock value is equal to capital the issuing firm could have gained initially; this capital loss is referred to as the “money left on the table”. The second abnormality, underperformance, is a result from underpricing. It means that the stocks that were underpriced the first day also tend to underperform 3-5 years after the initial public offering (IPO) compared to competitors within the same industry.
These two abnormalities together constitutes a problem for the firm because they loose money. However it also enables investors to make a quick profit. There are many studies covering this area, however mostly made by Americans, therefore the aim of this report is to investigate whether the two abnormalities exist on the Swedish market.
In order to fulfill the purpose, companies that were listed 1998-2007 were investigated. Their stock performance is analyzed both on the day of IPO, where we found that 51% of the companies listed were underpriced, with an average of 23%. Further, the average “money left on the table” per company was 3.9 MSEK. The stock prices have also been analyzed on a one- as well as a five year period after the IPO in order to analyze the long-run performance and later compare it to the rest of the industry as well as industry index. We found that most of the companies that where underpriced also tend to follow underperformance. However, how long they underperform depends in which industry they operate. The IT industry, for example had a negative performance after 5 years whereas the Industrials industry has the turning-point from negative performance before 5 years.
2
Kostas, Dimitris. "Initial public offerings on the London Stock Exchange." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/initial-public-offerings-on-the-london-stock-exchange(41d0c548-e6c5-4540-878f-3dbbf57688b7).html.
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This thesis examines the non-cash compensation paid to the underwriters/brokers during the flotation process and the IPO when-issued dealing market in one of the most successful and international stock exchanges around the world, the London Stock Exchange (LSE). The thesis consists of three essays that try to answer the following questions: Do IPO firms minimise their costs of going public by issuing warrants to their financial advisers? Does the when-issued dealing affect the setting of the offer price? The first essay examines the issue of warrants to brokers as part of their compensation package in non-underwritten offerings on the Alternative Investment Market of the LSE. The main finding is that IPO firms are able to make efficient decisions and choose the contract that minimises their costs. For companies that issue warrants to their brokers the total costs of going public are 22.74% (as a percentage of gross proceeds), but would have been 25.61% had they not issued them. This 2.87% reduction in costs is equivalent to 70.34% of the commission paid to the brokers by the IPO firms. The main source of this decrease in the costs is the lower underpricing the companies incur by granting warrants to their brokers. The second essay examines the use of non-cash compensation in underwritten IPOs. The findings suggest that firms that are cash constrained are more likely to issue warrants to their underwriters. In addition, underwriters appear to have the ability to time the issue of warrants because they include them as part of their compensation package when the market is doing well. Interestingly, warrant issuers are still able to minimise their costs of going public even under a very light regulatory setting underlying the use of non-cash compensation. The third essay examines the when-issued dealing in the Main Market of the LSE for an extensive period of time, 1996 to 2012. The main finding is that, in an institutional setting in which the when-issued dealing commences only after the allocation of shares and the offer price are announced, investors pay ‘rents’ to the underwriters in order to acquire IPO shares that will trade within the when-issued dealing. These ‘rents’ take the form of a higher offer price. In other words the when-issued dealing affects the setting of the offer price. For companies that have a when issued dealing the offer price is £3.4 but would have been 54% lower (£1.55) had these firms not had a when issued dealing.
3
Goot, Tjalling van der. "Valuing new issues : information quality of initial public offerings at the Amsterdam Stock Exchange /." Amsterdam : Thesis Publishers, 1997. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0630/98206588-d.html.
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Vithanage, Kulunu Sathsara. "Three Essays on Multiple Lead Underwriters in IPOS." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366345.
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The objective of this thesis is to investigate the role of multiple lead underwriter (MLU) syndicates in initial public offerings (IPOs). Despite the increasing tendency among US issuers to employ MLUs to manage their offerings, the role of MLUs has not been widely recognised in the IPO literature. Using a sample of US IPOs from 1999–2012, this thesis explores several roles of MLUs in three related yet distinct empirical essays. In the first empirical essay, we investigate the information production role of underwriters in an MLU syndicate. We find that, compared to SLU-backed IPOs, MLU-backed IPOs contain more informative content in their IPO prospectuses. The level of informative content, which is a proxy for pre-filing the due diligence efforts of lead underwriters, suggests that MLUs produce more information during the pre-filing period. Further, we find that MLUs use a more readable writing style in IPO prospectuses to effectively communicate pre-filing information to investors. We also find that MLUs produce less information during bookbuilding and provide less support for partial adjustment phenomena. Together, our results suggest that MLUs replace the costly process of bookbuilding information production with their extensive pre-filing information production.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Vong, Pou Iu. "Underpricing of initial public offerings (IPOS) in the Hong Kong stock market." Thesis, University of Macau, 1994. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636786.
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Goergen, Marc G. J. "Ownership, control and performance issues in German and UK IPOs." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339898.
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Mangozhe, Gwarega Triumph. "The long-run investment performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24692.
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This study investigated the long-run investment performance of 411 South African IPOs during the period 1992 to 2007. Consistent with historical studies, no evidence of abnormal performance was found on a calendar-time approach using the Fama- French (1993) three-factor model. While the long-run performance did not differ materially, factors such as financial and industrial industry classifications were found to impact after-market performance of IPO portfolios. It was found that large new company issuances within the Financials and Industrials categories produced abnormal returns, but on a collective basis there was no evidence of abnormal performance. In particular, a positive relationship was found to exist between book-tomarket ratios and IPO performance in the financial and industrial sectors, but there was scant evidence on a collective basis. Market conditions were found to have an impact on IPO performance. In periods of market buoyancy, IPOs performed well and in periods of market distress, IPOs‟ performance suffered. The implications of this study are that investors, in making decisions on whether or not to invest in new issues, should not expect to make superior returns to the market over a five-year period by investing in IPOs. IPO performance after the five-year period was not part of the scope for this study and may form the basis for future studies. CopyrightDissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
8
Charalambides, Marios. "Underpricing and the long-run performance of initial public offerings (IPOs) in the U.K." Thesis, Brunel University, 1998. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/4287.
