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Journal articles on the topic 'Inhibition proactive'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 23 September 2022

Last updated: 27 January 2023

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1

Grisetto, Fanny, Pierre Le Denmat, Yvonne N. Delevoye-Turrell, Quentin Vantrepotte, Tanguy Davin, Andreea Dinca, Isabelle Desenclos-El Ghoulti, and Clémence Roger. "Imbalanced weighting of proactive and reactive control as a marker of risk-taking propensity." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 20, 2023): e0277246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277246.

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According to the dual mechanisms of control (DMC), reactive and proactive control are involved in adjusting behaviors when maladapted to the environment. However, both contextual and inter-individual factors increase the weight of one control mechanism over the other, by influencing their cognitive costs. According to one of the DMC postulates, limited reactive control capacities should be counterbalanced by greater proactive control to ensure control efficiency. Moreover, as the flexible weighting between reactive and proactive control is key for adaptive behaviors, we expected that maladaptive behaviors, such as risk-taking, would be characterized by an absence of such counterbalance. However, to our knowledge, no studies have yet investigated this postulate. In the current study, we analyzed the performances of 176 participants on two reaction time tasks (Simon and Stop Signal tasks) and a risk-taking assessment (Balloon Analog Risk Taking, BART). The post-error slowing in the Simon task was used to reflect the spontaneous individuals’ tendency to proactively adjust behaviors after an error. The Stop Signal Reaction Time was used to assess reactive inhibition capacities and the duration of the button press in the BART was used as an index of risk-taking propensity. Results showed that poorer reactive inhibition capacities predicted greater proactive adjustments after an error. Furthermore, the higher the risk-taking propensity, the less reactive inhibition capacities predicted proactive behavioral adjustments. The reported results suggest that higher risk-taking is associated with a smaller weighting of proactive control in response to limited reactive inhibition capacities. These findings highlight the importance of considering the imbalanced weighting of reactive and proactive control in the analysis of risk-taking, and in a broader sense, maladaptive behaviors.

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Jonikaitis, D., S. Dhawan, and H. Deubel. "Proactive spatial inhibition in visual selection." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.701.

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3

Kenemans, J. Leon. "Specific proactive and generic reactive inhibition." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 56 (September 2015): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.011.

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Cowie, Matthew J., Hayley J. MacDonald, John Cirillo, and Winston D. Byblow. "Proactive modulation of long-interval intracortical inhibition during response inhibition." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 859–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00144.2016.

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Daily activities often require sudden cancellation of preplanned movement, termed response inhibition. When only a subcomponent of a whole response must be suppressed (required here on Partial trials), the ensuing component is markedly delayed. The neural mechanisms underlying partial response inhibition remain unclear. We hypothesized that Partial trials would be associated with nonselective corticomotor suppression and that GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition within primary motor cortex might be responsible for the nonselective corticomotor suppression contributing to Partial trial response delays. Sixteen right-handed participants performed a bimanual anticipatory response inhibition task while single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered to elicit motor evoked potentials in the left first dorsal interosseous muscle. Lift times, amplitude of motor evoked potentials, and long-interval intracortical inhibition were examined across the different trial types (Go, Stop-Left, Stop-Right, Stop-Both). Go trials produced a tight distribution of lift times around the target, whereas those during Partial trials (Stop-Left and Stop-Right) were substantially delayed. The modulation of motor evoked potential amplitude during Stop-Right trials reflected anticipation, suppression, and subsequent reinitiation of movement. Importantly, suppression was present across all Stop trial types, indicative of a “default” nonselective inhibitory process. Compared with blocks containing only Go trials, inhibition increased when Stop trials were introduced but did not differ between trial types. The amount of inhibition was positively correlated with lift times during Stop-Right trials. Tonic levels of inhibition appear to be proactively modulated by task context and influence the speed at which unimanual responses occur after a nonselective “brake” is applied.

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Brevers, Damien, Etienne Dubuisson, Fabien Dejonghe, Julien Dutrieux, Mathieu Petieau, Guy Cheron, Paul Verbanck, and Jennifer Foucart. "Proactive and Reactive Motor Inhibition in Top Athletes Versus Nonathletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 125, no. 2 (January 8, 2018): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512517751751.

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We examined proactive (early restraint in preparation for stopping) and reactive (late correction to stop ongoing action) motor response inhibition in two groups of participants: professional athletes ( n = 28) and nonathletes ( n = 25). We recruited the elite athletes from Belgian national taekwondo and fencing teams. We estimated proactive and reactive inhibition with a modified version of the stop-signal task (SST) in which participants inhibited categorizing left/right arrows. The probability of the stop signal was manipulated across blocks of trials by providing probability cues from the background computer screen color (green = 0%, yellow =17%, orange = 25%, red = 33%). Participants performed two sessions of the SST, where proactive inhibition was operationalized with increased go-signal reaction time as a function of increased stop-signal probability and reactive inhibition was indicated by stop-signal reaction time latency. Athletes exhibited higher reactive inhibition performance than nonathletes. In addition, athletes exhibited higher proactive inhibition than nonathletes in Session 1 (but not Session 2) of the SST. As top-level athletes exhibited heightened reactive inhibition and were faster to reach and maintain consistent proactive motor response inhibition, these results confirm an evaluative process that can discriminate elite athleticism through a fine-grained analysis of inhibitory control.

