Journal articles on the topic 'Inhalation'
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1
Hansen, OR, and S. Pedersen. "Optimal inhalation technique with terbutaline Turbuhaler." European Respiratory Journal 2, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.02070637.
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The bronchodilator response after four different modes of inhalation of 0.25 mg terbutaline from a Turbuhaler was assessed, in a double-blind cross-over study, of 14 asthmatic children aged 8-14 yrs (mean 11.6 yrs). The children inhaled as fast as possible (mean peak inspiratory flow rate = 53 l.min-1), because fast inhalations have been found to be more efficient than slow inhalations when the Turbuhaler is used. Tilting the head back during inhalation and a breath-holding pause of 10 s after the inhalation had no significant effect upon bronchodilation. Furthermore, the response was the same whether the children inhaled from residual volume (RV) or functional residual capacity (FRC). These results suggest that this new inhaler can be used with a very simple inhalation technique without any loss of effect. A simple inhalation technique is likely to facilitate teaching and improve compliance.
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Bonapelli, Vijaysagar Reddy, Sujay D. J., Prakruthi J., and Sathiqali A. S. "Acute exacerbations of asthma occurring frequently time to check your techniques." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 6, no. 6 (November 25, 2019): 1755. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20195167.
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Background: Asthmatics form a predominant section of patients in OPD. If poorly controlled the frequency of attacks requiring an emergency department visit adds to the burden. It was noticed that the patients who were on inhalational therapy had poor control despite the absence of other factors which could lead to exacerbations. Hence author evaluated the inhalational techniques.Methods: A prospective study undertaken in the department of medicine in tertiary care hospital in Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka enlisting 25 patients admitted with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. The patients were assessed for their symptoms, signs and recurrent attacks along with their cough severity index and inhaler scores and the observations were tabulated.Results: Of the twenty-five, 15 were on inhalation therapy with various modes of deliveries. There were 15 males and 10 females from ages 20 to 50years. The number of attacks of asthma was higher in those not on inhalation therapies than those using inhalation therapies. Also, the level/severity of cough, measured as Cough Severity Index, was assessed among the two groups. Those on inhalation therapy had a lower grade of cough than those not on therapy . Mean AEC was 94 among those on inhalation therapy and 209 among those not on therapy. Inhalational score was calculated for each patient. There is a strong negative correlation of -0.709 between inhalation score and recurrent attacks, which is statistically significant (p=0.003). Lower inhalation scores were associated with recurrent attacks.Conclusions: Recurrent exacerbations in an asthmatic patient on inhalation therapy are due to improper inhalational technique. It was suggested that it is wise to spend time with the patients in authors OPD set up and teach them the correct techniques of using inhalational therapy hence reducing frequency of attacks and cost of health care in such patients.
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Smutney, Chad C., Emil M. Friedman, John M. Polidoro, and Nikhil Amin. "Inspiratory Efforts Achieved in Use of the Technosphere® Insulin Inhalation System." Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 3, no. 5 (September 2009): 1175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680900300524.
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Objective: The Technosphere® Insulin (IT) inhalation system comprises TI powder premetered into unit dose cartridges and the patient-friendly, reusable, breath-powered MedTone® inhaler. This high-resistance system uses a patient's inspiratory effort to effect TI powder de-agglomeration and promote subsequent deep-lung delivery. This study reports on flow and pressure data achieved by patients with diabetes using the MedTone system. Method: MedTone inhalers containing empty cartridges were adapted with pneumotach measuring devices to capture inhalation profiles. The measuring apparatuses had negligible impact on the nominal MedTone system resistance level of 0.117 kPa0.5/liters/min. Each of 56 subjects inhaled twice to mimic TI clinical study dosing instructions. Achieved inhalation profiles were characterized by peak inspiratory flow (PIF), peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), and average pressure drop from the time of PIP to 4 s ( Pavg) Results: The achieved mean PIF (± standard deviation [SD]) in all subjects was 26.74 (±6.06) liters/min after the first inhalation and was similar to the mean PIF of 26.25 (±6.23) liters/min achieved after the second inhalation. Mean PIP (±SD) achieved by subjects was 8.49 (±2.86) and 8.1 (±2.99) kPa, and mean Pavg drop (±SD) in all subjects was 6.53 (±2.24) and 6.09 (±2.08) kPa after the respective inhalations. Conclusion: Patients with diabetes demonstrated consistent inhalation efforts over two inhalations using the MedTone system. The achieved PIFs and PIPs demonstrate the capacity of this population to obtain sufficient inspiratory effort necessary for delivery of TI using the MedTone inhaler. Adequate postpeak pressures were also revealed, further supporting reliable and sustained inhalation efforts.
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Lassen, LH, JH Heinig, S. Oestergaard, and J. Olesen. "Histamine Inhalation is a Specific but Insensitive Laboratory Test for Migraine." Cephalalgia 16, no. 8 (December 1996): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1608550.x.
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Migraine is a subjective complaint and no laboratory test has until now been of value. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether histamine inhalation may be used as a diagnostic test for migraine. In a double blind study design, 15 migra neurs and 15 control subjects scored headache intensity and characteristics before, during, and in the subsequent 12 h after inhalation of increasing doses of histamine (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 mg/ml). During the histamine inhalations, headaches increased dose-dependently in both groups Eleven of the migraineurs and eight of the healthy controls experienced headaches after the inhalations These headaches fulfilled the IHS criteria for migraine without aura in six of the migraineurs, but in none of the control subjects. Using this as a test parameter, the specificity of the test was 1, but the sensitivity was only 0.4. Our results indicate that histamine inhalation is a specific but insensitive laboratory test for migraine. Migraineurs should be informed about the risk of a migraine attack being provoked before histamine inhalation in pulmonary laboratories.
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van der Kolk, Annelies, Natasja Lammers, Marjolein Brusse-Keizer, Job van der Palen, Joyce Faber, Reina Spenkelink-Visser, and Bernard J. Thio. "Comparison of inhalation technique with the Diskus and Autohaler in asthmatic children at home." ERJ Open Research 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 00215–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00215-2019.
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ObjectiveAsthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood and anti-inflammatory medication is the cornerstone of treatment. Inhalers are frequently used incorrectly when demonstrated in the hospital, suggesting poor technique at home. We aimed to 1) compare daily inhalation technique with the Diskus and Autohaler in asthmatic children by filming inhalations at home and 2) compare daily inhalation technique with technique demonstrated in the hospital.MethodsWe performed a randomised study in asthmatic children (aged 6–18 years) from the outpatient clinic of Medisch Spectrum Twente hospital (Enschede, The Netherlands) from July 2014 to April 2016. Children received inhalation instructions for the Diskus and Autohaler and were randomised to use one device in the morning and the other in the evening. During the 28-day study period, inhalations were filmed at home and subsequently demonstrated in the hospital. All inhalations were checked for seven critical errors per device.Results636 videos with the Diskus and 663 with the Autohaler were provided by 27 children. The most common critical error in daily life was an incorrect device position during preparation of the Diskus (n=271) and an insufficiently deep inhalation (n=39) using the Autohaler. Percentage of correct days using the Diskus was 44%, compared to 96% with the Autohaler (p<0.001). The two most common errors with the Diskus were made at least twice as often at home than in the hospital.ConclusionInhalation technique at home was markedly better with the Autohaler than with the Diskus. Paediatricians should be aware that hospital-based demonstrations can overestimate daily inhalation technique with the Diskus.
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Agus Roy Rusly Hariantana Hamid, I Gusti Putu Hendra Sanjaya, Gede Wara Samsarga, and Ni Made Ratih Purnama Dewi. "Pathophysiology And Management Of Inhalation Trauma In Burn Patients: Literature Review." Jurnal Plastik Rekonstruksi 7, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14228/jprjournal.v7i2.290.
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Introduction: Inhalational trauma is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality rates in burn patients. The high mortality rate for a burn with inhalation trauma requires a good understanding of the pathophysiology to provide comprehensive treatment.Method: Electronic literature searching of the MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases were conducted. Studies regarding inhalation trauma pathophysiology and its management that were eligible and available were chosen and used in this paper.Result: Inhalational trauma pathophysiology can be divided into three, namely damage to the upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, and systemic toxicity. Management can be divided based on post-exposure early management (0-72 hours) and advanced management (3-21 days).Conclusion: At present, the management of inhalation trauma is still moderately supportive. Further research based on inhalation trauma pathophysiology is still needed for effective management so that later it can reduce the morbidity and mortality rates.
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Hofauer, Benedikt, Ulrich Straßen, Adam Chaker, Beate Schossow, Magdalena Wirth, Markus Wirth, Murat Bas, and Andreas Knopf. "Liposomal Inhalation after Tracheostomy—A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10153312.
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Background: Tracheostomy is a common procedure in critical care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of a liposomal inhalation compared to standard physiologic saline (SPS) inhalation on basis of objective and subjective parameters of airway inflammation. Methods: We evaluated in this two-armed, double-blinded and randomized control group study the effect of liposomal compared with SPS inhalation in newly tracheotomized patients. The primary endpoint was defined as trend of tracheobronchial IL-6 secretion at day 1 compared to day 10. Further objective and subjective parameter were evaluated. Results: Fifty patients were randomized in each arm. Tracheal IL-6 levels decreased significantly only after liposomal inhalation. Both inhalative agents seem to have an effect on the respiratory impairment after tracheostomy. Subjective patient impairment was reduced significantly from day 1 to day 10 after tracheostomy with liposomal inhalation. Conclusions: Liposomal inhalation demonstrated an advantage over SPS inhalation in newly tracheotomized patients.
