Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inhibitory effects

Academic literature on the topic 'Inhibitory effects'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Inhibitory effects"

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Senggunprai, Laddawan, Kouichi Yoshinari, and Yasushi Yamazoe. "Inhibitory effects of kynurenic acid, a tryptophan metabolite, and its derivatives on cytosolic sulfotransferases." Biochemical Journal 422, no. 3 (August 27, 2009): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20090168.

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KYNA (kynurenic acid) is an endogenous metabolite of tryptophan in the kynurenine pathway and has been characterized as an antagonist of ionotropic glutamate receptors. In addition, we have reported this endogenous compound as a potent inhibitor of SULTs (cytosolic sulfotransferases). In the present study we characterized the inhibitory effects of KYNA on several human (h) and mouse (m) recombinant SULTs. No sulfate metabolite of KYNA was detected with mouse and human SULTs examined under the conditions used, suggesting that it is a bona fide inhibitor of SULTs. Among the mouse enzymes examined, KYNA exhibited selective inhibitory effects on Sult1b1-mediated sulfation of various compounds with IC50 values in the low micromolar range (2.9–4.9 μM). KYNA also exerted an inhibitory activity towards hSULT1A1 and hSULT1B1. The inhibitory potency of KYNA for mSult1b1 was stronger than that of 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, a known non-specific SULT inhibitor, whereas the potencies of these two inhibitors for hSULT1B1 were comparable. The inhibitory characteristics of KYNA were clearly distinct from those of mefenamic acid, a selective inhibitor of SULT1A enzymes. The KYNA derivatives 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid and L689,560 exhibited preferential inhibitory effects on hSULT1A1 and hSULT1B1 respectively. Interestingly, gavestinel, another KYNA derivative, was found to be an extremely potent inhibitor of hSULT1B1. Finally, we have demonstrated that the mechanism underlying the KYNA inhibition varied depending on the enzyme and substrate involved. Taken together, the present results unveil another distinct aspect of KYNA and its derivatives as an inhibitor of SULTs.
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Zizzo, Maria Grazia, Flavia Mulè, and Rosa Serio. "Mechanisms underlying the nitric oxide inhibitory effects in mouse ileal longitudinal muscle." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 83, no. 8-9 (August 1, 2005): 805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y05-073.

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We investigated the mechanisms involved in the nitric oxide (NO)-induced inhibitory effects on longitudinal smooth muscle of mouse ileum, using organ bath technique. Exogenously applied NO, delivered as sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.1–100 µmol/L) induced a concentration-dependent reduction of the ileal spontaneous contractions. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolol[4,3,a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 1 µmol/L), a guanilyl cyclase inhibitor, reduced the SNP-induced effects. Tetraethylammonium chloride (20 mmol/L), a non-selective K+ channel blocker, and charybdotoxin (0.1 µmol/L), blocker of large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, significantly reduced SNP-induced inhibitory effects. In contrast, apamin (0.1 µmol/L), blocker of small conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, was not able to affect the response to SNP. Ciclopiazonic acid (10 µmol/L) or thapsigargin (0.1 µmol/L), sarcoplasmatic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors, decreased the SNP-inhibitory effects. Ryanodine (10 µmol/L), inhibitor of Ca2+ release from ryanodine-sensitive intracellular stores, significantly reduced the SNP inhibitory effects. The membrane permeable analogue of cGMP, 8-bromoguanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (100 µmol/L), also reduced spontaneous mechanical activity, and its effect was antagonized by ryanodine. The present study suggests that NO causes inhibitory effects on longitudinal smooth muscle of mouse ileum through cGMP which in turn would activate the large conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels, via localized ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release.Key words: nitric oxide, mouse ileum, potassium channels, calcium stores.
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Fais, Antonella, Benedetta Era, Amalia Di Petrillo, Sonia Floris, Dario Piano, Paola Montoro, Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso, Rosaria Medda, and Francesca Pintus. "Selected Enzyme Inhibitory Effects of Euphorbia characias Extracts." BioMed Research International 2018 (May 29, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1219367.

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Extracts of aerial part of Euphorbia characias were examined to check potential inhibitors for three selected enzymes involved in several metabolic disorders. Water and ethanol extracts from leaves and flowers showed in vitro inhibitory activity toward α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and xanthine oxidase. IC50 values were calculated for all the extracts and the ethanolic extracts were found to exert the best effect. In particular, for the α-glucosidase activity, the extracts resulted to be 100-fold more active than the standard inhibitor. The inhibition mode was investigated by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis. E. characias extracts display different inhibition behaviors toward the three enzymes acting as uncompetitive, noncompetitive, and mixed-type inhibitors. Moreover, ethanolic extracts of E. characias showed no cytotoxic activity and exhibited antioxidant capacity in a cellular model. The LC-DAD metabolic profile was also performed and it showed that leaves and flowers extracts contain high levels of quercetin derivatives. The results suggest that E. characias could be a promising source of natural inhibitors of the enzymes involved in carbohydrate uptake disorders and oxidative stress.
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Sakuda, Shohei, Diyan Prabowo, Keiko Takagi, Kazuro Shiomi, Mihoko Mori, Satoshi Ōmura, and Hiromichi Nagasawa. "Inhibitory Effects of Respiration Inhibitors on Aflatoxin Production." Toxins 6, no. 4 (March 26, 2014): 1193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6041193.

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Čermák, P., V. Palečková, M. Houška, J. Strohalm, P. Novotná, A. Mikyška, M. Jurková, and M. Sikorová. "Inhibitory effects of fresh hops on Helicobacter pylori strains." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 33, No. 4 (June 3, 2016): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/261/2014-cjfs.

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Shi, Yun Feng, Li Li Zhang, Mu Qiu Zhao, and Gang Wang. "Inhibitory Effects of Aqueous Extracts from Leaves of Common Tropical Green Plants on Urea Hydrolysis in Soils." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.614.

