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Wiegering, Spitzer Alexander(Alexander David). "An infrastructural ecology for Lima." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122829.
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Thesis: S.M. in Architecture Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 146-149).<br>Lima is facing an infrastructural crisis. Its infrastructure has reached the limits of elasticity, capacity and implementation. Its systems are ecologically challenging and are ecologically challenged. Born as top down system, they currently require too much investment from institutions in order to be governed and managed. We should rethink the conventional understanding of infrastructure as the hidden physical organizational structure of urban development, and favor a multi-scalar shared social approach to infrastructural production. Infrastructure needs to be civic and social, 'micro' and 'macro', hard and soft. Housing, the single, most powerful drive of Lima's growth needs to be reconsidered as an essential component of this infrastructure. This thesis proposes to analyze the set of elements that can constitute a new ecology of infrastructural pieces, in order to foster a new form of development and solidification of the peripheral informal settlements in the city of Lima.<br>The questions of open ended infrastructure in Lima, and the relationship between the limitations of 'hard' and 'soft' are on the table today: 46% of its citizens have resorted to informal housing for a place to live, most of which have no access to basic services1. Paired with population increase, immigration, and the unpreparedness of governments to provide infrastructure and services, this pressure is challenging risk management and governance capacities. The limitations to achieve the next generation of infrastructure in Lima are neither technical nor financial; they are spatial, social and political2. This thesis challenges conventional understandings of infrastructure by looking at it through the lens of ecology (which implies the study of the interaction between the elements of a system, beyond their independent development) and uses this lens to propose a new infrastructural system.<br>First, it catalogues the infrastructural pieces at play, defines their relationships, and documents how infrastructure is implemented throughout the region. Second, it proposes new pieces and partnerships of this system that encourage negotiations, develop new and existing relationships, and define operations and rules oriented towards a processes of urban solidification. These rules consist of physical, spatial and social interactions, moving energy, economy, and labour through the territory. These rules can mobilize dialogue between the built and unbuilt, objects and territories, organisms and environments. The thesis addresses the specific relationship between informal settlements and their geography, and proposes a dialogue between solidification and impermanence.<br>The goal of the thesis is to define a system capable of supporting and expanding itself while producing a legible project in the territory: an infrastructural ecology that enables different lifestyles, new interactions, and civic dialogue.<br>by Alexander Wiegering Spitzer.<br>S.M. in Architecture Studies<br>S.M.inArchitectureStudies Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
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Duyser, Mitchell S. "Hybrid Landscapes: Territories of Shared Ecological and Infrastructural Value." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277139665.
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Karlson, Mårten. "Ecology, Transport Infrastructure and Environmental Assessment." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Miljöbedömning och -förvaltning, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123562.
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Transport infrastructure has a wide array of effects on ecological processes. These effects benefit certain species and might enhance or accelerate ecological processes such as colonization and dispersal, but as well extinction. The overall impact on biodiversity is however negative and several authors conclude transport infrastructure to have detrimental effects on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Planning and construction of transport infrastructure is in the EU to be preceded by an environmental assessment process, with the overall aim to prevent rather than repair potential unintended negative effects. This thesis presents two studies on transport infrastructure effects on biodiversity in the context of environmental assessment. The first study reviewed how and how sufficiently biodiversity aspects were accounted for in environmental assessment of transport infrastructure projects and plans, and identified opportunities to improve concurrent practice. The first study concluded that the treatment of biodiversity aspects has improved over the years, but that the low use of quantitative impact assessment methods, the treatment of fragmentation and spatial and temporal delimitation of the impact assessment study area remain problematic. The second study assessed the impact of the Swedish road network on biodiversity by use of existing landscape ecological metrics and GIS. The second study reconnects to the shortcomings in environmental assessment practice identified in the first study, by discussing the utility of the method in terms of applicability in environmental assessment processes. The second study identified nature types and species adversely exposed to transport infrastructure effects, and concluded that sound methodologies for biodiversity assessment can be developed using existing tools and techniques. In sum, transport infrastructure influence vast areas of the surrounding landscape, and this is not accounted for in planning and design of new transport infrastructure due to shortcomings in current environmental assessment practice. Existing tools and techniques could be used to address several of these shortcomings, and an increased use of quantitative analysis of transport infrastructure effects on biodiversity would add significantly to the quality of impact predictions and evaluations.<br><p>QC 20130612</p><br>GESP
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Baró, Francesc. "Urban Green Infrastructure: Modeling and mapping ecosystem services for sustainable planning and management in and around cities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399173.
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En un planeta cada vegada més urbà, moltes ciutats i els seus habitants s'enfronten a múltiples i urgents amenaces dins de les seves fronteres, incloent l'estrès per excés de calor, la contaminació i la creixent desconnexió amb la biosfera. Millorar la sostenibilitat, la resiliència i l'habitabilitat de les àrees urbanes ha de ser per tant un objectiu de importància primordial en l'agenda política, des de les autoritats locals a les globals. L'aplicació del marc de serveis dels ecosistemes, a partir dels conceptes de 'infraestructura verda' i 'solucions basades en la naturalesa', es considera per un creixent nombre de responsables polítics, professionals i científics com el camí a seguir per fer front a molts d'aquests desafiaments urbans. No obstant això, el grau en què la infraestructura verda urbana pot oferir solucions adequades a aquests reptes és rarament considerat en les avaluacions de serveis dels ecosistemes, i per tant la seva potencial contribució és sovint desconeguda per als prenedors de decisions.
Aquesta tesi examina de manera crítica el paper i la contribució de la infraestructura verda per fer front a diversos reptes urbans (amb especial atenció a la contaminació de l'aire, les emissions d'efecte hivernacle, l'estrès per excés de calor i les oportunitats per al lleure a l'aire lliure) a diferents escales territorials. Partint del model de cascada de serveis dels ecosistemes, es proposa i s'aplica un marc operacional a través de quatre capítols d'investigació originals per informar les decisions de planificació i gestió sobre la base de les relacions entre la capacitat de la infraestructura verda per proporcionar serveis dels ecosistemes, la prestació efectiva o l'ús d'aquests serveis (flux), i la quantitat de serveis que demanda la població urbana. La identificació de la demanda insatisfeta, és a dir, el desajust entre el flux de serveis dels ecosistemes i la seva demanda, és un objectiu principal de les avaluacions ja que expressa els límits de la infraestructura verda urbana en relació als reptes considerats. La tesi utilitza i refina una varietat d'enfocaments metodològics per a la modelització i la cartografia de la capacitat, el flux i la demanda de serveis dels ecosistemes urbans (per exemple, les eines ESTIMAP i i-Tree). L'àmbit territorial de la investigació duta a terme dins el marc d'avaluació de la tesi doctoral abasta principalment l'àrea urbana de Barcelona, Espanya, tenint en compte tant l'escala local o de ciutat (municipi de Barcelona) i l'escala metropolitana o regional (regió metropolitana de Barcelona).
Els resultats de la investigació indiquen que la contribució dels serveis ambientals proporcionats per la infraestructura verda urbana per fer front als problemes urbans sovint és limitada (per exemple, el seu impacte sobre la qualitat de l'aire o la mitigació del canvi climàtic és inferior al 3% tenint en compte les emissions totals de carboni i la contaminació de l'aire en tots els estudis de cas) i/o incerta a les escales de ciutat o metropolitana. A més, l'impacte positiu de la infraestructura verda en la qualitat ambiental i el benestar humà es troba generalment limitat per 'perjudicis' ambientals (per exemple, les emissions biogèniques), trade-offs (per exemple, la provisió enfront de la regulació dels serveis) o desajustos espacials entre la provisió i la demanda de serveis (per exemple, les capacitats de purificació de l'aire i de recreació a l'aire lliure de grans blocs d'infraestructura verda metropolitanes estan massa lluny dels llocs de demanda).
Sobre la base d'aquests resultats, s'identifiquen diverses implicacions per a la planificació i gestió urbana/territorial, incloent: (1) la priorització de les polítiques de reducció de la pressions que generen una demanda per determinats serveis dels ecosistemes (per exemple, la purificació de l'aire i la captura de carboni); (2) la combinació d'estratègies de diversitat d'usos en sòl urbà i agrícola per tal d'augmentar la seva resiliència i multifuncionalitat i, al mateix temps, assegurar la conservació de grans àrees periurbanes forestals multifuncionals; (3) el desenvolupament de nous espais verds en els nuclis urbans compactes utilitzant estratègies innovadores (per exemple, cobertes verdes); i (4) la consideració de perjudicis i trade-offs en la planificació i gestió dels serveis dels ecosistemes. Finalment, sostinc que la planificació i gestió de la infraestructura verda urbana requereix un enfocament holístic, tenint en compte tota la gamma de serveis dels ecosistemes potencialment proporcionats pels diferents tipus d'infraestructura verda i les interaccions entre ells, juntament amb les diferents escales espacials a les quals aquests serveis poden ser rellevants per a la resiliència, la sostenibilitat i l'habitabilitat de les zones urbanes. Això exigeix una important coordinació institucional multi-escala i multidisciplinari entre totes les autoritats amb competències en polítiques urbanes i ambientals, així com l'harmonització dels instruments de planificació i gestió en un enfocament de governança a múltiples nivells.<br>In an increasingly urban planet, many cities and their inhabitants are facing multiple pressing threats within their borders, including heat stress, pollution and growing disconnection with the biosphere. Improving sustainability, resilience and livability in urban areas should be thus a major goal on the policy agenda, from local to global authorities. The operationalization of the ecosystem services framework, building on the concepts of ‘green infrastructure’ and ‘nature-based solutions’, is claimed by a mounting number of policy-makers, practitioners and scientists as the way forward to address many of these urban challenges. However, the extent to which urban green infrastructure can offer relevant solutions to these challenges is rarely considered in ecosystem service assessments, and therefore unknown to decision-makers.
This dissertation critically examines the role and contribution of green infrastructure to cope with diverse urban challenges (with a focus on air pollution, greenhouse emissions, heat stress and opportunities for outdoor recreation) at different spatial scales. Building on the ecosystem services cascade model, an operational framework is proposed and applied across four original research chapters to inform planning and management decisions on the basis of the relationships between the green infrastructure’s capacity to deliver ecosystem services, the actual provision or use of these services (flow), and the amount of services demanded by the urban population. Identification of unsatisfied demand, i.e., the mismatch between ecosystem service flow and demand, is a main focus of the assessments since it expresses the limits of urban green infrastructure in relation to the considered challenges. The dissertation uses and refines a variety of methodological approaches for modeling and mapping the capacity, flow and demand of urban ecosystem services (e.g., i-Tree and ESTIMAP tools). The spatial scope of the research carried out within the assessment framework of this dissertation principally encompasses the urban area of Barcelona, Spain, considering both the local or city scale (Barcelona municipality) and the metropolitan or regional scale (Barcelona metropolitan region).
Results from the research indicate that the contribution of ecosystem services provided by urban green infrastructure to cope with urban problems is often limited (e.g., its impact on air quality or carbon offsetting was lower than 3% considering total carbon emissions and air pollution in all case studies) and/or uncertain at the city and metropolitan scales. In addition, the positive impact of green infrastructure on environmental quality and human wellbeing is usually challenged by ecosystem disservices (e.g., biogenic emissions), trade-offs (e.g., provisioning versus regulating services) or spatial mismatches between service supply and demand (e.g., air purification and outdoor recreation capacities of large metropolitan green infrastructure blocks are too far from demand sites).
On the basis of these findings, several implications for urban/landscape planning, management and decision-making are drawn, including: (1) the prioritization of abatement policies on the pressures generating a demand for certain ecosystem services (e.g., air purification and carbon sequestration); (2) combining land sharing strategies in urban and agricultural land in order to increase their multifunctionality and resilience and, concurrently, assure the conservation of large patches of multifunctional periurban forest areas; (3) development of new green spaces in compact urban cores using innovative strategies (e.g., rooftop gardens); and (4) consideration of ecosystem services trade-offs and disservices in planning and management. Finally, I contend that urban green infrastructure planning and management requires a holistic approach, considering the whole range of ecosystem services potentially provided by different types of green infrastructure and the interactions between them, together with the different spatial scales at which these ecosystem services can be relevant for the resilience, sustainability and livability of urban areas. This calls for a strong multi-scale and multi-disciplinary institutional coordination between all the authorities dealing with urban and environmental policy and for the harmonization of planning and management instruments in a multi-level governance approach.
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Mayes, John. "Modeling Complex Forest Ecology in a Parallel Computing Infrastructure." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4305/.
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Effective stewardship of forest ecosystems make it imperative to measure, monitor, and predict the dynamic changes of forest ecology. Measuring and monitoring provides us a picture of a forest's current state and the necessary data to formulate models for prediction. However, societal and natural events alter the course of a forest's development. A simulation environment that takes into account these events will facilitate forest management. In this thesis, we describe an efficient parallel implementation of a land cover use model, Mosaic, and discuss the development efforts to incorporate spatial interaction and succession dynamics into the model. To evaluate the performance of our implementation, an extensive set of simulation experiments was carried out using a dataset representing the H.J. Andrews Forest in the Oregon Cascades. Results indicate that a significant reduction in the simulation execution time of our parallel model can be achieved as compared to uni-processor simulations.
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Uemura, Tetsuji. "Population decline, infrastructure and sustainability." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1038/.
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Japan has experienced population decline since 2010 and the situation is expected to become more severe after 2030 with forecasts indicating an expected 30% decline from 2005 to 2055. Many other developed countries such as Germany and Korea are also experiencing depopulation. These demographic changes are expected to affect society at many levels such as labour markets decline, increased tax burden to sustain pension systems, and economic stagnation. Little is known however about the impacts of population decline on man-made physical infrastructure, such as possible deterioration of current infrastructure or increased financial burden of sustaining it. Infrastructure can be classified into 3 categories: point-type (e.g. buildings), point-network type (e.g. water supply) and network type (e.g. road). The impact of depopulation may vary according to the type of infrastructure. Previous research in this area has been limited in scope (e.g. case studies conducted in a single city focusing on a single type of infrastructure) and method (e.g. most research in the topic has been qualitative). This thesis presents a new comprehensive study on the impacts of population decline on infrastructure in Japan, taking into account all types of infrastructure and using a quantitative approach. Data collection methods include interviews and two large scale questionnaire surveys, the first conducted with municipalities and the second, a stated preference survey, conducted with members of the public. The goal of sustainable development is relevant even in a depopulated society, and hence a sustainable development framework is applied to the analysis where social, economic, environmental and engineering impacts are investigated. The main findings indicate that some infrastructure impacts observed and reported in depopulated areas do not seem to be related to any population decline; moreover, the preferences of citizens for infrastructure development is very similar between depopulated areas and non-depopulated areas. The results also suggest that the premises of Barro’s overlapping generations model, very relevant to a discussion of intergenerational decision making and related sustainability, appear to be rejected in this context.