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Aung, M. T., D. Garner, M. Pacquola, S. Rosenblum, J. McClure, H. Cleland, and D. V. Pilcher. "The Use of a Simple Three-Level Bronchoscopic Assessment of Inhalation Injury to Predict in-Hospital Mortality and Duration of Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Burns." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 46, no. 1 (January 2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1804600110.
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Major burn centres in Australia use bronchoscopy to assess severity of inhalation injuries despite limited evidence as to how best to classify severity of inhalational injury or its relationship to patient outcomes. All patients with burns who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) at The Alfred Hospital between February 2010 and July 2014 and underwent bronchoscopy to assess inhalational injury, were reviewed. Age, total body surface area burnt, severity of illness indices and mechanisms of injury were extracted from medical histories and local ICU and burns registries. Inhalational injury was classified based on the Abbreviated Injury Score and then grouped into three categories (none/mild, moderate, or severe injury). Univariable and multivariable analyses were undertaken to examine the relationship between inhalational injury and outcomes (in-hospital mortality and duration of mechanical ventilation). One hundred and twenty-eight patients were classified as having none/mild inhalational injury, 81 moderate, and 13 severe inhalation injury. Mortality in each group was 2.3% (3/128), 7.4% (6/81) and 30.7% (4/13) respectively. Median (interquartile range) duration of mechanical ventilation in each group was 26 (11–82) hours, 84 (32–232) hours and 94 (21–146) hours respectively. After adjusting for age, total body surface area burnt and severity of illness, only the severe inhalation injury group was independently associated with increased mortality (odds ratio 20.4 [95% confidence intervals {CI} 1.74 to 239.4], P=0.016). Moderate inhalation injury was independently associated with increased duration of ventilation (odds ratio 2.25 [95% CI 1.53 to 3.31], P <0.001), but not increased mortality. This study suggests that stratification of bronchoscopically-assessed inhalational injury into three categories can provide useful prognostic information about duration of ventilation and mortality. Larger multicentre prospective studies are required to validate these findings.
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Van Holsbeke, Cedric, Jan De Backer, Wim Vos, and Jonathan Marshall. "Use of functional respiratory imaging to characterize the effect of inhalation profile and particle size on lung deposition of inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonists delivered via a pressurized metered-dose inhaler." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 12 (January 1, 2018): 175346661876094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466618760948.
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Background: Functional respiratory imaging (FRI) uses three-dimensional models of human lungs and computational fluid dynamics to simulate functional changes within airways and predict the deposition of inhaled drugs. This study used FRI to model the effects of different patient inhalation and drug formulation factors on lung deposition of an inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist (ICS/LABA) combination, administered by a pressurized metered-dose inhaler. Methods: Three-dimensional models of the lungs of six patients with asthma (mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s, 83%), treated with an ICS/LABA, were included. FRI modelling was used to simulate (1) the effects on lung deposition of inhalation duration and particle size [fine particle fraction (FPF), proportion of particles <5 µm; and mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), average size of inhalable particles]; (2) deposition of fluticasone propionate/formoterol (FP/FORM) 125/5 µg; and (3) how inhalation profiles and flow rates affected FP/FORM deposition. Results: Total lung depositions (TLDs) following 1-, 3- and 5-s inhalations were 22.8%, 36.1% and 41.6% (metered dose), respectively, and central-to-peripheral deposition (C:P) ratios were 1.81, 0.86 and 0.61, respectively. TLD increased with increasing FPF, from ~8% at 10% FPF to ~36% at 40% FPF (metered dose); by contrast, MMAD had little effect on TLD, which was similar across MMADs (1.5–4.5 µm) at each FPF. FP/FORM deposited throughout central and peripheral airways with gradual (sinusoidal) and sharp (rapid) inhalations. TLD ranged from 35.8 to 44.0% (metered dose) for gradual and sharp inhalations at 30 and 60 L/min mean flow rates. Conclusions: These data provide important insights into the potential effects of inhalation characteristics (inhalation profile and duration) and aerosol formulation (FPF) on lung deposition of inhaled therapies. FRI thus represents a useful alternative to scintigraphy techniques. Future FRI studies will further our understanding of the deposition of inhaled drugs and help improve the management of asthma.
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Ilchenko, S. I., A. O. Fialkovska, V. I. Cherhinets, and K. V. Skriabina. "Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of inhaled hypertonic salines of sodium chloride in pediatric practice." Medicni perspektivi (Medical perspectives) 26, no. 1 (March 26, 2021): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2021.1.227953.
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In modern pediatric practice, inhalated hypertonic saline (IHS) is often used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. However, the potential development of serious side effects in children is not predicted. The aim of the study was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of IHS of various concentrations in children with cystic fibrosis (CF). The study involved 34 children with CF aged 6 to 18 years (middle age is 13.0±4.4 years). The comparison group consisted of 27 children (middle age is 7.8±2.3 years) without chronic respiratory diseases. The study included three consecutive inhalations. Sterile 0.9% NaCl solution was used for the first inhalation, 3 % NaCl solution – for the second one and 7% NaCl solution – for the third inhalation. For children under 7 years of age, a patented method of obtaining sputum without forced coughing was used. Spirometry was performed before and after each inhalation, and clinical changes were analyzed. It was noted that after inhalation of IHS, the cough in patients became more productive, moist rales were more often heard over the entire surface of the lungs. The activity of induced sputum secretion after inhalation of 3% and 7% NaCl solution did not differ significantly. However, after inhalation of 7% NaCl solution, side effects, such as sore throat, shortness of breath, spastic cough, auscultatory symptoms of bronchospasm were recorded significantly more often compared with lower concentrations of the solution. The decrease in FEV1 was observed in 5.8% of patients after inhalation of 3% NaCl solution and in 11.8% of patients after inhalation of 7% NaCl solution, which was significantly associated with the clinical symptoms of bronchospasm. Inhalation of IHS has an effective mucolytic effect in patients with CF, however, it is necessary to determine the individual sensitivity of the patient to predict a positive therapeutic effect.
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Sitkin, Sergey I. "Possibilities of inhalation anesthetics in blocking an excessive inflammatory response: a review." Annals of critical care, no. 3 (2022): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21320/1818-474x-2022-3-102-110.
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The aim of the review is to analyze the available literature data on the effect of inhalation anesthetics on inflammation. Inflammation is the most important protective and adaptive, genetically determined process that occurs in response to damage or the action of a pathogenic factor, such as bacteria, fungi and viruses. This protective reaction is based on the activation of immune cells (neutrophilic granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages) with subsequent release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of the nuclear factor Kappa B (NF-kB), which causes the expression of inflammation genes and, as a result, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The analysis of the results of experimental and clinical studies on this topic showed that inhalation anesthetics such as isoflurane, sevoflurane, desflurane have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. The analysis of the results of experimental and clinical studies on this topic showed that inhalation anesthetics, and primarily sevoflurane, have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. The anti-inflammatory effect of inhalation anesthetics is multifactorial. Experimental studies have shown that inhalation anesthetics reduce the production of reactive oxygen species. Inhalation anesthetics also block the activation of the main trigger of inflammation, namely NF-kB, and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhalation anesthetics also block the activation of the main trigger of inflammation, namely NF-kB. In addition to the anti-inflammatory effect, inhalation anesthetics are characterized by an antiviral effect. Serious clinical studies are needed to explore the possibility of using inhalational anesthetics to block the inflammatory response.
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Safioti, Guilherme, Lena Granovsky, Thomas Li, Michael Reich, Shahar Cohen, Yonatan Hadar, Roy Pleasants, Henry Chrystyn, Tanisha Hill, and Michael DePietro. "A Predictive Model for Clinical Asthma Exacerbations Using Albuterol eMDPI (ProAir Digihaler): A Twelve-Week, Open-Label Study." Iproceedings 5, no. 1 (October 2, 2019): e15173. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15173.
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Background The ability to identify an impending clinical asthma exacerbation (CAE) would improve asthma action plans and provide opportunities for pre-emptive treatment. Increased use of inhaled rescue medications, such as albuterol, has been observed in the days prior to a CAE, but other potential predictive factors are poorly understood. Approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in late 2018, ProAir Digihaler with built-in sensors registers when patients use the inhaler and has been shown previously to accurately measure both peak inspiratory flow and inhalation volume, confirming the device’s ability to reliably record objective information on inhaler usage and technique. Objective Data collected from the ProAir Digihaler provides, for the first time, a more complete picture of patients’ use of inhaled medication, and thereby offers an opportunity to develop a predictive model of an impending CAE, and the potential to better implement asthma action plans and facilitate early treatment. Methods Patients (≥18 years old) with exacerbation-prone asthma were recruited to a 12-week, open-label study. Patients used the ProAir Digihaler (albuterol 90 µg 1–2 inhalations q4 hours) as needed. The electronic component of Digihaler recorded each use and inhalation variables (peak inspiratory flow, volume inhaled, time to peak flow, and inhalation duration). Data were downloaded from the inhalers and, together with clinical data, subjected to a machine-learning algorithm to develop models predictive of an impending CAE as defined by the need for oral corticosteroids. The generated model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Three hundred and sixty patients made ≥1 valid inhalation from the Digihaler and were included in the analysis. Of these, 64 patients experienced a total of 78 CAEs. The strongest predictive factor during the 5 days before a CAE was the average number of albuterol inhalations per day. The predictive model was strengthened by supplementing these data with other inhalation features collected by Digihaler, including peak inhalation flow, inhalation volume, night-time usage, and trends of these parameters over time. This model predicted an impending exacerbation over the 5 days with a ROC AUC value of 0.75. Conclusions This study represents, to our knowledge, the first successful attempt to develop a model to predict CAE derived from the use of a rescue medication inhaler device equipped with an integrated sensor and capable of measuring inhalation parameters. The predictive power of the model would benefit from further development with larger populations of asthma patients.