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Tropical plants contain a variety of secondary metabolites, and plant aqueous extracts can be used as urease inhibitors to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce the negative environmental effects. An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of aqueous extracts of 32 common tropical green plant species from 24 families on urea hydrolysis. The results indicated that the aqueous extracts from 3 of the common tropical green plants (Pterocarpus indicus, Callistemon rigidus, Terminalia mantaly) belonging to Leguminosae, Myrtaceae and Combretaceae respectively showed better inhibitory effects on urease than hydroquinone as a chemical inhibitor, and had more obvious potential applications. The inhibitory effects of active substances in plants were affected by extract temperature causing by solubility and thermal stability of active substances. T. mantaly had the most potential for development in this study as a fertilizer additive. The inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of T. mantaly leaves on urea hydrolysis increased with increasing concentration of aqueous extracts, the strongest inhibitory effect on urease occurred after 2-3 d of incubation.
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Na, Bon Hyang, Thi Xoan Hoang, and Jae Young Kim. "Hsp90 Inhibition Reduces TLR5 Surface Expression and NF-κB Activation in Human Myeloid Leukemia THP-1 Cells." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4319369.

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Tumors highly express active heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which is involved in tumor survival and progression. Enhanced Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 expression and signaling were reported to be associated with acute myeloid leukemia. In the present study, we investigated the possible modulatory effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on TLR5 expression and signaling in the human myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1. Cells were pretreated with various concentrations of the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) or the Hsp70 inhibitor VER155008, followed by stimulation with bacterial flagellin. Flagellin-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was significantly reduced by treatment with GA or VER155008. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of this effect, mRNA and cell surface expression of TLR5 was examined. TLR5 mRNA expression was enhanced by both GA and VER155008, whereas cell surface expression of TLR5 was reduced by three different Hsp90 inhibitors, including GA, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, and radicicol, and an Hsp70 inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of Hsp90 inhibitors was much higher than that of Hsp70 inhibitor. Our results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors suppress TLR5 surface expression and activation of NF-κB in THP-1 cells in response to TLR5 ligand, and these inhibitory effects may be associated with the possible mechanisms by which Hsp90 inhibitors suppress myeloid leukemia.
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Rong, Ke Sheng, Xiao Mei Shi, Jia Qin Gong, Qi Bing Wang, Ke Cheng Liu, Yuan Zhi Qu, and Xu Yang Yao. "Effects of Glycine, L-Arginine and their Complexation with Polyvinylpyrrolidone on Tetrahydrofuran Hydrate Formation." Materials Science Forum 1009 (August 2020): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1009.49.

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Hydrophilic amino acids as a new type hydrate inhibitor is a hot topic for scholars. In this paper, the influence of glycine and L-arginine, and their complexation with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on hydrate formation were clarified by tetrahydrofuran (THF) hydrate formation simulation experiments, and the intrinsic influence mechanism was revealed by many experimental methods. The results show that glycine has a strong inhibitory effect on water molecules because of its strong disturbance to water molecules, and the inhibitory effect is the best when the addition of glycine is 1.0 wt%. Due to the disturbance and binding of hydrophilic amino acids to water molecules, the effect of PVP on the semi-cage structure of water molecules as well as the adsorption and encapsulation of hydrate crystal particles, the combination of glycine and L-arginine and PVP has synergistic inhibitory effect on the formation of THF hydrate. When the total amount of hydrate inhibitor is 1.0 wt%, the synergistic inhibition ability of glycine and PVP is stronger. The results obtained in this paper provide an experimental and theoretical basis for the research and development of new hydrate inhibitors.
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RICHTSMEIER, WILLIAM J., and SIDNEY E. GROSSBERG. "Inhibitory Effects of Mitochondrial Metabolic Inhibitors on Interferon Action." Journal of Interferon Research 9, no. 1 (February 1989): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.1989.9.87.

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Augustsson, Cecilia, Ida Hilden, and Lars C. Petersen. "Inhibitory effects of LDL-associated tissue factor pathway inhibitor." Thrombosis Research 134, no. 1 (July 2014): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2014.03.043.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inhibitory effects"

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Rasanayagam, Maretta Sharima. "Inhibitory effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on other soil fungi." Thesis, University of Kent, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332661.

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Mortensen, Bennett Alan. "Effects of Whole Body Vibration on Inhibitory Control Processes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9198.