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Lewis, Joshua. "Deltaic Dilemmas : Ecologies of Infrastructure in New Orleans." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-119390.
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This thesis explores the relationship between water infrastructure, ecological change, and the politics of planning in New Orleans and the Mississippi River Delta, USA. Complex assemblages of water control infrastructure have been embedded in the delta over the last several centuries in an effort to keep its cities protected from floodwaters and maintain its waterways as standardized conduits for maritime transportation. This thesis investigates the historical development of these infrastructural interventions in the delta’s dynamics, and shows how the region’s eco-hydrology is ensnared in the politics and materiality of pipes, pumps, canals, locks, and levees. These historical entanglements complicate contemporary efforts to enact large-scale ecosystem restoration, even while the delta’s landscape is rapidly eroding into the sea. This historical approach is extended into the present through an examination of how waterway standards established at so-called chokepoints in the global maritime transportation system (the Panama Canal, for example) become embedded and contested in coastal landscapes and port cities worldwide. Turning towards urban ecology, the thesis examines socioecological responses to the flooding following Hurricane Katrina in 2005, with a special focus on how infrastructure failures, flooding intensity, and land abandonment are driving changing vegetation patterns in New Orleans over the past decade. The thesis contributes new conceptual language for grappling with the systemic relations bound up in water infrastructure, and develops one of the first studies describing urban ecosystem responses to prolonged flooding and post-disaster land management. This provides insights into the impending planning challenges facing New Orleans and coastal cities globally, where rising sea levels are bringing about renewed attention to how infrastructure is implicated in patterns of ecological change, hazard exposure, resilience, and social inequality.<br><p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Accepted. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>
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Wallenborn, Grégoire. "L’efficience énergétique et les effets rebonds :déficiences théoriques et paradoxes pratiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/216731.
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Les mesures d’efficience énergétique sont généralement promues pour combattre le changement climatique, assurer la sécurité énergétique, augmenter la compétitivité et en raison de leur bon retour sur investissement. Toutefois, si l’efficience énergétique des différents secteurs de la société (industrie, bâtiments, transports, appareils, etc.) s’améliore, la consommation d’énergie ne cesse également d’augmenter. Ce constat contrariant peut être partiellement expliqué par ce qu’on appelle l’« effet rebond ». Cet effet est traditionnellement défini comme le changement de comportement d’un utilisateur suite à l’amélioration de l’efficience énergétique de telle sorte que sa consommation d’énergie est supérieure à ce qui est prévu par un modèle d’ingénieur. L’amplitude de cet effet, particulièrement au niveau macro-économique, est toutefois controversée. De même, il n’y a pas d’accord sur la classification des effets rebonds. Cette thèse part de l’hypothèse que les controverses sur les effets rebonds proviennent du fait qu’ils peuvent se produire à différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales, et que diverses disciplines capturent certains mécanismes car elles cadrent différemment leurs objets d’étude. Je montre que les mécanismes des effets rebonds peuvent être décrits comme la combinaison de deux efficiences. Premièrement, l’efficience énergétique mesure un rapport de production/consommation d’un individu (une machine ou un être vivant, par exemple). Deuxièmement, l’efficience temporelle mesure la vitesse à laquelle les activités de production/consommation sont menées (par une entité ou un ensemble d’entités). Lorsque les corps sont liés entre eux, notamment par des échanges de matière et d’énergie, une amélioration de l’efficience énergétique implique une augmentation de l’efficience temporelle. Cette augmentation n’est pas immédiate, mais elle est d’autant plus rapide que les corps ont à leur disposition des infrastructures qui permettent d’accéder à l’énergie. La combinaison des deux efficiences s’observe dans quatre cadres disciplinaires :écologie, technologie, économie néo-classique, sociologie des pratiques. En écologie, les deux efficiences procurent des avantages évolutifs, et sont appelés principes de la « production minimale d’entropie » et « puissance maximale ». Le développement technologique nous montre comment les deux efficiences se renforcent mutuellement via des réseaux de distribution et autres infrastructures. En économie néo-classique, l’efficience énergétique répond à la maximisation d’une fonction mal identifiée (profit ou utilité). En sociologie des pratiques, l’efficience temporelle joue un rôle majeur dans la multiplication des tâches déléguées à des machines — qui existent grâce à l’amélioration de leur efficience énergétique. En conclusion, ce n’est pas uniquement l’efficience énergétique qui est responsable des effets rebonds, mais sa combinaison avec l’efficience temporelle. Les effets rebonds dépendent de l’intensité des couplages colatéraux entre les machines et les corps. Habituellement ce couplage est estimé petit (il est totalement absent dans le cadre néo-classique). On peut pourtant contester cette hypothèse dans la mesure où ce couplage crée et multiplie les activités humaines. La part de la consommation exosomatique en comparaison à la consommation endosomatique montre l’ampleur de ce couplage. Pour limiter les effets rebonds, il convient de déconnecter les deux efficiences et les relations qui les renforcent.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Burlij, Larissa. "Infrastructure as Landscape: Imagining an Operative Ecology along the Cuyahoga River." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1337101681.
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Bormpoudakis, Dimitrios. "Green infrastructure and landscape connectivity in England : a political ecology approach." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/56639/.
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'Conservation is about people, not just animals' argued Prince William in a letter to The Financial Times , written to gather support for ending ivory poaching and trading. This truism is often repeated by conservationists; we are frequently reminded that what we do - as humans - influences nature 'out there'. Nevertheless, conservation science often hesitates to interrogate what we do as organised human societies. Time and again, that leads to somewhat simplifying analyses of humanity's enormous power in shaping the whole Earth System -currently argued to surpass the power of geological forces. A case in point could be the isolation of corruption in Africa as the main driver for ivory market explosion in the last decade. Without considering the political-economy not just of ivory, but of the global-to-local societal organisation that allows for thousands of elephants and rhinos to be killed - for something of so low use-value such as ivory - little understanding can be shed on this alarming trend. I argue, and hope I have shown in this thesis, that we should aim towards enriching what conservation understands as its field of vision and allow the latter to encompass not just human and nonhuman nature and societies, as Prince William rightfully argues, but also the political and societal. I would be satisfied if by going through this thesis the reader would be convinced of just this argument. I am not claiming to be the first to identify this contradiction within conservation, but contra a sizeable number of scientists who work on similar subjects, I am normatively for conservation. A wealth of research has been published on conservation-society relationships that interrogates wider political, societal and economic constrains and opportunities as they relate to conservation. Usually though, research on what could be called critical conservation studies is (a) published in journals that conservationists do not read, and (b) is conducted by non-conservationists, often critical of conservation as a science and praxis per se. Thus all this wealth has little import to wider discussions about the future of conservation science and practice, and is even considered by conservationists as hostile to their agenda. I hope it is obvious from the above that I place this piece of research within the wide field of conservation science - despite drawing from a variety of disciplines. In essence, this piece of work looks at the relation between political-economic transformations and the way societies think about, manage and regulate nature. Geographically, my focus is on England, but with a sideways glance to developments at the EU level. Historically, the scope is circumscribed by two years: 1981, the year of the Toxteth riots in Liverpool, and 2015, the year I submitted. Naturally, in this country-wide, 24 year study I have not even attempted to include 'everything'. I focused on what after examination of empirical data I considered to be key moments and places in the evolution of English conservation. I begin with a section that introduces the reader into the area of study , followed and a brief literature-based summary of conservation in England from the beginning of the 20th century. The next three chapters should be read as a small trilogy that discusses the general trends in conservation policy and governance in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis (Chapter 3), followed by two smaller chapters (vignettes) that study post-financial crisis landscape scale conservation from: (a) a policy and governance perspective (Chapter 4); a use of science and scientific metaphors perspective (Chapter 5). The following two chapters try to reconstruct the where and when (geography and history are important) specific conservation policies and practices emerge, always in relation to economic and political changes. Chapter 6 is a genealogy of green infrastructure, from its emergence in the post-riot Liverpool landscape of 1981, to its current amalgamation with ecosystem services and monetary-valuation-of-nature milieu. Chapter 7 looks at biodiversity offsetting and argues that changing economic and transport geographies are crucial in understanding why biodiversity offsetting emerged as a solution to wildlife-development conflict in this instance and in the South East of England in particular. I conclude with a proposal for a new conservation that places utopia at the centre of its methodology (Chapter 8).
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Costa, Ana Luísa Arrais Falcão Beja da. "Mangroves of Maputo. Towards urban resilience through green infrastructure." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21196.
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Doutoramento em Arquitetura Paisagista e Ecologia Urbana - Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa / Faculdade de Ciências. Universidade do Porto / Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia. Universidade de Coimbra<br>Cities in Africa, where the most remarkable forthcoming developments in the global pattern of urbanization are expected, and quite notably in Sub-Saharan cities such as Maputo, are experiencing accelerating population increases. As a consequence of this growth urban infrastructures are being stressed beyond capacity and there is increased pressure on the existent valuable ecosystems. In recent times, and mostly due to foreign intervention, investments have been welcomed into Maputo’s grey urban infrastructure network whereas little attention has been given to green infrastructure. In the city’s coastal plains, the recently constructed Maputo ring road and the Katembe bridge are drawing urban development towards the last stretch of vacant land of the Municipality, compromising the mangrove ecosystems and flood plains of this territory.
Based on the hypothesis that mangroves have the potential to become a structuring element for the improvement of resilience in self-produced neighbourhoods on the coastal plains, the aim of this research is to contribute towards the outline of an urban green infrastructure for the coastal areas of Maputo, as a strategy to accommodate current and future urban development challenges, not only as biophysical networks that can create urban socio-ecological networks that improve urban resilience through a stewardship of ecosystems, but also as an ecosystem-based approach for adaptation to climate change.
Considering the specific dynamics of Sub-Southern African cities, where research and planning around environmental issues is in very early stages, it is urgent to promote research and design strategies to tackle the problematics of urban development in ecologically sensitive and landscape valuable areas. This research thus expects to anticipate the sustainable development of Maputo, exploring the potential of its coastal landscape for the establishment of an urban green infrastructure<br>N/A
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Guinard, Eric. "INFRASTRUCTURES DE TRANSPORT AUTOROUTIÈRES ET AVIFAUNE : LES FACTEURS INFLUENÇANT LA MORTALITÉ PAR COLLISION." Phd thesis, Ecole pratique des hautes études - EPHE PARIS, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957522.
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Un des impacts importants des autoroutes sur l'avifaune est la mortalité due au trafic. Pour mesurer cette mortalité et évaluer les facteurs qui l'influencent, il faut tenir compte des biais importants affectant les comptages des cadavres sur la chaussée, et notamment leur rapide disparition due au trafic et au charognage. Lors de cette thèse, le nombre de tués a été évalué par des méthodes de capture-marquage-recapture d'après des comptages des cadavres en voiture et à pied sur des autoroutes du sud-ouest de la France. Les résultats montrent que les comptages de cadavres, et donc les estimations de tués, sont influencés par le statut taxonomique, la masse des cadavres, leur fraîcheur, et la saison, en lien notamment avec l'activité des charognards. La chouette effraie et certains turdidés sont les plus tués par le trafic. Ayant testé par GLM divers traits spécifiques (densités des passeriformes à proximité, régimes alimentaires, morphométrie, statut sédentaire/migrateur, capacité d'apprentissage), seul la distance de fuite apparaît influencer la mortalité liée au trafic. La prise en compte des facteurs environnementaux montre que les strigiformes sont plus souvent tués près des bermes mixtes, les passeriformes plus souvent tués près des bermes arborées, les deux moins souvent dans les profils en déblais. Déblais et merlons acoustiques en terre, abattage (ou non plantation) des arbres proches au droit des points noirs de collision des oiseaux, constituent des mesures efficaces de réduction de la mortalité.
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Pandit, Arka. "Resilience of urban water systems: an 'infrastructure ecology' approach to sustainable and resilient (SuRe) planning and design." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53443.
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Increasing urbanization is a dominant global trend of the past few decades. For cities to become more sustainable, however, the infrastructure on which they rely must also become more efficient and resilient. Urban infrastructure systems are analogous to ecological systems because they are interconnected, complex and adaptive, are comprised of interconnected components, and exhibit characteristic scaling properties. Analyzing them together as a whole, as one would do for an ecological system, provides a better understanding about their dynamics and interactions, and enables system-level optimization. The adoption of this “infrastructure ecology” approach will result in urban development that costs less to build and maintain, is more sustainable (e.g. uses less materials and energy) and resilient, and enables a greater and more equitable creation of wealth and comfort. Resilience, or the capacity of a system to absorb shocks and perform under perturbations, can serve as an appropriate indicator of functional sustainability for dynamic adaptive systems like Urban Water Systems. This research developed an index of resilience (R-Index) to quantify the “full-spectrum” resilience of urban water systems. It developed five separate indices, namely (i) Index of Water Scarcity (IWS), (ii) Relative Dependency Index (RDI), (iii) Water Quality Index (WQI), (iv) Index of Network Resilience (INR), and (v) Relative Criticality Index (RCI), to address the criticalities inherent to urban water systems and then combines them to develop the R-Index through a multi-criteria decision analysis method. The research further developed a theoretical construct to quantify the temporal aspect of resilience, i.e. how quickly the system can return back to its original performance level. While there is a growing impetus of incorporating sustainability in decision making, frequently it comes at the cost of resilience. This is attributable to the fact that the decision-makers often lack a life-cycle perspective and a proven, consistent and robust approach to understand the tradeoff between increased resilience and its impact on sustainability. This research developed an approach to identify the sustainable and resilient (SuRe) zone of urban infrastructure planning and design where both sustainability and resilience can be pursued together.