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The underpricing and long—run underperformance of initial public offerings (IP0s) of common stock are well documented anomalies. The aim of this thesis is to examine why these two anomalies occur. For this purpose we employ a sample of 653 U.K. IPOs listed in the Main Market (official list) and the Unlisted Securities Market (USM) during the period 1984-1992. The thesis has been primarily motivated by the fact that there are not many comprehensive studies examining these anomalies for IPOs in the U.K., particularly with regards to IPOs obtaining a quotation on the official list. We begin the thesis by examining the initial and aftermarket performance of IPOs. In line with previous studies, we find that the IPOs in our sample are underpriced on average by 10.42%. To assess long—run performance after the initial offering we employ the cumulative return and the buy and hold return measures. We compute IPO abnormal returns relative to two market indexes by using three different models: (1) the market—adjusted model, (2) lbbotson's (1975) RATS model and (3) the Fama and French (1993) three factor asset pricing model. We find that new offerings perform poorly in the long—run. A one pound investment in IPOs is worth less than 90 pence after three years. The thesis continuous by investigating the causes of underpricing. We examine the underpricing anomaly from several angles. First, we test the hypothesis that IPOs produce positive short—run returns because of the ex ante uncertainty surrounding their post—issue value. Employing OLS regression analysis, we find the influence of ex ante uncertainty on the level of initial returns to be rather weak. Second, we examine whether issuers intentionally underprice their IPOs in order to signal firm quality. The empirical findings, however, obtained through logit and OLS regression analysis, provide limited evidence in support of this signalling hypothesis. Third, we investigate whether new issues are deliberately underpriced in the IPO premarket. For this purpose we employ the stochastic frontier model pioneered by Aigner et al. (1977). Although we find that IPOs are deliberately underpriced in the premarket, we fail to establish a significant relation between premarket and initial underpricing. Lastly, we evaluate the underwriter price support hypothesis, which posits that the high IPO initial returns are the result of aftermarket inefficiencies. We find, however, on the basis of statistical analysis and Tobit analysis, that this hypothesis cannot explain away positive first day returns. Overall, the results presented in the current thesis point to the conclusion that newly listed firms generate positive returns in the short—run and negative returns in the long— run because they are initially overvalued by optimistic investors.
9
Neupane, S. "Conflicts of interest in IPOs: case of investment banks - a systematic review." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2008. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12486.
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Since the burst of the internet bubble there is a great deal of interest in the way investment bank prices and allocates initial public offerings (IPOs). The additional scrutiny and spotlight is also because of the dominance of bookbuilding mechanism, which gives complete discretion in terms of allocation and pricing to underwriters, and the huge amount of money left on the table by the issuers, especially during the internet bubble period. Numerous press stories and law suit by investors and issuers alleged conflicts of interest by investment banks at the expense of issuers and investors. On the basis of scoping study we identified five areas to examine conflicts of interest: laddering, spinning, relationship banking, profit sharing allocation and allocation to affiliated funds. The findings of the systematic review show that very limited research has been done on the areas identified. Moreover, there is almost no evidence available to examine the behaviour of investment banks post internet bubble burst. Likewise, very limited evidence is available from countries other than United States. From whatever limited research has been done in these areas there does seem to be enough evidence to suggest that investment banks have been involved in activities that is in conflict with their responsibilities and duties. There is clear evidence of wrong doing by investment banks in US during the internet bubble period by being involved in spinning, laddering and profit sharing allocations. There is not much evidence available at the moment to charge the underwriters of exploiting issuers and investors through the use of affiliated banks, venture capitalists and mutual funds. There is a great need to examine the behaviour of investment banks not only for the sake of the stability of the financial markets but also for the financial intermediaries themselves as unnecessary regulations undermine the efficient operations of financial markets.
10
Eriksson, Johan. "Earnings management within IPO firms and private equity backing : Earnings management's affect on stock market reaction and IPO's adjustable offering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256335.
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In order to boost the exit value, it is not uncommon that issuers report earnings in excess of cash flow generated by its operations at the initial public offering (IPO). The discretionary activity of performing earnings management can mislead investors about the intrinsic value of the newly public firm. Within this study, I examine how earnings management will affect the stock market reaction upon the lockup expiration date, the IPO adjustable offering size, and how the backing of private equity or venture capital (PEVC) affects earnings management tendencies within IPO firms. Using a unique, hand-collected dataset of 56 Swedish newly public firms from 2007 - 2014, I show that IPO firms (i) manage their earnings at the full fiscal year prior to the IPO and that earnings management will result in a negative stock market reaction upon the lockup expiration date. More importantly, I show that (ii) high adjustable offerings do not affect this relationship indicating that earnings management has no impact on the adjustable part of the offering size within IPOs. I also find that (iii) IPO firms backed by PEVC firms are more eager to manipulate their earnings, and (iv) highly reputable PEVC firms do not mitigate the manipulation of earnings within IPO firms. The results taken together suggest that studying the stock market reaction on the lockup expiration date is important for manipulative IPO firm detection, and that a participation in IPOs backed by PEVC firms must be done with caution.
11
Zhang, Lei. "An empirical study of unit IPOS in the UK : why do firms include warrants in initial public offerings?" Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1238/.
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The main objective of this thesis is to identify the reasons why firms choose to issue unit IPOs instead of share-only IPOs. Evidence is found that unit firms are smaller, riskier, with higher level of agency costs and higher levels of information asymmetry than share-only firms and unit IPOs are underwritten by less reputable underwriters. The initial return results provide strong support to the Agency Cost hypothesis that unit IPOs is significantly more underpriced than share-only IPOs. Unit firms have lower survival rate than that of share-only IPO firms; however, unit firms that do survive are more likely to issue seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) for further funding. A clear pattern of price run-up is observed before SEO announcements by unit firms and a significant negative price adjustment is found when the SEOs are announced. In the long-term, this thesis provides evidence that unit IPOs present significantly worse underperformance comparing to both the matching share-only IPOs and various market indices. Such results contradict both the Agency Cost and the Signalling hypotheses and imply that unit firms cannot significantly improve performance by simply attaching warrants, regardless as whether they are used to reduce agency costs or to signal firm value.
12
Uzonwanne, Nnamdi John. "Firm and industry characteristics, long-term returns and survival of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) : a critical re-evaluation." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5854/.