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Vibrations are often experienced in the workplace and may influence performance and executive function. Research has shown that vibrations may have an affect effect on drowsiness and tests related to inhibitory control. Previous work investigating whole body vibrations (WBV) and their effect was evaluated to inform the decisions for this study. WBV effects on cognitive abilities were examined and the different tests used in these studies were identified and compared. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and event related potentials (ERP) were selected to be used to measure inhibitory and cognitive processes. The N2 ERP, which reflects inhibitory control processes, was examined as well as the dominant frequency of the Fourier fast transform (FFT). A total of 94 participants between the ages of 18-55 (Mage = 20.49 SDage = 1.68) completed this study (51 female, 38 male and 5 with no gender listed). A go/no-go task was used to elicit the N2 ERP after WBV and a simultaneous EEG recording while the participants experienced WBV was used to gather the needed data. Stimulus frequencies used for the N2 ERP included 15 Hz, 20 Hz, and 40 Hz. During the simultaneous recording stimulus frequency varied every 30 seconds by 10 Hz from 20 Hz to 110 Hz. Data were analyzed using both a linear mixed effects model for normally distributed data and a generalized linear mixed effects model for data taken as percentages. It was hypothesized that there would be an effect on performance as measured in the raw go/no-go results, that this change in performance showing improved accuracy would be linked to inhibitory control, and be seen as a decrease in the magnitude of the N2 ERP. It was also hypothesized that the exploratory FFT portion of the study would produce a shift from a higher to a lower frequency in the dominant waveform . The results show that there were no main effects in either the behavioral performance or in the N2 ERP of the participants but that there was a significant interaction at 40 Hz with improved simple go trial activity and decreased no-go inhibition. The results also show that there was a statistically significant shift in neural oscillation activity but that this shift was not real-world relevant within the context of this study.
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Kramer, Rossana. "Effects of bilingualism on inhibitory control and working memory." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/96068.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2011
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O estudo da relação entre o bilinguismo e envelhecimento é uma área de pesquisa relativamente recente. O processo de envelhecimento produz alterações cognitivas em uma série de funções. A memória, atenção, raciocínio e resolução de problemas são algumas das funções que sofrem declínios relacionados ao envelhecimento (cf. Park e Schwarz, 2000). Pesquisas recentes conduzidas por Bialystok, Craik, Klein e Viswanathan (2004) forneceram evidências de que o bilinguismo poderia atenuar alguns efeitos negativos do envelhecimento e atuar como uma proteção às funções cognitivas ao longo da vida. O presente estudo se propôs a investigar (1) o desempenho de bilíngues de infância ou precoces (bilíngues que aprenderam as duas línguas quando crianças) e bilíngues tardios (indivíduos que aprenderam a segunda língua após os 12 anos de idade em contexto de sala de aula) em tarefas de controle inibitório e de memória de trabalho; (2) o desempenho de homens e mulheres em tarefas de controle inibitório e memória de trabalho e (3) o desempenho dos participantes em duas versões da tarefa Simon (quadrados e flechas) para tratar de questões relacionadas à metodologia de mensuração de funções cognitivas. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos, 104 participantes entre 18 e 84 anos divididos em 4 grupos de monolíngues, falantes de português brasileiro (PB) e 4 grupos de bilíngues # 3 grupos de bilíngues precoces (Hunsrückisch/PB) de Iporã do Oeste e Mondaí em Santa Catarina e 1 grupo de bilíngues tardios (PB/Inglês) selecionados na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina # realizaram tarefas de controle executivo (Tarefa Simon) e de memória de trabalho (Tarefa Alpha Span). Além das tarefas, questionários sobre experiência linguística e informações gerais, o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e o inventário Beck de depressão foram aplicados aos participantes. Os bilíngues tardios, além de responderem aos questionários e testes, foram submetidos a um teste de proficiência em língua inglesa. As análises estatísticas demonstraram perdas cognitivas significativas relacionadas à idade, uma vez que adultos jovens foram melhores que os idosos nas tarefas de controle inibitório e memória de trabalho. Apesar de não ter sido verificada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre monolíngues e bilíngues precoces nas mesmas faixas de idade, bilíngues precoces apresentaram maior eficiência nos processos inibitórios e pontuaram mais que os monolíngues na tarefa de memória de trabalho. Os resultados confirmaram que bilíngues tardios foram significativamente melhores que os monolíngues em controle inibitório. As análises estatísticas não confirmaram diferenças com relação ao desempenho de homens e mulheres nas tarefas. No entanto, a versão Simon de quadrados tende a favorecer as mulheres. Os resultados são discutidos à luz de estudos teóricos e empíricos sobre bilinguismo, envelhecimento e perdas cognitivas.
The study of the relationship between bilingualism and aging is a relatively recent area of research. The aging process brings with it cognitive declines in a number of functions, including attention, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving (Park and Schwarz, 2000). Recently, however, Bialystok, Craik, Klein & Viswanathan (2004) have provided evidence that bilingualism aids in offsetting age-related losses in executive function. The present study aims at: 1) investigating the performance of early bilinguals, i.e., those who have used two languages on a daily basis across the lifespan, and late bilinguals, i.e., those who have learned a second language through instruction in the classroom, on inhibitory control and working memory tasks; 2) investigating sex differences in the performance of these two types of bilinguals on inhibitory control and working memory tasks, and 3) investigating a methodological issue related to the assessment of inhibitory control by comparing the performance of participants on two different versions of the Simon task (the Simon task 2 Colors and the Simon Arrow task). One hundred and four participants, with ages ranging from 18 to 84 years, took part in the study. These participants were divided into 4 control groups of Brazilian Portuguese monolingual speakers and 4 experimental groups consisting of 3 groups of Brazilian Portuguese/ Hunsrückisch speakers and 1 group of Brazilian Portuguese/English speakers. Before performing the inhibitory control and working memory tasks, each participant answered a language background questionnaire and a general questionnaire and was given the Mini-Mental State Exam and the Beck Depression Inventory. Late bilinguals were also submitted to a proficiency test. Results of statistical analyses showed significant age-related losses in executive functions: younger adults outperformed older adults in the tasks. Although there was not a statistically significant difference between language groups across the lifespan, early bilinguals presented more efficient inhibitory processes and higher working memory span than conolinguals. As regards late bilingualism, late bilinguals. performance was significantly faster than monolinguals on inhibitory control tasks. Moreover, the statistical analysis did not show any statistically significant differences between males and females concerning inhibitory control and working memory, but the 2 Color version of the Simon task tends to favor women. The results are discussed in light of the theoretical and empirical literature on bilingualism, aging, and cognitive decline
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Buonomano, Lisa Cristine. "Stimulus Matters: Effects of Familiarity versus Novelty." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31625.

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The ability to suppress a prepotent response is a crucial component of cognition that begins to develop during infancy and peeks during preschool. As part of understanding how one develops inhibitory control, learning about what conditions may help or hurt task performance is of great interest. The purpose of this project was to study the effects of familiarity and novelty on inhibitory control. Thirty-five preschoolers between two and five years of age were tested in four different versions of the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS). Performance was no different among standard, 2D-familiar, and 3D-familiar conditions. When comparing novel with the standard condition, children performed worse (37% and 68% respectively). Findings support the attentional inertia hypothesis. An exploratory analysis on temperament was also investigated. Children who scored higher in effortful control performed better in the 2D-familiar condition.
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Barker, Ellen. "Investigating the effects of Zeta Inhibitory Peptide on AMPAR trafficking." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.628992.