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Eagleston, Holly Ann. "Integrating Geospatial Technology and Ecological Research in the Analysis of Sustainable Recreation Infrastructure." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71311.
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This dissertation is an inquiry into two disciplines: recreation ecology and geospatial analysis. The dissertation consists of three journal article manuscripts focusing on the sustainability of recreational infrastructure components in backcountry and wilderness settings. Two articles focus on campsite conditions, nodal areas of visitor use and impact. The third article focuses on trail conditions, linear corridors of visitor use and impact. Campsites and trails comprise the most visited and impacted components of recreation infrastructure; locations where protected natural area visitors spend the majority of their time and where the majority of resource impacts occur. Resource conditions at these locations affect the quality of recreational experiences and are the focus of management and scientific efforts to measure and manage visitation-related resource impacts. The articles provide a strong scientific background to understanding ecological processes and better preparing recreation planners and managers for sustainable infrastructure management decision-making.
The first article assesses the sustainability of campsites over thirty-two years of use in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness (BWCAW) in northern Minnesota. Differences in vegetation composition, tree cover and groundcover from 1982 to 2014 were measured. Paired t-tests analyzed significant ecological differences on campsites and paired controls over time. Best management practices for managing campsites for the long-term are suggested.
The second article analyzes the extent of non-native plants on campsites over thirty-two years. Paired t-tests were used to look at cover and abundance on campsites and control areas between 1982 and 2014. This paper explores ecological benefits and degradation incurred by non-native plants on campsites over time and discusses implications for wilderness character at BWCAW.
The third article is interdisciplinary, incorporating ground-based recreation ecology measurements with technical spatial analyses and modeling to improve understanding of erosional processes on trails. Fine resolution terrain data was used to examine terrain metrics as they relate to amount of soil loss. Multiple Linear Regression was used to test a number of variables taken from the field and derived from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software using a 1m Digital Elevation Model. This paper explores relationships between different terrain variables and soil loss observed on the Appalachian Trail. It provides insights on which terrain features influence erosion and provides recommendations to trail managers to design more sustainable trails.<br>Ph. D.
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Wituszynski, David Michael. "Ecological Structure and Function of Bioretention Cells." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1595534267621241.
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Fettig, Jake Alan. "Nothing is Perfect, But Something is Just Right: Redevelopment of Inner-Ring Suburbs - Integrating Ecological Systems into Modern Urban Villages." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/96792.
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The inner-ring suburbs of major metropolitan areas such as Washington, DC are either being redeveloped already or are poised to be redeveloped over the next several decades. The engineered 'gray' infrastructure networks in these areas, largely put in place between 100 and 75 years ago, are aging and reaching the end of their useful life. New developments are being funded by real estate investment trusts and developers and are being welcomed by municipalities and a public that are often genuinely inspired to create the more livable places of the future. Such redevelopments provide a unique opportunity not to just import new 'green' features, but to reimagine the fundamental connections between ecological, human, and non-human systems within the fabric of the larger community in a way that profoundly improves the cognitive experience of a place for the people and wildlife that reside there.
The project begins by recognizing this opportunity and posing a question. Through thoughtful design, how can we bring people back into balance with their environment and back into touch with each other? By working with the cultural and built fabric of a place, the project proposes to reintroduce ecological systems and create places that might not be a perfect clean slate but are somehow just right for the people that live there. The project proceeds first by developing an understanding of the overall ecological context for each of four primary development corridors in Virginia, west of Washington, D.C. across the Potomac River. Then, key intersections between stream systems and the development corridors are identified and assessed to determine (a) whether any existing landscape framework surrounding the stream feature is in place and (b) whether the amenities necessary to support a walkable Urban Village center are present within a half mile in each direction along the route.
The project proposes a design for revealing a continuous flow stream channel currently piped underground and creating integrated stormwater detention basins along the historic stream channel path at the headwaters of Spout Run in northern Arlington County Virginia. Stormwater mains downstream from the headwaters have already been deemed below capacity for the unprecedentedly intense storms that have become an annual occurrence. Here, the major transportation and development corridor, Route 29 (Lee Highway), just across the Potomac River west of Washington D.C, crosses Glebe Road and a unique geological formation, dubbed for this thesis as the 'Headwaters Plateau'. It is an intersection between historically significant transportation routes as well as a unique intersection between landscape and the built environment. Around the Headwaters Plateau, not just Spout Run but the waters of four other streams begin their path to the Potomac River, flowing through numerous Arlington County neighborhoods along the way. As redevelopment plans take shape for the Lee Highway corridor through northern Arlington County, this thesis proposes the unique intersection between the Headwaters Plateau at Spout Run Gap along Route 29 as the site for the core of a modern Urban Village, with the Plateau and the Spout Run Headwaters Channel as the landscape framework around which the redeveloping Village should be built.<br>Master of Landscape Architecture<br>This thesis proposes a design for revealing a continuous flow stream channel currently piped underground and creating integrated stormwater detention basins along the historic stream channel path at the headwaters of Spout Run in northern Arlington County, Virginia. Stormwater mains downstream from the headwaters have already been deemed below capacity for the unprecedentedly intense storms that have become an annual occurrence. Here, the major transportation and development corridor, Route 29 (Lee Highway), just across the Potomac River west of Washington D.C, crosses Glebe Road and a unique geological formation, dubbed for the purpose of this thesis as the 'Headwaters Plateau'. It is an intersection between historically significant transportation routes as well as a unique intersection between landscape and the built environment. Around the Headwaters Plateau, not just Spout Run but the waters of four other streams begin their path to the Potomac River, flowing through numerous Arlington County neighborhoods along the way. As redevelopment plans take shape for the Lee Highway corridor through northern Arlington County, this thesis proposes the unique intersection between the Headwaters Plateau at Spout Run Gap along Route 29 as the site for the core of a modern Urban Village, with the Plateau and the Spout Run Headwaters Channel as the landscape framework around which the redeveloping Village should be built.
Through design, this thesis is an investigation of the potential integration of ecological systems such as stream hydrology into the design of modern 'Urban Villages' with the intent to create impactful individual experiences that provide a shared sense of connection within the community to its surrounding landscape. Throughout the country, redevelopment plans are focused on creating increased-density 'mixed-use' communities within existing urban and suburban areas - often called Urban Villages in the lexicon of the New Urbanism planning theory. This represents a move away from the predominant approach of separation of land use zoning practices. Such redevelopments provide a unique opportunity to not only import new 'green' features, but to reimagine the fundamental connections between ecological, human, and non-human systems within the fabric of the larger community in a way that profoundly improves the cognitive experience of a place for the people and wildlife that reside there.
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Wenban-Smith, Hugh B. "Economies of scale, distribution costs and density effects in urban water supply : a spatial analysis of the role of infrastructure in urban agglomeration." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/285/.
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Economies of scale in infrastructure are a recognised factor in urban agglomeration. Less recognised is the effect of distribution or access costs. Infrastructure can be classified as: (a) Area-type (e.g. utilities); or (b) Point-type (e.g. hospitals). The former involves distribution costs, the latter access costs. Taking water supply as an example of Area-type infrastructure, the interaction between production costs and distribution costs at settlement level is investigated using data from England & Wales and the USA. Plant level economies of scale in water production are confirmed, and quantified. Water distribution costs are analysed using a new measure of water distribution output (which combines volume and distance), and modelling distribution areas as monocentric settlements. Unit distribution costs are shown to be characterised by scale economies with respect to volume but diseconomies with respect to average distance to properties. It follows that higher settlement densities reduce unit distribution costs, while lower densities raise them. The interaction with production costs then means that (a) higher urban density (“Densification”) is characterised by economies of scale in both production and distribution; (b) more spread out settlement (“Dispersion”) leads to diseconomies in distribution; (c) “Suburbanisation” (expansion into lower density peripheral areas) lies in between, with roughly constant returns to scale, taking production and distribution together; and (d) “Constant density” expansion leads to small economies of scale. Keeping (per capita) water supply costs low thus appears to depend as much on density as size. Tentative generalisation suggests similar effects with other Area-type infrastructure (sewerage, electricity supply, telecommunications); and with Point-type infrastructure (such as hospitals), viewing access costs as distribution costs in reverse. It follows that the presumption in urban economics that such services are always characterised by economies of scale and therefore conducive to agglomeration may not be correct.
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Cairns, Maryann R. "Environment, Rights, and Waste in Bolivia: Addressing Water and Sanitation Processes for Improved Infrastructure." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5197.
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Water and sanitation (WatSan) development projects impact both natural systems and societal structures where they are placed. A complex process of development, including inter-governmental policies, aid agencies, personal relationships, and community politics enhance and constrain the efficacy of these projects. This study presents the many ways in which the WatSan development process has unintended and unexpected returns for certain community groups. Using a political ecology framework, I look at power structures, perceived and projected environmental impacts, multiple stakeholders, and individual discourses to critique how the right to water and sanitation is implemented in a specific community context. This project advances anthropological thought by showing a praxis-based study that links theory, on-the-ground, ethnographic experience, policy recommendations, and theoretical injections which relate to a variety of audiences, both within and outside of the academy.
The project is conducted in two main field locations--La Paz and Sapecho, Bolivia. I employ a mixed-method approach, including interviews with development professionals and community members, a survey of water and sanitation users, focus groups with particularly impacted groups (e.g. water committees, students, and women), and various mapping techniques (GPS mapping, community-led) to address the space and place within which this project was realized. I give specific focus to sewage collection and wastewater treatment, two elements of the WatSan system that are distinctive in this rural developing-country context.
WatSan development is not just infrastructure placement. It is a full process, a relationship. It comprises individual conversations, days of work, salaries, payment schedules, labor, expertise, and ongoing management practices. Individual perceptions of infrastructure efficacy, personal benefit, and best practices (both culturally and technologically) impact the long-term effectiveness of a project. Major tensions arise post-implementation: between community and aid agency, conservation and use, labor and upkeep, and sanitation and potable water. There are multiple influences and positions subsumed in this process.
The study's political ecology approach, combined with foci on human rights, critical development, and water and culture, provides critical insights into the relationship between social and resource-based (water infrastructure) change. It looks at the ways in which the benefits and risks of a WatSan system are stratified, gendered, and power-laden. It further looks at the potential positive and negative outcomes of the system--all with an enviro-social focus. I look at how social and ecological relationships are tethered together (mutually constituted), how they are influenced by several levels of governance and policy. The experience of Sapecho shows how changes to WatSan environments can provide new water and sanitation access but in some cases, further engrain and exacerbate social inequalities. Provision of fresh water, sewage collection, and wastewater treatment infrastructure is not value-free--but it is necessary. This work tries to answer one small part of the question of how the right to water and sanitation can be best implemented in real-world situations.
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Bliss-Ketchum, Leslie Lynne. "The Impact of Infrastructure on Habitat Connectivity for Wildlife." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4832.
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While roads can present weak to complete barriers to wildlife, depending on the animal and traffic volume, mitigations such as under-crossings and green bridges on highways at least partially increase the permeability of the landscape to some of these species. The few studies evaluating the effectiveness of these structures for at least three years typically focused on a single species. Here, we monitored the crossing structure under Boeckman Road, in Wilsonville Oregon, for wildlife activity across summer seasons for ten years, since construction of the road and subsequent opening to traffic. This long-term multi-species dataset, which includes monitoring when the road was closed to traffic has provided a unique opportunity. Wildlife activity was collected using sand track pads monitored during summer seasons from 2009 to 2018. Wildlife activity showed a significant community level response from year to year and species-specific responses to year, vegetation change, disturbance, detection area, and previous experimental additions of artificial light.
Roads create barriers to animal movement through collisions and habitat fragmentation. Investigators have attempted to use traffic volume, the number of vehicles passing a point on a road segment, to predict effects to wildlife populations approximately linearly and along taxonomic lines; however, taxonomic groupings cannot provide sound predictions because closely related species often respond differently. We assess the role of wildlife behavioral responses to traffic volume as a tool to predict barrier effects from vehicle-caused mortality and avoidance, to provide an early warning system that recognizes traffic volume as a trigger for mitigation, and to better interpret roadkill data. We propose four categories of behavioral response based on the perceived danger to traffic: Nonresponders, Pausers, Speeders, and Avoiders. By considering a species' risk-avoidance response to traffic, managers can make more appropriate and timely decisions to mitigate effects before populations decline or become locally extinct.
Barriers to animal movement can isolate populations, impacting their genetic diversity, susceptibility to disease, and access to resources. Barriers to movement may be caused by artificial light, but few studies have experimentally investigated the effects of artificial light on movement for a suite of terrestrial vertebrates. Therefore, we studied the effect of ecological light pollution on animal usage of a bridge under-road passage structure. On a weekly basis, sections of the structure were subjected to different light treatments including no light added, followed by a Reference period when lights were off in all the structure sections. Findings suggest that artificial light may be reducing habitat connectivity for some species though not providing a strong barrier for others.
Through the work conducted herein we provide contributions to the understanding of how elements of the built environment impact wildlife communities ability to move across the landscape. Additionally, we provide new tools to support resource managers in barrier mitigation and connectivity planning. Habitat fragmentation effects are a complex set of issues that require resources and collaboration to reach meaningful solutions. The work presented here can also support decision-making, communication, and collaborative efforts that will ultimately result in on-the-ground impacts to reduce fragmentation effects and mitigate existing barriers effectively to promote the long-term viability of wildlife and the systems they depend on.
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Williams, Joseph. "Tapping the oceans : the political ecology of seawater desalination and the water-energy nexus in Southern California and Baja California." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/tapping-the-oceans-the-political-ecology-of-seawater-desalination-and-the-waterenergy-nexus-in-southern-california-and-baja-california(58750cb5-0c7c-4cfb-a3bd-8bef8ce21984).html.