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This study tracks IPOs from the time of their entry into the public domain up to at least six years post-listing. In the first part of this study, the post-listing performance of these firms relative to that of a set of control firms in event and calendar time is evaluated, using a fresh sample of 746 IPOs in the UK market over the period 1999-2006 and stepwise matching algorithms that select the matching firms from the general population on the basis of key firm risk factors that includes three new factors – pre-IPO performance, turnover growth and earnings yield – employing a refined matching technique and a battery of methods. Given that the majority of the studies in the literature find that IPOs are poor investments in the long-term, the findings in the first part suggest firstly, that investing in IPOs beyond the immediate after-market may not be a bad trading strategy since the relative after-market performance is dependent on the proportions in which the stocks are stacked in the investor’s portfolio; secondly, value-weighted performance does not provide strong evidence against market efficiency when compared to an equally-weighted measure of abnormal performance [which tends to suggest that the former may provide a more useful benchmark in assessing the post-event risk-adjusted performance of IPO firms since it more accurately captures the investors’ wealth effects] and; thirdly, the under-performance of new issues of common stock remains an anomaly that really challenges the efficient market hypothesis only when performance is equally-weighted. In the course of analysing the performance of the firms in the first part, this work finds that the under-performance is more prevalent in some groups of IPOs than others. Hence, in the second part of the work, the economic importance and significance of key firm and industry risk factors prior to or at the IPO that may predict or explain this under-performance is tested. The author’s findings reveal that industry risk factors of IPO surplus value, profitability, market-to-book and equity volatility in addition to firm risk factors of size, market-to-book, past performance, underwriter reputation and the ‘hot’ IPO market can help distinguish the best performing from the worst performing firms. More importantly, the industry effects here are economically large and are first documented in this study. In the third and final part of the work, the firms are tracked in event and calendar time, equally using only that information that is available prior to or at the IPO. The author’s findings reveal that industry risk factors of IPO surplus value and profitability in addition to firm risk factors of size, past performance, initial market return volatility [IPO risk], underwriter prestige and the ‘hot’ IPO market can foreshadow an IPO’s survival. More importantly, the industry effects here are also first documented in this study. More particularly, the evidence here on past performance and underwriter prestige is strong and overwhelming with the results suggesting that firms desirous of going public should first build a track record of profitable performance, while the latter lays credence to the fact that firms underwritten by prestigious underwriters are less likely to fail. The results also suggest that potential IPO investors, IPO firms and their investment bankers should consider industry risk factors prevailing at the time of the IPO to provide them with additional information on whether or not to invest in the IPO [in the case of the investor] or go ahead with the IPO, or alternatively, withdraw and re-launch at a more auspicious date [in the case of the issuing firm and its investment banker].
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Shari, Wahidah. "Evaluation of the market performance and survival of initial public offerings (IPOs) and its determinants : evidence from the Malaysian market." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=240016.
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Thiess, Rolf C. "Corporate governance, professionalisation and performance of IPO firms. The role of founders and venture capitalists." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4458.
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Combining agency theory and the resource-dependence perspective as well as signalling
theory, this thesis examines the role venture capitalists (VCs) and founders play with
respect to both structural board characteristics and board capital in terms of experience and
prestige and whether these are linked to performance.
It claims that VCs and founders shape the governance system of the firms going public and
are influential in the professionalisation of the ventures especially in terms of human and
social capital of its board of directors. It also argues that the board of directors represents a
signal of firm quality in the initial public offering (IPO) market and should thus be linked
to performance. Similarly, according to the venture capital certification hypothesis, being
funded by VCs signals a firm¿s quality and potential.
In order to assess these claims, this thesis employs a unique sample of matched venturecapital-
backed and non-venture-capital-backed entrepreneurial IPOs that floated either on
the London Stock Exchange¿s Official List or the Alternative Investment Market (AIM).
Extending previous research this thesis employs more fine-grained measures and introduces
new conceptually relevant variables in the analysis.
The findings indicate that VCs and founders are influential in shaping corporate governance
of IPO-stage ventures both from an agency and resource-provision perspective. Findings
from the examination of governance and professionalisation characteristics with respect to
IPO short-run performance (underpricing) indicate that it may the involvement of
prestigious auditors that signal firm quality while a founder bias discount seems to exist.
While evidence is found that VC involvement (and to a lesser extent director/board
characteristics) is related to post-IPO market performance, this seems to depend on the time
period following the IPO examined, whereas auditor prestige shows a positive association
in all of these time periods.Bradford University School of Management
15
Ali, Heba Ahmed Abass. "Timing, valuation and post-issue stock performance of the initial public offerings (IPOs) and rights issues in the UK." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3584.
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The issuance activity of IPOs and rights issues has shown substantial time-varying fluctuations. These fluctuations are conceptually related to the so-called ‘timing, and ‘hot issues’ markets. This thesis conducts a comprehensive examination of the determinants of timing of IPOs and rights issues in the UK, seeking to inspect and compare the main factors that drive these fluctuations. Specifically, I compare the extent to which the favourable business and economic conditions, bull market timing, investor sentiment, and decreasing adverse selection costs can explain these fluctuations. For IPOs, the overall findings show a strongly and robustly significant evidence in support of adverse selection costs hypothesis. Economic conditions, bull market timing and investor sentiment hypotheses are also important determinants of IPOs timing, but of less significance and robustness. For rights issues, the timing story appears different. The empirical evidence is mostly consistent with the bull market timing hypothesis. Investor sentiment proxy is supported but not robustly consistent across various tests. By contrast, the economic conditions and information asymmetry proxies generally exhibited inconsistent findings. It has been recently posited that equity-issuing firms behaviourally time their offerings to exploit stock mis-valuations and investor over-optimism. If so, this behavioural timing is expected to be reflected in a direct relation between mis-valuation of IPOs and right issues and poor post-issue stock returns. This mis-valuation is examined (i) directly via calculating a ratio of the price to an intrinsic value of the firm (as a proxy for relative overvaluation) and (ii) indirectly via looking at the intensity of equity issuance activity since investor over-optimistism and stock over-valuations are expected to substantially differ between hot and cold issues markets. The findings suggest that both IPOs and rights issues are significantly over-valued compared to other non-issuing firms. More importantly, the post-issue stock returns are found to be significantly and robustly different between IPOs and rights issues launched during hot issues markets compared to those launched during cold and normal issues markets, which strongly supports the behavioural timing hypothesis. However, the overall findings derived based on the post-issue stock returns conditional on relative overvaluation are less consistent with the behavioural timing hypothesis.
16
Thiess, Rolf Christian. "Corporate governance, professionalisation and performance of IPO firms : the role of founders and venture capitalists." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4458.
Full textAbstract:
Combining agency theory and the resource-dependence perspective as well as signalling theory, this thesis examines the role venture capitalists (VCs) and founders play with respect to both structural board characteristics and board capital in terms of experience and prestige and whether these are linked to performance. It claims that VCs and founders shape the governance system of the firms going public and are influential in the professionalisation of the ventures especially in terms of human and social capital of its board of directors. It also argues that the board of directors represents a signal of firm quality in the initial public offering (IPO) market and should thus be linked to performance. Similarly, according to the venture capital certification hypothesis, being funded by VCs signals a firm's quality and potential. In order to assess these claims, this thesis employs a unique sample of matched venturecapital- backed and non-venture-capital-backed entrepreneurial IPOs that floated either on the London Stock Exchange's Official List or the Alternative Investment Market (AIM). Extending previous research this thesis employs more fine-grained measures and introduces new conceptually relevant variables in the analysis. The findings indicate that VCs and founders are influential in shaping corporate governance of IPO-stage ventures both from an agency and resource-provision perspective. Findings from the examination of governance and professionalisation characteristics with respect to IPO short-run performance (underpricing) indicate that it may the involvement of prestigious auditors that signal firm quality while a founder bias discount seems to exist. While evidence is found that VC involvement (and to a lesser extent director/board characteristics) is related to post-IPO market performance, this seems to depend on the time period following the IPO examined, whereas auditor prestige shows a positive association in all of these time periods.
