Academic literature on the topic 'Inherent environmental friendliness'

Stress/strain sensors constitute a class of devices with a global ever-growing market thanks to their use in many fields of modern life. As an alternative to the traditional compounds, that exhibit low inherent resistivity and limited flexibility, in the present work we will show the advantages to employ a smart material, polyaniline (PANI), prepared by an innovative green route, for force/strain sensor applications, wherein simple processing, environmental friendliness and sensitivity are particularly required.

C-X (X = halogen) bonds are indispensable functional groups in organic synthesis by mediating a massive number of important organic reactions. While a variety of different catalytic strategies are available for generating C-X bonds, those methods enabling the C-X bond formation under transition metal-free conditions via the C-H bond functionalization are particularly interesting because of the inherent atom economy and environmental friendliness associated with such methods. Herein, the advancements in the transition metal-free halogenation of C(2)-H bond are reviewed.

The article presents the fundamental problems, challenges and social requests shaping modern housing architecture trends. Popular trends in the development of residential architecture in the conditions of the rapid growth of cities and the spread of the urban lifestyle are considered. The concept of the modernity of architecture and the main features inherent in modern volumetric planning solutions are defined. Approaches of energy efficiency, environmental friendliness of project solutions, contextuality and social orientation of the architectural object as trends of sustainable architecture are studied. Ways of applying modern technologies and building materials that allow implementing ideas of sustainability in architecture are presented. The phenomenon of micro-housing in different forms, locations and hierarchical levels is analyzed.

Vitamin E is easily oxidized by light, air, oxidizing agents and heat, limiting its application in many ways. Compared to vitamin E, vitamin E ester derivatives exhibit improved stability and a stronger antioxidant capacity, and even gain new biological functions. In recent years, enzymatic synthesis of vitamin E ester derivatives has received increasing attention due to its environmental friendliness, high catalytic efficiency, and inherent selectivity. This paper reviews the related progress of lipase-mediated preparation of vitamin E ester derivatives. The function of different vitamin E ester derivatives, and the main factors influencing the enzymatic acylation process, including enzyme species, acyl donor and acceptor, reaction media and water activity, are summarized in this paper. Finally, the perspective of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of vitamin E ester derivatives is also discussed.

Dipeptides have emerged as attractive building blocks for supramolecular materials thanks to their low-cost, inherent biocompatibility, ease of preparation, and environmental friendliness as they do not persist in the environment. In particular, hydrophobic amino acids are ideal candidates for self-assembly in polar and green solvents, as a certain level of hydrophobicity is required to favor their aggregation and reduce the peptide solubility. In this work, we analyzed the ability to self-assemble and the gel of dipeptides based on the amino acids norvaline (Nva) and phenylalanine (Phe), studying all their combinations and not yielding to enantiomers, which display the same physicochemical properties, and hence the same self-assembly behavior in achiral environments as those studied herein. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction of all the compounds revealed fine details over their molecular packing and non-covalent interactions.

Electroactive organics have attracted significant attention as electrode materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries because of their structural diversity, molecular adjustability, abundance, flexibility, environmental friendliness and low cost. To date, a large number of organic materials have been applied in a variety of energy storage devices. However, the inherent problems of organic materials, such as their dissolution in electrolytes and low electronic conductivity, have restricted the development of organic electrodes. In order to solve these problems, many groups have carried out research and remarkable progress has been made. Nevertheless, most reviews of organic electrodes have focused on the positive electrode rather than the negative electrode. This review first provides an overview of the recent work on organic anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries. Six categories of organic anodes are summarized and discussed. Many of the key factors that influence the electrochemical performance of organic anodes are highlighted and their prospects and remaining challenges are evaluated.

Visible-light photoredox catalysis has been established as a popular and powerful tool for organic transformations owing to its inherent characterization of environmental friendliness and sustainability in the past decades. The thiol-ene/yne reactions, the direct hydrothiolation of alkenes/alkynes with thiols, represents one of the most efficient and atom-economic approaches for the carbon-sulfur bonds construction. In traditional methodologies, harsh conditions such as stoichiometric reagents or a specialized UV photo-apparatus were necessary suffering from various disadvantages. In particular, visible-light photoredox catalysis has also been demonstrated to be a greener and milder protocol for the thiol-ene/yne reactions in recent years. Additionally, unprecedented advancements have been achieved in this area during the past decade. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in visible-light photoredox catalyzed thiol-ene/yne reactions from 2015 to 2021. Synthetic strategies, substrate scope, and proposed reaction pathways are mainly discussed.