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Notions of connectivity and relationality increasingly pervade theories, discourses and practices of environmental governance. Recently, the concept of the 'resource nexus' has emerged as an important new framework that emphasises the interconnections, tensions and synergies between sectors that have traditionally been managed separately. Part of a broader trend towards integrated environmental governance, nexus thinking rests on the premise that the challenges facing water, energy, food and other resources are inexorably connected and contingent. Although presenting itself as a radically new framework, the nexus discourse in current form is techno-managerial in character, profoundly de-politicising, and reinforces neoliberal approaches to environmental governance. At the same time, the 'material turn' in social science research has re-engaged ideas of social, political and material relationality to understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the socio-natural condition in the twenty-first century. Although theoretically and ontologically diverse, the fields of political ecology, assemblage thinking and infrastructure studies all critically interrogate the politics of relationality. Mobilising an urban political ecology framework, and drawing on notions of emergence and distributed agency from assemblage thinking, this research examines the politics of the water-energy nexus through a critical analysis of the extraordinary emergence of seawater desalination as a significant new urban water supply for Southern California, USA, and Baja California, Mexico. Research was conducted in the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan region, where a large desalting facility has recently been completed to supply San Diego with purified ocean water, and a larger 'binational' facility is planned in Mexico to supply both sides of the border. The research makes three broad contributions. First, to understand desalination as emerging from the historical coproduction and urbanisation of water and energy in the American West. Second, to examine the transitioning environmental politics concomitant with calls for greater understanding of interrelationality. And third, to interrogate the efficacy of technology in reconfiguring the co-constitution of water, energy and society.
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Sandre, Adriana Afonso. "O planejamento ambiental à luz da ecologia da paisagem: estudo aplicado da zona de amortecimento do Parque da Cantareira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-21122017-105418/.
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A dissertação discute o tema do planejamento ambiental a partir do referencial da Ecologia da Paisagem e da Infraestrutura Verde. Para tanto, admite que os impactos da urbanização devem ser compatibilizados a um planejamento que considera os espaços livres a partir de sua multifuncionalidade - abarcando as questões de infraestrutura urbana, sociais, econômicas e ambientais. Diante deste contexto, a pesquisa sustenta que é preciso ter uma abordagem sistêmica, abrangente e transdisciplinar capaz de produzir uma análise diferencial entre conservar a biodiversidade, fornecer serviços ecossistêmicos e prover locais para habitação urbana. A pesquisa tem como objetivo relacionar os conteúdos dos campos disciplinares da Ecologia e Arquitetura da Paisagem no planejamento ambiental de um território não idealizado, visando a caracterização e conformação de uma rede de espaços livres urbanos. Para tanto, aplicam-se esses conceitos a uma investigação sobre como o planejamento ambiental pode contribuir à gestão da Zona de Amortecimento do Parque Estadual da Cantareira. As análises multivariadas contemplam a inserção social e ambiental do Parque, em específico, as áreas de conflito entre a ocupação urbana e a proteção jurídico administrativa dos recursos naturais. Verificou-se que a área apresenta alta diversidade de formas de relevo, muitas nascentes de rios, expressivas áreas ainda cobertas por vegetação em diversos estágios de sucessão, diferentes usos do solo e aspectos culturais e de lazer diversificados. O entorno do Parque é marcado por uma grande complexidade territorial que contribui para seu isolamento e fragmentação, sua face sul é circundada por áreas densamente ocupadas, pedreiras e aterros sanitários, enquanto a norte, por chácaras e zonas agrícolas. Após a contextualização, foram propostas diretrizes de planejamento ambiental para a rede de espaços livres, por meio de dispositivos de infraestrutura verde.<br>The dissertation discusses the issue of environmental planning from the perspective of Landscape Ecology and Green Infrastructure. The research admits that the assessments of the impacts of urbanization must be considered within the landscape planning, that accounts the multifunctionality of open spaces - deals with urban, social, economic and environmental infrastructure issues from the debate about green infrastructure. Regarding this context, the research argues the importance of a systemic, comprehensive and transdisciplinary approach to produce a differential analysis between conserving biodiversity, providing ecosystem services and providing places for urban housing. The aim is to debate how to integrate the contents of the of Ecology and Landscape Architecture into the environmental planning through a study case about the characterization and conformation of a network of urban open spaces. These concepts are applied to an investigation about how environmental planning can contribute to the management of the buffer zone of Cantareira State Park. The multivariate analyzes of the case study contemplate the social and environmental integration of the Park, specifically, the areas of conflict between urban occupation and the legal administrative protection of natural resources. The study verified that the area presents a high diversity of forms of relief, many river springs, expressive areas that are still covered by vegetation in several stages of succession, different uses of the soil and diversified cultural and leisure aspects. The surroundings of the Park are marked by a great territorial complexity that contributes to its isolation and fragmentation, in addition the south part is surrounded by densely occupied areas, quarries and sanitary landfills, while in the north part by farms. Finally, the research proposes some environmental planning guidelines for the network of free spaces per green infrastructure devices.
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Plitt, Sophia. "Digital tools for urban green infrastructure: : Investigating the potential of e-tools to inform and engage stewards." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170269.
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As the planet rapidly urbanizes and demand for locally-produced ecosystem services grows, the effective management of urban green infrastructure is increasingly important. A number of digital tools have recently been developed and released that share information and incite citizen participation in the governance, management and planning of urban green infrastructure. In this paper, I analyse six different e-tools within the context of New York City with a focus on the types of knowledge they share and the forms of participation they incite in relation to urban green infrastructure. I explore how e-tool knowledge exchange and participation relate to civic stewardship of urban green spaces, as stewards play a significant role in the local production of urban ecosystem services. The findings indicate that most e-tools are designed to share a large amount of data describing social-ecological systems. In many cases, the tool developers hope that through gaining knowledge about the system, users will develop an ethical consideration for the environmental resource and even take action as environmental stewards. Additionally, while many of the e-tools present complex, exploratory digital learning environments, many also combine virtual experiences with in-person trainings, workshops and coaching. These hybrid approaches harness the power of digital platforms to organize diverse social networks and share large amounts of data while employing more traditional on-the-ground organizing techniques and offer a way forward in an age of increasing dominance of digital data. Further research on these types of hybrid digital approaches is warranted. Future research on e-tool usership and connections to stewardship outcomes could enrich the understanding of how e-tools operate as well as their social-ecological potential and impact.
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Smith, Joseph Stephen. "The Impact of Green Infrastructure on Stormwater Quality: A Sewershed-Scale Analysis of the Effects of Blueprint Columbus on Nutrients, Sediments, and Metals." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1587651880895345.
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Neumann, Wiebke. "Moose Alces alces behaviour related to human activity." Umeå : Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200964.pdf.
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Niland, Joseph Michael. "Derelict to Dynamic: Examining Socioecological Productivity of Underutilized/Abandoned Industrial Infrastructure, and Application in Baltimore, Maryland." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83763.
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With over 16,500 documented vacant commercial and residential units, roughly 20 miles of abandoned rail lines, a historic loss of approximately 330,000 residents, millions of gallons of annual surface water sewage discharges, and a decade-long failed water quality consent decree - Baltimore, Maryland lies at a crux of chronic challenges plaguing America’s formerly most economically and industrially powerful cities (Open Baltimore GIS [Vacancies Shapefile], 2017; “Harbor Water Alert” Blue Water Baltimore, 2017).
Impending environmental threats in the “Anthropocene” (Crutzen, 2004) and increased attention to societal injustices warrant heightened inclusivity of social and natural urban functions. Socioecological inequities are often highly conspicuous in declining post-industrial American cities such as Baltimore. Chronic social, economic, and environmental perturbations have rendered some of once critical American infrastructure outdated, underutilized, and/or abandoned. Rivers, forests, rail corridors, as well as residential and industrial building stock are in significantly less demand than when America’s industrial age shaped urban landscapes in the late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries. Compounded by insensitive traditional urban development, these phenomena jeopardize urban social and ecological function.
This thesis is an examination of contemporary urban ecology concepts as a systemic approach for revitalizing socially and ecologically marginalized urban areas, with an application in West Baltimore, Maryland neighborhoods. Through an examination of socioecological dilemmas and root causes, a conceptual procedure for urban blight mitigation along the Gwynns Falls corridor is proposed. Adopting an urban green infrastructure plan offers comprehensive alternative solutions for West Baltimore’s contemporary challenges.
Master plans are proposed for the Shipley Hill, Carrollton Scott, and Mill Hill neighborhoods in West Baltimore. Site scale socioecological connections are suggested for the Shipley Hill neighborhood with contextual linkages in the surrounding neighborhoods. Additionally, policy considerations are explored for revitalizing Baltimore’s most vulnerable landscapes. By transforming derelict industrial infrastructure to dynamic socioecological patches and corridors, this work aims to enhance socioecological equity and connectivity.
Negative aspects of Baltimore’s contemporary urban condition such as blight, high vacancy rates, ecological damage, population decline, and other symptoms of shrinking cities are deeply rooted in a complex evolution of social, environmental, and economic management. Current challenges facing Baltimore can be directly linked to a long history, specifically including industrialization and systematic segregation of neighborhoods. As the United States entered a period of stability following the industrial revolution, domestic manufacturing dwindled, causing a once strong workforce population to leave industrial mega-cities such as Baltimore. This population exodus left behind prior workforce housing and industrial infrastructure, much of which now nonessential to Baltimore’s contemporary urban functions.
Housing vacancies and abandoned infrastructure are most noticeable in Baltimore’s predominately minority neighborhoods. Historically marginalized by systematic segregation tactics, “redlined” neighborhoods largely continue to lack sufficient social and economic capital for adaptation to a transformative new era in Baltimore’s history. Disparities in these minority neighborhoods have shown lasting consequences and continue to suffer from financial, social, and ecological neglect.
However, progressive urban planning processes pose significant opportunity for equitable inclusion of historically marginalized urban communities through the introduction of green infrastructure. Because socioecological disparities in Baltimore are incredibly complex, an equally complex solution is necessary to adequately alleviate symptoms of declining cities. Although much research and literature has been cited in systemic solutions aiming to address the totality of these issues, practical implication of these strategies remains limited. This thesis aims to identify primary drivers of socioecological inequity as well as recommend policy and spatial solutions to alleviate symptoms of shrinking cites specific to Baltimore.<br>Master of Urban and Regional Planning
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Hinds, Kris-An K. "Perceptions of Infrastructure, Flood Management, and Environmental Redevelopment in the University Area, Hillsborough County, Florida." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7810.
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The University Area (UA), a low-income, unincorporated neighborhood in Hillsborough County, Florida, is a site of sustainable redevelopment by the local government and nonprofit organizations. Throughout the past decade, the transitions in local and state political climates have significantly impacted the residents’ ability to advocate for infrastructural and environmental improvement to the site. This thesis discusses the findings of a research project dedicated to exploring resident perspectives of stormwater management, infrastructure, and the redevelopment currently occurring the University Area. Drawing from theoretical concepts in political ecology, environmental justice, and the interplay of agency and structure, this research investigates the impacts of flooding on the UA’s residents and infrastructure; specifically, the ways it affects the population’s interaction with their environment. Data were collected using a mixed methods approach including participant observation; semi structured interviews with residents, developers, and community organization employees; ground truthing the area to verify the location of the stormwater drains present in a selection of the UA; a historical review of the area’s land use; and analysis of critical environmental justice databases. Findings indicate that flooding in the University Area is related to historical oppressive housing strategies against minority and low-income populations. Results found that flooding in UA is caused by a combination of faulty infrastructure (impervious surfaces and a subpar, unmaintained stormwater system), increasing rain events (climate change), and the lack of municipality support (power dynamics). The oppressive power dynamic present in the relationship between the residents and their respective property owners and the county municipality services exacerbates problems with flooding. Redevelopment plans in the University Area must address the effects of historical marginalization and disenfranchisement of the current residents with respect to housing segregation and lack of municipality support. Without these considerations, the cycle of disenfranchisement faced by the current residents of the UA will likely continue and worsen over time.
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Mercader, Manon. "Rôle des infrastructures portuaires dans le maintien des populations de poissons côtiers : apports de la restauration écologique." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0027/document.
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La perte d'habitat engendrée par l'artificialisation des côtes a de graves conséquences sur la biodiversité marine. Aussi, dans une optique de maintien de la biodiversité et des stocks de poissons, il peut s’avérer intéressant de restaurer certaines fonctions écologiques dans les zones anthropisées. Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’estimer le rôle potentiel des ports en tant qu’habitat pour les juvéniles de poissons côtiers et d’évaluer dans quelle mesure ce rôle peut être amélioré par le biais d’actions de restauration. Des expérimentations en aquarium ont permis d’estimer que le taux de survie des juvéniles sur des habitats artificiels utilisés à des fins de restauration était comparable à celui observé sur des roches. Une étude de la distribution spatiale des juvéniles à l’échelle d’un paysage sous-marin a ensuite montré que les ports pouvaient abriter des densités en juvéniles représentant de 50 à 90 % de celles retrouvées en milieu naturel. Les densités à l'intérieur des ports étaient cependant tributaires du type d’habitat considéré; les quais sans complexité structurale abritant les densités les plus faibles. Enfin, l'étude de cas concrets, a montré que la réhabilitation des ports pouvait significativement augmenter les densités de juvéniles à l’échelle de l’habitat, celles-ci pouvant atteindre des niveaux comparables au milieu naturel. Toutefois, ces bénéfices restaient faibles à l’échelle d’un port dans sa globalité. Ces travaux suggèrent un réel potentiel des infrastructures portuaires en tant qu’habitat juvénile alternatif, en particulier si des actions de restauration y sont entreprises. Cependant, pour plus d’efficacité, les projets de restauration devraient être menés à large échelle et utiliser une diversité d’habitats artificiels. La restauration écologique des ports peut ainsi être employée comme un outil complémentaire aux mesures de protection dans le cadre d’une gestion intégrée des zones côtières à l’échelle du paysage<br>Habitat loss caused by urban sprawl has harmful consequences on marine biodiversity. With a view to maintaining biodiversity and fish stocks, it may be worthwhile to restore some ecological features in anthropized areas. The aim of this thesis was to estimate the potential role of ports as habitat for juvenile coastal fish and to evaluate how this role can be improvedthrough restoration actions. Tank experiments revealed that juvenile survival rate on artificial habitats used for restoration purpose could be equivalent to that observed on natural habitat. The assessment of the spatial distribution of juvenile at the scale of a seascape permitted to estimate that harbors could host densities of juvenile that were between 50 to 90% of thoseobserved in natural sites. Within harbors densities were highly dependent on the type of habitat, featureless dock hosting the lowest densities. Subsequently, based on case studies, this work demonstrated that harbors rehabilitation could significantly enhance juvenile densities at the habitat scale. Densities on restored habitat might reach those observed in natural habitats.However, at the scale of the whole harbor benefits were low. This work suggests that harbors have a real potential as an alternative juvenile habitat, especially if restoration actions are undergone. However, for more efficiency, restoration projects should be led at the scale of the whole site and include a diversity of artificial habitats. Thereby, restoration approaches shouldbe considered as a complementary tool to protection measures in a seascape integrated management approach of coastal areas
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Rehn, Felicia. "Pollinators in Urban Landscapes : Local and landscape factors impact on pollinator species richness and abundance." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38559.