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Takada, Yuki, and Nobuhiko Miwa. "Hydrogen Gas Inhalation Prevents Erythrocyte Aggregation and Promotes Leukocyte Phagocytosis Together with Increases in Serum Antioxidant Activity." Hydrogen 3, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen3010006.
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Hydrogen gas inhalation has not yet been elucidated to improve blood behaviors or antioxidant activity in blood. In the present study, the PEM (proton-exchange-membrane)-/platinum-plated electrode-equipped electrolyzer was examined as a hydrogen gas inhaler, which was estimated to supply 3% hydrogen as rapidly as post-operating 10–15 min, together with continuous 30 min retention of 20.8% oxygen being nearly equal to atmospheric oxygen contents. The 40 min inhalation of 3% hydrogen gas and thereafter 60 min rest were shown to enhance the antioxidant ability in human serum, as evaluated by ORAC (oxygen radical absorbing capacity)-based fluorometry, although scarcely enhanced for air dummy inhalation. Unexpectedly, antioxidant ability was 2.50-fold more enhanced for post-inhalational 0–60 min rest than during 40 min inhalation. Oxidative stress-suffering erythrocytes formed a rosary-chain-like aggregation composed of 3–6 cells, together with loss of a single hollow/biconcave-discoid structure in the cell central-part being necessary for erythrocyte passing through capillary vessels, both of which were prevented by 3% hydrogen gas inhalation. Hydrogen gas inhalation increased the intracellular foreign bodies, being distinguished from vacuole/cyst, in leucocytes, suggesting the hydrogen-activated leukocyte phagocytosis-associated events. Thus, 3%-hydrogen gas inhalation is suggested to potentially improve both the erythrocyte rheological/morphologic behaviors and the leucocyte phagocytosis-associated activity, concurrently with the enhanced antioxidant ability in blood.
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Thipphawong, John B., Najib Babul, Richard J. Morishige, Hugh K. Findlay, Keith R. Reber, Gary J. Millward, and Babatunde A. Otulana. "Analgesic Efficacy of Inhaled Morphine in Patients after Bunionectomy Surgery." Anesthesiology 99, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200309000-00026.
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Background The AERx Pain Management System (Aradigm Corporation, Hayward, CA) is a novel pulmonary delivery system for the systemic administration of morphine. The authors compared the relative analgesic efficacy and safety of the AERx Pain Management System with those of placebo and intravenous morphine in an orthopedic postsurgical pain model. Methods Eighty-nine male and female PS-1 to PS-3 patients underwent standardized bunionectomy surgery and received multiple doses of inhaled or intravenous placebo, inhaled morphine (one inhalation [2.2 mg] or three inhalations [6.6 mg]), or intravenous morphine (4 mg) in a blinded fashion. Open-label rescue morphine (2 mg) was also available as needed. Pain intensity, pain relief, and time to pain relief were measured after the first dose. Global evaluation, morphine consumption, vital signs, and adverse events were monitored for 8 h after treatment. Blinded study personnel performed all treatment administrations and pain assessments. Results Three inhalations of morphine and 4 mg intravenous morphine provided comparable single- and multiple-dose analgesia. One inhalation of morphine was statistically indistinguishable from placebo. Three inhalations of morphine and 4 mg intravenous morphine both consistently demonstrated significantly greater analgesic efficacy than did placebo and one inhalation of morphine. Conclusions Comparable analgesic efficacy was demonstrated between a carefully matched dose of inhaled and intravenous morphine in a postsurgical pain model.
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Armitage, AK, M. Dixon, BE Frost, DC Mariner, and NM Sinclair. "The Effect of Inhalation Volume and Breath-Hold Duration on the Retention of Nicotine and Solanesol in the Human Respiratory Tract and on Subsequent Plasma Nicotine Concentrations During Cigarette Smoking." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0786.
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AbstractThe influence of inhalation depth and breath-hold duration on the retention of nicotine and solanesol in the human respiratory tract and on nicotine uptake was studied in ten cigarette smokers. In a first series of experiments, the subjects took seven puffs from a 10 mg ‘tar’ yield, test cigarette and a fixed volume of air (0, 75, 250, 500 or 1000 mL, as required by the protocol) was inhaled after each puff in order to give a controlled ‘depth’ of inhalation. The inhalation was drawn from a bag containing the required volume of air. Following a 2 s breath-hold, subjects exhaled normally, with the first exhalation after each puff passing through a single acidified filter pad for collection of the non-retained nicotine and solanesol. Blood samples were taken before and at intervals during and after smoking for the sessions with 0, 75 and 500 mL inhalation volumes for determination of plasma nicotine and carboxyhaemoglobin levels. Another series of experiments was conducted with a fixed inhalation volume (500 mL) and two further breath-hold durations (0 and 10 s) in addition to 2 s from above. Nicotine and solanesol retentions were measured for each breath-hold condition. The amounts of nicotine retained within the respiratory system, expressed as a percentage of the amount taken into the mouth, were consistently higher than the corresponding values for solanesol in all five inhalation conditions (0-1000 mL, 2 s breath-hold). Nicotine retention increased from 46.5% at zero inhalation to 99.5% at 1000 mL inhalation (2 s breath-hold) and from 98.0% at zero breath-hold to 99.9% at 10 s breath-hold (500 mL inhalation). Solanesol retention increased from 34.2% at zero inhalation volume to 71.9% at 1000 mL inhalation (2 s breath-hold) and from 51.8% at zero breath-hold to 87.6% at 10 s breath-hold (500 mL inhalation). Plasma nicotine decreased from pre-smoking levels after zero inhalation indicating that the nicotine retained within the mouth was poorly absorbed into the systemic circulation. After 75 mL inhalation, plasma nicotine levels were significantly greater than for zero inhalation but not significantly less than after 500 mL inhalation except at the time of maximum nicotine concentration. As in every experimental condition, a higher percentage of nicotine than solanesol was retained within the respiratory tract, it was concluded that the difference in retention of the moderately volatile nicotine and the non-volatile solanesol is consistent with the concept of nicotine evaporation from smoke particles and the subsequent efficient retention in the airways of gaseous nicotine. The retention of solanesol followed the expected pattern of particulate deposition i.e., an increase with both increasing depth of inhalation and breath-hold duration. However, nicotine retention was almost complete even at shallow inhalations and short breath-hold durations.
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Carstens, Henning, Katharina Kalka, Rabea Verhaegh, Fabian Schumacher, Matthias Soddemann, Barbara Wilker, Simone Keitsch, et al. "Antimicrobial effects of inhaled sphingosine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in isolated ventilated and perfused pig lungs." PLOS ONE 17, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): e0271620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271620.
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Background Ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) is a save way to verify performance of donor lungs prior to implantation. A major problem of lung transplantation is a donor-to-recipient-transmission of bacterial cultures. Thus, a broadspectrum anti-infective treatment with sphingosine in EVLP might be a novel way to prevent such infections. Sphingosine inhalation might provide a reliable anti-infective treatment option in EVLP. Here, antimicrobial potency of inhalative sphingosine in an infection EVLP model was tested. Methods A 3-hour EVLP run using pig lungs was performed. Bacterial infection was initiated 1-hour before sphingosine inhalation. Biopsies were obtained 60 and 120 min after infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Aliquots of broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) before and after inhalation of sphingosine were plated and counted, tissue samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and sectioned. Immunostainings were performed. Results Sphingosine inhalation in the setting of EVLP rapidly resulted in a 6-fold decrease of P. aeruginosa CFU in the lung (p = 0.016). We did not observe any negative side effects of sphingosine. Conclusion Inhalation of sphingosine induced a significant decrease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the epithelial layer of tracheal and bronchial cells. The inhalation has no local side effects in ex-vivo perfused and ventilated pig lungs.
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Scheuch, G., S. Haeussermann, P. Brand, C. Herpich, and T. Meyer. "Pharmacokinetic of inhaled low molecular weight heparin." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 7209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.7209.