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Liebrand, Matthias, Anne-Kristin Solbakk, Ingrid Funderud, Macià Buades-Rotger, Robert T. Knight, and Ulrike M. Krämer. "Intact Proactive Motor Inhibition after Unilateral Prefrontal Cortex or Basal Ganglia Lesions." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 9 (August 1, 2021): 1862–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01691.

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Abstract Previous research provided evidence for the critical importance of the PFC and BG for reactive motor inhibition, that is, when actions are cancelled in response to external signals. Less is known about the role of the PFC and BG in proactive motor inhibition, referring to preparation for an upcoming stop signal. In this study, patients with unilateral lesions to the BG or lateral PFC performed in a cued go/no-go task, whereas their EEG was recorded. The paradigm called for cue-based preparation for upcoming, lateralized no-go signals. Based on previous findings, we focused on EEG indices of cognitive control (prefrontal beta), motor preparation (sensorimotor mu/beta, contingent negative variation [CNV]), and preparatory attention (occipital alpha, CNV). On a behavioral level, no differences between patients and controls were found, suggesting an intact ability to proactively prepare for motor inhibition. Patients showed an altered preparatory CNV effect, but no other differences in electrophysiological activity related to proactive and reactive motor inhibition. Our results suggest a context-dependent role of BG and PFC structures in motor inhibition, being critical in reactive, unpredictable contexts, but less so in situations where one can prepare for stopping on a short timescale.

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Soltanifar, Mohsen, Michael Escobar, Annie Dupuis, Andre Chevrier, and Russell Schachar. "The Asymmetric Laplace Gaussian (ALG) Distribution as the Descriptive Model for the Internal Proactive Inhibition in the Standard Stop Signal Task." Brain Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12060730.

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Measurements of response inhibition components of reactive inhibition and proactive inhibition within the stop-signal paradigm have been of particular interest to researchers since the 1980s. While frequentist nonparametric and Bayesian parametric methods have been proposed to precisely estimate the entire distribution of reactive inhibition, quantified by stop signal reaction times (SSRT), there is no method yet in the stop signal task literature to precisely estimate the entire distribution of proactive inhibition. We identify the proactive inhibition as the difference of go reaction times for go trials following stop trials versus those following go trials and introduce an Asymmetric Laplace Gaussian (ALG) model to describe its distribution. The proposed method is based on two assumptions of independent trial type (go/stop) reaction times and Ex-Gaussian (ExG) models. Results indicated that the four parametric ALG model uniquely describes the proactive inhibition distribution and its key shape features, and its hazard function is monotonically increasing, as are its three parametric ExG components. In conclusion, the four parametric ALG model can be used for both response inhibition components and its parameters and descriptive and shape statistics can be used to classify both components in a spectrum of clinical conditions.

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Ficarella, Stefania C., Andrea Desantis, Alexandre Zénon, and Boris Burle. "Preparing to React: A Behavioral Study on the Interplay between Proactive and Reactive Action Inhibition." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060680.

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Motor preparation, based on one’s goals and expectations, allows for prompt reactions to stimulations from the environment. Proactive and reactive inhibitory mechanisms modulate this preparation and interact to allow a flexible control of responses. In this study, we investigate these two control mechanisms with an ad hoc cued Go/NoGo Simon paradigm in a within-subjects design, and by measuring subliminal motor activities through electromyographic recordings. Go cues instructed participants to prepare a response and wait for target onset to execute it (Go target) or inhibit it (NoGo target). Proactive inhibition keeps the prepared response in check, hence preventing false alarms. Preparing the cue-coherent effector in advance speeded up responses, even when it turned out to be the incorrect effector and reactive inhibition was needed to perform the action with the contralateral one. These results suggest that informative cues allow for the investigation of the interaction between proactive and reactive action inhibition. Partial errors’ analysis suggests that their appearance in compatible conflict-free trials depends on cue type and prior preparatory motor activity. Motor preparation plays a key role in determining whether proactive inhibition is needed to flexibly control behavior, and it should be considered when investigating proactive/reactive inhibition.

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du Plessis, Stéfan, Matthijs Vink, John A. Joska, Eleni Koutsilieri, Asif Bagadia, Dan J. Stein, and Robin Emsley. "HIV Infection Is Associated with Impaired Striatal Function during Inhibition with Normal Cortical Functioning on Functional MRI." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 9 (October 2015): 722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000971.

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AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HIV infection on cortical and subcortical regions of the frontal-striatal system involved in the inhibition of voluntary movement. Functional MRI (fMRI) studies suggest that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with frontostriatal dysfunction. While frontostriatal systems play a key role in behavioral inhibition, there are to our knowledge no fMRI studies investigating the potential impact of HIV on systems involved during the inhibition of voluntary movement. A total of 17 combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) naïve HIV+ participants as well as 18 age, gender, ethnic, education matched healthy controls performed a modified version of the stop-signal paradigm. This paradigm assessed behavior as well as functional brain activity associated with motor execution, reactive inhibition (outright stopping) and proactive inhibition (anticipatory response slowing before stopping). HIV+ participants showed significantly slower responses during motor execution compared to healthy controls, whereas they had normal proactive response slowing. Putamen hypoactivation was evident in the HIV+ participants based on successful stopping, indicating subcortical dysfunction during reactive inhibition. HIV+ participants showed normal cortical functioning during proactive inhibition. Our data provide evidence that HIV infection is associated with subcortical dysfunction during reactive inhibition, accompanied by relatively normal higher cortical functioning during proactive inhibition. This suggests that HIV infection may primarily involve basic striatal-mediated control processes in cART naïve participants. (JINS, 2015, 21, 722–731)

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Smittenaar, Peter, Robb B. Rutledge, Peter Zeidman, Rick A. Adams, Harriet Brown, Glyn Lewis, and Raymond J. Dolan. "Proactive and Reactive Response Inhibition across the Lifespan." PLOS ONE 10, no. 10 (October 21, 2015): e0140383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140383.