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In recent years, several studies have suggested a role for PKMs, an atypical isoform of PKC, in memory consolidation and long-term potentiation (LTP). Some evidence in support of this theory has come to light, in the form of electrophysiological and behavioural studies, using inhibition, knockdown, perfusion of the molecule itself and overexpression. Exogenously applying the PKM~ to systems leads to potentiation. Conversely, application of Zeta Inhibitory Peptide (ZIP), a peptide sequence purported to inhibit PKMs, consistently reverses LTP and in most cases, erases memories. To date, however, studies on PKMs have focused on functional aspects of PKMs activity (i.e. behaviour and synaptic function) while the molecular events underlying these processes are poorly understood and there are currently few published studies closely examining such details. The experiments performed for this thesis attempt to better understand the molecular effects of ZIP in AMPAR trafficking, and result in some novel findings on the subunitspecific effects, the mechanisms involved, as well as some data showing effects of different concentration of inhibitor. Experiments performed for this project showed that ZIP causes an increase in internalisation of GluAl and GluA2 subunits, and a decrease in surface GluA2, but not GluAl. Previously it had been reported that ZIP leads to a decrease in synaptic function and loss of memory, and this effect can be blocked by preventing GluA2 internalisation. These data are therefore consistent with published studies and also show a new effect regarding the trafficking of the GluAl subunit. It was also shown that PICKl interaction with GluA2, as well as actin depolymerisation are required for the increase in internalization (Rocca et al., 2008) and that PICKl interaction with GluA2 may be increased in the presence of ZIP. These new data support the theory NSF and PICKl are involved in the trafficking activity of PKMs on GluA2 (Yao et al., 2008), and that the loss of synaptic function observed in the presence of ZIP requires PICKl (Yao et al., 2008).
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Casiro, Jessica Ananda. "Onset density and inhibitory effects on lexical access in speech production." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5583.

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Lexical access in speech production involves multiple processing stages, beginning with the mental generation of a target concept and ending with a speaker's articulation of the target word. The current study aimed to explore the influence of competition and inhibition on the process of lexical access. In particular, the position of phonological overlap between a target word (e.g., lip) and its neighbors (e.g., lid vs. sip) was investigated for its influence on picture naming. It was hypothesized that greater inhibitory effects and slower response times in participants' naming would be observed for target words that have a predominance of neighbors which are onset related compared to those which are rhyme related. In addition, it was predicted that there would be a strong relationship between performance on the naming task and several inhibition tasks due to the common role of inhibition across tasks. Twenty-five native English participants completed a picture naming task, two language based inhibition tasks, and two non-language inhibition tasks. Participants' response times were recorded for incongruent/dense and congruent/sparse trials, and mean difference scores were examined to determine the inhibition effect sizes. The results showed that response times for dense onset trials were significantly slower than sparse onset trials, thereby supporting the first hypothesis. Inter-task correlation results, however, did not provide support for the second hypothesis that inhibition capacity would be common to different tasks. Factors such as varying task characteristics, modality of stimulus presentation, length of testing session, task counterbalancing, perceived task difficulty, and allocation of cognitive effort are discussed as having contributed to the lack of significant correlations.
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Trinkle, Mara. "The Inhibitory Effects of an Antimicrobial Gel on the Staphylococcus Species." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/540.

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The prevalence of antibiotic resistant bacteria has made the choices for topical treatments for patients who experience burns wounds extremely limited. The Staphylococcus genus is naturally occurring in and on the human body but can become harmful once it enters the bloodstream. A novel antimicrobial gel has been shown by our laboratory to inhibit both the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus in previous studies. The antimicrobial gel is made of seven natural compounds including antioxidants (vitamin C and E). We wanted to examine the effects of the antimicrobial gel on numerous other Staphylococcal species because it is prevalent on the body and becomes harmful when the immune system is compromised. The species tested were Staphylococcus capitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. A planktonic broth challenge test, biofilm attachment test, and biofilm maturation test were all performed in order to test this hypothesis. These tests showed a significant inhibition of the Staphylococcus species as a result of the effects of the antimicrobial gel. The antimicrobial gel inhibited the attachment, maturation, and growth of Staphylococcus colonies in a 10% antimicrobial gel solution. The antimicrobial gel shows promise as an option in treating burn patients and should be considered in further testing for its uses in other areas of medicine.
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Vance, Lindsey. "The Inhibitory Effects of a Novel Gel on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/435.

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Antibiotic resistance is an ever-growing topic of concern within the medical field causing researchers to examine the mechanisms of resistance to develop new antimicrobials. Bacteria’s ability to form biofilms is one mechanism which aids in antimicrobial resistance. Staphylococcus aureus is of special interest as it is one of the most frequent biofilm-forming bacteria found on medical devices causing infections and posing dangerous threats in a clinical setting. A recently developed antimicrobial gel has been shown to have profound effects on treating bacterial infections and wound healing. This research is centered upon examining the antimicrobial effects of this gel on the three different stages of biofilm formation in clinical and laboratory strains of S. aureus. Through a series of experiments examining the effects this gel has on S. aureus at the stages of biofilm attachment, maturation, and dispersion, the gel has shown significant levels of inhibition. These findings indicate that the novel gel disrupts biofilm forming processes of S. aureus, which provides useful information for fighting infections in the medical field. Further research on the uses and effects of this new gel could lead possibility using the antimicrobial compound for a variety of clinical purposes.
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De, Sousa Sara Luisa Mellor. "Effects of the general anaesthetics isoflurane and xenon on synaptic transmission in isolated hippocampal neurones." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8593.

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Williams, Tyson. "The rapid analysis of fungal growth in the presence of inhibitory effects." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7183.

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For fungal contamination of foodstuffs, there are no fast, reliable, automated techniques to examine growth, nor have any predictive models been developed to describe the growth in the same way as for bacteria. Traditional plating methods can take 3 to 7 days to get adequate results depending on the fungal species utilised and well over a month for challenge testing, an unacceptable delay especially for the food industry. In this study two rapid analysis techniques were investigated, conductimetry (direct and indirect) and turbidimetry (Bioscreen), with the sole objective being to analyse their capability to detect fungal growth in optimum conditions and in the presence of inhibitory agents, in this case sorbic acid and vanillin. Three fungal (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum and Pencillium verrucosum) and one yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) were used, though only A. niger growth was analysed using both of the rapid analysis techniques. Two bacterial species (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium) were also tested using the conductimetry technique for comparison. It was found that both the impedance and turbidimetry methods provided a sensitive and rapid means of detecting, and, under standardised conditions, measuring the activity of micro-organisms. The rate of response showed close correlation with the concentration of both bacteria and spores in the initial inoculum for each strain tested so correlation curves could be constructed to estimate the number of viable cells and spores in a suspension. Moreover, both methods can be used for the accurate screening of potential antimicrobial substances. In comparison with the turbidimetry method though, the impedance method did show a greater deal of variability and there is the possibility it is unsuitable for the analysis of certain fungal species. In addition the direct impedance technique was found to be completely unusable for the analysis of fungal growth. Despite these disadvantages both are promising rapid alternatives to the standard plating technique.
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Books on the topic "Inhibitory effects"

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Patel, Sunit Mohanlal. The effects of the inhibitory amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on food intake in the rat. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, 2003.