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7209 Background: Treatment with Heparin and low molecular weight (LMW) Heparin is frequently used in oncology settings. Usually, these drugs are delivered by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. Since 1963, the clinical relevance of inhalation of unfractionated as well as LMW-Heparin has been investigated in various studies with over 500 subjects. In this study, a single inhalation of the LMW-Heparin Certoparin (Mono-Embolex, Novartis) was investigated in 10 healthy subjects. The goal was to assess the pharmacokinetic behavior. Inhalations were performed using a novel inhalation system, which allows an accurate dosing in the lungs by controlling patient’s breathing pattern (AKITA). Lung deposition is about 85% of the emitted dose. Methods: 10 non-smoking healthy subjects participated in this study. Inhalation of 9000 IU of LMW-Heparin was compared to 3000 IU s.c. administration to achieve factor-Xa-activity in the plasma of 0.2 to 0.3 U/ml. Intravenous blood samples were taken 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 24, 48 hrs after administration. Factor-Xa-activity in plasma was assessed using the Berichrom assay (Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany). Results: Inhalation of LMW-Heparin was well tolerated and did not result in any side effects or changes in lung function. The maximum anti-Xa-activity in the plasma was 0.3 U/ml for the s.c. administration of Certoparin and 0.32 U/ml after inhalation of 9000 IU. However, pharmacokinetics was considerably different. Inhaled LMW-Heparin resulted in a prolonged anti-Xa-activity. After 6 (24) hours, the anti-Xa-activity after s.c. administration was down at 0.16 U/ml (0.10) and after inhalation at 0.30 (0.18) U/ml. Even after 48 hrs, the anti-Xa-activity after inhalation was significantly higher than the baseline value. Comparing area under the curve (AUC), bioavailability for the inhalation was 9.4 U · h/ml ± 14% compared to 5.7 U · h/ml ± 27% after s.c. administration. Conclusions: These results suggest that with controlled inhalation, this administration route is an attractive alternative to s.c. administration, with the result of longer bioavailability and less variability. A once daily administration is possible. Inhalation therapy with these kind of systems might also be useful with different anticancer agents, which cannot be administered orally. [Table: see text]
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Ahn, Hyoyeon, and Jihyun Ko. "The Effect of Olfactory Inhalation on KPGA Golfers’ Putting Performance, Postural Stability and Heart Rate." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 12666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912666.
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Some athletes utilize olfactory inhalation treatments using ammonia salt and aromatic oils to attain their peak performance or for physical and psychological relaxation. However, there is still a lack of clear evidence on olfactory inhalation treatment and scent types via precise experiments, and there is no research regarding fine motor control performance in activities such as golf putting. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various olfactory inhalations (lavender, citrus, and ammonia) on professional golfers’ 3-meter putting performance (percentage of success), postural stability (CoP area), and heart rate (HR). In order to examine the effects of olfactory treatment on actual automated task performance, ten professional golfers were recruited for the putting task experiment. During the putting task, a biometric shirt was utilized to record the HR changes, and a force plate was used to measure changes in the CoP area. The results were as follows. First, the olfactory inhalation treatment inhibited the putting performance (no inhalation: 68.75%; lavender: 51.25%; citrus: 40.00%; ammonia: 52.50%); however, no statistically significant difference was found (p = 0.115). Second, the olfactory inhalation treatment inhibited postural stability while putting; it had a partially statistically significant lower value (address: p = 0.000; downswing: p = 0.035; total putting section: p = 0.047). Third, the olfactory inhalation treatment decreased the HR during putting; however, there was no statistically significant difference between groups (address: p = 0.838; putting: p = 0.878; total: p = 0.666). This study implies that olfactory inhalation affects putting performance, postural stability, and HR. The effect size results for the olfactory treatment in the CoP area during the putting task (address: η2 = 0.524; downswing: η2 = 0.349; total putting section: η2 = 0.298) suggest that arousal regulation through olfactory inhalation may have negative effects on dynamic postural stability in static tasks such as golf putting, showing the direction of its useful application for athletes in sports.
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Bogari, Ahmed Fouad, Ibrahim Abdulkareem Aldakhil, Maram Fahad Alsuwaidan, Nawaf Meshal Alhassani, Dhari Ali Alroudan, Omar Eid Aljuaid, Mohammed Ali Alqarni, et al. "Inhalation anaesthetics: types, mechanism of action and adverse effects." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 4684. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223230.
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Inhalational anesthetics have been used to induce and maintain general anaesthesia for more than 150 years. These anaesthetic agents are commonly used in the surgical and clinical practice solely and as a conjugant with other anaesthetics. Since inhalational anaesthetic agents develop amnesia, loss of awareness, and reduce reactions to painful surgical stimuli, they are an essential part of general anaesthesia. The choice of anaesthetic agent is based on the procedure's duration and type, patient characteristics, the attending anaesthesiologist’s preferences, and occasionally on institutional protocols. These medications are administered to the patient through the anesthetic circuit using a special vaporizer. The purpose of this research is to review the available information about inhalation anaesthetics: types, mechanism of action and adverse effects. Nitrous oxide is one of the earliest anaesthetic agents while isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane are three commonly used inhalational anaesthetics. The low-solubility inhalation anaesthetics desflurane and sevoflurane have several clinical advantages over isoflurane, including rapid induction and faster recovery after prolonged treatment. However, isoflurane can sometimes be used effectively enough to match the induction and recovery times of other drugs. Inhalation anaesthetics work by suppressing inhibitory signals such as chloride channels and potassium channels and enhancing excitatory signals such as acetylcholine, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, glutamate and serotonin in the central nervous system. Certain side effects including nausea, vomiting, malignant hyperthermia, post-operative cognitive impairment is associated with their use. More research is needed to further enhance the safety profile of available inhalation anaesthetics and can further lead to discovery of new, safe anaesthetics.
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Seo, Min, Kandhasamy Sowndhararajan, and Songmun Kim. "Influence of Binasal and Uninasal Inhalations of Essential Oil of Abies koreana Twigs on Electroencephalographic Activity of Human." Behavioural Neurology 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9250935.
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Objectives. The present work investigates the effect of essential oil from the twigs of Abies koreana on electroencephalographic (EEG) activity of human brain in order to understand the influence of binasal and uninasal inhalations. Methods. To accomplish this study, the essential oil from the twigs of A. koreana (AEO) was isolated by steam distillation and the EEG readings were recorded using QEEG-8 system from 8 grounding electrodes according to the International 10-20 System. Results. D-Limonene (25.29%), bornyl acetate (19.31%), camphene (12.48%), α-pinene (11.88%), β-pinene (6.45%), and eudesm-7(11)-en-ol (5.38%) were the major components in the essential oil. In the EEG study, the absolute alpha (left frontal and right parietal) and absolute fast alpha (right parietal) values significantly increased during the binasal inhalation of AEO. In the uninasal inhalation, absolute beta and theta values decreased significantly, especially in the right frontal and left and right parietal regions. The results revealed that the AEO produced different EEG power spectrum changes according to the nostril difference. Conclusion. The changes in EEG values due to the inhalation of AEO may contribute to the enhancement of relaxation (binasal inhalation) and alertness/attention (right uninasal inhalation) states of brain which could be used in aromatherapy treatments.
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Лепухова and O. Lepukhova. "The effectiveness use of the combined inhalation glucocorticosteroids in the therapy of bronchial asthma." Journal of New Medical Technologies. eJournal 8, no. 1 (November 5, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5482.
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The effectiveness and comfort of using combined inhalation glucococrticosteroids in the patients with uncontrolled bronchial asthma of medium degree and mixed form was studied. As the reaction of application of different combined inhalation glucococrticosteroids for treating bronchial asthma of the same degree can be different, it is necessary to select not only the substance but also the form of using the preparations. So, for choosing the most effective preparation it was carried out an experiment with 40 patients aged from 18 to 65 with uncontrolled bronchial asthma of medium degree. The authors have excluded patients with: hyper sensibility to preparation components, acute infections of airways, pregnancy and lactation, presence a serious accompanying illness form. In the process of observation 2 patients dropped out of the experiment for different reasons. As a result 38 patients took part in research. The patients were divided into 2 groups. These patients received combined inhalation glucocorticosteroids in equivalent doses taking into account anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticosteroid active ingredient and features of the inhalation device. The first group of patients used Foster aerosol inhalation in the dose of 100 mcg+ 6 mcg/1 dose: container 120 doses. The second group of patients received Foradil Kombi on form of gelatinous capsules, size 3 mg+12 mcg/ 1 dose together with powder for inhalations and included with the device for inhalation. Clinical efficacy of the treatment was assessed after 4 months of treatment and the positive result was detected in the second group.
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Беда, Е. Е., О. А. Гребенчиков, В. Т. Долгих, and В. В. Антонова. "COGNITIVE AND NEUROLOGICAL STATE OF RATS FOLLOWING THE SIMULATION OF ACUTE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY ASSOCIATED WITH VARIOUS XENON CONCENTRATIONS." Vestnik SurGU. Meditsina 17, no. 1 (2024): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35266/2949-3447-2024-1-13.
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The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of xenon inhalation at various concentrations on neurological and cognitive impairments when simulating open traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Tests were performed on 35 male Wistar rats weighing from 250 to 350 g. After simulating an open traumatic brain injury, the animals received inhalation with a mixture of gases: 5 sham operated animals received only anesthesia without traumatic brain injury and inhalations, a control group with traumatic brain injury + inhalation N2 70 % / O2 30 % (group “TBI”, n = 10); an experimental group with traumatic brain injury + inhalation of xenon-oxygen 70 % / O2 30 % (group “TBI + iXe70”, n = 10), an experimental group with traumatic brain injury + inhalation of xenon-oxygen and nitrogen – Xe 35 % / O2 30 %, nitrogen 35 % (group “TBI + iXe + N2”, n = 10) for 60 minutes. After gas inhalation, the animals were observed for 14 days. On the 3rd, 7th and 14th days, the neurological limb placement test was carried out. The preservation of cognitive functions, such as learning and spatial memory, was assessed using the Morris water maze test with control testing on the 14th day. After testing, on the 14th day of observation, euthanasia was performed, and the brain was collected for research. It was found that the selected xenon concentrations in doses of 0.25 and 0.5 MAC tatistically significantly reduced the severity of both neurological deficit and cognitive impairment in 7 and 14 days, whereas increasing the xenon concentration did not significantly enhance the neuroprotective effect.