17
Rajaiya, Harshit. "Three Essays in Corporate and Entrepreneurial Finance:." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108781.
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Thesis advisor: Thomas ChemmanurMy dissertation consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I analyze the impact of firms' innovation success on their corporate financial policies. I hypothesize that innovation success reduces the information asymmetry facing firms and, through the information channel, affects their capital structure and dividend policies. I measure innovation success using the quantity and quality of patents. I show that firms with higher innovation success face lower information asymmetry, measured using analyst coverage, dispersion, and forecast error. Further, I show that firms with higher innovation success have lower leverage ratios; have a greater propensity to issue equity rather than debt; and have lower dividend payout ratios. I establish causality using instrumental variable analyses with patent examiner leniency as an instrument for patent grants. In the second chapter, co-authored with Thomas Chemmanur, Xuan Tian, and Qianqian Yu, we analyze the impact of trademarks in entrepreneurial firms' success. We hypothesize that trademarks play two economically important roles for entrepreneurial firms: a “protective” role, leading to better product market performance; and an “informational” role, signaling higher firm quality to investors. We develop testable hypotheses based on the above two roles of trademarks, relating the trademarks held by private firms to the characteristics of venture capital (VC) investment in them, their probability of successful exit, their valuations at their initial public offering (IPO) and in the immediate secondary market; institutional investor IPO participation; post-IPO information asymmetry; and post-IPO operating performance. We test these hypotheses using a large and unique dataset of trademarks held by VC-backed private firms. We establish causality using an instrumental variable (IV) analysis using trademark examiner leniency as the instrument. For private firms, we find that the number of trademarks held by the firm is positively related to the total amount invested by VCs and negatively related to the extent of staging by VCs. We show that the number of trademarks held by a firm increases its probability of successful exit (IPOs or acquisitions). Further, for the subsample of VC-backed firms going public, we show that the number of trademarks held by the firm leads to higher IPO and immediate secondary market firm valuations; greater IPO participation by institutional investors; a lower extent of information asymmetry in the equity market post-IPO; and better post-IPO operating performance. In the third chapter, co-authored with Thomas Chemmanur and Jinfei Sheng, we develop testable hypotheses and empirically analyze the effects of outside investors having access to soft information such as online employee ratings from the Glassdoor website on firms' financing and investment policies. We find that higher online employee ratings are associated with larger equity issue announcement effects; a greater propensity to have positive announcement effects and to issue equity rather than debt to raise external financing; higher investment expenditures; greater equity issue participation by institutional investors; and better long-run post-issue operating performance. We establish causality using a difference-in-differences methodology relying on the staggered adoption of anti-SLAPP laws across U.S. states
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management
Discipline: Finance
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SIGNORI, Andrea. "The evalutation of IPOs and its influence on a private firm's exit decision." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/30392.
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The current research investigates the valuation of companies going public in different phases of the IPO process, and unveils its implications on a private firm’s exit decision. The first paper focuses on how underwriters select comparable firms when valuing IPOs. We document that they perform a biased, left-truncated selection, as they omit peers with the poorest valuations compared to those selected by sell-side analysts or obtained from matching algorithms. IPOs are priced at a discount compared to peers selected by underwriters, but at a premium with regards to alternatively selected peers, even by considering peers chosen by the same underwriter acting as analyst.
The second paper deals with aftermarket valuation of IPOs, focusing on the relation between the fees paid to underwriters and the services they provide to the issuer, such as price stabilization. We study whether a formal commitment by underwriters to provide ancillary services allows them to charge higher fees, and find that asking underwriters to support aftermarket valuation (i.e., stabilize stock price) is costly to the issuer, while to support liquidity is not. Underwriters stabilize IPOs that really need it, whereas the drivers of the provision of liquidity support are less clear.
The third paper examines how the possibility to go public and be subsequently acquired at a higher valuation alters a private firm’s initial exit trade-off between IPO and acquisition. Firms suffering from greater information asymmetry and more severe financial constraints are more likely to go public before being acquired, rather than be directly acquired as private. These firms receive a higher valuation than that obtained by similar private targets. On the other hand, there are risks associated with two-stage exits. Less successful firms face a higher probability of delisting, with a valuation similar to what they would have obtained by selling out as private.
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Henricson, Tobias. "Underpricing in the Swedish IPO market : Can investors earn abnormal returns by investing in IPOs?" Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18404.
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This thesis examines underpricing in Sweden using unique data on the 185 firms going public through initial public offerings (IPOs) and listing on the Stockholm Stock Exchange between 1994-2011. The average initial return in the Swedish IPO market adjusted for index movements is 11.49% but underpricing of individual IPOs was as high as 241.04%. Further, time trends in underpricing, the level of average initial returns effect on IPO supply underpricing and differences between sectors, segments and investment banks are examined. Finally, it is argued that investors must be rewarded for taking the high risk associated with IPO investing and that the average initial return of 11.49% is a reasonable compensation for that risk.
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Chahine, Salim, Johnathan D. Arthurs, Igor Filatotchev, and Robert E. Hoskisson. "The effects of venture capital syndicate diversity on earnings management and performance of IPOs in the US and UK: An institutional perspective." Elsevier, 2012. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3486/1/JCF_CORFIN%2DD%2D11%2D00041_RR1_Final_25_Oct_2011.pdf.
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This study examines the extent to which principal-principal agency conflicts within venture capital (VC) syndicates lead to additional principal-agent conflicts in IPO firms in two institutional contexts. Using a matched sample of 274 VC-backed IPOs in the US and the UK, it shows that the diversity of a VC syndicate increases pre-IPO discretionary current accruals, used as a proxy for earnings management, but the impact of such diversity is higher in the US. There
is also evidence of higher underpricing and lower aftermarket performance in firms with higher
earnings management and VC diversity, and these negative performance effects are also higher in the US. Our findings indicate that local and informal institutions have a significant effect on multiple agency conflicts in IPO firms and performance outcomes.
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Karlsson, Johanna, and Persson Didrik Brinkestam. "The High Risk and High Reward Game : Performance of Venture Capital Backed IPOs." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105689.