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Hann, Brad. The Inhibitory effects of alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid on the lactate transporter of H69 small cell lung cancer cells. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, 1995.

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Mooney, Mark H. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide: Effects of N-terminal glycation on hormone degradation, insulin secretion and antihyperglycaemic activity. [S.l: The Author], 2000.

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William Harvey Conference (1995 London, England). Improved non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs: COX-2 enzyme inhibitors : proceedings of a conference held on October 10-11, 1995, at Regent's College, London. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1996.

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Khongčharœ̄nsunthō̜n, Wisātrī. Rāingān wičhai rư̄ang kānsưksā khunnasombat kāntān čhulinsī dư̄ yā læ kāntān mareng khō̜ng sānsakat čhāk samunphrai Thai bāng chanit =: Inhibitory effects of some Thai herb extracts on the growth of some drug resistant microorganisms and cancer cell lines. [Chon Buri]: Phāk Wichā Chīwawitthayā, Khana Witthayāsāt, Mahāwitthayālai Būraphā, 2006.

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J, Cragoe Edward, Kleyman Thomas R, and Simchowitz Louis, eds. Amiloride and its analogs: Unique cation transport inhibitors. New York, N.Y: VCH, 1992.

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F, James Lynn, United States. Agricultural Research Service., and Swainsonine and Related Glycosidase Inhibitors Symposium (1987 : Logan, Utah), eds. Swainsonine and related glycosidase inhibitors. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1989.

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Vane, John R. Improved non-steroid anti-flammatory drugs COX-2 enzyme inhibitors: Proceedings of a conference held on October 10-11, 1995, at Regent's College, London. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.

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E, Stütz Arnold, ed. Iminosugars as glycosidase inhibitors: Nojirimycin and beyond. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1999.

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J, Whalley Lawrence, ed. ACE inhibitors: Central actions. New York: Raven Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Inhibitory effects"

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Hoffmann, Adrian, Leon Christian Zwißler, Omar El Bounkari, and Jürgen Bernhagen. "Studying the Pro-Migratory Effects of MIF." In Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, 1–18. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9936-1_1.

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Herrera, Rafael E. "The Growth-Inhibitory Effects of TGFβ." In Inhibitors of Cell Growth, 11–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72149-6_2.

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Thomas, Noel Vinay, A. Salomy Monica Diyya, Dlzar Dlshad Ghafoor, and Se-Kwon Kim. "Matrix Metalloproteinases Inhibitory Effects of Chitooligosaccharides." In Chitooligosaccharides, 85–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92806-3_6.

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Gu, Ran. "Methods to Determine the Effects of MIF on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis Using Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Cells and Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells." In Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor, 135–45. New York, NY: Springer US, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9936-1_12.

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Yamamoto, Mari Maeda, Kazuhiro Osada, Yuichi Yamaguchi, and Kenkou Tsuji. "Inhibitory Effects of Tea Catechins on Cancer Metastasis." In Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 583–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5746-9_94.

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Kay, John E. "Inhibitory effects of cyclosporin A on lymphocyte activation." In Cyclosporin, 1–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0859-8_1.

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Aninat, C., and M. Delaforge. "Inhibitory Effects of Roquefortine on Hepatic Cytochromes P450." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 331–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0667-6_52.

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Su, Yanfang, Bing Gao, Tao Qin, Zhijing Gao, Wei Wang, and Jie Zhang. "Plant Secondary Metabolites with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity." In Structure and Health Effects of Natural Products on Diabetes Mellitus, 179–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8791-7_10.

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Lam, Luke K. T., Shin Hasegawa, Carl Bergstrom, Sylvia H. Lam, and Patrick Kenney. "Limonin and Nomilin Inhibitory Effects on Chemical-Induced Tumorigenesis." In ACS Symposium Series, 185–200. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0758.ch014.

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Huang, Mou-Tuan, Fredika M. Robertson, Thomas Lysz, Thomas Ferraro, Zhi Yuan Wang, Constantine A. Georgiadis, Jeffrey D. Laskin, and Allan H. Conney. "Inhibitory Effects of Curcumin on Carcinogenesis in Mouse Epidermis." In ACS Symposium Series, 338–49. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1992-0507.ch027.

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Conference papers on the topic "Inhibitory effects"

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Jansen, J. W. C. M. "EFFECTS OF INHIBITORS ON COLLAGEN INDUCED PLATELET AGGREGATION IN SIX DIFFERENT SPECIES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643445.

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One approach to the development of antithrombotics is inhibition of platelet aggregation. The pharmacological approach often used is to test compounds on collagen induced platelet aggregation measured in platelet rich plasma. Therefore we have compared inhibitors with different mechanism of action on aggregation of platelets from six different species commonly used in pharmacological studies. Aggregation was induced with submaximal amounts of collagen (Hormone Chemie).Inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase system, aspirin and indomethacin, were very potent in inhibiting aggregation of platelets from humans guinea pig and dog (IC50 20-60 and 1-3 ¼M resp.). Aggregation of pig and rat platelets was poorly inhibited by both of these compounds (IC5: 700-900 ¼M), whereas platelets from mice showed intermediate sensitivety (IC50 ca.100 ¼M).The combined lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase inhibitor BW755C, was extremely active on platelets of guinea pig (IC50 1 ¼M) and was poorly active in mice platelets (IC50 300 ¼M). In the other species the inhibitory activity ranged from 20-80 ¼M.The phosphodiesterase inhibitors, papaverine and BL3459 inhibited aggregation in all species (IC50 50-100 and 1-5 ¼M resp.). Dipyridamole inhibited aggregation also in all species but with lower activity (IC50 > 100 ¼M).Conclusion: remarkable species differences are present with respect to inhibition of collagen induced platelet aggregation by the various compounds e.g. rat and porcine platelet aggregation was hardly inhibited by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. The effects of the compounds on human platelets are comparable to the effects on canine plateletes.
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Beretz, A., F. Lanza, A. Stierlé, and J.-P. Cazenave. "CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS PREVENT AGGREGATION AND SECRETION OF HUMAN PLATELETS BY RAISING CYCLIC AMP AND REDUCING CYTOPLASMIC FREE CALCIUM MOBILIZATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643586.