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Weiner, Bailey, Harper Halfacre, Jenny Lee, and John A. Harvin. "525 Dysphagia in Thermal Injury: The Impact of Inhalation Injury on Incidence and Recovery." Journal of Burn Care & Research 43, Supplement_1 (March 23, 2022): S97—S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/irac012.155.
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Abstract Introduction Dysphagia is known to be a prevalent condition in the burn population. Dysphagia can lead to adverse events such as aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, and malnutrition. However, there is little data on the incidence and duration of dysphagia specifically in the inhalation injury subset of burn patients. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence and factors that contribute to dysphagia in the inhalation injury burn population as compared to the cutaneous burn population. Methods A retrospective study was conducted of patients admitted to a burn center from January 2016 - January 2021 and intubated for >48 hours. Patients who died during hospitalization or transferred hospitals were excluded. Dysphagia duration was analyzed based on days free from the ventilator. Two groups were compared: 1) non-inhalational injury vs inhalational injury patients and 2) Grade 1 vs Grade ≥2 inhalational injury patients. Statistical analysis included student’s t-test, chi-square test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Bayesian generalized linear models were created to measure the independent association of inhalational injuries with the outcomes. Results During the study period, 142 patients were admitted, of whom 49 patients had inhalation injury (35%). Inhalational injury patients had a lower %TBSA burn than non-inhalational injury patients (mean 18% ± 21% vs 31% ± 15%, p< 0.001). There were no significant differences in age, sex, tracheostomy placement, ventilator days, or hospital length of stay between the two groups. The inhalational injury group had a higher rate of dysphagia at the first Speech Language Pathologist (SLP) instrumental assessment (88% versus 51%, p< 0.001) and at discharge (55% versus 28%, p=0.001). After controlling for %TBSA, inhalational injury was independently associated with an increased odds of dysphagia at first SLP instrumental assessment (OR 13.0, 95% CrI 4.7-43.4, posterior probability ≥99%) and at discharge (OR 3.2, 95% CrI 1.5-6.9, posterior probability ≥99%). Additionally, inhalational injury patients had a longer period of dysphagia post-extubation with an average of 9.5 vs 7.1 days to any diet (p< 0.006) and average of 12.6 vs 7 days to a regular texture diet (p < 0.001). Grade 1 inhalational injuries had no difference in duration of dysphagia or dysphagia at discharge compared to Grade ≥2 inhalational injury patients. Conclusions Inhalational injury was independently associated with dysphagia upon initial SLP instrumental assessment and at discharge. Patients with an inhalational injury also had a longer dysphagia resolution time. The severity of the inhalation injury did not impact dysphagia incidence.
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de Reus, Y. A., P. Hagedoorn, M. G. G. Sturkenboom, F. Grasmeijer, M. S. Bolhuis, I. Sibum, H. A. M. Kerstjens, H. W. Frijlink, and O. W. Akkerman. "Tolerability and pharmacokinetic evaluation of inhaled dry powder hydroxychloroquine in healthy volunteers." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): e0272034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272034.
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Rationale Inhaled antimicrobials enable high local concentrations where needed and, compared to orally administration, greatly reduce the potential for systemic side effects. In SARS-CoV-2 infections, hydroxychloroquine sulphate (HCQ) administered as dry powder via inhalation could be safer than oral HCQ allowing higher and therefore more effective pulmonary concentrations without dose limiting toxic effects. Objectives To assess the local tolerability, safety and pharmacokinetic parameters of HCQ inhalations in single ascending doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg using the Cyclops dry powder inhaler. Methods Twelve healthy volunteers were included in the study. Local tolerability and safety were assessed by pulmonary function tests, electrocardiogram and recording adverse events. To estimate systemic exposure, serum samples were collected before and 0.5, 2 and 3.5 h after inhalation. Results and discussion Dry powder HCQ inhalations were well tolerated by the participants, except for transient bitter taste in all participants and minor coughing irritation. There was no significant change in QTc-interval or drop in FEV1 post inhalation. The serum HCQ concentration remained below 10 μg/L in all samples. Conclusion Single doses of inhaled dry powder HCQ up to 20 mg are safe and well tolerated. Our data support that further studies with inhaled HCQ dry powder to evaluate pulmonary pharmacokinetics and efficacy are warranted.
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Hentschel, Thomas, Ning Yin, Alexander Riad, Helmut Habbazettl, Jörg Weimann, Andreas Koster, Carsten Tschope, Hermann Kuppe, and Wolfgang M. Kuebler. "Inhalation of the Phosphodiesterase-3 Inhibitor Milrinone Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension in a Rat Model of Congestive Heart Failure." Anesthesiology 106, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200701000-00021.
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Background Most patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) develop pulmonary venous hypertension, but right ventricular afterload is frequently further elevated by increased pulmonary vascular resistance. To investigate whether inhalation of a vasodilatory phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor may reverse this potentially detrimental process, the authors studied the effects of inhaled or intravenous milrinone on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics in a rat model of CHF. Methods In male Sprague-Dawley rats, CHF was induced by supracoronary aortic banding, whereas sham-operated rats served as controls. Milrinone was administered as an intravenous infusion (0.2-1 microg.kg body weight.min) or by inhalation (0.2-5 mg/ml), and effects on pulmonary and systemic hemodynamics and lung water content were measured. Results In CHF rats, intravenous infusion of milrinone reduced both pulmonary and systemic arterial blood pressure. In contrast, inhalation of milrinone predominantly dilated pulmonary blood vessels, resulting in a reduced pulmonary-to-systemic vascular resistance ratio. Repeated milrinone inhalations in 20-min intervals caused a stable reduction of pulmonary artery pressure. No hemodynamic effects were detected when 0.9% NaCl was administered instead of milrinone or when milrinone was inhaled in sham-operated rats. No indications of potentially adverse effects of milrinone inhalation in CHF, such as left ventricular volume overload, were detected. Moreover, lung edema was significantly reduced by repeated milrinone inhalation. Conclusion If these results can be confirmed in humans, inhalation of nebulized milrinone may present a novel, effective, safe, and pulmonary selective strategy for the treatment of pulmonary venous hypertension in CHF.
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Katilov, O. "SUBTLETIES OF USING INHALATION DEVICES IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE." Asthma and allergy 2021, no. 4 (2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31655/2307-3373-2021-4-55-63.
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SUBTLETIES OF USING INHALATION DEVICES IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE O. Katilov National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya, Ukraine Abstract. Inhalation therapy plays an important role in the treatment of a number of respiratory diseases. Due to the direct delivery of drugs to the respiratory tract, the development of systemic side effects is minimized, which is extremely important for pediatric patients. Today, inhalation therapy is the basic method of treating bronchial asthma. But about 1/3 of patients with bronchoobstructive diseases perform inhalations with serious technical errors. As a result of improper inhalation technique, the drug enters the respiratory tract in insufficient quantities, which leads to poor disease control and frequent exacerbations. Particular difficulties in the use of inhalation devices arise in pediatric practice. Children under 3 years of age are usually unable to perform specific breathing maneuvers. Therefore, for children under 5 years of age, the best choice among delivery devices is metered-dose inhaler (MDI) with a valve spacer. An alternative method of drug delivery is nebulizer therapy. Children older than 5 years can already use dry powder inhalers (DPI). This literature review presents the classification and types of DPI, considers their main technical characteristics, the criteria of the “ideal” delivery device. Based on the literature, it is established that the most optimal inhalation device for children older than 5 years is Easyhaler, which has a number of advantages. It is easy to use. The MDI-like design contributes to the commitment and correct, without technical errors, use of the inhaler. Easyhaler has the appropriate aerodynamic characteristics of the released dose, safe and efficient delivery of the drug. Key words: inhalation therapy, delivery devices, dry powder inhalers, children, bronchial asthma.
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Potievskaya, Vera I., F. M. Shvetskiy, D. V. Sidorov, M. V. Lozhkin, M. B. Potievskiy, G. R. Abuzarova, R. R. Sarmanaeva, S. V. Kuznetsov, and G. S. Alekseeva. "Assessment of xenon effect on postoperative pain syndrome severity in oncological patients: a randomized study." Annals of critical care, no. 3 (2021): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21320/1818-474x-2021-3-140-150.
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Introduction. The present study was designed to evaluate analgetic effect of xenon-oxygen mixture inhalations in oncological patients with abdominal tumors in postoperative period. Materials and methods. It was randomized blind placebo-controlled clinical trial, which was performed in 60 patients: 31 of them were in the main group and received xenon-oxygen mixture containing 25 ± 5 % xenon and other 29 were in the placebo group and received oxygen-air mixture. Results. According to the visual-analogical scale of pain, significant decreasing of the pain level was found in the main group after the inhalation and 30 minutes later in 90.3 % (p < 0.01) and 80.6 % of patients (p < 0.05) accordingly. The same result was found in the placebo group in 37.9 % of patients after oxygen-air mixture inhalation and 30 minutes later in 27.4 % of patients. The pain threshold measured with transcutaneal electroneurostimulation significantly increased in the xenon group after the inhalation (p < 0.01) and 30 minutes later (p < 0.05). In the placebo group no difference between the measurements was found. Conclusions. Xenon-oxygen mixture inhalation leads to the postoperative pain level reduction and increases the pain threshold in oncological patients.