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For start-up businesses, the source of outside capital can be retrieved from the venture capital industry. The venture capital industry has grown substantially over the past 50 years, reaching its pinnacle during the internet bubble in the 1990s and serves as an important contributor to the economy. After some time, and optimally when the start-up has matured into a successful business, venture capitalists want to receive money in return for their investments. Most commonly, the exiting of venture capital investments is retrieved through an IPO. An IPO refers to the transition from a private corporation to a public corporation and occurs when a private corporation offers its shares to the public for the first time. The existing literature of IPOs is commonly associated with the depiction of abnormal returns. More precisely, the offer price is often underpriced in comparison to the closing price on the first day of trading. In addition, the returns 1 to 5 years after going public are often subject to subsequent declines (Miller & Riley, 1987; Ritter, 1998). A part of the underperformance of IPOs is anchored in the type of capital structure, venture capital. Thus, this study examines the relationship between venture capital backed IPOs and IPO performance. Furthermore, the relationship between the degree of venture capital, the amount of capital held by the venture capital firm in the IPO, and IPO performance are examined in order to discover eventual correlations. Concerning the performed analysis, the study concludes that there is no clear positive relationship between venture capital backing and IPO performance in the short run. However, one could interpret that being a VC-backed IPO can be prosperous for long-term performance since VC has a positive impact on ROA. Regarding the degree of venture capital, it had a negative impact on the ROA, i.e., the level of degree of venture capital does not have a positive impact on the IPO performance.
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Schöber, Thomas. "Buyout-Backed Initial Public Offerings." kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/www/edis.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/3479.
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Imtiaz, Talat. "Initial public offerings in Pakistam." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399022.
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Tastan, M. "Essays on initial public offerings." Thesis, City University London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/8339/.
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The present dissertation includes three essays on initial public offerings (IPO). The first chapter investigates the impact of venture capital (VC) syndicate size and diversity on the IPO and post-IPO performances of investee companies. We provide evidence that firms backed by larger and more diverse VC syndicates experience greater underpricing and lower post-IPO profitability. We suggest that this might be the consequence of coordination problems and conflicts of interests within large and heterogeneous VC syndicates which ultimately results in poorer added value for the investee companies. We also provide some evidence that the negative impact of VC syndicate size and diversity on IPO underpricing can be mitigated by the existence of alternative monitoring mechanisms such as bank loans. In the second essay, using text sentiment analysis, we investigate the relationship between tone, length and information content of prospectuses and underpricing in a sample of UK IPOs between 2004 and 2012. The peculiar feature of the UK IPO market is the wide use of fixed-priced offerings to go public, which, contrary to bookbuilding, does not allow any price discovery. Our results show that, for fixed-priced IPOs, the length of the admission document is positively correlated to the offer price and negatively correlated to underpricing and to ex-post volatility, whereas different tone and information content in the document seem to matter less. We further show that admission documents have become substantially longer for all types of IPOs since the recent financial crisis but that their impact on IPO pricing appears to be significant only during the pre-crisis period. The last chapter, the third essay, investigates how the market for European IPOs has changed, if at all, since the recent financial crisis. For this purpose we have constructed a comprehensive dataset of European IPOs between 2000 and 2012. Our research focuses on whether and how the costs, both direct and indirect, of going public have changed in the wake of the recent financial crisis. Our results suggest that both underpricing and underwriting fees have decreased since 2007. A closer look at the underwriting markets also shows that, since the financial crisis, underwriters have tended to syndicate more, and that there are some newcomers among the top ten underwriters. Additionally, we shed some light on the determinants of going public during post-crisis period, and we find that traditional models are of very little use in explaining IPO decisions during the recent recession.
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Reese, William Arthur Jr 1956. "Essays concerning initial public offerings." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288831.
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This dissertation uses samples of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) to examine the separate effects that a capital gains tax and investor interest have on trading volume and returns. Chapter one looks at how different tax rates for long-term and short-term capital gains and losses affect trading in IPOs. Prior to the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA '86), long-term capital gains were taxed at a lower rate than short-term gains, presenting investors with an opportunity to increase their after-tax return by delaying the sale of appreciated assets until after they qualified for long-term status and selling depreciated assets prior to long-term qualification. Using a sample of Initial Public Offering, I find that stocks that appreciated prior to long-term qualification exhibit increased trading volume and decreased returns just after their qualification date, while stocks that depreciated prior to long-term qualification exhibit these effects just prior to their qualification date. Chapter two explores how the previously undefined variable "investor interest" affects an IPO's trading activity. The level of investor interest in an IPO prior to its issue influences its offer price, its initial return and its initial trading volume. After issue, this interest level impacts the stock's long-term trading volume, leading to a positive relationship between an IPO's initial return and its trading volume for more than three years after issuance. Using newspaper references as a proxy for the level of interest in a firm, I find that investor interest is positively related to initial return, initial trading volume and long-term trading volume.
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Yu, Lei, and 于雷. "Two essays on initial public offerings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4129063X.
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Singaravelu, Naidu Roubie. "Aftermarket performance of initial public offerings." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611970.
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Yu, Lei. "Two essays on initial public offerings." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4129063X.
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Chua, Ansley. "Two essays on initial public offerings." Tallahassee, Florida : Florida State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07062009-151728/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2009.Advisor: James Ang, Florida State University, College of Business, Dept. of Finance. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed on Nov. 3, 2009). Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 56 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Woo, Bo-loy, and 胡寶萊. "Hong Kong's initial public offerings: 1991-1995." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954832.
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Podškubka, Tomáš. "Initial Public Offerings ? teorie, empirie a praxe." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4242.
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Obsahem této práce je problematika primárních emisí. IPO je jedním z možných zdrojů financování dalšího rozvoje podniku, který zatím není v ČR příliš využíván. Tato práce analyzuje výhody a nevýhody IPO a provádí komparaci tohoto zdroje financování s cizími zdroji. Primární emise ve vyspělých tržních ekonomikách jsou spojovány se dvěma anomáliemi. Tato práce vysvětluje podstatu těchto jevů a rozebírá jejich příčiny. Kromě teoretických vysvětlení obou anomálii navrhuje i dva regresní modely s cílem vysvětlit příčiny rozdílného podhodnocení emisních kurzů mezi IPO firmami. Kromě toho je obsahem této práce i makroekonomický model, který zkoumá změny průměrného podhodnocení v čase. Výsledky těchto modelů potvrzují některé hypotézy obsažené v odborné literatuře. Je to zejména vliv hospodářského cyklu na IPO aktivitu v rámci makroekonomické analýzy a vliv množství investičních příležitostí, rentability a stáří firmy na podhodnocení emisních kurzů v rámci analýzy mikroekonomické. Práce dále konstatuje, že nižší výkonnost firem po IPO je do jisté míry nadhodnocena, neboť ve srovnatelnému vzorku firem již není velká. Poslední část práce se zabývá komparací IPO aktivity v ČR a Polsku. Odbourání legislativních příčin a dobrá ekonomická situace bude pravděpodobně zvyšovat počty uskutečněných IPO v ČR.