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Drugs that raise platelet cyclic AMP (cAMP) are potent inhibitors of platelet activation. We have studied the effects of 5 inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) of different chemical structures (quercetin, Ro 15-2041, HL-725, cilostamide and MY-5445), which are all potent inhibitors of platelet function. The concentrations that inhibit by 50 % crude cAMP-PDE activity (IC50) from human platelets are: 0.06 μM(HL-725), 0.15 μM(Ro 15-2041 ), 0.23 μM(cilostamide), 6.9 μM(MY-5445) and 44.4 μM(quercetin). We measured on the same preparation of washed human platelets loaded with quin2, the aggregation and the increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) induced by 5 μM ADP alone or in the presence of PDE inhibitors.PGE1 (2 nM) potentiates significantly (1.6 to 3.3 fold) the inhibitory effects of PDE inhibitors on [Ca2+]i rises and platelet aggregation. Adrenaline, an inhibitor of adenylate cylase, prevents the effect of PDE inhibitors on ADP-induced [Ca2+]i rise and platelet aggregation. These results suggest that these compounds inhibit [Ca2+]i mobilization and subsequent ADP-induced aggregation through a rise in cAMP, because both effects are potentiated by PGE1 and inhibited by adrenaline. The inhibitor concentrations which potentiate the action of PGE1, on [ Ca2+]i levels also potentiate the rise in platelet cAMP induced by PGE-<. These results suggest that PDE inhibitors inhibit platelet aggregation Ly raising cAMP levels and subsequently inhibiting [Ca2+]i mobilization.
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Hou, Q., M. Wen, N. Lu, B. Liu, J. Bai, C. Yao, and G. Cheng. "Inhibitory Effects of Vam3 on Asthma and COPD." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a4232.

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Hopple, Sara, Mark Bushfield, Fiona Murdoch, and D. Euan MacIntyre. "REGULATION OF PLATELET cAMP FORMATION BY PROTEIN KINASE C." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644512.

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Exogenous synthetic 1,2-diacylglycerols (e.g. 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol, DiC8) and 4β Phorbol esters (e.g. phorbol myristate acetate, PMA) routinely are used to probe the effects of protein Kinase C (PKC) on cellular responsiveness. Such agents act either independently or synergistically with elevated [Ca2+]i to induce platelet activation, but also inhibit agonist-induced inositol lipid metabolism and Ca2+ flux. These findings led to the concept that activated PKC can function as a bi-directional regulator of platelet reactivity. Therefore, DiCg and PMA were utilized to examine the effects of activated PKC on receptor-mediated stimulation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase, as monitored by cAMP accumulation. All studies were performed using intact human platelets in a modified Tyrodes solution, and cAMP was quantified by radioimmunoassay. Pretreatment (2 min.; 37°C) of platelets with PMA (≤ 300 nM) but not DiCg (200 μM) attenuated the elevation of platelet cAMP content evoked by PGD2 300 nM) but not by PGE1 (≤300 nM), PGI2 (≤100 nM) or adenosine (≤ 100 μM).These effects of PMA were unaffected by ADP scavengers, by Flurbiprofen (10 μM) or by cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors (IBMX, 1 mM) but were abolished by the PKC inhibitor Staurosporine (STP, 100 nM). In contrast, DiC8 (200 μM), but not PMA ( ≤ 300 nM), reduced the inhibitory effect of adrenaline (5 μM) on PGE1 (300 nM)-induced cAMP formation. This effect of DiCg was unaltered by STP (100 nM). Selective inhibition of PGD2-induced cAMP formation by PMA most probably can be attributed to PKC catalysed phosphorylation of the DP receptor. Reduction of the inhibitory effect of adrenaline by DiC8 could occur via an action at the α2 adrenoreceptor or Ni. These differential effects of PMA and DiC8 may result from differences in their distribution or efficacy, or to heterogeneity of platelet PKC.
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Damico, Rachel L., Tiffany Simms, Bo Kim, Zenar Tekeste, Henry Amankwan, Mahendra Damarla, and Paul M. Hassoun. "P53 Mediates Cigarette Smoke Induced Apoptosis Of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells: Inhibitory Effects Of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor." In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a3443.

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Boer, Jennifer Carla, Urszula Domanska, Carla de Haas, Jos van Strijp, Evelien Jongeneel, Elisabeth de Vries, Wilfred Den Dunnen, and Annemiek Walenkamp. "Abstract 5537: Inhibitory effects of chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus (CHIPS) in U87 glioma mouse xenografts." In Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-5537.

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Ito, Kazuhiro, Chaitanya Vuppusetty, and Misako Ito. "Molecular Mechanisms Of Inhibitory Effects Of Human Rhinovirus Replication By RV1088, A Narrow Spectrum Kinase Inhibitor." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a1816.

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Guo, Na, Xingchen Zhao, Wenli Li, Yan Zhang, Ziwen Zhao, Rizeng Meng, Ce Shi, and Zonghui Liu. "Inhibitory Effects of Plumbagin on Staphylococcus Aureus Biofilm In Vitro." In 2015 International Conference on Advanced Material Engineering. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814696029_0079.

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Agarwal, Kailash C. "NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE ANTIPLATELET ACTIVITY OF FORSKOLIN: ROLE OF PLASMA ADENOSINE AND SPECIES DIFFERENCES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643584.