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Thomas, Richard, Carwyn Davies, Alejandro Nunez, Stephen Hibbs, Helen Flick-Smith, Lin Eastaugh, Sophie Smither, et al. "Influence of particle size on the pathology and efficacy of vaccination in a murine model of inhalational anthrax." Journal of Medical Microbiology 59, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.024117-0.
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Deposition of Bacillus anthracis endospores within either the lungs or nasal passages of A/J mice after aerosol exposure was influenced by different particle sized aerosols and resulted in different infection kinetics. The infection resulting from the inhalation of endospores within a 12 μm particle aerosol was prolonged compared to that from a 1 μm particle aerosol with a mean time-to-death of 161±16.1 h and 101.6±10.4 h, respectively. Inhalation of endospores within 1 μm or 12 μm particle aerosols resulted in a median lethal dose of 2432 and 7656 c.f.u., respectively. Initial involvement of the upper respiratory tract lymph nodes was observed in 75–83 % of mice exposed to either the 1 μm or 12 μm particle inhalational infections. Lung deposition was significantly greater after inhalation of the 1 μm particle aerosol with pronounced involvement of the mediastinal lymph node. Gastrointestinal involvement was observed only in mice exposed to 12 μm particle aerosols where bacteriological and histopathological analysis indicated primary gastritis (17 %), activation of the Peyer's patches (72 %) and colonization and necrosis of the mesenteric lymph nodes (67 %). Terminal disease was characterized by bacteraemia in both inhalational infections with preferential dissemination to spleen, liver, kidneys and thymus. Immunization with 1 μg recombinant protective antigen vaccine was equally efficacious against B. anthracis infections arising from the inhalation of 1 and 12 μm particle aerosols, providing 73–80 % survival under a suboptimum immunization schedule.
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Brunnee, T., R. Engelstatter, VW Steinijans, and G. Kunkel. "Bronchodilatory effect of inhaled zardaverine, a phosphodiesterase III and IV inhibitor, in patients with asthma." European Respiratory Journal 5, no. 8 (September 1, 1992): 982–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.05080982.
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Zardaverine is a newly developed selective phosphodiesterase III and IV inhibitor. This study investigates the bronchodilatory properties of zardaverine, administered by inhalation. Twelve patients with reversible bronchial obstruction (increase in forced expiratory volume in one second (change FEV1 % predicted) at least 15% after 200 micrograms salbutamol, median age 31 yrs, range 21-54 years) entered the double-blind, crossover study. Four puffs of either zardaverine (total dose 6 mg) or placebo were inhaled at 15 min intervals. Pulmonary function (specific airway conductance (sGaw) and FEV1 was measured by body plethysmography at regular intervals (5 and 12 min after each puff and, in addition, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min after the last puff). Compared to placebo, sGaw and FEV1 increased significantly during the first hour of repeated inhalations, but not during the entire observation period of almost 5 h. The maximum mean difference between zardaverine and placebo for FEV1 was 0.3 l or 12% and occurred approximately 1 h after inhalation of the first puff. In seven patients FEV1 increased by > 15%. The duration of action varied considerably between patients. Three patients complained of side-effects (headache, drowsiness, vertigo, nausea), and one of these dropped out of the study due to vomiting. We conclude that inhalational administration of zardaverine has a modest and short-lasting bronchodilating activity.
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Ogneva, N. S., L. A. Taboyakova, O. V. Alimkina, and N. V. Petrova. "Inhalation Administration of Leytragin to C57BL/6Y Mice in an ARDS Model Increases the Expression Level of SIRT1 Gene." Journal Biomed 19, no. 3 (October 5, 2023): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33647/2074-5982-19-3-36-41.
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This paper describes a technique for inhalation administration of Leutragin into the lungs of C57BL/6Y mice in a model of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Inhalations were carried out using an OMRON COMP AIR NE-C24 Kids compression inhaler with a nozzle for simultaneous administration to several mice, developed at the Scientific Center of Biomedical Technologies of FMBA of Russia. Modeling of ARDS was carried out by sequential administration of α-galactosylceramide, inhaled at a dose of 1 μg/mouse, and, following 24 hours, a combination of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a dose of 300 μg/mouse. Thirty minutes after the administration of LPS, inhalation administration of the Leytragin drug was carried out to mice in the experimental group and normal saline in the control group. After inhalation, a biomaterial (lung tissue) was collected to evaluate the expression of the SIRT1 gene by RT- PCR as a marker of successful penetration of the drug into the lung tissue.
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Rostoka-Reznikova, Mariana V., Marianna I. Tovt-Korshynska, Renata Y. Pohoriliak, Vasyl V. Kaliy, Svitlana M. Opalenyk, Yaroslava H. Rusyn, and Ivan I. Myhovych. "Hypertonic saline inhalation therapy among patients with moderate asthma and functional dyspepsia commorbidity." Acta Balneologica 66, no. 1 (2024): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/abal202401103.
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Aim: Dry powder hypertonic saline inhalation use possibilities evaluation in moderate asthma and functional dyspepsia patients. Materials and Methods: 68 moderate asthma and functional dyspepsia patients were examined and treated according to the standard protocols, serum and erythrocytes membrane fatty acid levels were evaluated. The groups of patients with (n=35) and without (n=33) additional dry powder hypertonic saline inhalation use were compared after 1 month. Results: After additional use of dry powder hypertonic saline inhalations vs only standard treatment the rate of well controlled asthma was 3 fold higher with significantly higher FEV1. We also observed positive dynamics of serum arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids levels indicating resolution of inflammatory reaction with erythrocytes membranes linoleic acid level normalization (source of antiinflammatory cytokines synthesis) among patients with dry powder hypertonic saline inhalation use vs without it. Among patients who used only standard therapy compared to the control group, the erythrocytes membrane linoleic acid level remained decreased with high serum arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids levels. Follow-up results (after 1 year) showed a significant decrease in exacerbations frequency among patients who underwent dry powder hypertonic saline inhalation vs only the standard treatment. Conclusions: Among moderate asthma patients with functional dyspepsia use of dry powder hypertonic saline inhalation therapy additionally to the standard treatment allows to improve not only clinical and functional parameters but serum and erythrocytes membranes fatty acids spectrum as well leading to the systemic inflammatory reaction reduction and exacerbations prevention in remote period.
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Salukhov, V. V., M. A. Kharitonov, K. V. Asyamov, I. G. Kurenkova, R. R. Sadykov, A. V. Nikolaev, Yu R. Grozovskii, A. B. Bogomolov, Yu S. Burkova, and M. E. Kotova. "Inhalation drug delivery devices in pulmonology." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 19, no. 2 (June 15, 2017): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma623375.
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Information on modern types of inhalation devices for drug delivery in pulmonology is given. It is shown that pulmonology uses a wide arsenal of inhalation delivery devices, which have been used for a long time both for emergency treatment and for basis inhalation therapy. Now time inhalations of bronchodilators, glucocorticosteroids, antibacterial and mucolytic drugs are used. Different properties of medicinal substances dictate the need to optimize the methods of their delivery. All delivery devices have positive and negative characteristics. At the same time, there is currently no ideal devices for drug delivery. Ideal delivery devices should possess portability, speed and convenience of use, no complications in application, low oropharyngeal and high pulmonary deposition, high efficiency, no side effects, low cost. The physicochemical properties of the drugs used are also considered. In general, the current trend in modern medicine is the “targeted” delivery of the drug substance to the pathological focus, the creation of high drug deposits, the reduction of negative effects on the organism, which determines not only the therapeutic efficacy index (desired / undesirable effects) and the safety of the drug, but also patient’s compliance.
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Gessler, Tobias. "lloprost delivered via the BREELIBTM nebulizer: a review of the clinical evidence for efficacy and safety." Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease 13 (January 2019): 175346661983549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753466619835497.
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Inhaled iloprost is a well-established medication to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a serious and potentially fatal disease of the pulmonary resistance vessels. The therapeutic administration of iloprost requires six to nine inhalations per day, due to the short biological half-life of this prostacyclin analogue. The I-NebTM AADTM, introduced in 2006, is the most commonly used nebulizer for delivering iloprost, requiring at least 6.5 min for an inhaled dose of 5 µg. In order to reduce inhalation time, a portable nebulizer based on modern-device technology was developed. The acute safety and tolerability of rapid iloprost inhalation via the BREELIBTM nebulizer was assessed in a four-part clinical trial. In this review, I describe the rationale and features of the new nebulizer, with particular emphasis on the safety and tolerability profile of iloprost inhalation via BREELIBTM observed in the first clinical studies. Meanwhile, the BREELIBTM nebulizer is approved and available for inhaled iloprost therapy combining significantly reduced inhalation time with good tolerability. This new approach will certainly improve patient convenience and compliance, possibly resulting in broader acceptance and improved efficacy of iloprost aerosol therapy in PAH. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplementary material section.