Full textAbstract:
Increasing human populations results in fast-growing urbanization. Natural and semi-natural landscapes are replaced with urban landscape features like roads, sidewalks, industrial and residential buildings. The remnants of the natural landscapes are left fragmented and are often managed by frequent mowing and trimming of the vegetation. This development has had a negative impact on pollinators such as bees and wasps. Bees and wasps are pollinating insects providing an ecosystem service that sustain the global food supply. Pollinators are important also in urban landscapes where their services are needed for ecological stability and biodiversity. This study compares 23 locations in Sollentuna municipality, to investigate if species richness and abundance of bees and wasps are correlated with local factors, landscape factors or both. The available food resources are measured in buffer zones with 200m radius. Local variables are: dead wood, exposed sand, extended edge zones, flowering plant species richness and unmanaged habitat. The result showed that the landscape factor of food availability was more important for the abundance of pollinators while local variables together with the landscape factor of food availability had a positive effect on the species richness.
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Baek, Insoo. "A study on the sustainable infrastructure of the Songdo City Project : from the viewpoint of the metabolic flow perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96906.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the 21st century, cities play a vital role in social, economic and environmental
changes. They are the largest places of human settlement and it is expected that
more than 80 percent of the world’s population will live in cities by 2050 (UNEP,
2012). At the same time, as the role of cities significantly increases, it also
contributes to negative outcomes on the planet. In particular, the current cities’
demand for materials and energy consumption accounts for almost 80 percent of the
world’s consumption and it leads to serious environmental problems. The main
problems are climate change, biodiversity loss, desertification, and ecosystem
degradation.
In response to these urban issues, sustainable cities have emerged as an alternative
way of urban life. Since cities consume a massive amount of energy, an efficient
resource management system has to be established for the sustainable urban future.
In addition, finding ways to reconcile economic growth, social well-being and the
sustainable use of resources is imperative in urban sustainability. Since people’s
lifestyle and their material footprint are dependent on the urban design, construction
and operation of urban infrastructures, ways to make an urban infrastructural system
more sustainable will contribute to the transition towards sustainable cities.
In this study, the thesis applies Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to one of the
sustainable cities, Songdo, South Korea. Before delving into the analysis, it explores
the overview of the New Songdo City (NSC) project and describes its sustainable
urban infrastructures. Then it examines the material flow of inputs and outputs of the
city in order to reveal their sustainability and suggests a guideline for the realisation
of sustainable cities. Quantitative and qualitative methodologies are used to assess
and compare the material and energy flow trends for this city.
The results indicate that the general material consumption in Songdo is higher than
the average in South Korea. It reflects the high-income households’ consumption
patterns in Songdo. In addition, one could see that the sustainable networks have
merely contributed to the overall consumption. The findings from this study can be
used to formulate sustainable development policies and strategies in terms of
increasing the efficiency of resource and energy use in urban areas. Furthermore,
this research is expected to provide a platform for realisation of sustainable cities by highlighting the important role of urban infrastructures and their material resource
flow.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die 21ste eeu speel stede 'n belangrike rol in die sosiale, ekonomiese en
omgewingskwessies veranderinge. Stede is die grootste vorm van menslike
nedersetting en daar word verwag dat meer as 80 persent van die wêreld se
bevolking in stede sal woon teen 2050 (UNEP, 2012). Op dieselfde tyd, namate die
rol van stede aansienlik verhoog, dra dit ook by tot negatiewe uitkomste op die
planeet. Veral huidige stede se vraag na materiaal en energie reken vir byna 80
persent van die wêreld se verbruik, en dit lei tot ernstige omgewingsprobleme. Die
grootste probleme is klimaatsverandering, biodiversiteit verlies, verwoestyning en die
agteruitgang van ekostelsels.
In reaksie op hierdie stedelike kwessies het volhoubare stede na vore gekom as 'n
alternatiewe vorm van stadsbewoning. Aangesien stede 'n massiewe hoeveelheid
energie gebruik, moet 'n doeltreffende hulpbronbestuur stelsel vasgestel word.
Daarbenewens, is dit noodsaaklik om maniere te vind om ekonomiese groei te
integreer met sosiale welsyn en die volhoubare gebruik van hulpbronne. Aangesien
mense se lewenstyl en hul impak op die omgewing afhanklik is van die stedelike
infrastruktuur, sal maniere om hierdie infrastruktuurstelsel meer volhoubaar te maak
bydra tot die oorgang na volhoubare stede.
In hierde studie word, stedelike materiaalvloeiontleding toegepas op een van die
volhoubare stede, Songdo, Suid-Korea. Voor die analise, sal 'n oorsig van die nuwe
Songdo stad projek en die stad se volhoubare infrastruktuur gegee word. Dan word
die vloei van materiaal in-en uitgange van die stad ondersoek om hul volhoubaarheid
te illustreer, en stel dit 'n riglyn voor vir die verwesenliking van volhoubare stede.
Kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodologie word gebruik om die materiaal en energie
vloei tendense vir hierdie stad te bepaal en vergelyk.
Die resultate dui daarop dat die algemene materiaal verbruik in Songdo hoër is as
die gemiddelde in Korea. Dit weerspieël die hoë-inkomste huishoudings se
verbruikspatrone in Songdo. Daarbenewens kan 'n mens sien dat die volhoubare
netwerke slegs bygedra het tot die algehele verbruik. Die bevindinge van hierdie
studie kan gebruik word om die volhoubare ontwikkeling van beleid en strategieë te
formuleer in terme van die verhoging van die doeltreffendheid van die hulpbron-en
energie gebruik in stedelike gebiede. Verder word verwag dat hierdie navorsing 'n platvorm in terme van die realisering van volhoubare stede sal voorsien deur die
belangrike rol van stedelike infrastruktuur, en die materiaal hulpbron vloei te
beklemtoon.
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Bellec, Arnaud. "Dynamiques spatiales, temporelles et écologiques de la Métropole de Lyon : 1984-2015." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3055/document.
Full textAbstract:
L’armature verte urbaine rassemble tous les éléments de végétation contribuant à répondre aux défis majeurs associés à l’Anthropocène, comme l’adaptation au changement climatique, la préservation de la biodiversité, l’infiltration des eaux pluviales ou l’amélioration de la santé des populations. La cartographie précise des espaces végétalisés urbains fait aujourd’hui défaut bien que les données spatiales issues de capteurs aéroportés soient disponibles depuis de nombreuses années. De ce fait, il est aujourd’hui difficile d’évaluer la fonctionnalité des armatures vertes. Pour répondre à ce besoin d’évaluation, il s’est agi, dans le cadre d’étude de la Métropole de Lyon, de cartographier le territoire à un mètre de résolution spatiale entre 1984 et 2015 en utilisant une procédure orientée objet, et de rendre ces cartographies disponibles sur une plateforme web dédiée. Il en ressort que les surfaces végétalisées de la métropole sont comparables à celles d’autres agglomérations de même rang, mais que l’accès de la population à cette végétation est très inégalement réparti. Par exemple, seuls 11 % des habitants disposent d’un espace vert de plus de 2ha à moins de 5 minutes de chez eux. Souvent sous-estimés dans les politiques urbaines, les jardins des particuliers représentent deux fois la surface des espaces verts publics, et devraient faire l’objet des mêmes questionnements, quant à leur valeur pour la mitigation climatique ou pour la biodiversité. L’évaluation de l’armature urbaine ne s’arrête pas à sa cartographie, mais doit conduire à l’exploration de sa perception à différentes échelles spatiales, pour différents acteurs (habitants, professionnels et autres organismes vivants) et selon plusieurs mesures de bien-être physique, mental et culturel<br>The urban green infrastructure brings together all the elements of vegetation that contribute to meeting the major challenges associated with the Anthropocene, such as adapting to climate change, preserving biodiversity, infiltrating rainwater or improving the health of populations. The precise mapping of urban green spaces is today lacking although spatial data from airborne sensors have been available for many years. As a result, it is now difficult to assess the functionality of greeninfrastructures. To meet this need for evaluation, the territory of the urban area of Lyon was mapped at one meter resolution between 1984 and 2015 using an object-oriented procedure. All maps generated were made available on a dedicated web platform. The results show that the green areas of the urban area of Lyon are comparable to those of other agglomerations of the same rank, but that the population’s access to this vegetation is very unevenly distributed. For example, only 11% of the inhabitants can find a green space of more than 2ha closer than a 5 minutes’ walk from home. Often underestimated in urban policies, private gardens make up twice the surface of public green spaces, and should be the subject of the same questions about their value for climate mitigation or the conservation of biodiversity. The evaluation of urban green infrastructures only starts with theirmapping, and should lead to the exploration of its perception at different spatial scales, for different actors (inhabitants, professionals and other living organisms) and according to several measures of physical, mental and cultural well-being
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Greenleaf, Holly Lee. "From Maintenance To Stewardship: Green Stormwater Infrastructure Capacity In Vermont Towns & Design And Participatory Processes To Provide Cultural Ecosystem Services." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1010.
Full textAbstract:
The impervious surfaces of built landscapes create stormwater runoff that causes water quantity and quality problems downstream, upsetting natural hydrology and harming aquatic ecosystems. Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) includes practices that reduce the amount of stormwater runoff and the pollutants it carries utilizing plants, soils, and other materials to capture, store, reuse, infiltrate, evapotranspire, and filter stormwater. GSI helps to restore developed landscapes, mimicking natural hydrologic processes and providing important water treatment functions as well as beneficial green spaces in urban areas. However, there are many challenges associated with the implementation and maintenance of GSI in our communities and cultures.
This research explores the human side of implementing GSI, investigating current maintenance capacities in rural and urban settings, and exploring multifunctional benefits of GSI to provide both biophysical and cultural ecosystem services (CES). Research goals include characterizing the current state of GSI implementation and maintenance in municipalities in the State of Vermont (USA) and eliciting lessons that can inform GSI design practices and policies. Multifunctional GSI design objectives that provide and enhance CES are described, revealing opportunities to instill values and a sense of stewardship for the health wellbeing of people and ecosystems.
The first chapter provides relevant topical background to set the stage for the latter two chapters. The second chapter analyzes results from a survey of municipal officials in Vermont that occurred as part of NSF-EPSCoR-funded Basin Resilience to Extreme Events project research on stormwater management. The survey included questions about GSI and maintenance practices in place and perceptions of visual appeal and ability to maintain bioretention systems shown in landscape visualizations. Results show that visual appeal and perceived maintainability of vegetated bioretention practices do not appear to be significant barriers to adoption and operation, but stormwater policy and funding are shown to be both significant barriers and solutions to implementing and maintaining GSI in Vermont municipalities. Additionally, urban and rural towns provide very different contexts for implementing and maintaining GSI in Vermont and characteristics of development patterns and maintenance capacity should be considered in policy, regulations, outreach, and education.
The third chapter offers a literature review, guided by a CES framework, of design elements that can be included in GSI to create multifunctional urban green spaces. CES categories of aesthetic, recreation, education, sense of place, social capital, and stewardship benefits framed a set of design elements, principles, practices, and documented benefits to guide multifunctional design of GSI. Findings include the importance of participatory processes to elicit diverse landscape values, visible water pathways, biodiversity, spaces for creative use, accessibility, interaction with water, interpretive signage, and artful and biophilic design features to enhance feelings of preference, pleasure, relaxation, learning, connection, and inclusion. The health and wellbeing of water and people must be integrated into the design of GSI for cities to be ecologically functional and culturally meaningful to their populations.
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Johansson, Rebecca. "Evaluation of Experiences from using CEEQUAL in Infrastructure Projects : A case study of the Crossrail programme and the Olympic Park." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Cemus, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-161491.