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Cirillo, John, Matthew J. Cowie, Hayley J. MacDonald, and Winston D. Byblow. "Response inhibition activates distinct motor cortical inhibitory processes." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00784.2017.

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We routinely cancel preplanned movements that are no longer required. If stopping is forewarned, proactive processes are engaged to selectively decrease motor cortex excitability. However, without advance information there is a nonselective reduction in motor cortical excitability. In this study we examined modulation of human primary motor cortex inhibitory networks during response inhibition tasks with informative and uninformative cues using paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Long- (LICI) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), indicative of GABAB- and GABAA-receptor mediated inhibition, respectively, were examined from motor evoked potentials obtained in task-relevant and task-irrelevant hand muscles when response inhibition was preceded by informative and uninformative cues. When the participants (10 men and 8 women) were cued to stop only a subcomponent of the bimanual response, the remaining response was delayed, and the extent of delay was greatest in the more reactive context, when cues were uninformative. For LICI, inhibition was reduced in both muscles during all types of response inhibition trials compared with the pre-task resting baseline. When cues were uninformative and left-hand responses were suddenly canceled, task-relevant LICI positively correlated with response times of the responding right hand. In trials where left-hand responding was highly probable or known (informative cues), task-relevant SICI was reduced compared with that when cued to rest, revealing a motor set indicative of responding. These novel findings indicate that the GABAB-receptor-mediated pathway may set a default inhibitory tone according to task context, whereas the GABAA-receptor-mediated pathways are recruited proactively with response certainty. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined how informative and uninformative cues that trigger both proactive and reactive processes modulate GABAergic inhibitory networks within human primary motor cortex. We show that GABAB inhibition was released during the task regardless of cue type, whereas GABAA inhibition was reduced when responding was highly probable or known compared with rest. GABAB-receptor-mediated inhibition may set a default inhibitory tone, whereas GABAA circuits may be modulated proactively according to response certainty.

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Allen, Charles K. "Encoding of Colors in Short-Term Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.211.

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A theory is proposed to explain results from prior experiments on release from proactive inhibition and the recall of colors or color names in short-term memory. It is assumed that colors are encoded in two ways, verbally and perceptually, while color names are encoded only verbally. Assuming that the release occurs when a new and different encoding is performed on changed material, it follows that release from proactive inhibition should occur with shifts from color names to colors but not with shifts in the opposite direction. These results were obtained in prior experiments. In the present experiment ambiguous colors were used to minimize the verbal encoding. As predicted, release from proactive inhibition was found with shifts from ambiguous colors to names as well as with shifts from names to the ambiguous colors.

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Declerck, Mathieu, Elisabeth Özbakar, and Neil W. Kirk. "Is there proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): e0257355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257355.

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The bilingual language control literature generally assumes that cross-language interference resolution relies on inhibition of the non-target language. A similar approach has been taken in the bidialectal language control literature. However, there is little evidence along these lines for proactive language control, which entails a control process that is implemented as an anticipation of any cross-language interference. To further investigate the possibility of proactive inhibitory control, we examined the effect of language variety preparation time, by manipulating the cue-to-stimulus interval, on parallel language activation, by manipulating cognate status. If proactive language control relies on inhibition, one would expect less parallel language activation (i.e., a smaller cognate facilitation effect) with increased proactive inhibitory control (i.e., a long cue-to-stimulus interval). This was not the case with either bilinguals or bidialectals. So, the current study does not provide evidence for proactive inhibitory control during bilingual and bidialectal language production.

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van den Wildenberg, Wery P. M., K. Richard Ridderinkhof, and Scott A. Wylie. "Towards Conceptual Clarification of Proactive Inhibitory Control: A Review." Brain Sciences 12, no. 12 (November 29, 2022): 1638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12121638.

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The aim of this selective review paper is to clarify potential confusion when referring to the term proactive inhibitory control. Illustrated by a concise overview of the literature, we propose defining reactive inhibition as the mechanism underlying stopping an action. On a stop trial, the stop signal initiates the stopping process that races against the ongoing action-related process that is triggered by the go signal. Whichever processes finishes first determines the behavioral outcome of the race. That is, stopping is either successful or unsuccessful in that trial. Conversely, we propose using the term proactive inhibition to explicitly indicate preparatory processes engaged to bias the outcome of the race between stopping and going. More specifically, these proactive processes include either pre-amping the reactive inhibition system (biasing the efficiency of the stopping process) or presetting the action system (biasing the efficiency of the go process). We believe that this distinction helps meaningful comparisons between various outcome measures of proactive inhibitory control that are reported in the literature and extends to experimental research paradigms other than the stop task.

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YAMASHITA, HIKARI. "Proactive inhibition in habituation to novel tastes in rats." Annual of Animal Psychology 38, no. 1 (1988): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2502/janip1944.38.17.

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Tehan, Gerald, and Helen M. Hauff. "Proactive Interference Effects On Ageing: Is Inhibition a Factor?" Australian Psychologist 35, no. 3 (November 2000): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050060008257487.

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Meyer, Heidi C., and David J. Bucci. "Neural and behavioral mechanisms of proactive and reactive inhibition." Learning & Memory 23, no. 10 (September 15, 2016): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.040501.115.