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Groeben, Harald, Thorsten Großwendt, Marie-Theres Silvanus, Goran Pavlakovic, and Jürgen Peters. "Airway Anesthesia Alone Does Not Explain Attenuation of Histamine-induced Bronchospasm by Local Anesthetics." Anesthesiology 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200103000-00010.
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Background Lidocaine inhalation attenuates histamine-induced bronchospasm while evoking airway anesthesia. Because this occurs at plasma concentrations much lower than those required for intravenous lidocaine to attenuate bronchial reactivity, this effect is likely related to topical airway anesthesia and presumably independent of the specific local anesthetic used. Therefore, the authors tested the effect of dyclonine, lidocaine, and ropivacaine inhalation on histamine-induced bronchospasm in 15 volunteers with bronchial hyperreactivity. Methods Bronchial hyperreactivity was verified by an inhalational histamine challenge. Histamine challenge was repeated after inhalation of dyclonine, lidocaine, ropivacaine, or placebo on 4 different days in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Lung function, bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine, duration of local anesthesia, and lidocaine and ropivacaine plasma concentrations were measured. Statistical analyses were performed with the Friedman and Wilcoxon rank tests. Data are presented as mean +/- SD. Results The inhaled histamine concentration necessary for a 20% decrease of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (PC20) was 7.0 +/- 5.0 mg/ml at the screening evaluation. Lidocaine and ropivacaine inhalation increased PC20 significantly to 16.1 +/- 12.9 and 16.5 +/- 13.6 mg/ml (P = 0.007), whereas inhalation of dyclonine and saline did not (9.1 +/- 8.4 and 6.1 +/- 5.0 mg/ml, P = 0.7268). Furthermore, in contrast to saline and lidocaine, inhalation of both ropivacaine and dyclonine significantly decreased forced expiratory volume in 1 s from baseline (P = 0.0016 and 0.0018, respectively). The longest lasting and most intense anesthesia developed after dyclonine inhalation (48 +/- 13 vs. 28 +/- 8 [lidocaine] and 25 +/- 4 min [ropivacaine]). Conclusion Both lidocaine and the new amide local anesthetic ropivacaine significantly attenuate histamine-induced bronchospasm. In contrast, dyclonine, despite its longer lasting and more intense local anesthesia, does not alter histamine-evoked bronchoconstriction and irritates the airways. Thus, airway anesthesia alone does not necessarily attenuate bronchial hyperreactivity. Other properties of inhaled local anesthetics may be responsible for attenuation of bronchial hyperreactivity.
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Dershwitz, Mark, John L. Walsh, Richard J. Morishige, Patricia M. Connors, Reid M. Rubsamen, Steven L. Shafer, and Carl E. Rosow. "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Inhaled versus Intravenous Morphine in Healthy Volunteers." Anesthesiology 93, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009000-00009.
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Background A new pulmonary drug delivery system produces aerosols from disposable packets of medication. This study compared the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of morphine delivered by an AERx prototype with intravenous morphine. Methods Fifteen healthy volunteers were enrolled. Two subjects were administered four inhalations of 2.2 mg morphine each at 1-min intervals or 4.4 mg over 3 min by intravenous infusion. Thirteen subjects were given twice the above doses, i.e., eight inhalations or 8.8 mg intravenously over 7 min. Arterial blood sampling was performed every minute during administration and at 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min after administration. The effect of morphine was assessed by measuring pupil diameter and ventilatory response to a hypercapnic challenge. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed simultaneously using mixed-effect models. Results The pharmacokinetic data after intravenous administration were described by a three-exponent decay model preceded by a lag time. The pharmacokinetic model for administration by inhalation consisted of the three-exponent intravenous pharmacokinetic model preceded by a two-exponent absorption model. The authors found that, with administration by inhalation, the total bioavailability was 59%, of which 43% was absorbed almost instantaneously and 57% was absorbed with a half-life of 18 min. The median times to the half-maximal miotic effects of morphine were 10 and 5.5 min after inhalation and intravenous administration, respectively (P < 0.01). The pharmacodynamic parameter ke0 was approximately 0.003 min-1. Conclusions The onset and duration of the effects of morphine are similar after intravenous administration or inhalation via this new pulmonary drug delivery system. Morphine bioavailability after such administration is 59% of the dose loaded into the dosage form.
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Domoratsky, A. E., M. Yu Svintukovsky, V. Yu Gladkikh, Yu A. Oleinikova, and A. M. Markulin. "Efficiency and safety of use of the extemporal inhalation anesthetic “Sevoflurane Chemoteka” for anesthetic management in abdominal surgery." Pain medicine 6, no. 2 (August 28, 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31636/pmjua.v6i2.5.
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Sevoflurane is the most widely used modern inhalational anesthetic in the world. Sevoflurane is the “gold standard” for anesthetic management now. The article discusses the modern possibilities of using inhalation anesthesia, and the experience of using the domestic inhalational anesthetic “Sevoflurane Chemoteka” by the authors from the point of view of its effectiveness and safety.
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Ivanov, Igor M., Evgeniy V. Ivchenko, Mikhail A. Yudin, Nikolay G. Vengerovich, Alexander S. Nikiforov, Igor S. Drachev, and Alexander V. Stepanov. "Application aspects of medications for inhalation at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 23, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma58989.
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This study aimed to determine the aspects of inhalation application of drugs as medical means of protection against lesions by factors of radiation, chemical, and biological nature at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation. Advantages of inhalation administration of drugs and use of individual inhalers of portable type over parenteral and oral administration methods are described. The existing drugs that are most suitable for inhalation at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation include emergency prevention and treatment of toxic pulmonary edema, analgesics, antiradiation, drugs for arresting radiation primary reaction, agents for accelerated radionuclides elimination, and antibacterial and antiviral agents. This list is conditioned by the rapid achievement of the protective effect of the drug during inhalation, both due to the local action in the area of the entrance gate of the intake of damaging agents and the accelerated absorption and systemic action on target organs. This study presents data on existing and promising inhalation drugs (antidotes for warfare agents, recombinant forms of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase) and technical means of their delivery (a metered aerosol inhaler, a metered dry powder inhaler) in the Armed Forces of the European North Atlantic Treaty Organization bloc and the United States for the prevention and treatment of damage e to chemical agents, as well as the prospects of radiomitigator usage (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) by inhalations for acute radiation syndrome treatment and inhalation of complexones of radioactive isotopes. The prospects of inhalation in combination with bronchodilators in the development of acute respiratory failure and toxic pulmonary edema on the background of poisoning with the use of a metered-dose powder inhaler are described. The introduction and use of a metered-dose dry powder inhaler at the prehospital stage of medical evacuation determines the need for its development, taking into account the specifics of the drug usage, as well as the need to unify the dosage form of drugs in combination with one type of inhaler (single-dose or multi-dose).
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Obrist, Walter D., Zihong Zhang, and Howard Yonas. "Effect of Xenon-Induced Flow Activation on Xenon-Enhanced Computed Tomography Cerebral Blood Flow Calculations." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 18, no. 11 (November 1998): 1192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199811000-00005.
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Computer simulations of stable xenon (sXe) uptake curves were used to evaluate the effect of xenon-induced flow activation on CBF calculations by xenon-enhanced computed tomography, Estimates of flow activation were based on repeated transcranial Doppler measurements of blood velocity during 4,5 minutes of sXe inhalation, The synthetic curves were generated from a generalized Kety equation that included time-varying blood flow activation, In contrast to the peak 35% increase in blood flow velocity during sXe inhalation, a standard analysis of the flow-varying synthetic curves revealed only minor 3% to 5% increases in calculated CBF. It is concluded that brief xenon inhalations can provide blood flow estimates that contain minimal bias from activation.
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Hardy, C. C., P. Braddeng, C. Robinson, and S. T. Holgate. "The combined effects of two pairs of mediators, adenosine with methacholine and prostaglandin D2 with histamine, on airway calibre in asthma." Clinical Science 71, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0710385.
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1. Mediators released from mast cells and secondary effector cells in the airways contribute to bronchoconstriction of allergic asthma. This study investigates methods for defining the effect of two inflammatory mediators on airway calibre in asthma. 2. In an initial study on three asthmatic subjects, subconstrictor (subthreshold) concentrations of two mast cell derived mediators, histamine and prostaglandin (PG) D2, produced similar displacement to the left of a histamine concentration–specific airways conductance (sGaw) response curve. With both agonists enhancement of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was greater at low histamine concentrations. Since potentiation of histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was independent of the class of subconstrictor agent given, it is likely to represent a physiological rather than a pharmacological interaction. 3. During provoked asthma different constrictor mediators are likely to be released simultaneously into the airways. A method was therefore devised to investigate the combined effect of equiconstrictor concentrations of two mediators on airway calibre. 4. Two pairs of inhaled bronchoconstrictor agonists were chosen for study: adenosine with methacholine and PGD2 with histamine. For each agonist, concentration–sGaw response curves were constructed, from which were derived the provocation concentrations of agonist causing a 25% fall in sGaw from baseline (PC25) and required to further this to 50%(PC50_25). 5. On separate days, eight subjects received paired inhalations of methacholine–adenosine, methacholine–methacholine and adenosine–adenosine. The concentration used for the first inhalation was the PC25 value and for the second inhalation the PC50_25 value. Before, immediately after the first inhalation, and at regular intervals after the second inhalation, sGaw was followed for 30 min. In seven subjects the study was repeated, replacing methacholine with PGD2 and adenosine with histamine. 6. When methacholine was combined with adenosine, and PGD2 was combined with histamine the maximum falls in sGaw and rates of recovery after inhalation of the second mediator were not statistically different from those values observed with paired inhalations of the same mediators. 7. Thus, employing pharmacologically active concentrations of two pairs of constrictor mediators, which act through separate receptor mechanisms, we have been unable to demonstrate any pharmacological interaction on airway calibre in asthma.