Full textAbstract:
CEEQUAL is a British assessment and award scheme for improving sustainability in civil engineering and the public realm. The scheme was developed in 2003 and has gained recognition in the UK and Ireland. The interest in CEEQUAL is starting to spread to the rest of Europe and to the Swedish Transport Administration. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the scheme from the perspective of the experience of implementation using two case studies in the UK – a road project and a railway project. The road project is represented by a subordinated project within the Olympic Park, a development for the London 2012 Olympic Games. The railway project that is being studied is the Crossrail programme, a large railway project in London. The objectives for this thesis are to: Review experiences from CEEQUAL awarded projects and to evaluate what additional sustainability benefits the award has given infrastructure projects compared to using normal standards. Identify costs and resources required for a CEEQUAL Award. Identify if it is possible for clients to require the use of CEEQUAL and stipulate a certain rating. The results from the two case studies are analysed and applied on the Swedish Transport Administration, together with information about CEEQUAL and the definition on sustainable development. Some of the conclusions of this thesis are: That the effect CEEQUAL will have on a project’s sustainability performance depends on what the normal standards are as well as the client’s requirements. The CEEQUAL scheme provides structure for projects to work with environmental and social issues. CEEQUAL makes social issues more visible and creditable. There is need for something that complements CEEQUAL to be able to say anything about project’s environmental impact, for example EPD or Carbon foot printing. It is important that CEEQUAL is a part of the working process otherwise it will cost extra time and money to do the assessment. It is possible for clients to have CEEQUAL as one of the requirement within the procurement process. It is also possible to require that a project is delivered with a certain CEEQUAL rating. Finally, my recommendation to the Swedish Transport Administration is to use CEEQUAL and apply for the award for different representative project and implement the CEEQUAL-thinking in their normal standards for all projects. If they register certain selected projects they can meet the requirements from the government commission and this can also work as a way to calibrate how they are performing on environmental and social issues to the rest of the industry. CEEQUAL can also work as an environmental quality assurance in projects where EIA isn’t mandatory.<br>CEEQUAL syftar till att bedöma och ge utmärkelse för hur väl ett infrastruktur- eller anläggningsprojekt har arbetet med hållbarhetsfrågor. Systemet är utvecklat i England och lanserades kommersiellt 2003. Intresset för CEEQUAL börjar sprida sig till övriga av Europa och till Trafikverket. Denna uppsats utvärderar brittiska erfarenheter från att använda CEEQUAL. Studien bygger på två fallstudier – ett vägprojekt och ett järnvägsprojekt. Vägprojektet representeras av ett delprojekt inom utvecklingen av Olympic Park och järnvägsprojektet av Crossrail. Syftet med studien är att: Utvärdera erfarenheter av att använda CEEQUAL och identifiera vilka mervärden, utifrån hållbarhetsperspektivet, systemet ger mot normalt arbetssätt. Identifiera de kostnader och resurser som krävs för CEEQAUL. Identifiera om det är möjligt att ställa krav på CEEQUAL och ett speciellt betyg i upphandlingen av genomförandet av ett projekt. Resultatet av de två fallstudierna har analyserats och applicerats på Trafikverket. Även teori om hållbar utveckling och information om CEEQUAL har använts för att analysera resultaten. Slutsatser utifrån denna rapport är bland annat: Vilken effekt CEEQUAL har på ett projekts hantering av hållbarhetsfrågor beror på hur dessa frågor hanteras i normalt fall. CEEQUAL ger projekt en struktur för att arbeta med ekologiska och sociala frågor. CEEQUAL skapar trovärdighet för arbete med sociala frågor. Det behövs något som kompletterar CEEQUAL för att kunna säga något om ett projekts påverkan på miljön. Det är viktigt att CEEQUAL är en del av arbetssättet, annars kommer bedömningen att kosta extra tid och pengar. Det är möjligt för en beställare att ställa krav på användning av CEEQUAL och ett speciellt betyg i upphandlingen. Avslutningsvis så är min rekommendation till Trafikverket att de använder CEEQUAL och ansöker om utmärkelse för vissa referensprojekt men implementerar CEEQUAL-tänkandet i alla projekt. Genom att registrera vissa projekt så kan Trafikverket möta de krav som regeringsuppdraget ställer. De kan också använda CEEQUAL-utmärkelser för att kalibrera sig då och då mot CEEQUAL för att se hur de förhåller sig mot ”best practice” inom branschen. CEEQUAL kan också fungera som en kvalitetssäkrare av ekologiska och sociala frågor i de projekt som inte kräver MKB.
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Gabrielle, Huet Valentine. "Infrastructure Projects and Climate Change Adaption in the Era of Grassroots Movement Resurgence : Suggestions fro Transformational Actions." Thesis, KTH, Historiska studier av teknik, vetenskap och miljö, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279994.
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In an ever-moving world, urban governance and infrastructure have to adapt to climate change. In the meantime, people's concerns and engagement towards urban projects which will affect their lives are growing. The climate change adaptation process is inevitable to implement, considering the multiplicity of climate change threats. Hawai'i is no exception, and it has to adapt its infrastructures to stronger and more frequent floods. This master's thesis highlights the case of the Ala Wai risk flood management plan in Hawai'i, the U.S., and the engagement of some Hawaiians in the Protect Our Ala Wai Watershed (POAWW) grassroots movement against the proposed project. The conflict creates the emergence of two paradigms, which are translating two opposing strategies of action. Each paradigm aligns with a specific approach that reflects the interests and value systems of the individuals that constituted it. On the one hand, there is the economic growth paradigm supported by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), which manages the project and unfolds the resilience strategy by protecting Honolulu's dominant economic interests. On the other hand, there is the environmental justice paradigm, mobilized by the POAWW grassroots movement. This latter one is positioned within the transition strategy and demands the integration of indigenous knowledge into the project. To go beyond this conflictual standoff, the master's thesis argues that a hybrid paradigm, which would move towards a transformation strategy, would be preferable to surpass the current cleavages. This paradigm shift gives keys of actions and could be transferable in a contextualized way to other urban conflicts linked with the climate change adaptation process.
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Matsler, Annie Marissa. "Knowing Nature in the City: Comparative Analysis of Knowledge Systems Challenges Along the 'Eco-Techno' Spectrum of Green Infrastructure in Portland & Baltimore." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3767.
Full textAbstract:
Green infrastructure development is desired in many municipalities because of its potential to address pressing environmental and social issues. However, despite technical optimism, institutional challenges create significant barriers to effective green infrastructure design, implementation, and maintenance. Institutional challenges stem from the disparate scales and facility types that make up the concept of green infrastructure, which span from large-scale natural areas to small engineered bioswales. Across these disparate facilities 1) different performance metrics are used, 2) different institutions have jurisdiction, and, 3) facility types are differentially classified as assets, producing epistemological and ontological variegation across the spectrum of green infrastructure that must be negotiated within and across municipal institutions. This has led to knowledge challenges that constrain and shape facility design, implementation, maintenance, and--ultimately--performance on-the-ground.
Here, the eco-techno spectrum is developed to highlight the different degree to which biological entities (e.g. plants, microbes) are incorporated as infrastructural components in facilities; this inclusion presents a major knowledge challenge to green infrastructure, namely it brings biological and ecological knowledge into traditionally engineering-dominated decision-making spaces where it does not easily fit procedures for defining, measuring, or valuing existing facility component types. Therefore, municipal institutions have created and vetted new practices, protocols, and institutional structures to appropriately implement and manage green infrastructure.
The institutionalization of green infrastructure is examined in this dissertation using knowledge systems analysis in two comparative case studies conducted in Portland and Baltimore. Discourse analysis provides 'thick' description of knowledge systems dynamics within and between different municipal departments in each city; a follow-up Q-method survey is used to further examine these qualitative results and explore the subjectivities that underlie the various ways of 'knowing' green infrastructure in the city.
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Biondolilo, Jena. "Analyzing the benefits of reducing parking: improving public transportation to reduce parking demand and increase space for green infrastructure in Manhattan, Kansas." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15701.
Full textAbstract:
Master of Landscape Architecture<br>Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning<br>Tim Keane<br>Climate change and declining ecological health of urban environments are global issues of growing concern. In order to mitigate these issues we must reduce Greenhouse Gas emissions and increase green infrastructure solutions. One way of doing this is through improving public transportation and decreasing parking areas. In this study, Manhattan, Kansas was used to illustrate how improvements to public transportation can reduce parking demand and to show how excess parking can be transformed into green space to improve the ecological health of the city.
First a review of literature and case studies related to increasing ridership of public transportation, reducing parking demand, and calculating ecologic and economic benefits was done. Then ArcGIS was used to analyze the existing public transportation in Manhattan, Kansas. Improvements to the existing transit system were developed and potential increase in ridership was calculated. ArcGIS was then used to analyze existing parking in Manhattan, Kansas. Excess Parking was determined based on current parking demand and predicted transit ridership. A suitability study was then done in ArcGIS to determine which parking areas should be converted into green space. The suitability map assisted in choosing four specific parking areas to redesign in detail to incorporate additional green space and tree cover.
It was estimated that improving Manhattan’s bus system could double its ridership. It was also estimated that with improved public transit and parking planning, 30% of Manhattan’s parking could be eliminated. Converting 30% of Manhattan’s parking into green space would decrease runoff and pollutants from parking lots. Ecological valuation methods were used to calculate the benefits of converting parking into green space. It was found that integrating green space into parking lots would decrease stormwater runoff, mitigate the heat island effect, store carbon, improve air quality and may have social benefits as well.
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Claireau, Fabien. "Evaluation des impacts de la fragmentation du paysage par une autoroute sur les chauves-souris à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MNHN0018/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les infrastructures linéaires de transports (ILT), dont les routes, sont une des principales causes du déclin de la biodiversité. Bien que les évaluations environnementales permettent de limiter ce déclin, la séquence "Eviter, Réduire et Compenser" les impacts peine à s'appliquer pleinement. En effet, la séquence ERC fait bien souvent appel à des données qualitatives en oubliant les processus biologiques et/ou écologiques et leur échelle spatio-temporelle. L'impact des routes est globalement bien documenté pour plusieurs groupes biologiques, hormis pour les chauves-souris, pourtant susceptibles d'être très fortement affectées. Par ailleurs, leur protection stricte nécessite leur prise en compte dans la séquence ERC. Pour étudier l’impact des routes, et notamment des autoroutes, je me suis concentré sur l’étude des chauves-souris afin de mesurer et quantifier leur magnitude. Pour cela, différentes méthodes développées et réutilisables par les différents acteurs de terrain seront présentées. Ainsi, dans un premier temps, je me suis intéressé à une méthode de traitement des données issues d'écoutes acoustiques et à une méthode de valorisation. Dans un second temps, nous avons appliqué ces méthodes afin (i) de connaitre quels étaient les impacts des routes sur les populations de chauves-souris et (ii) afin d'évaluer l'efficience des mesures de réductions engagées pour réduire ces impacts. Nos principaux résultats montrent que les autoroutes ont un impact négatif significatif sur l'activité de chasse et de transit pour plusieurs espèces de chauves-souris jusqu'à au moins cinq kilomètres de distance à une autoroute. De plus, l'effet des autoroutes semblerait également avoir des conséquences sur la génétique des populations. Enfin, nous avons étudié les chiroptéroducs, ouvrages dédiés aux chauves-souris visant à réduire ces impacts par l'amélioration des connectivités écologiques. Ce type d'ouvrage dédié semble être approprié lorsqu'il est situé dans des corridors écologiques fins tels que les haies<br>Biodiversity is being lost at an increased rate as a result of human activities. One of the major threats to biodiversity is infrastructural development. Although the measures taken in environmental impact assessments can limit this loss, the mitigation hierarchy to "Avoid, Reduce and Offset" impacts on biodiversity is not fully functional. Indeed, the mitigation hierarchy often uses qualitative data and does not account for the biological and/or ecological processes and their different spatial and temporal scales. The impact of roads is well documented for several biological groups but not for bats whereas they are likely to be very strongly affected. Moreover, as they are strictly protected, they should be considered in the mitigation hierarchy. Therefore, through the study of bats, I investigated the effects of roads, especially major roads, and intended to measure and quantify the magnitude of their impacts. This thesis presents different methods developed to reach this objective and which may be used by stakeholders in the field. First, I intended to determine how to process data collected through passive acoustic monitoring and how to exploit these data. Then I determined what the impacts of roads on bat populations are and I proposed a method in order to assess the mitigation measures which presume to restore bat habitat connectivity. Our main results show a significant negative effect of roads on bats foraging and commuting behaviour for several species and up to at least five kilometres away from a major road. In addition, the effect of major roads also seems to have consequences on populations’ genetics. Finally, we studied bat overpasses which are structures specifically dedicated to bats and aiming at reducing the impacts of roads by improving bats’ habitat connectivity. These structures seem to be appropriate when located in narrow ecological corridors such as hedgerows
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Tharp, Rebecca. "Ecological Stormwater Management: Analysis of design components to improve understanding and performance of stormwater retention ponds." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/934.
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Stormwater runoff from developed land is a source of pollution and excessive flow to waterways. The most commonly employed practices for flow and volume control are stormwater ponds and basins (also referred to as detention and retention ponds). These structures can be effective at controlling peak discharge to water bodies by managing flow timing but are often ineffective at removing nutrients, particularly in dissolved forms. Pond morphology coupled with place-specific characteristics (like soil type and drainage area characteristics) may influence plant community composition in these water bodies. The interaction of physical, chemical, and biological elements in stormwater ponds may affect their water quality performance in more significant ways than previously understood. Floating treatment wetlands (FTW) are floating rafts of vegetation that can be constructed using a variety of materials and are an emerging technology aimed at improving the pollutant removal and temperature control functions of stormwater ponds. Previous studies with field research in subtropical and semiarid climatic regions found incremental nutrient removal improvement correlated with FTW coverage of pond surface area. However, data on their performance in cold climates is lacking from the literature.
This dissertation presents data from a three-year study examining the performance of FTW on stormwater pond treatment potential in cold climate conditions and optimal vegetation selection based on biomass production, phosphorus (P) uptake, and root architectural characteristics that enhance entrapment functionality. To put the FTW pond performance data into context, results from a survey of seven permitted stormwater ponds in Chittenden County, Vermont and the ponds' associated variability in influential internal and external dynamics are also discussed. Pond morphology, drainage area land use, soil types, and biological communities are analyzed for correlative relationships to identify design factors that affect pond performance but are not controlled factors in stormwater system permitting.
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Denney, Anne. "Redesigning River des Peres: to improve, protect, and maintain." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15632.
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Master of Landscape Architecture<br>Department of Landscape Architecture, Regional and Community Planning<br>Tim Keane<br>During a 75-year building boom starting in the early to mid 1900's we built most of the stormwater and sewage infrastructure that sustains us today. As these infrastructural systems begin to meet their life expectancy, and with our cities being impacted by flooding, rapid urbanization, and water quality concerns there is a need for designers to begin rethinking these infrastructural systems. With rapid urbanization cities are seeing increased peak flow discharge volumes within their river systems and combined sewer overflow occurrences.
The River des Peres located in the City and County of Saint Louis, Missouri, is an urban waterway that is affecting the natural ecosystem and community well-being. The main stem of the River des Peres is a heavily degraded concrete trapezoidal channel that in 1988 became a National Historic Civil Engineering landmark for its sewerage and drainage works. Which leads to the question of why a historic civil engineering landmark, such as the River des Peres, is such a wreck today? In compliance with the Clean Water Act the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District is proposing to implement enhanced green infrastructure and stormwater/sewer storage tanks to reduce the amount of Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) occurrences in the River des Peres watershed.
However, through review of literature, site inventory and analysis, a watershed stormwater BMP plan, and corresponding site design developments it has been found that return frequency flow can be reduced as much as 56% in the watershed, reducing the need for storage tanks and reducing CSO occurrences. Through the incorporation of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) the River des Peres responds to recurrence flow, wildlife habitat, and to the well-being of the community.