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Soh, Cheol, Megan Hynd, Benjamin O. Rangel, and Jan R. Wessel. "Adjustments to Proactive Motor Inhibition without Effector-Specific Foreknowledge Are Reflected in a Bilateral Upregulation of Sensorimotor β-Burst Rates." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 33, no. 5 (April 1, 2021): 784–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01682.

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Abstract Classic work using the stop-signal task has shown that humans can use inhibitory control to cancel already initiated movements. Subsequent work revealed that inhibitory control can be proactively recruited in anticipation of a potential stop-signal, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful movement cancellation. However, the exact neurophysiological effects of proactive inhibitory control on the motor system are still unclear. On the basis of classic views of sensorimotor β-band activity, as well as recent findings demonstrating the burst-like nature of this signal, we recently proposed that proactive inhibitory control is implemented by influencing the rate of sensorimotor β-bursts during movement initiation. Here, we directly tested this hypothesis using scalp EEG recordings of β-band activity in 41 healthy human adults during a bimanual RT task. By comparing motor responses made in two different contexts—during blocks with or without stop-signals—we found that premovement β-burst rates over both contralateral and ipsilateral sensorimotor areas were increased in stop-signal blocks compared to pure-go blocks. Moreover, the degree of this burst rate difference indexed the behavioral implementation of proactive inhibition (i.e., the degree of anticipatory response slowing in the stop-signal blocks). Finally, exploratory analyses showed that these condition differences were explained by a significant increase in β bursting that was already present during baseline period before the movement initiation signal. Together, this suggests that the strategic deployment of proactive inhibitory motor control is implemented by upregulating the tonic inhibition of the motor system, signified by increased sensorimotor β-bursting both before and after signals to initiate a movement.

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Wang, Ya, Lu-xia Jia, Xiao-jing Qin, Jun-yan Ye, and Raymond Chan. "S76. PROACTIVE AND REACTIVE RESPONSE INHIBITION IN INDIVIDUAL WITH SCHIZOTYPY: AN ERP STUDY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.142.

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Abstract Background Schizotypy, a subclinical group at risk for schizophrenia, have been found to show impairments in response inhibition. Recent studies differentiated proactive inhibition (a preparatory process before the stimuli appears) and reactive inhibition (the inhibition of a pre-potent or already initiated response). However, it remains unclear whether both proactive and reactive inhibition are impaired in schizotypy and what are the neural mechanisms. The present event-related potential study used an adapted stop-signal task to examine the two inhibition processes and the underlying neural mechanisms in schizotypy compared to healthy controls (HC). Methods A total of 21 individuals with schizotypy and 25 matched HC participated in this study. To explore different degrees of proactive inhibition, we set three conditions: a “certain” go condition which no stop signal occurred, a “17% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 17% of trials, and a “33% no go” condition in which stop signal would appear in 33% of trials. All participants completed all the conditions, and EEG was recorded when participants completed the task. Results Behavioral results showed that in both schizotypy and HC, the reaction times (RT) of go trials were significantly prolonged as the no go percentage increased, and HC showed significantly longer go RT compared with schizotypy in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions, suggesting greater proactive inhibition in HC. Stop signal reaction times (SSRTs) in “33% no go” condition was shorter than “17% no go” condition in both groups. Schizotypy showed significantly longer SSRTs in both “17% no go” and “33% no go” conditions than HC, indicating schizotypy relied more on reactive inhibition. ERP results showed that schizotypy showed larger overall N1 for go trials than HC irrespective of condition, which may indicate a compensation process in schizotypy. Schizotypy showed smaller N2 on both successful and unsuccessful stop trials in “17% no go” conditions than HC, while no group difference was found in “33% no go” conditions for stop trials, which may indicate impaired error processing. Discussion These results suggested that schizotypy tended to be impaired in both proactive control and reactive control processes.

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Wang, Zhen, Yan-Ling Pi, Yin Wu, Jianing Wei, Yuting Li, Jian Zhang, and Zhen Wang. "Selective effects of exercise on reactive and proactive inhibition in Parkinson’s disease." PeerJ 10 (June 23, 2022): e13628. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13628.

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Objective Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) have an obvious motor inhibition disorder, which is closely related to their motor symptoms. Although previous studies have shown that exercise can improve their inhibition deficits, the effect of exercise on different types of inhibition (proactive and reactive inhibition) has not been addressed. Methods We used a behavioral paradigm combined with a series of questionnaires to explore the effect of long-term exercise on different types of motor inhibition in 59 patients with PD aged 55–75 years. According to the intensity and frequency of exercise, the participants were divided into regular-exercise and no-exercise groups. To obtain the average reference value for inhibition ability at the same age, we also recruited 30 healthy elderly people as controls. Results The main defect in the motor inhibition of PD is reactive inhibition, while proactive inhibition has no obvious differences compared with healthy controls. Additionally, compared with the non-exercise group, PD in the exercise group showed significantly better reaction speeds and reactive control ability, fewer motor symptoms and negative emotions. Conclusions Taken together, the motor inhibition defects of patients with PD affect only reactive inhibition. In addition, PD with exercise reported fewer negative emotions than that of the non-exercise group, indicating that exercise can relieve negative emotions and improve behavioral symptoms and quality of life in PD to a certain extent. We demonstrate for the first time that exercise has and can improve reactive inhibition in PD patients and has no effect on proactive inhibition.