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Woo, Bo-loy. "Hong Kong's initial public offerings 1991-1995 /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20718044.
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Lüsch, Fredrik. "Aftermarket Performance of Micro-Capitalized Initial Public Offerings." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145169.
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The aftermarket stock price performance of micro-capitalized IPOs with penny stock status is an often-neglected subsample in the IPO research literature. As the markets in which these IPOs are often traded are subject to lower listing and disclosure requirements, there is a higher degree of asymmetrical information between issuers and investors than on more regulated exchanges. Another characteristic of micro-capitalized IPOs is the investor base, which is dominated by retail, or irrational, investors, causing the aftermarket trading to be driven by irrational behavior. With this in mind, this paper studies 139 IPOs made on the Swedish fringe marketplace Aktietorget, over the period 2007-2015, and their 15 months’ aftermarket price performance. The study adopts an event time approach to compare the returns on the IPOs to returns on a market index used as benchmark. Using a Student’s t-test and a Wilcoxon signed rank test, there are no conclusive evidence of abnormal returns that would question the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Results from multiple linear regression models, evaluating IPO price performance over a 15-month period, provide evidence for positive hot period and hot industry effects, and negative underpricing and offer price effects. Furthermore, a positive effect of post-issue company market value is evident for 3-, 6- and 12-months aftermarket periods. This paper provides evidence of return predictability of micro-capitalized IPOs using factors surrounding the IPO date, but requests additional evidence from other geographical samples, with precise definitions of normal returns.
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Sakr, Ahmed. "Determinants of board size in initial public offerings /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1147184071&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Hsu, Hung-Chia Scott Fulghieri Paolo. "Essays on venture capital and initial public offerings." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1118.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Kenan-Flagler Business School Finance." Discipline: Business Administration; Department/School: Business School, Kenan-Flagler.
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Wong, Chun-keung Damian, and 王振強. "Pricing of initial public offerings in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31269394.
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Wang, Lun, and 王仑. "Essays on stock splits and initial public offerings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42182426.
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Chiang, Sophia Yin. "Alternative valuation methods of biotechnology initial public offerings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10884.
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Martínez, Sergio (Martínez Roel) 1966, and Paul M. 1961 Perron. "The valuation and pricing of initial public offerings." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17903.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-91).
Going public is an incredibly exciting and dynamic event in a company's life. The company and its management are transformed and will forever have to conduct their business differently. During the mid to late 1990s, many companies went public, creating multitudes of instant millionaires overnight, from company executives to administrative staff. Many people recognized that Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) tend to significantly increase in price on the first day of trading. As a result, there have been many academic studies to try to determine the rationale as to why IPOs are typically underpriced. Most of these academic studies have focused on the analysis of 1 st day pricing results and attempted to correlate these results to various hypotheses. We try to understand this phenomenon and corroborate the academic hypotheses by talking to those who set the offer price -the investment bankers, underwriters, and company managers- to find out why underpricing occurs. This thesis provides the reader with a better understanding of how companies are valued and the initial offering price determined, and explain the differences in opinion between academics, bankers, and management as to why underpricing occurs. To accomplish this task, we first focused on capturing underwriters' opinions regarding the valuation and pricing of IPOs. We then interviewed executives that had taken companies public to compare and contrast their views with those from the bankers, and compared them to the conclusions from academics' research.
by Sergio Martínez and Paul M. Perron.
S.M.
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Chandriotis, Cleanthis. "Initial Public Offerings in the Cyprus Stock Exchange." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9429/.
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The academic literature is quite rich in exploring Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in developed markets and to a lesser degree in emerging markets. However, seldom one can find research on IPOs in start-up stock exchanges. Such is the case of the Cyprus Stock Exchange which was inaugurated in March 1996 and this thesis looks at IPOs that took place over a period of six years (1997-2002). Therefore, the first motivation is to explore this setting for IPOs. Moreover, the Cyprus Stock Exchange is probably the least researched stock exchange in the European Union. Out of the 12 countries that joined the European Union between 2004 and today, only Polish, Bulgarian and Hungarian IPOs are researched. Due to the comparatively young age of the Cyprus Stock Exchange and the Capital Markets in Cyprus in general at the time of the sample, the various players (underwriters, auditors, regulators, investors) were relatively inexperienced vis-à-vis the IPO process and outcomes of their actions (or rather their lack of action) affected the development of the primary market. Therefore, the second motivation stems from the specific institutional and regulatory characteristics of the CSE at the time of the sample. Cyprus, a start-up stock exchange with a relatively new but comparably densely populated market for listed companies (150 listed companies), poses an interesting research case. In particular, the institutional characteristics that existed in the Cypriot capital market over the period 1997 to 2002 (a novice stock exchange, inexperienced market participants, lack of investment options available and restrictions in capital flows, a weak legal and institutional framework) combined with a number of socioeconomic and political factors at the time make IPOs in the CSE an interesting subject for empirical research. This ‘cocktail’ of inexperience, inadequate regulation, and limited equity culture provided the platform for the formation of a large IPO ‘bubble’ which eventually imploded. Therefore, the motivation for the study develops the following research questions: 1. What is the level of first-day returns for Cypriot IPOs and how does that compare with the available literature? 2. What are the explanations for the level of short-run underpricing recorded? 3. What is the long-run (12-, 24- and 36-months) aftermarket performance of these IPOs and how does that compare with the available literature? 4. What are the explanations for the documented long-run aftermarket performance? 