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Ludwig, Thomas John. "In Transition: Creating Early Successional Avian Habitat in Transitional Urban Spaces." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1397740935.
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West, Madeline. "Community Water and Sanitation Alternatives in Peri-Urban Cochabamba: Progressive Politics or Neoliberal Utopia?" Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31600.
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This thesis is about the tensions faced by communitarian water service providers in peri-urban Cochabamba, Bolivia, in their continued dependence on private water vending businesses, despite efforts to socialize service delivery. Based on fieldwork conducted in Cochabamba from May-July, 2013, this thesis argues that due in part to a lack of government intervention and regulation, many communitarian water associations in Cochabamba are being held captive by private water vendors who exploit the city’s unequal distribution of water resources for profit. It makes this argument by exploring two main points: that communitarian water associations leverage progressive forms of organization to improve service delivery, but are hindered by barriers which lie outside their control; and that small-scale water businesses are able to exploit the failures of the formal state/public and informal communitarian systems by positioning themselves as a necessary operation, in a way which limits the state’s ability to regulate their activities.
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Shih, Wan-Yu. "Optimising urban green networks in Taipei City : linking ecological and social functions in urban green space systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimising-urban-green-networks-in-taipei-city-linking-ecological-and-socal-functions-in-urban-green-space-systems(eca36d35-4470-4fdf-a766-ba9eebe5ca63).html.
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With the global population becoming more urban and less rural, increasingly research has argued for concepts such as establish Green Infrastructure (GI) as a tool for enhancing wildlife survival and human’s living quality (e.g. Harrison et al., 1995; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). However, an interdisciplinary planning approach underpinned by ecological and social evidence has not yet been fully developed. This research therefore seeks to integrate an ecological network with a green space planning standard by exploring the use of biotope and sociotope mapping methods. Seeking a comprehensive planning that takes all green resources into account, a green space typology is firstly developed according to Taiwanese contexts for identifying green spaces from land use maps. In order to specify effective features of these green spaces to bird survival and user preferences, an insight was conducted into the relationship of ‘birds and urban habitats’, as well as ‘human preferred urban green spaces’ in Taipei City. Important environmental factors influencing bird distribution and influencing human experiences in urban green spaces are respectively specified and developed into an ecological value index (EVI) to detail potential habitats and a social value index (SVI) to evaluate recreational green space provision. Interestingly, proximity to green space appears to plays a more critical role in human preferences than bird survival in Taipei city; size is important both as a habitat and for creating an attractive green space; and green space quality tends to be a more significant factor than its structure for both wildlife and people. Utilising the bio-sociotope maps, this thesis argues for a number of strategies: conserving, enlarging, or creating large green spaces in green space deficient areas; increasing ecological and recreational value by enhancing green space quality of specific characteristics; and tackling gravity distance by combining green space accessibility and attractiveness in optimising urban green structure. As these suggestions are a challenge to apply in intensively developed urban areas, barriers from land use, political mechanisms, technical shortages, and cultural characteristics are also explored with possible resolutions presented for facilitating implementation. It is clear that optimising a multifunctional GI for both wildlife and people requires interdisciplinary knowledge and cooperation from various fields. The EVI and SVI developed within this thesis create the potential for a more place-specific and quantifiable green spaces strategy to help better link ecological and social functions in urban areas.
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Schaffler, Alexis. "Enhancing resilience between people and nature in urban landscapes." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6473.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The particular global context that is fundamentally altering the world is one in which the combined resource requirements of cities are unprecedented. This thesis communicates the thoughts, ideas and research observations on contemporary urbanisation dynamics through a synthesis of various perspectives. This conceptual fusion, as an attempt to provide a holistic overview of contemporary urban dynamics, forms the basis for developing a framework from which the multiple dimensions of cities can be addressed. This theoretical framework, which includes empirical analyses on the state of cities, is then applied to Johannesburg as a case study for deepening the understanding of urban dynamics and to assess implementation of the theoretical framework in reality.
Despite being guided by the general aims of investigating current urban growth trends and the conceptual frameworks with which urban systems could be better understood, the complexity of the task at hand defied a static and linear research process. The ideas that emerged through the research journey, as opposed to a process, were synthesised using a literature review from which the framework of managing complex social-ecological systems was developed. Central to this framework is the metaphor of resilience, which through the idea of systemic adaptability, prioritises the need for both social and ecological opportunity to be enhanced. This is critical in the face of cross-cutting global challenges and in terms of cities as archetypical complex social-ecological systems.
In reviewing literature on contemporary urbanisation dynamics, it was found that the socio-economic, spatial and ecological tensions characterising developing country cities, require strategies to enhance urban resilience rooted in local social and ecological capabilities that differ from developed nations’ contexts. These practical concerns were the catalyst for suggesting green infrastructure as a framework in which the joint social and ecological values of green assets are valued equally. This in line with the logic of enhancing a system’s overall systemic adaptability. The theoretical frameworks included in the literature review, therefore, emerged through the weaving back and forth of thoughts, debates and practical concerns about creating resilience between people and nature in the urban landscapes of developing countries
The methodological implications of a green infrastructure framework resulted in the need to determine the total economic value of ecosystem services, as the benefits that society accrues through ecosystem functioning. Valuing both the social and ecological benefits of such ecosystem derivatives, not only relates to the concept of mutual resilience building, but makes the economic case for investment in natural assets. Through experience with this methodology, it emerged that
valuation exercises of ecosystem services require primary research that connects physical data on ecosystem functioning to tangible economic values. In the chosen case study, however, this original research is yet to take place and methodologies for valuing Johannesburg’s green assets had to unfold based on data availability. The development of a methodology within a methodology is a major feature of this paper, which is guided by the logic that for overall systemic resilience to be sustained, investment in natural assets needs to explicitly account for the total economic values of ecosystem services.
The conclusions suggest that Johannesburg is nevertheless in a unique position to capitalise on the concept of green infrastructure, from which social and ecological opportunity can be mutually enhanced. In a paradoxical way, the city’s tree-planting boom that resulted in the construction of the world’s largest urban forest in natural savannah grassland, has created inventories of ecological and social resilience that represent the multifunctional value of green assets, if valued explicitly. Recognition of these values shows that ecological assets extend beyond publicly delineated open space and that Johannesburg’s culture of greening is potentially playing a significant role in sustaining the resilience between its people and nature.
However, until the detailed base research is conducted on the connections between Johannesburg’s green assets and their associated social and ecological dividends, these assets remain potential inventories of resilience whose values are yet to be fully determined. The recommendations of this thesis are therefore largely to strengthen the research and data bases on Johannesburg’s green assets. Original research is needed so that precise valuation exercises of Johannesburg’s ecosystem services can take place. This research is also the foundation from which a more robust and empirically sound case can be made for motivating investment in Johannesburg’s strategically unique green infrastructure, in the context of social-ecological challenges and the global movement towards green economies, jobs and cities.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die spesifieke globale konteks wat die wêreld ten diepste verander, is ’n konteks waarin die gekombineerde behoeftes van stede ongekend is. Deur ’n samevatting van verskeie perspektiewe bied hierdie tesis gedagtes, idees en navorsingswaarnemings oor die hedendaagse stadsdinamika. Hierdie samevoeging van konsepte, as ’n poging om ’n holistiese oorsig van hedendaagse stadsdinamika te bied, vorm die grondslag vir die ontwikkeling van ’n raamwerk van waaruit die veelvuldige dimensies van stede benader kan word. Hierdie teoretiese raamwerk, wat empiriese analises van die stand van stede insluit, word dan toegepas op Johannesburg as ’n gevallestudie om die stadsdinamika beter te verstaan en die gebruik van die teoretiese raamwerk in die praktyk te evalueer.
Die gedagtes wat uit die navorsing voortgespruit het, word saamgevat deur ’n oorsig te gee van literatuur waaruit die raamwerk vir die bestuur van komplekse sosio-ekologiese sisteme ontwikkel is. Die kern van hierdie raamwerk is die metafoor van weerstandsvermoë (“resilience”) wat, deur die gebruik van die konsep sistemiese aanpasbaarheid, die behoefte aan sowel meer sosiale as ekologiese geleenthede as die belangrikste prioriteite identifiseer. Dit is deurslaggewend in die lig van deursnee- globale uitdagings en in terme van stede as argetipiese komplekse sosio-ekologiese sisteme.
In die oorsig van literatuur oor die hedendaagse stadsdinamika is daar gevind dat die sosio-ekonomiese, ruimtelike en ekologiese spanning wat stede in ontwikkelende lande kenmerk, strategieë vereis wat stadsweerstand, wat uit plaaslike sosiale en ekologiese vermoëns spruit, sal verhoog. Hierdie praktiese kwessies was die katalisator om ’n groen infrastruktuur voor te stel as die raamwerk waarbinne die gesamentlike sosiale en ekologiese waardes van groen bates ewe veel waarde dra, wat in pas is met die logiese gedagte om ’n sisteem se algehele sistemiese aanpasbaarheid te verhoog. Die teoretiese raamwerk wat ingesluit is in die literatuur wat bestudeer is, het dus na vore gekom deur die uitruil van gedagtes, debatte en praktiese benaderings tot hoe weerstandigheid geskep kan word tussen mens en natuur in die stedelike landskappe van ontwikkelende lande.
Die metodologiese implikasies van ’n groen infrastruktuur-raamwerk het dit noodsaaklik gemaak om die totale ekonomiese waarde van ekosisteemdienste, as die voordele wat die samelewing deur ekosisteme ontvang, te bepaal. Die belangrikste navorsing om letterlike inligting oor Johannesburg se ekosisteemdienste aan tasbare ekonomiese waardes te verbind, moet egter nog gedoen word, en metodologieë om die stad se groen bates te evalueer moet ontwikkel word afhangende van die beskikbaarheid van inligting. Die ontwikkeling van ’n metodologie binne ’n metodologie is ’n belangrike kenmerk van hierdie tesis, wat gelei word deur die logiese gedagte dat belegging in natuurlike bates baie duidelik die totale ekonomiese waarde van ekosisteemdienste moet bepaal as algehele sistemiese weerstandsvermoë gehandhaaf wil word.
Die gevolgtrekkings dui daarop dat Johannesburg nietemin in ’n unieke posisie is om finansiële voordeel uit die konsep van ’n groen infrastruktuur te trek. Op ’n teenstrydige manier het die stad se grootskaalse poging om bome aan te plant, wat gelei het tot die wêreld se grootste stedelike woud in ’n natuurlike grasvlakte, inligting gebied oor ekologiese en sosiale weerstandigheid, en dit verteenwoordig die multifunksionele waarde van groen bates as daar uitdruklik waarde daaraan geheg word. ’n Erkenning van hierdie waarde wys dat ekologiese bates verder strek as ’n openbare afgebakende oop ruimte en dat Johannesburg se groen kultuur moontlik ’n deurslaggewende rol speel om die weerstandsvermoë tussen sy mense en die natuur volhoubaar te maak.
Voordat noukeurige grondnavorsing oor die verband tussen Johannesburg se groen bates en hulle gepaardgaande sosiale en ekologiese voordele egter nie uitgevoer is nie, bly hierdie bates potensiële beskrywings van weerstandsvermoë waarvan die waarde nog nie ten volle bepaal is nie. Die aanbevelings van hierdie tesis is daarom hoofsaaklik dat navorsing voortgesit word, en dat die kennisgrondslag van Johannesburg se groen bates verbreed word sodat ’n presiese evaluering van ekosisteemdienste gedoen kan word as die grondslag van sterker en empiries gestaafde redes om in die stad se groen infrastruktuur te belê.
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Schulz, Paul Christopher. "The value base of water governance in the Upper Paraguay River basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29548.
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Values have been identified as important factors that guide decision-making and influence preferences in water governance. Comparing the values reflected in water governance decisions with the values held by stakeholders and the general public may inform the debate on the political legitimacy of water governance. The research presented in this PhD thesis draws on multiple research traditions on values, ranging from ecological economics and political ecology to social and environmental psychology, to investigate the value base of water governance in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. It first introduces a novel conceptual framework that integrates these various research traditions and suggests that water governance is closely related to the fundamental values, governance-related values, and assigned values of stakeholders and actors in water governance more generally. These different types of values vary in their level of abstractness, as well as in their ‘locus’, i.e. where the valuing person locates them, and are hypothesised to be closely interrelated in a hierarchical structure, with fundamental values being the most abstract type of values. Water governance, in turn, is defined as the synthesis of water policy (the ‘content’ of decisionmaking), water politics (the ‘power play’ between actors) and water polity (the institutional framework). The thesis then proceeds to apply this novel conceptual framework in a case study on stakeholders’ values in the Upper Paraguay River Basin, and investigates the relationship of their values with their preferences regarding the construction of the Paraguay-Paraná Waterway through the Pantanal wetland, in the south of Mato Grosso. This water infrastructure project has a long history of conflict attached to it, as it might impact the hydrology and ecology of the Pantanal, the world’s largest tropical freshwater wetland and UNESCO biosphere reserve, while at the same time benefitting Mato Grosso’s rapidly growing agribusiness sector by lowering the cost of soybean exports. Based on 24 semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders, it was found that supporters and opponents possess different, clashing ‘value landscapes’ (i.e. groups of related values), which may explain the protracted nature of the conflict around the construction of the waterway, while at the same time highlighting political legitimacy deficits of the project. This research was followed up by a quantitative study with members of the general public (n=1067), which sought to measure and test the assumption that we can empirically identify such clashing value landscapes, and their relationship with preferences for or against the Paraguay-Paraná Waterway. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), statistically significant links between people’s values and their preferences in water governance could indeed be found, as well as between different types of values, which formed two contrasting value landscapes. This suggests that water governance conflicts may in part be explained by the presence of different value landscapes among involved actors, which may include even the most abstract level of fundamental values. The research presented in this thesis thus contributes to interdisciplinary debates on the role of values for water governance from multiple conceptual, as well as methodological perspectives. Additionally, through its application to a concrete case study, it highlights the policy relevance of such research, as addressing conflicts in water governance and examining alternative policy options may require a more explicit consideration of the values of the actors involved.
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Leite, Julia Rodrigues. "Corredores ecológicos na reserva da biosfera do cinturão verde de São Paulo : Possibilidades e Conflitos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-12112012-133215/.