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van Hulst, Branko M., Patrick de Zeeuw, Chantal Vlaskamp, Yvonne Rijks, Bram B. Zandbelt, and Sarah Durston. "Children with ADHD symptoms show deficits in reactive but not proactive inhibition, irrespective of their formal diagnosis." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 15 (February 8, 2018): 2515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000107.

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AbstractBackgroundAttenuated inhibitory control is one of the most robust findings in the neuropsychology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is unclear whether this represents a deficit in outright stopping (reactive inhibition), whether it relates to a deficit in anticipatory response slowing (proactive inhibition), or both. In addition, children with other development disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), often have symptoms of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity similar to children with ADHD. These may relate to similar underlying changes in inhibitory processing.MethodsIn this study, we used a modified stop-signal task to dissociate reactive and proactive inhibition. We included not only children with ADHD, but also children primarily diagnosed with an ASD and high parent-rated levels of ADHD symptoms.ResultsWe replicated the well-documented finding of attenuated reactive inhibition in children with ADHD. In addition, we found a similar deficit in children with ASD and a similar level of ADHD symptoms. In contrast, we found no evidence for deficits in proactive inhibition in either clinical group.ConclusionsThese findings re-emphasize the role of reactive inhibition in children with ADHD and ADHD symptoms. Moreover, our findings stress the importance of a trans-diagnostic approach to the relationship between behavior and neuropsychology.

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Šarić Drnas, Marija. "Problems of Self-Regulation in Forms and Functions of Aggression." Psihologijske teme 31, no. 2 (July 17, 2022): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.2.7.

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The role of self-regulation in aggression has typically been studied by neglecting the multidimensional nature of aggression, which differentiates between its forms (overt vs. relational) and functions (proactive vs. reactive). Besides, the contribution of two aspects of self-regulation (effortful control and reactive control) in the regulation of aggression has been ignored. Studies suggest that only reactive aggressive children have low effortful control because aggression results from the insufficient inhibition of an aggressive impulse. On the other hand, some studies suggest that proactive aggression has no deficits in effortful control, because proactive aggression is referred to as premeditated behaviour driven by instrumental goals. However, the conceptualization of proactive aggression as premeditated with higher levels of forethought and perseverance is not sustainable, because proactive aggression is associated with reactive undercontrol which corresponds to impulsivity. This paper addresses this problem by reviewing recent research suggesting that both forms and functions of aggression are related to inadequate effortful control. Studies suggest that forms and functions of aggression are related to various aspects of impulsivity. Further, reactive overcontrolled children are, due to their behavioural inhibition, better able to attenuate their aggression. Future studies should determine which forms and functions of aggression are characterized by low reactive overcontrol, i.e. low behavioural inhibition. For children whose aggression is driven by weak reactive control, effortful control is necessary to inhibit aggressive impulses. Interventions are suggested for reinforcing self-regulation in forms and functions of aggression.

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Benedetti, Viola, Gioele Gavazzi, Fabio Giovannelli, Riccardo Bravi, Fiorenza Giganti, Diego Minciacchi, Mario Mascalchi, Massimo Cincotta, and Maria Pia Viggiano. "Mouse Tracking to Explore Motor Inhibition Processes in Go/No-Go and Stop Signal Tasks." Brain Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10070464.

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Response inhibition relies on both proactive and reactive mechanisms that exert a synergic control on goal-directed actions. It is typically evaluated by the go/no-go (GNG) and the stop signal task (SST) with response recording based on the key-press method. However, the analysis of discrete variables (i.e., present or absent responses) registered by key-press could be insufficient to capture dynamic aspects of inhibitory control. Trying to overcome this limitation, in the present study we used a mouse tracking procedure to characterize movement profiles related to proactive and reactive inhibition. A total of fifty-three participants performed a cued GNG and an SST. The cued GNG mainly involves proactive control whereas the reactive component is mainly engaged in the SST. We evaluated the velocity profile from mouse trajectories both for responses obtained in the Go conditions and for inhibitory failures. Movements were classified as one-shot when no corrections were observed. Multi-peaked velocity profiles were classified as non-one-shot. A higher proportion of one-shot movements was found in the SST compared to the cued GNG when subjects failed to inhibit responses. This result suggests that proactive control may be responsible for unsmooth profiles in inhibition failures, supporting a differentiation between these tasks.

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Ashinoff, Brandon K., Yehoshua Tsal, and Carmel Mevorach. "Age-related differences in the attentional white bear." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26, no. 6 (June 10, 2019): 1870–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01622-9.

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Abstract The cognitive aging literature suggests that aging populations exhibit impairments in the proactive inhibition of attention. Although proactive inhibition is often preceded by the allocation of attention toward the predicted or known spatial location of to-be-ignored stimuli, proactive allocation of attention has not been assessed in aging populations. In this study, an older and younger cohort engaged in the attentional-white-bear paradigm which measures proactive allocation of attention. In this task, on 80% of trials, participants must identify a centrally located letter surrounded by congruent or incongruent flanker letters. The flanker locations are fixed and predictable within each block of the study. On 20% of trials, they must identify which of two dots appear first on the screen. One dot appears in the same location as the flanker, and one appears in an empty location during the flanker task. The typical white-bear effect is that, despite the dots appearing at the same time, participants more often report the dot in the location of the flanker (i.e., the potentially to-be-ignored location) to appear first. The magnitude of this effect is interpreted as the magnitude of attentional allocation prior to inhibition. In Experiment 1, there was no difference in the magnitude of the attentional white bear between younger and aging cohorts. However, when the attentional system was sufficiently taxed by reducing the flanker presentation (Experiments 2a and 2b), age-related differences emerged. In particular, older participants showed a reduced white-bear effect, reflecting a potential impairment in the proactive allocation of attention toward the location of expected distractors.