5. Did CSE IPO firms employ income increasing accruals prior to the IPO? 6. What is the level of understanding of Cypriot Managers of the IPO process in relation to the extant literature? This thesis consists of three inter-related empirical studies on companies that were listed on the Cyprus Stock Exchange during the period 1997 to 2002. In particular, this thesis investigates the short- and long-run IPO performance of these companies (chapter 1). The variables employed are grouped into four categories namely advisor/certifier-, market/institutional-, issuer-, and IPO-specific. It is observed that CSE IPOs over the sample period offered investors the highest returns in a European market and one of the highest in the world. Following the establishment of these ultra-high returns, and the independent variables that are related to this spectacular performance, the thesis investigates whether these CSE IPO companies engaged in income increasing accruals before their IPOs (chapter 2). In Chapter 2, both univariate as well as multivariate tests are employed to test the hypothesis that these firms actually employed earnings management pre-IPO using income increasing accruals which reversed after the 1st year of listing. In order to establish also the relationship between the short- and long-run performance of IPO firms, the latter are regressed with the earnings management variable which takes the form of discretionary accruals, total accruals or the components of accruals which are creditors, debtors, inventory, depreciation and cash flow from operations. The results show that both the short- as well as the long-run performance are also affected by the earnings management variable together with the other variables that are found to affect IPO performance in chapter 1. Having examined the two aspects of CSE IPOs, i.e., short, long performance and earnings management, the thesis presents also the results from a questionnaire survey which aims at revealing managers of CSE listed IPO companies level of understanding of the IPO process and IPO ‘anomalies’ (chapter 3) and comparing this with the extant academic literature and also with the responses of managers in the US. Great effort, both theoretical and empirical, has been made to understand managerial decision-making in the initial public offering (IPO) process. Most empirical IPO research relies on publicly available stock return data. However, there is a need to extend the literature by examining how well managers’ motivations for conducting IPOs and understanding of the IPO process correlate with existing academic theories. By surveying managers in an emerging market to obtain a real-world perspective on the IPO process, their beliefs and experiences can be compared to both academic theory and the findings from empirical research. Cypriot managers’ responses in an emerging/novice market such as the Cyprus Stock Exchange can also be compared with those of managers in a highly-developed market such as the US. The combination/integration of the above elements makes this study, the first of its kind for Initial Public Offerings in the Cyprus Stock Exchange. The results from the first study indicate the following: a. The existence of ultra-high first-day returns. b. The existence of a hot issue period. c. Long-run under-performance of IPOs over a three-year period. d. Significant institutional deficiencies. Specifically, it is observed that IPOs in the CSE offered investors initial (first day) returns that are among the higher in the world even after adjusting for the hot issue period of 1999. IPOs ‘younger’ in age, offered higher short-run returns than ‘older’ ones. Furthermore, smaller IPOs as measured by the size of gross proceeds perform better in the short-run than larger IPOs. Moreover, IPOs in certain industrial sectors offered investors the highest initial returns. It is observed that gross proceeds, the time from application to listing, the capital structure of the IPO firm (leverage), the standard deviation of market returns 21 days after the listing, and return on shareholders’ equity provide a highly explanatory model of raw initial returns. It is also found that Cypriot IPOs underperform in the long-run as the majority of IPOs in academic studies do. Cumulative Abnormal Returns (CARs) are negative for all years in the sample period during the 24-, and 36-month periods. In contrast, the 12-month period average CARs over the sample period are all positive. Moreover, IPOs in the ‘hot’ issue period have worse performance than the rest of the pack which confirms that findings of many researchers that IPOs in ‘hot’ periods have a worse performance than the rest in the long-run. The standard deviation of returns 21 days after the listing of the IPO, the capital structure of the IPO firm (leverage), the return on equity of the IPO firm prior to listing and its sales growth prior to listing offer a satisfactory explanatory model of 36-month cumulative average returns. Cypriot firms exploited a ‘window of opportunity’ that was opened in the market for listing. However, the high inefficiencies that existed and continuous changes that took place in the regulatory and institutional framework of the market as reflected predominantly by the large time span between application and listing (probably the longest in the World), had as a result huge delays in listing.
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Wang, Lun. "Essays on stock splits and initial public offerings." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42182426.
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Wong, Chun-keung Damian. "Pricing of initial public offerings in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19878515.
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Taufil, Mohd Kamarun Nisham Bin. "Three essays on initial public offerings in Malaysia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290150.
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This dissertation is a collection of three essays related to the initial public offerings (IPOs) in Malaysia. The IPO market in Malaysia has historically been tightly regulated. However, with the formation of the Securities Commission (SC) in 1993, the regulations have eased slowly. The first essay investigates the relationship between underpricing and regulations by looking at 546 IPOs from 1990 to 2002. Underpricing refers to the initial return that an investor earns if he buys shares of the IPO at the offer price and sells it at the end of the listing day at the market price. Regulations are measured by the relaxation of the pricing method, the required allocation to indigenous investors, the mechanisms to protect minority shareholders, and the length of time periods. The first three features of regulations are unique to Malaysia. The findings are mixed regarding the relaxation of the pricing guideline in 1995 since it does not lead to lower underpricing for the period from 1996 to November 7, 1997 or before the Asian financial crisis. Fraction of shares set aside for indigenous investors does not affect underpricing; length of time from price setting to listing date relates negatively to underpricing. Finally, the protective mechanisms lead to more underpricing for firms that go public between 1996 and November 6, 1997 or those that go public after 1998, i.e., after the Asian financial crisis. The second essay looks at the relationship between the universal banking facility and the costs of going public for 546 initial public offerings listed on the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange from January 1990 to December 2002. It is hypothesized that by sharing private information about a firm that is going public with its affiliated commercial bank, an investment bank could lower the costs of going public for the firm. Costs of going public are measured by the degree of underpricing and gross spread, or the fees paid to the underwriters as a fraction of gross proceeds. The result in this essay is that, for the period under study, firms do not reduce the costs of going public when they use the universal banking facility. The third essay looks at the three-year performance of the IPOs in Malaysia from 1994 to 2000. Evidence from most studies in different countries finds that initial public offerings (IPOs) underperform their benchmarks or matches in the long run. However, our evidence regarding the long run performance of IPOs in Malaysia is that the IPOs do not underperform their matches. The returns of the IPOs are adjusted by using either a market index or firms with similar characteristics to the IPOs. Two different matching estimators are employed to identify the firms of similar characteristics. One of the contributions of this essay is the use of a new methodology to identify the matches for the IPOs. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Toumi, Narjess. "Essays on the performance of initial public offerings." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0005.