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Forskolin stimulates adenylate cyclase by interacting with the catalytic subunit and inhibits platelet aggregation. This inhibition is greatly potentiated by adenosine (Ado) which stimulates adenylate cyclase through membrane-bound Ado receptors. Forskolin is 2-4 fold more potent as an inhibitor of collagen-induced rat platelet aggregation as compared to human platelets (IC50 values, in rat PRP, 0.5-0.8 μM; in human PRP, 1.5-2 μM). However, if the blood is pretreated with adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme that degrades Ado to inosine, the inhibitory action of forskolin is greatly reduced producing similar effects both in human and rat PRPs (IC50, 2-3 μM) and whole blood (IC50, 4.6 μM). Both 5’-methylthioadenosine (MTA, 50-100 μM), an antagonist of Ado receptors, and 2’,5’-dideoxyadenosine (DDA, 100 μM), an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, reverse the inhibition of platelet aggregation in rat PRP, whereas, no reversal is seen in human PRP. When Ado in the rat plasma is degraded by ADA pretreatment, DDA or MTA shows no reversal as seen in human PRP. The inhibitory action of forskolin (1-2 μM), which is only weakly inhibitory alone (<20%) in human whole blood, can be greatly potentiated (100% inhibition) by the inhibitors of nucleoside transport, dipyridamole (10 μM) or dilazep (2 μM). Only slight potentiation is seen in rat whole blood suggesting that rat plasma Ado levels are not affected significantly perhaps due to weakly active erythrocytic nucleoside transport system. Sato and Ui (In: Physiology and Pharmacology of Adenosine, Daly et al, Eds. Raven Press, 1983, 1-11), have shown that rat plasma contains much higher Ado levels (7.55 ± 0.51 pM) than human plasma (0.29 ± 0.08 μM). These studies demonstrate that plasma adenosine plays an important role in the forskolin antiplatelet activity which can be greatly potentiated in human whole blood by the clinically used drugs, dipyridamole and dilazep. (Supported by US PHS Grant CA 07340).
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Gerasimov, A. S., M. E. Balezin, V. G. Ilves, and S. Yu Sokovnin. "Investigation of antioxidant properties of cerium oxide nanopowders under nanosecond bremsstrahlung." In 8th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56761/efre2022.n1-o-028202.

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This paper presents a method for measuring the effectiveness of radiomodification using a ferrous sulfate dosimeter, including evaluating the antioxidant activity of the radiomodifying agent. The effect of adding cerium oxide nanoparticles at the concentration of 100 μg/ml on the change in the absorbed dose recorded by the ferrous sulfate dosimeter when irradiated with inhibitory radiation with doses of 25, 50 and 75 Gy was investigated. The results showed low antioxidant activity of the examined nanoparticles and the effect of increasing the absorbed dose in proportion to the irradiation time.
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Reports on the topic "Inhibitory effects"

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Lance, Richard, and Xin Guan. Variation in inhibitor effects on qPCR assays and implications for eDNA surveys. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41740.

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Aquatic environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys are sometimes impacted by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibitors. We tested varying concentrations of different inhibitors (humic, phytic, and tannic acids; crude leaf extracts) for impacts on quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays designed for eDNA surveys of bighead and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). We also tested for inhibition by high concentrations of exogenous DNA, hypothesizing that DNA from increasingly closely related species would be increasingly inhibitory. All tested inhibitors impacted qPCR, though only at very high concentrations — likely a function, in part, of having used an inhibitor-resistant qPCR solution. Closer phylogenetic relatedness resulted in inhibition at lower exogenous DNA concentrations, but not at relatively close phylogenetic scales. Inhibition was also influenced by the qPCR reporter dye used. Importantly, different qPCR assays responded differently to the same inhibitor concentrations. Implications of these results are that the inclusion of more than one assay for the same target taxa in an eDNA survey may be an important countermeasure against false negatives and that internal positive controls may not, in the absence of efforts to maximize inhibition compatibility, provide useful information about the inhibition of an eDNA assay.
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Li, Xin, and Laurie McCauley. Inhibitory Effects of Megakaryocytes in Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada542172.

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Iven, Mark. An analysis of the inhibitory effects of linolenic acid upon photosystem II of higher plants. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5763.

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Eom, Tae-Kil, Ekyune Kim, and Ju-Sung Kim. Inhibitory Effects of 6,6′‑bieckol from Ishige okamurae on Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Synthesis in Mouse B16F10 Melanoma Cells. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.09.18.

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wang, meng, Angelita Bautista Cruz, and jing yu. Effects of sport on inhibitory function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0035.

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Meidan, Rina, Jorge Flores, Keith Inskeep, and David Wolfenson. Controlling the bovine ovarian cycle by disrupting the endothelin system in corpora lutea and follicles with novel approaches: RNA interference (RNAi) and intra-luteal Atrigel implants. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695594.bard.

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In summary intensive studies carried out this year in both the US and Israel had established the methodology necessary for the achievement of the specific aims of the original proposal. Two complementary approaches to effectively neutralize the luteal ET- system were developed. In light of recent publications indicating that ET-2 might also have a physiological role in ovulation, the objectives of the original proposal have even more significant. Not only were the technologies to neutralize the luteal endothelin system developed in these studies, but additional important implications about the role of ET-1 were revealed. For example, direct early inhibitory effects of PGF2α were unmasked. It is possible that these early direct inhibitory effects could be related to functional aspects of luteal regression, while the effects observed after 12 hours of the PGF2α injection and that reversed by the ET receptor antagonist, could coincide with structural aspects of regression. Nevertheless, overall, the results clearly indicate that serum progesterone concentrations can effectively be elevated by the receptor antagonist which of great practical importance.
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Sisler, Edward C., Raphael Goren, and Akiva Apelbaum. Controlling Ethylene Responses in Horticultural Crops at the Receptor Level. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580668.bard.