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Beu, Nathan D., Nicholas R. Burns, and Irina Baetu. "Polymorphisms in dopaminergic genes predict proactive processes of response inhibition." European Journal of Neuroscience 49, no. 9 (January 9, 2019): 1127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14323.

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Drummond, Neil M., Erin K. Cressman, and Anthony N. Carlsen. "Increased response preparation overshadows neurophysiological evidence of proactive selective inhibition." Psychology & Neuroscience 11, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/pne0000130.

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Bartholdy, Savani, Iain C. Campbell, Ulrike Schmidt, and Owen G. O’Daly. "Proactive inhibition: An element of inhibitory control in eating disorders." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 71 (December 2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.022.

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Duschek, Stefan, Alexandra Hoffmann, Casandra I. Montoro, Gustavo A. Reyes del Paso, Daniel Schuepbach, and Ulrich Ettinger. "Cerebral blood flow modulations during preparatory attention and proactive inhibition." Biological Psychology 137 (September 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.07.003.

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Noël, Xavier, Joël Billieux, Martial Van der Linden, Bernard Dan, Catherine Hanak, Stéphanie de Bournonville, Céline Baurain, and Paul Verbanck. "Impaired inhibition of proactive interference in abstinent individuals with alcoholism." Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 31, no. 1 (December 16, 2008): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803390801982726.

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Criaud, Marion, Chloé Laurencin, Alice Poisson, Elise Metereau, Jérôme Redouté, Stéphane Thobois, Philippe Boulinguez, and Bénédicte Ballanger. "Noradrenaline and Movement Initiation Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: A Pharmacological Functional MRI Study with Clonidine." Cells 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 2640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11172640.

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Slowness of movement initiation is a cardinal motor feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is not fully reverted by current dopaminergic treatments. This trouble could be due to the dysfunction of executive processes and, in particular, of inhibitory control of response initiation, a function possibly associated with the noradrenergic (NA) system. The implication of NA in the network supporting proactive inhibition remains to be elucidated using pharmacological protocols. For that purpose, we administered 150 μg of clonidine to 15 healthy subjects and 12 parkinsonian patients in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Proactive inhibition was assessed by means of a Go/noGo task, while pre-stimulus brain activity was measured by event-related functional MRI. Acute reduction in noradrenergic transmission induced by clonidine enhanced difficulties initiating movements reflected by an increase in omission errors and modulated the activity of the anterior node of the proactive inhibitory network (dorsomedial prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices) in PD patients. We conclude that NA contributes to movement initiation by acting on proactive inhibitory control via the α2-adrenoceptor. We suggest that targeting noradrenergic dysfunction may represent a new treatment approach in some of the movement initiation disorders seen in Parkinson’s disease.

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Morein-Zamir, Sharon, and Gideon Anholt. "Stopping a Response When You Really Care about the Action: Considerations from a Clinical Perspective." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11080979.

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Response inhibition, whether reactive or proactive, is mostly investigated in a narrow cognitive framework. We argue that it be viewed within a broader frame than the action being inhibited, i.e., in the context of emotion and motivation of the individual at large. This is particularly important in the clinical domain, where the motivational strength of an action can be driven by threat avoidance or reward seeking. The cognitive response inhibition literature has focused on stopping reactively with responses in anticipation of clearly delineated external signals, or proactively in limited contexts, largely independent of clinical phenomena. Moreover, the focus has often been on stopping efficiency and its correlates rather than on inhibition failures. Currently, the cognitive and clinical perspectives are incommensurable. A broader context may explain the apparent paradox where individuals with disorders characterised by maladaptive action control have difficulty inhibiting their actions only in specific circumstances. Using Obsessive Compulsive Disorder as a case study, clinical theorising has focused largely on compulsions as failures of inhibition in relation to specific internal or external triggers. We propose that the concept of action tendencies may constitute a useful common denominator bridging research into motor, emotional, motivational, and contextual aspects of action control failure. The success of action control may depend on the interaction between the strength of action tendencies, the ability to withhold urges, and contextual factors.

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Tolleson, Christopher, Maxim Turchan, Nelleke van Wouwe, David Isaacs, Fenna Phibbs, and Scott Wylie. "Parkinson’s Disease Subtypes Show Distinct Tradeoffs Between Response Initiation and Inhibition Latencies." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 23, no. 8 (June 15, 2017): 665–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617717000467.

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AbstractObjectives: In unpredictable situations, individuals often show tradeoffs between response initiation and inhibition speeds. We tested the hypothesis that Parkinson’s disease (PD) motor subtypes differentially impact tradeoffs between these two action-oriented processes. We predicted that, compared to tremor dominant (TD) patients, predominant postural instability and gait dysfunction (PIGD) patients would show exacerbated tradeoffs between response initiation and inhibition in situations requiring the sudden potential need to interrupt an action. Methods: Fifty-one PD patients (subdivided into PIGD [n=27] and TD [n=24]) and 21 healthy controls (HCs) completed a choice reaction task to establish baseline response initiation speed between groups. Subsequently, participants completed a stop-signal task which introduced an occasional, unpredictable stop stimulus. We measured changes in initiation speed in preparation of an unpredictable stop (i.e., proactive slowing) and inhibition latency (i.e., stop-signal reaction time). Results: Compared to HCs, PD patients showed slower response initiation speeds in the choice reaction task. All groups showed proactive slowing in the stop-signal task but the magnitude was considerably larger in PIGD patients, almost twice as large as TD patients. PD patients, irrespective of motor subtype, showed longer inhibition latencies than HCs. Conclusions: PIGD and TD subtypes both showed exacerbated response inhibition deficits. However, PIGD patients showed much more pronounced proactive slowing in situations with an expected yet unpredictable need to stop action abruptly. This suggests that PIGD is accompanied by exaggerated tradeoffs between response initiation and inhibition processes to meet situational action demands. We discuss putative neural mechanisms and clinical implications of these findings. (JINS, 2017, 23, 665–674)