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Cette thèse est composée de trois essais qui étudient le déroulement des introductions en bourse. Dans le premier essai, nous examinons l’effet de la séparation propriété-contrôle sur la performance des offres publiques initiales (IPO) à long terme en France. En utilisant un échantillon de 351 entreprises françaises introduites en bourse sur la période 1997-2011, nous constatons que la séparation entre les droits de vote et les droits de propriété des actionnaires majoritaires est négativement associée à la performance à long terme des introductions en bourse. Cette constatation indique que les IPO ayant une structure de propriété dispersée sont moins performantes que les autres entreprises au cours de la période allant de 1 à 5 ans suivant l'offre initiale. Cette séparation incite les actionnaires dominants à retirer des avantages privés de contrôle au détriment des actionnaires minoritaires.Dans le deuxième essai, nous examinons le rôle des clauses de lock-up sur la précision des prévisions de résultat publiées dans le prospectus d'introduction en bourse. En utilisant un échantillon de 303 prévisions des entreprises françaises introduites en bourse entre 1997 et 2013, nous apportons la preuve que les introductions en bourse ayant plus d'actions à détenir, ainsi que celles qui choisissent des périodes de lock-up plus longues, sont plus susceptibles de divulguer des prévisions de résultats conservatrices et précises. Ces résultats sont robustes à un certain nombre de tests de sensibilité.Dans le troisième essai, nous étudions l'impact de la localisation géographique sur la sous-évaluation à court terme des introductions en bourse françaises. Les résultats montrent que les entreprises situées à proximité du centre financier parisien sont moins sous-estimées que les entreprises distantes. Ces résultats fournissent un support empirique à l'argument selon lequel l'incertitude sur la valeur des IPO augmente proportionnellement à la distance de Paris. En d'autres termes, la proximité géographique améliore la qualité des informations collectées sur les entreprises, ce qui réduit leurs coûts d'introduction en bourse et diminue le niveau des rendements initiauxThis dissertation consists of three essays. In the first essay, we investigate whether the control-ownership divergence can explain IPO long-run performance in France. Using data from a sample of 351 French IPOs during 1997-2011, we find that the separation between ownership and control rights of the largest shareholder is negatively associated with long-term performance of French IPOs. This finding indicates that IPOs with disproportional ownership structure underperform other firms in the one- to five-year period following the initial offering. Such separation induces controlling shareholders to extract private benefits of control to the detriment of minority shareholders.In the second essay, we examine the effect of lockup agreements on management earnings forecasts in initial public offering (IPO) prospectuses. Using a sample of 303 forecasts of French firms that went public over the period 1997–2013, we find that IPOs with lockup clauses are more likely to disclose conservative profit forecasts. Moreover, we provide evidence that IPOs with more shares to lock up, as well as those selecting longer lockup periods, have more accurate management earnings forecasts. These results are robust to a number of sensitivity tests.In the third essay, we examine the impact of geographic location on the short–run underpricing of French initial public offerings (IPOs). The results show that firms located in close proximity to the financial centre, Paris, are less underpriced than distant ones. These findings provide empirical support to the argument that uncertainty about IPO value increases with distance from Paris. In other words, geographic proximity improves the quality of collected information on IPO firms, which lowers their costs of going public and decreases the level of initial returns
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Lin, Michelle Ching-Yi. "Initial public offerings and board governance : an Australian study." University of Western Australia. School of Economics and Commerce, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0027.
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In March 2003, the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX) released new corporate governance guidelines, which included debatable “best practice” recommendations such as the adoption of an independent board and separation of the roles of chairperson and CEO. Given the premise that strong corporate governance enhances shareholder value and, by extension, increases initial public offering (IPO) issuers’ appeal to investors, this thesis assesses the level of conformity by a sample of Australian firms, which made an IPO between 1994 and 1999, with the best practice recommendations. We also examine the relationship between firm outcomes (including IPO underpricing, post-IPO long-run performance, and the likelihood of a SEO) and board governance quality, captured by board composition, board leadership, board size and share ownership of directors. These outcomes are addressed as they are important dimensions of firm performance that may be reasonably assumed to be associated with the quality of corporate governance, and these tests can provide an insight into the preference of investors who arguably are best placed to assess the appropriateness of the recommendations promoted by the ASX. Further, we analyse changes in IPO firms’ board structures from the time of listing to five years later to determine if IPO firms adopt governance structures that are more in line with the best practice recommendations after listing and if the changes are related to IPO firms’ long-run performance. Overall, we find that IPO firms that arguably have the strongest incentive to adopt the “optimal” board structures diverge substantially from ASX’s recommendations both at the time of IPO and five years later. IPO firms’ board structures are found to be unrelated with the level of IPO underpricing and board size, after controlling for the size of the firm, is significant in explaining both long-run aftermarket performance and the probability of a SEO. IPO firms with larger boards and those that increase the board size after listing are found to perform better in the long-run. However, contrary to expectation, smaller boards are associated with a higher likelihood of equity reissuance. Overall, the results lead us to question the role played by the board of directors in signalling firm quality. Our findings also suggest that ASX’s best practice recommendations are likely to distort the market-driven practices already in place.
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Lin, Michelle Ching-Yi. "Initial public offerings and board governance : an Australian study /." Connect to this title, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0027.
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Sander, Christopher, and Clara Laidlaw. "How Initial Public Offerings Change Management Control System Packages." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276772.
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This study aims to further develop research, from a management approach, by studying how MCS packages change when an organization undergoes an initial public offering. Furthermore, it aims to use Malmi and Brown’s (2008) management control system package in order to categorize and analyze the complexity of organizational change brought on by an initial public offering. This study draws on interviews with top managers in a high technological firm, which has recently been listed on the stock exchange. The results of this study imply that an initial public offering can change the MCS package in a number of different ways. Public companies do not necessarily become short-term, an initial public offering can affect a company’s external focus and measurements without affecting its internal measurements, in order for companies to become suitable for the stock market they formalize policies and appoint an independent board and listed companies can experience changes to their culture.
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Govindjee, Heetal. "The performance of initial public offerings on the JSE." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12071.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This study examined the performance 60 initial public offerings listing on the JSE main board between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2011. Significant underpricing of 10.1% and 8.5% was found to exist on the first day and during first week subsequent to the IPO. Underperformance of 14.17% was found using abnormal returns and 12.91% underperformance was found when holding period returns were calculated one year after the IPO.
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Johnson, William C. "Three essays on initial public offerings and market information." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Läck, Nätter Anton. "Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings : Evidence from the Nordic." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388804.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an empirical event study that examines the short-run performance of initial public offerings (IPO), known as underpricing and initial return. I argue that literature which only presents equal weights could potentially give the reader a skewed understanding of the width of the concept. By using a new data set of Nordic IPOs during the period 2009-2018, I provide estimates using equal as well as market capitalization weights consistently to give a more nuanced and fair picture. The equally weighted first-day initial return is estimated to be 4.96% and the value weighted first-day initial return is estimated to be 5.32% during the examined time period. Further, the initial return is examined in relation to firm characteristics as well as quarterly index returns and issuance volume. No statistically significant characteristics that can identify additional levels of underpricing was found. Quarterly average initial returns and quarterly index returns are independent of each other. In line with previous literature the positive relationship of issuance volume and initial return is valid on a quarterly level, indicating that firms tend to go public in times of positive and higher initial returns to a greater extent.