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Ethylene is a plant hormone that controls many plant responses, such as growth, senescence, ripening, abscission and seed germination. Recently, 1-methy- cyclopropene (1-MCP), was shown to bind to ethylene receptor for a certain period of time and prevent ethylene action. The objectives of this research were to synthesize analogues of 1-MCP and test their potency to block the ethylene receptor and inhibit ethylene action. During the course of this project, procedures for synthesis and shipment of the cyclopropene compounds were developed as well assay procedures for each compound were worked out. Thirteen new compounds were synthesized. All of them are structural analogues of 1-MCP, with substitution in the 1-position and a side chain containing 2 to 10 carbons. After preliminary studies, nine promising compounds were selected for in-depth study. The potency of the compounds to inhibit ethylene action was tested on a wide scope of systems like: climacteric fruits (banana, avocado and tomato), the triple response (etiolated peas), and leaf abscission (citrus). As the putative inhibitors are suspected to compete for the site of binding and a competitive type of inhibition could be considered, a high concentration of ethylene (300 m1.L-1) was used to induce ripening and other physiological processes. The tests were conducted under extreme conditions which hasten ripening like treatment and storage at 22 to 25oC. There were fluctuations in the responses as related to the concentrations of the inhibitors. Some required much higher concentration to exert the same effect, while some, when applied at the same concentration, blocked the receptor for a longer period of time than the others. Some fruits and other plant organs responded differently to the same inhibitor, indicating differences in characteristics and availability of the ethylene receptors in the various tissues. The potency of the putative inhibitors was found to be greatly affected by their molecular structural and size. In addition, it was found that treatment with the inhibitor should be given before the onset of ethylene action In the case of fruit, treatment should be carried out before the pre-climacteric stage. Simultaneous treatment with ethylene and the inhibitors reduced the inhibitors' effect. The relationship between ethylene and the inhibitors is of a non-competitive nature. All the fruits treated with the putative inhibitors resumed normal ripening after recovery from the inhibition. This fact is of great importance when considering the inhibitors for practical use. The advantage of using inhibitors of ethylene action over inhibitors of ethylene production lies in the ability of the inhibitors of ethylene action to protect the tissue against both endogenous and exogenous ethylene, thus providing better overall protection. Our findings indicate that 1-MCP and its structural analogues are potent inhibitors of ethylene action capable of providing good protection against endogenous and exogenous ethylene. The fact that the compounds are in a gas phase and are non-phytotoxic, odorless and effective at minute concentrations, renders them promising candidates for commercial use. However, the development of water-soluble inhibitors will expand the potential use of the inhibitors in agriculture.
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Farazi, Mena, Michael Houghton, Margaret Murray, and Gary Williamson. Systematic review of the inhibitory effect of extracts from edible parts of nuts on α-glucosidase activity. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.8.0061.

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Review question / Objective: The aim of this review is to examine inhibitory effect of functional components in extracts from edible nuts on α-glucosidase activity. At the end of this review the following questions will be addressed by summarizing data of in-vitro studies: which nut extract has the strongest inhibitory effect? Which functional component (e.g. polyphenols) has the strongest inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase? Are there any differences between inhibition of α-glucosidase from different sources (e.g. yeast and mammalian)? Condition being studied: Any papers looking at inhibition of α-glucosidase activity (a carbohydrate digestive enzyme; includes sucrase, maltase and isomaltase activities) by extracts of edible parts of nut will be included in this review. Papers looking at other parts of nut plants and other enzymes will be excluded.
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Naim, Michael, Andrew Spielman, Shlomo Nir, and Ann Noble. Bitter Taste Transduction: Cellular Pathways, Inhibition and Implications for Human Acceptance of Agricultural Food Products. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695839.bard.

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Historically, the aversive response of humans and other mammals to bitter-taste substances has been useful for survival, since many toxic constituents taste bitter. Today, the range of foods available is more diverse. Many bitter foods are not only safe for consumption but contain bitter constituents that provide nutritional benefits. Despite this, these foods are often eliminated from our current diets because of their unacceptable bitterness. Extensive technology has been developed to remove or mask bitterness in foods, but a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bitterness perception at the taste receptor level has prevented the development of inhibitors or efficient methods for reducing bitterness. In our original application we proposed to: (a) investigate the time course and effect of selected bitter tastants relevant to agricultural products on the formation of intracellular signal molecules (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) in intact taste cells, in model cells and in membranes derived therefrom; (b) study the effect of specific bitter taste inhibitors on messenger formation and identify G-proteins that may be involved in tastant-induced bitter sensation; (c) investigate interactions and self-aggregation of bitter tastants within membranes; (d) study human sensory responses over time to these bitter-taste stimuli and inhibitors in order to validate the biochemical data. Quench-flow module (QFM) and fast pipetting system (FPS) allowed us to monitor fast release of the aforementioned signal molecules (cGMP, as a putative initial signal was substituted for Ca2+ ions) - using taste membranes and intact taste cells in a time range below 500 ms (real time of taste sensation) - in response to bitter-taste stimulation. Limonin (citrus) and catechin (wine) were found to reduce cellular cAMP and increase IP3 contents. Naringin (citrus) stimulated an IP3 increase whereas the cheese-derived bitter peptide cyclo(leu-Trp) reduced IP3 but significantly increased cAMP levels. Thus, specific transduction pathways were identified, the results support the notion of multiple transduction pathways for bitter taste and cross-talk between a few of those transduction pathways. Furthermore, amphipathic tastants permeate rapidly (within seconds) into liposomes and taste cells suggesting their availability for direct activation of signal transduction components by means of receptor-independent mechanisms within the time course of taste sensation. The activation of pigment movement and transduction pathways in frog melanophores by these tastants supports such mechanisms. Some bitter tastants, due to their amphipathic properties, permeated (or interacted with) into a bitter tastant inhibitor (specific phospholipid mixture) which apparently forms micelles. Thus, a mechanism via which this bitter taste inhibitor acts is proposed. Human sensory evaluation experiments humans performed according to their 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PROP) status (non-tasters, tasters, super-tasters), indicated differential perception of bitterness threshold and intensity of these bitter compounds by different individuals independent of PROP status. This suggests that natural products containing bitter compounds (e.g., naringin and limonin in citrus), are perceived very differently, and are in line with multiple transduction pathways suggested in the biochemical experiments. This project provides the first comprehensive effort to explore the molecular basis of bitter taste at the taste-cell level induced by economically important and agriculturally relevant food products. The findings, proposing a mechanism for bitter-taste inhibition by a bitter taste inhibitor (made up of food components) pave the way for the development of new, and perhaps more potent bitter-taste inhibitors which may eventually become economically relevant.
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Chen, Baoqing, Chen Yang, Qiaoqiao Li, Mihnea Dragomir, and George A. Calin. Effects of proton pump inhibitors in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2020.10.0088.

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