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Esta tese propõe o desenvolvimento de um sistema de corredores ecológicos para o setor Oeste da Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde (RBVC), área que foi delimitada seguindo a metodologia e os objetivos do Programa Homem e Biosfera, da UNESCO. A área estudada localiza-se na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo e possui diversos instrumentos legais, bem como algumas unidades de conservação que são de extrema importância para a manutenção dos serviços ambientais e ecológicos na região. Além disso, no entremeio dessa área, considerada como Zona Núcleo pela RBCV, existem fragmentos de vegetação típica de Mata Atlântica em diversos estágios sucessionais, sujeitos a maior fragmentação e perda de habitat, os quais ainda hoje possuem potencial para condução de fluxos ecológicos, tanto para biodiversidade como de recursos hídricos, todos fundamentais à preservação da vida silvestre. O objetivo do trabalho foi então apresentar e discutir os conflitos, as barreiras e oportunidades, avaliados por uma abordagem fundamentada em princípios de ecologia da paisagem e planejamento ecológico, de modo a manter e aumentar os fluxos ecológicos no setor estudado pelas indicações de soluções que possam minimizar os conflitos mais desafiadores. O desenho do sistema de corredores foi fundamentado em avaliações da paisagem natural, feitas por meio de matrizes e diversos mapas temáticos, que indicaram áreas com alta relevância para processos ecológicos e conectividade. A cada escala de avaliação do processo de planejamento, o desenho foi sendo aprimorado. Partiu-se de uma escala regional, até a definição do traçado do eixo principal e de cinco faixas indicativas secundárias que compõem o sistema estudado. Como resultado, foi obtido o traçado do sistema macro de corredores, estabelecendo-se áreas com maior potencial para a condução dos fluxos ecológicos e a definição dos principais conflitos e barreiras para o deslocamento de animais. Por fim, para o eixo principal e suas faixas indicativas secundárias, foi feita uma proposta de implementação dos corredores e sua integração com o tecido urbano, bem como apresentados alguns exemplos de infraestruturas, de maneira a implementar o desempenho dos importantes elos de conectividade que existem na área, podendo, assim, garantir uma maior eficiência da Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde de São Paulo.<br>Here is presented a proposal for the development of ecological corridors in the western sector of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region Green Belt Biosphere Reserve (RBCV). This area was delimitated under the methodology and goals of the UNESCO\'s Man and Biosphere Program. This area of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo already have a number of legal instruments and some conservation areas that are of extreme importance for the maintenance of ecological services for the Region. Between them there are fragments of Atlantic Forest in various succession stages, but under stress of further fragmentation and loss of habitats. They are until now providing ecological flows, both for biodiversity and water resources, all fundamental to the wildlife preservation and quality of the human life. This thesis aims to present the ecological corridors system obtained, that leads to discuss the conflicts, barriers and opportunities that could be taken in order to keep and enhance the flows of the ecological system in this track of the RBCV, through a landscape ecology and planning approach, with the indication of the landscape designs that could deal with the most challenging of these conflicts.The system design was based on ecological assessments of the existing landscapes, indicating areas with the more high relevance for ecological processes and connectivity. Assessments were made through the use of matrix and thematic mapping overlays. In this process, we went from the scale of regional planning to a Master Plan of a local development, which originates from the main corridor swath. We got the general layout of corridors that came out from this design process. It indicated areas with the greatest potential for conducting ecological flows, defining the main conflicts and barriers to the movements of animals and finally, allowed the delineation of the possibilities for the corridors implementation and its integration with the urban fabric and the infrastructure network that cross the whole area. The ecological and land-use and landscape information gathered could be preliminarily processed to indicate the most significant natural elements that remains, and the new elements that should be added through landscape planning and design, that could be integrated in order to resolve the barriers and conflicts, that are restraining the performance of the crucial links that can give to the RBCV its needed full implementation.
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Tchuwa, Isaac. "Hydro-social permutations of water commodification in Blantyre City, Malawi." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/hydrosocial-permutations-of-water-commodification-in-blantyre-city-malawi(fe5a5bc5-666f-477c-89da-cf25711e76fd).html.
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Despite years of investment in urban water infrastructure, and the state-a supposedly benign public entity-being the major actor in governing water, many poor residents in global south cities such as Blantyre experience unprecedented water-related problems. The neoliberal narrative unequivocally advocates privatising water; it frames the water problem as symptomatic of the unravelling of non-economic means of distributing this basic necessity of life while revering the free market as a panacea to this long-standing challenge. This thesis draws from the production/urbanisation of nature/space literature to contribute towards framing an alternative and more just political ecological water narrative. Through a radical critique of capitalist urbanisation, it argues that the contemporary urban water condition is the outcome and symptomatic of the unjust historical geographical legacies of modernist/capitalist means of producing water. It problematises the neo-liberal "tragedy of the commons" discourse that attributes these problems to the non-commodity nature of water. Through a case study of Blantyre City, the thesis frames this critique through two claims (1) that there is no such a thing as non-commodified produced water in contemporary Blantyre; (2) that the commodification of water is nothing new, it is a histo-geographical process deeply rooted in logics and contradictions of capitalist production of nature and space. It traces a critical moment in the capitalist remaking of hydro-social relations to colonial modernisation. British colonisation (late 1850s-early 1960s) inserted money and modern techniques at the heart of human-water interactions thereby significantly transforming traditional modes of accessing water. During this period, water began to change from being a common good to an economic resource that could privately be enclosed and harnessed as a means to economic/private ends through modern techniques. Institutions created to mediate this emergent modernist water architecture were dominated by vested private settler interests, depended heavily on external financing and revenue generated from exchanging water through money. British colonisations then sow first seeds in inserting monetary exchange, class and social power as mediators of the human-water interchange thereby entrenching social inequalities in Blantyre's waterscape. The post-colonial political transition in 1964 did little to radically reconfigure these colonial logics and their contradictions; in fact, albeit in qualitatively different ways, these dynamics intensified. The thesis establishes that these historical geographical dynamics continue to reproduce conditions through which underprivileged residents are alienated from water, and this basic need is commodified in contemporary Blantyre. In locating alienation and commodification within the wider historical geographical context of capitalist urbanisation, this thesis aims to critically engage with debates on neo-liberalisation of water. It takes issue with a particular ahistorical manner commodification of water is read and the failure of these debates to engage critically with the historical/colonial genesis of the present urban water condition in global south cities. The thesis hopes to contribute to academic and practical projects concerned with generating alternative understandings and finding just solutions to persistent water problems in the global south.
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Sugano, Laura Sugano. "Comparing bioretention cell and green roof performance in Parma, OH." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1524338535227738.
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Strauss, Donald Parker. "Ridazz, Wrenches, and Wonks: A Revolution on Two Wheels Rolls Into Los Angeles." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1426626665.
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Bass, Jessica. "The Potential and Limits of Extended Producer Responsibility: A Comparative Analysis Study." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1693.
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This thesis draws on the concept of product stewardship and its focus on incorporating all of the actors in a product’s lifecycle into steps to take responsibility for waste management. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) recognizes the producer’s distinct potential to consider and drive change in waste management. Producers often serve like mediators between the design and use phases of a product’s lifecycle. Through EPR policies, the producer takes on the costs of ensuring safe end-of-life waste disposal. In this way, EPR can be expected to help relieve the public of some of the costs of waste disposal, and to support consideration of social and environmental impacts that a product may incur.
This thesis examines EPR policy adoption and effectiveness in order to understand its ability to meet its theoretical expectations. Exploring the consideration and implementation of EPR policy measures, and particularly a case study of these policies in California, this thesis identifies several emerging challenges and trends that define openness to, and the success of, EPR. EPR policy proposals often encounter resistance that limits their strength and reach. In order to realize the full potential benefits of EPR, regulatory bodies will need to wholeheartedly support competition and enforcement to preserve the incentives within these policies. This thesis suggests that EPR still holds strong potential to bring together the social, environmental, and economic costs of waste management, both in theory and in practice, and offers broad recommendations for efforts to support this alignment.
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Feldes, Klara Katharina. "Media Discourses on the Interlinking of Rivers in India." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/20334.
Full textAbstract:
Im Jahre 1954 verkündete Indiens erster Premierminister Jawaharlal Nehru, dass Staudämme die “Tempel des modernen Indiens” seien. Ausgehend von der These, dass dieser Aussage eine „developmental imagination“ zugrunde liegt, die bis heute ein auffälliges Merkmal vieler Diskurse zu Großprojekten in Indien ist, und dass die Medien eine wichtige Rolle darin spielen, diese Diskurse zu zeichnen, betrachtet die Dissertation die Frage, wie große Wasserinfrastrukturprojekte in der indischen Medienlandschaft dargestellt werden. Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wird in der Dissertation eine Medienanalyse durchgeführt, bei welcher die Berichterstattung zum Indischen River Linking Projekt (NRLP) und zu zwei Vorhaben, die im Rahmen des NRLP stattfinden (Ken-Betwa und Polavaram), im Fokus stehen.
Das 168-Milliarden Dollar teure NRLP Projekt ist das weltweit größte sich im Bau befindliche Wasserprojekt und sieht den Bau vieler Staudämme und Verbindungskanäle vor. Kontrovers debattiert wird das NRLP insbesondere in Bezug auf die hohen ökologischen und sozialen Kosten:
Nach einer historischen Einbettung des Themas wird die Medienanalyse anhand einer Auswahl an Zeitungs- und Zeitschriftenartikeln aus dem Zeitraum 2000 bis 2016 durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus beinhaltet die Arbeit ein Kapitel, welches sich auf Feldforschung im Polavaram Staudammgebiet bezieht, um Perspektiven, die ansonsten in Mediendiskursen häufig marginalisiert werden, aufzuzeigen; die der von Umsiedelung betroffenen Communities. Die Dissertation zeigt das Kontinuum der „developmental imaginations“ in Indiens Diskursen zu großen Infrastrukturprojekten auf, weist auf die Machthierarchien hin, die ausschlaggebend dafür sind, wem die Möglichkeit zukommt sich überhaupt an Diskursen zu beteiligen, und hebt politische Narrative hervor, die in dem Kontext eine starke Verbindung zu „Nationbuilding“ oder „Statebuilding“ Diskursen aufweisen.<br>In 1954 India’s first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed dams to be the “temples of modern India”. Based on the theses that this “developmental imagination” so visible in Nehru’s statement continues to be a prominent feature in discourses on large scale infrastructure projects in India until today, and that the media plays an important role in shaping these public discourses, the dissertation considers the question of how large scale water infrastructure schemes are covered within the Indian media landscape. To answer that question, a media analysis is conducted which focuses on the reporting on the Indian National River Linking Project (NRLP) and on two schemes being implemented under the NRLP: The Ken-Betwa and the Polavaram Dam Projects.
The 168-billion-dollar NRLP project is the world’s largest water project in the making and includes the construction of several dams. It is designed to connect the majority of Indian rivers to a gigantic water grid. It is controversially debated, especially with regard of ecological and social costs.
After a historical embedding of the topic, the media analysis is conducted through a choice of magazines and newspapers in a time period from 2000 until 2016. Furthermore, the dissertation incorporates a chapter based on field work in the Polavaram Dam area in order to shed light on perspectives often marginalised in the media discourses: those of the affected communities. The dissertation reveals the continuum of developmental imaginations in the discourses on India’s large scale infrastructure projects until today, points out how power hierarchies are at work with regard to who is able to participate in the discourses and who is not, and highlights narratives closely linked to ideas of nation- or statebuilding that are used by politicians within the media discourses.
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Banzo, Mayté. "L'espace ouvert pour une nouvelle urbanité." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00618968.
Full textAbstract:
L'" espace ouvert " est un terme utilisé dans le domaine de l'aménagement pour qualifier l'ensemble des espaces " non bâtis " offrant des paysages à caractère rural et naturel dans les vastes aires urbanisées de la ville contemporaine. L'usage de ce terme, pourtant délaissé en Amérique du nord, tend à s'affirmer en Europe. Cette affirmation relève à la fois de la difficulté à identifier la grande diversité des espaces non bâtis, mais également de l'inadaptation des termes fréquemment utilisés pour les caractériser. En effet, les concepts de paysage, campagne, nature continuent d'affirmer l'existence d'espaces ou de mondes du savoir distincts de ceux de l'urbain. La multiplication des oxymores (ville-nature, ville-campagne, ville-paysage) traduit la réticence à accepter la réalité d'une urbanisation généralisée dans le rapport que les sociétés entretiennent avec tous les espaces, quelle que soit leur forme. Le présent volume interroge les raisons qui imposent de trouver un terme alternatif pour qualifier ces espaces et le processus qui participe à l'émergence de ce terme. Nous considérons que trois domaines nourrissent ce processus : la ville et la pensée urbanistique, la relation société/ville-nature, l'action publique territorialisée. L'espace ouvert existe par et pour la ville/urbain. Il naît des formes qu'induisent les relations ville-campagne et du regard que porte la ville, et ceux qui la font, sur les espaces non bâtis (partie 1). L'évolution du rapport de la société à la nature dans un monde qui trouve ses limites impose de repenser la relation de la nature et de la ville qui, longtemps opposées, doivent désormais s'associer. La planification stratégique spatialisée participe à cette nouvelle relation et à la mise en visibilité de l'espace ouvert (partie 2). Cette visibilité se concrétise dans l'action publique territorialisée qui révèle l'espace ouvert comme bien commun et participe à sa territorialisation par le biais de projets territoriaux suscitant un renouvellement des pratiques de l'aménagement urbain (partie 3). Face à la grande diversité des situations et des processus liés aux espaces non bâtis proches, voire éloignés de la ville, l'espace ouvert est un mot-valise utile car assez flou pour intégrer cette diversité sans chercher à la qualifier de prime abord. Il constitue ainsi un outil très utile pour comprendre la manière qu'ont les acteurs territorialisés de concevoir et de s'approprier ces espaces. Il permet d'observer les dynamiques à l'œuvre dans les périphéries urbaines et les formes d'urbanité émergente dans lesquelles semble s'affirmer la place des espaces non bâtis et les pratiques de " nature ". C'est l'hypothèse que défend ce travail.