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Rawji, Vishal, Sachin Modi, Anna Latorre, Lorenzo Rocchi, Leanne Hockey, Kailash Bhatia, Eileen Joyce, John C. Rothwell, and Marjan Jahanshahi. "Impaired automatic but intact volitional inhibition in primary tic disorders." Brain 143, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 906–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa024.

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Abstract The defining character of tics is that they can be transiently suppressed by volitional effort of will, and at a behavioural level this has led to the concept that tics result from a failure of inhibition. However, this logic conflates the mechanism responsible for the production of tics with that used in suppressing them. Volitional inhibition of motor output could be increased to prevent the tic from reaching the threshold for expression, although this has been extensively investigated with conflicting results. Alternatively, automatic inhibition could prevent the initial excitation of the striatal tic focus—a hypothesis we have previously introduced. To reconcile these competing hypotheses, we examined different types of motor inhibition in a group of 19 patients with primary tic disorders and 15 healthy volunteers. We probed proactive and reactive inhibition using the conditional stop-signal task, and applied transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor cortex, to assess movement preparation and execution. We assessed automatic motor inhibition with the masked priming task. We found that volitional movement preparation, execution and inhibition (proactive and reactive) were not impaired in tic disorders. We speculate that these mechanisms are recruited during volitional tic suppression, and that they prevent expression of the tic by inhibiting the nascent excitation released by the tic generator. In contrast, automatic inhibition was abnormal/impaired in patients with tic disorders. In the masked priming task, positive and negative compatibility effects were found for healthy controls, whereas patients with tics exhibited strong positive compatibility effects, but no negative compatibility effect indicative of impaired automatic inhibition. Patients also made more errors on the masked priming task than healthy control subjects and the types of errors were consistent with impaired automatic inhibition. Errors associated with impaired automatic inhibition were positively correlated with tic severity. We conclude that voluntary movement preparation/generation and volitional inhibition are normal in tic disorders, whereas automatic inhibition is impaired—a deficit that correlated with tic severity and thus may constitute a potential mechanism by which tics are generated.

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Kuhns, David, Mei-Ching Lien, and Eric Ruthruff. "Proactive versus reactive task-set inhibition: Evidence from flanker compatibility effects." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14, no. 5 (October 2007): 977–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03194131.

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Pas, Pascal, Stefan Du Plessis, Hanna E. Munkhof, Thomas E. Gladwin, and Matthijs Vink. "Using subjective expectations to model the neural underpinnings of proactive inhibition." European Journal of Neuroscience 49, no. 12 (January 2019): 1575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14308.

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Vink, Matthijs, Reinoud Kaldewaij, Bram B. Zandbelt, Pascal Pas, and Stefan du Plessis. "The role of stop-signal probability and expectation in proactive inhibition." European Journal of Neuroscience 41, no. 8 (April 2015): 1086–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12879.

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Ko, Chih-Hung, Peng-Wei Wang, Tai-Ling Liu, Cheng-Fang Yen, Cheng-Sheng Chen, and Ju-Yu Yen. "The inhibition of proactive interference among adults with Internet gaming disorder." Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 7, no. 2 (May 27, 2014): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/appy.12134.

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Bloemendaal, Mirjam, Bram Zandbelt, Joost Wegman, Ondine van de Rest, Roshan Cools, and Esther Aarts. "Contrasting neural effects of aging on proactive and reactive response inhibition." Neurobiology of Aging 46 (October 2016): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.06.007.

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Sharif-Razi, Maryam, David C. Hodgins, and Vina M. Goghari. "Reactive and proactive control mechanisms of response inhibition in gambling disorder." Psychiatry Research 272 (February 2019): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.049.

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Moskowitz, Gordon B., and Peizhong Li. "Egalitarian goals trigger stereotype inhibition: A proactive form of stereotype control." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, no. 1 (January 2011): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.08.014.

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Xu, Mengsi, Zhiai Li, Lingxia Fan, Lijing Sun, Cody Ding, Liang Li, and Dong Yang. "Dissociable effects of fear and disgust in proactive and reactive inhibition." Motivation and Emotion 40, no. 2 (December 16, 2015): 334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11031-015-9531-9.

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Talanow, Tobias, Anna-Maria Kasparbauer, Julia V. Lippold, Bernd Weber, and Ulrich Ettinger. "Neural correlates of proactive and reactive inhibition of saccadic eye movements." Brain Imaging and Behavior 14, no. 1 (October 8, 2018): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11682-018-9972-3.

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Davies, Martin F. "Distinctiveness of Self-Images: Self-Processing and Release from Proactive Inhibition." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 29, no. 6 (November 1993): 479–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jesp.1993.1022.