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Dubey, Deepyanti. "Data on steam inhalation in combating CoVid-19." Bioinformation 18, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630018825.
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Steam inhalations are often used to control viral infections of the respiratory tract such as common cold. The use of steam inhalation in combating SAR-CoV-2 infection has been also tried. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the various data available on the effect of steam inhalation on COVID-19 infection in a systematic manner. The guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were used. We registered the protocol in PROSPERO, the International prospective register of systematic reviews. A search method to identify relevant studies using PICO questions was prepared. A total of 52 articles were screened for their relevance to the topic. Three articles were found to have insufficient data and ten articles could not pass our inclusion criteria. Total 3 articles could make the final list of articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Steam inhalation helps in symptomatic relief of COVID symptoms. But there is not much data available to reach a conclusion of its role in the treatment and prevention of COVID.
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MASHITA, TAKASHI. "Latest inhalation anesthetic.MAC of inhalation anesthetic Pharmacodynamics." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR CLINICAL ANESTHESIA 14, no. 7 (1994): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2199/jjsca.14.537.
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Haidl, Peter, Stefan Heindl, Karsten Siemon, Maria Bernacka, and Rolf Michael Cloes. "Inhalation device requirements for patients' inhalation maneuvers." Respiratory Medicine 118 (September 2016): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2016.07.013.
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Schneider, Rainer. "The increase in urinary serotonin and decrease in salivary cortisol concentrations following direct inhalations of concentrated essential oils is not induced by non-specific effects." Endocrine Regulations 55, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/enr-2021-0023.
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Abstract Objectives. The effectiveness of exogenously triggered serotonin (e.g., dietary supplements, drugs) increase is varied. However, since urinary serotonin concentrations were found to correlate with those in the cerebrospinal fluid, the olfactory system might be an efficient and testable pathway to quickly elevate serotonin levels due to its fast-acting central neurophysiological and peripheral pathways. However, little research has been devoted to investigate this assumption. This paper extends previous findings of parasympathetic activation of a specially designed essential oil inhaler (AromaStick® Balance) by experimentally testing its impact on urine serotonin and saliva cortisol excretion. Method. Two experiments involving healthy individuals were conducted to test the efficacy of essential oil application to the nose by employing different inhalation protocols and control conditions. Results. In the pilot study (n=8), serotonin urine excretion was increased after six inhalations (effect size Cohen’s d=0.7). In the second experiment (n=80), inhalations proved superior to both the natural control condition and the pseudo placebo condition after three and six inhalation cycles (0.6<d<1.8). In addition, there was a large reduction of cortisol saliva levels after three inhalations (d=0.9). Conclusion. Short and deep inhalations of essential oil scents directly delivered to the olfac-tory system appear to result in an enhanced serotonin and a reduced cortisol release in healthy individuals of both sexes.
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Petrov, A. S., V. V. Shadrina, D. P. Polyakov, A. Yu Voronkova, and E. I. Kondratyeva. "Comparison of the effectiveness of dornase alfa in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis using different types of drug delivery." Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council, no. 19 (November 18, 2023): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-424.
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Introduction. When using the drug dornase alfa in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) in the form of inhalations through a compressor inhaler with a pulsating aerosol supply, a high concentration of aerosol is achieved in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, which reduces the severity of rhinological pathology, namely chronic rhinosinusitis, including those with nasal polyposis. There is also a positive effect on the function of external respiration, due to a decrease in the negative impact of rhinological pathology on the respiratory tract, primarily due to descending infection.Aim. To evaluate the effect of intranasal dornase alfa therapy as part of a complex treatment on lung function and indicators of physical development in children with CF.Materials and methods. The study compared the effectiveness of the drug dornase alfa for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis using different types of drug delivery in children who did not receive targeted therapy for CF. A group of children who received two inhalations of dornase alfa (n = 43), information about patients in this group was taken from the 2020 register, and a group of children who received inhalation of dornase alfa only in the lower respiratory tract were compared (n = 28), information about patients in this group was taken from the 2016 register.Results. The effect of additional intranasal inhalation of the drug dornase alfa was observed in the form of an increase in FEV and FVC. In addition, there was an improvement in body weight and height in the group of patients receiving intranasal inhalations, but the identified difference did not reach significant values.Conclusion. The results obtained in the form of an increase in FEV1 and FVC allow us to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of prescribing additional intranasal inhalation of the drug dornase alfa.
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Othman, Naffisah, Zaliha Ismail, Mohamad Ikhsan Selamat, Siti Hamimah Sheikh Abdul Kadir, and Nur Amirah Shibraumalisi. "A Review of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Pollution in the Air: Where and How Much Are We Exposed to?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 13923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113923.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were widely used in industrial and commercial applications, until they were banned in the late 1970s as a result of their significant environmental pollution. PCBs in the environment gained scientific interest because of their persistence and the potential threats they pose to humans. Traditionally, human exposure to PCBs was linked to dietary ingestion. Inhalational exposure to these contaminants is often overlooked. This review discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices and their associated health impacts. Severe PCB contamination levels have been reported in e-waste recycling areas. The occurrence of high PCB levels, notably in urban and industrial areas, might result from extensive PCB use and intensive human activity. Furthermore, PCB contamination in the indoor environment is ten-fold higher than outdoors, which may present expose risk for humans through the inhalation of contaminated air or through the ingestion of dust. In such settings, the inhalation route may contribute significantly to PCB exposure. The data on human health effects due to PCB inhalation are scarce. More epidemiological studies should be performed to investigate the inhalation dose and response mechanism and to evaluate the health risks. Further studies should also evaluate the health impact of prolonged low-concentration PCB exposure.
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Scheid, Stefanie, Max Goeller, Wolfgang Baar, Jakob Wollborn, Hartmut Buerkle, Günther Schlunck, Wolf Lagrèze, Ulrich Goebel, and Felix Ulbrich. "Inhalative as well as Intravenous Administration of H2S Provides Neuroprotection after Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in the Rats’ Retina." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 15, 2022): 5519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105519.
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Background: Neuronal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), such as it can occur in glaucoma or strokes, is associated with neuronal cell death and irreversible loss of function of the affected tissue. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is considered a potentially neuroprotective substance, but the most effective route of application and the underlying mechanism remain to be determined. Methods: Ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced in rats by a temporary increase in intraocular pressure (1 h). H2S was then applied by inhalation (80 ppm at 0, 1.5, and 3 h after reperfusion) or by intravenous administration of the slow-releasing H2S donor GYY 4137. After 24 h, the retinas were harvested for Western blotting, qPCR, and immunohistochemical staining. Retinal ganglion cell survival was evaluated 7 days after ischemia. Results: Both inhalative and intravenously delivered H2S reduced retinal ganglion cell death with a better result from inhalative application. H2S inhalation for 1.5 h, as well as GYY 4137 treatment, increased p38 phosphorylation. Both forms of application enhanced the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation, and inhalation showed a significant increase at all three time points. H2S treatment also reduced apoptotic and inflammatory markers, such as caspase-3, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The protective effect of H2S was partly abolished by the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059. Inhalative H2S also reduced the heat shock response including heme oxygenase (HO-1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) and the expression of radical scavengers such as superoxide dismutases (SOD1, SOD2) and catalase. Conclusion: Hydrogen sulfide acts, at least in part, via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) ERK1/2 to reduce apoptosis and inflammation. Both inhalative H2S and intravenous GYY 4137 administrations can improve neuronal cell survival.
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Hiroyuki, Ohbayashi. "Visualization of the obscure inhalation stage in inhalation therapy." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Developmental Research 9, no. 1 (September 28, 2023): 028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ijpsdr.000049.
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The flow of the inhalation procedure during inhalation therapy can be divided into three successive stages: a pre-inhalation preparatory stage, a drug inhalation stage, and a post-inhalation stage. Among these, the second stage, drug inhalation, is the most important and obscure. Using ambiguous verbal expression, the drug inhalation method is communicated to the patient using terms such as strongly, deeply, and slowly. Patients usually determine their optimal method of drug inhalation device independently, based on their own interpretation and understanding of the verbal instructions. This may make the precise inhalation using an inhalation device unpredictable. The Tokico Inhalation Monitor TM (TIM) was developed to resolve the unpredictability of this second (drug inhalation) stage. The TIM can simultaneously measure the inhalation flow rate, duration, and total volume, and display them on the screen in real-time. This mini-review demonstrates the effects of inhalation instruction using TIM, which allows the second stage of therapy, drug inhalation, to be displayed on a screen in real-time.
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Thom, Stephen R. "Smoke Inhalation." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 7, no. 2 (May 1989): 371–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30342-4.
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&NA;. "Insulin inhalation." Drugs in R & D 5, no. 1 (2004): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00126839-200405010-00010.
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Yasen, Z. "Inhalation solutions." British Dental Journal 231, no. 12 (December 17, 2021): 724–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-021-3782-5.
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