Alternative fuel technology of third-generation biofuels in place of conventional fossil fuels is currently being witnessed at a global level. Due to its sustainability and environmental friendliness, in recent years more importance is being given to biodiesel in CI engine applications. Recent trends show that microalgae are promoted as a bio-fuel due to their inherent advantages of abundant availability of oil sources and faster growth rate with ease of cultivation. Particular species of algae such as Chlorella, Botryococcus braunii, and Scenedesmus obliquus are conventionally favored for biodiesel production as they have a prominent amount of lipids content. This review outlines the current state of experimental investigations on the use of different algae biodiesel blends with diesel for CI engines. Amongst the different algae-based biodiesel, the dual Calophyllum Inophyllum methyl ester blend (CIME20) with DEE demonstrated the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and better brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of CI engines. In terms of emissions, the CO, UBHC, and smoke levels are significantly lower for algae blends in contrast to neat diesel.

Gas foil bearing has been widely used in high-speed turbo machinery due to its oil-free, wide temperature range, low cost, high adaptability, high stability and environmental friendliness. In this paper, state-of-the-art investigations of gas foil bearings are reviewed, mainly on the development of the high-speed turbo machinery in China. After decades of development, progress has been achieved in the field of gas foil bearing in China. Small-scale applications of gas foil bearing have been realized in a variety of high-speed turbo machinery. The prospects and markets of high-speed turbo machinery are very broad. Various high-speed turbomachines with gas foil bearings have been developed. Due to the different application occasions, higher reliability requirements are imposed on the foil bearing technology. Therefore, its design principle, theory, and manufacturing technology should be adaptive to new application occasions before mass production. Thus, there are still a number of inherent challenges that must be addressed, for example, thermal management, rotor-dynamic stability and wear-resistant coatings.

Efficiency, operational flexibility, durability, environmental friendliness, and reliability — these words are often used to define expectations and requirements for product performance, required in the energy market today. Yet, depending on where one looks at the curve of product evolution, these words have very different meanings. One thing remains constant, irrespective of where one looks at performance growth over time, product improvement requires actual field experience data on a number of operating plants and units, to supplement the testing and verification processes of the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). The combination of the field experience with the latest testing, verification, and quality control techniques, followed by the OEM, is essential to achieve the inherent reliability and ultimately, the life-time expectations set by the market. There is always a question as to the amount of actual field experience data that is necessary to validate product improvement or advancement. Today, the market seems to accept a lower standard of operating time (∼ 8,000 Actual Operating Hours (AOH)), compared with the past (∼ 100,000 AOH) for product validation. If Equivalent Operating Hours (EOH) were the basis for assessing the maturity of a new technology, the times would be lower. Whether the number is 8,000 or 100,000 AOH, the fact is that field experience data represents the intersection of the OEM’s design, validated through component and system level testing, coupled with the actual operating and maintenance practice and experience of the owner/operator. It is here that the OEM and owner/operator begin to directly share a common objective; the ability to demonstrate the efficiency, operational flexibility, durability, environmental friendliness and reliability of the product improvement. Consequently, the OEM and the owner/operator have a strong and shared interest in the accuracy, fidelity, and the completeness of field data; to ensure that an effective Failure Reporting and Corrective Action (FRACA) process is in place — driving continuous product improvement; to meet market expectations for equipment performance, and to support new product introduction. The focus of this paper is field experience data, past and present, with a specific emphasis on the increasing influence and value that data has in the ever changing and competitive energy market. The paper will suggest that the present and future need for high fidelity equipment data (at a component level of detail) is not just essential for supporting engineering efforts for product evolution, but also to support effective Operations & Maintenance (O&M) strategies. The paper will advance the notion that the fusion of total plant data, from three primary sources, with the ability to transform, analyze, and act based on integrating subject matter expertise is essential for effectively managing assets for optimum performance and profitability; executing and delivering on the promise of “Big Data” and advanced analytics.

Stirling engines are being used more and more frequently in applications such as Combined Heat and Power (CHP). Federal projects have a history of employing Stirling technology to address critical needs. Exploitation of certain alternative energy approaches such as the increased reliance on Bio-Mass energy inherently argues the Stirling case. This paper examines this expanded role for Stirling technology, while also examining the potential impacts achievable from the application of modern technologies. Examples of modern technologies include improved control technologies, new materials and new design approaches. Specific examples of successes are documented, and typical future choices are identified and appraised. The functional advantages of Stirling technology are likewise enumerated and discussed. They range from a variety of economic and technical advantages (fuel diversity, quietness, pristine environmental character, lubrication friendliness,...), through the most basic advantage that Stirling engines possess relative to many competing technologies, namely the fact that there are ‘no showstoppers’ with Stirling engine technology (implemented since 1816). An assessment is provided relative to some of the limitations of previous Stirling engine design approaches, and suggestions are provided regarding how such limitations and concerns can be addressed with the expanding role of Stirling engines.