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Cai, Ying, Siyao Li, Jing Liu, Dawei Li, Zifang Feng, Qiang Wang, Chuansheng Chen, and Gui Xue. "The Role of the Frontal and Parietal Cortex in Proactive and Reactive Inhibitory Control: A Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 1 (January 2016): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00888.

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Mounting evidence suggests that response inhibition involves both proactive and reactive inhibitory control, yet its underlying neural mechanisms remain elusive. In particular, the roles of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal lobe (IPL) in proactive and reactive inhibitory control are still under debate. This study aimed at examining the causal role of the right IFG and IPL in proactive and reactive inhibitory control, using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and the stop signal task. Twenty-two participants completed three sessions of the stop signal task, under anodal tDCS in the right IFG, the right IPL, or the primary visual cortex (VC; 1.5 mA for 15 min), respectively. The VC stimulation served as the active control condition. The tDCS effect for each condition was calculated as the difference between pre- and post-tDCS performance. Proactive control was indexed by the RT increase for go trials (or preparatory cost), and reactive control by the stop signal RT. Compared to the VC stimulation, anodal stimulation of the right IFG, but not that of the IPL, facilitated both proactive and reactive control. However, the facilitation of reactive control was not mediated by the facilitation of proactive control. Furthermore, tDCS did not affect the intraindividual variability in go RT. These results suggest a causal role of the right IFG, but not the right IPL, in both reactive and proactive inhibitory control.

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Nikitenko, Tess, Nahian Chowdhury, Rohan Puri, and Jason L. He. "Response inhibition in humans: a whistle stop review." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00572.2019.

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This Neuro Forum presents insights from recent literature on the neurophysiology and pathoneurophysiology of reactive (speed of action stopping) and proactive (slowing of action in anticipation of stopping) response inhibition. We discuss recent studies using novel brain stimulation and spectroscopy techniques that reveal the role of cortico-subcortical networks and the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and how these mechanisms are influenced by healthy aging. Furthermore, we also briefly discuss computational modeling approaches, which assist in establishing meaningful differences in response inhibition.

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Miguez, Gonzalo, Bridget McConnell, Cody W. Polack, and Ralph R. Miller. "Proactive interference by cues presented without outcomes: Differences in context specificity of latent inhibition and conditioned inhibition." Learning & Behavior 46, no. 3 (January 8, 2018): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-017-0306-x.

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47

Rochat, Lucien, Catia Beni, Jean-Marie Annoni, Philippe Vuadens, and Martial Van der Linden. "How Inhibition Relates to Impulsivity after Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 8 (July 2, 2013): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713000672.

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AbstractImpulsive behaviors and poor inhibition performances are frequently described in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, few studies have examined impulsivity and associated inhibition impairments in these patients. Twenty-eight patients with moderate to severe TBI and 27 matched controls performed a stop-signal task designed to assess prepotent response inhibition (the ability to inhibit a dominant or automatic motor response) in a neutral or emotional context and a recent negative task to assess resistance to proactive interference (the ability to resist the intrusion into memory of information that was previously relevant but has since become irrelevant). Informants of each patient completed a short questionnaire designed to assess impulsivity. Patients showed a significant increase in current urgency, lack of premeditation, and lack of perseverance when retrospectively compared with the preinjury condition. Group comparisons revealed poorer prepotent response inhibition and resistance to proactive interference performances in patients with TBI. Finally, correlation analyses revealed a significant positive correlation between urgency (the tendency to act rashly when distressed) and prepotent response inhibition in patients with TBI. This study sheds new light on the construct of impulsivity after a TBI, its related cognitive mechanisms, and its potential role in problematic behaviors described after a TBI. (JINS, 2013, 19, 1–9)

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del Puerto-Golzarri, Nora, Aitziber Azurmendi, María Rosario Carreras, José Manuel Muñoz, Paloma Braza, Oscar Vegas, and Eider Pascual-Sagastizabal. "The Moderating Role of Surgency, Behavioral Inhibition, Negative Emotionality and Effortful Control in the Relationship between Parenting Style and Children’s Reactive and Proactive Aggression." Children 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9010104.

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The principal aim of this study is to explore the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between parenting style and the reactive and proactive aggressive behavior of 8-year-old children. The participants are 279 children (154 boys and 125 girls). To measure reactive and proactive aggression, children completed the reactive and proactive questionnaire (RPQ). Child temperament and parenting styles were evaluated by both parents using the temperament in middle childhood questionnaire (TMCQ) and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire (PSDQ). The results revealed that boys with high surgency levels and authoritarian fathers displayed more reactive aggression, whereas behaviorally inhibited boys with mothers who scored low for authoritarian parenting displayed less reactive aggression. Finally, girls with high levels of effortful control and mothers who scored low for authoritative parenting displayed more proactive aggression. The results highlight the value of studying the moderating role of temperament in the relationship between children’s aggressive behavior and both mothers’ and fathers’ parenting styles, and underscores the importance of doing so separately for boys and girls.

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Matinfar, Ehsan, Imanollah Bigdeli, and Ali Mashhadi. "Cognitive Control in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Investigation of Proactive and Reactive Inhibition." Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/shefa.10.1.65.

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Hermans, Lize, Kurt Beeckmans, Karla Michiels, Christophe Lafosse, Stefan Sunaert, James P. Coxon, Stephan P. Swinnen, and Inge Leunissen. "Proactive Response Inhibition and Subcortical Gray Matter Integrity in Traumatic Brain Injury." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 31, no. 3 (October 28, 2016): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968316675429.

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