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Journal articles on the topic 'Infrasound, acoustics, density current'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Millet, Christophe, Francois Lott, and Alvaro de la Camara. "How does knowledge of acoustics guide the parameterizations of gravity waves?" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010974.

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Describing the statistics of gravity wave (GW) fields represents a major motivation for both current research on atmospheric GWs and long-range infrasound propagation. In practice, the probability density functions (PDF) of the momentum fluxes are estimated combining observations, numerical modelling, and theory. Numerical models (such as WRF) show that the PDFs vary in a robust way relative to the background local wind speed. For non-orographic GWs, these PDFs are approximated as lognormal distributions, with characteristics found to depend on the background wind speed. Studies show that some trends are not observed using a state-of-the-art stochastic parameterization of GWs, unless the phase velocities of GW sources (essentially tropospheric) are dramatically changed. As the vertical wavelength and the phase velocity are related to each other, such changes also affect the interaction between infrasound and lower-stratospheric GWs. Consequently, significant efforts have been made to use ground-based acoustic sensors for characterizing the GW sources, including the use of neural networks. This approach provides a promising way to describe the statistics of GW sources from ground-truth infrasound events and an additional constraint to tune stochastic parameterizations of GWs.

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2

Dannemann Dugick, Fransiska, Nora Wynn, Elijah Bird, Daniel Bowman, Melissa Wright, Douglas Seastrand, and Jonathan Lees. "The Las Vegas infrasound array: Long term deployments for the characterization of urban environments." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015901.

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The Las Vegas Infrasound Array (LVIA) is a network of eleven infrasound sensors deployed from November 2019 through September 2022. While ambient infrasound noise in high and low-noise rural environments has been well characterized, little attention has focused on similar characterization in urban areas with presumed higher background noise levels. The LVIA long-term deployment provides an unprecedented opportunity to study urban infrasound and low frequency audio (20–500 Hz). In addition, large scale shutdowns due to the COVID-19 pandemic provide the ability to discriminate between background noise sources as closures reduced human-generated noise while natural signals remained stable. Within this presentation we will provide an overview of the LVIA installation, focusing on data quality. In addition, we will discuss comprehensive background noise models in urban regions, focusing on presenting probability density functions (PDFs) and median, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile amplitude values to evaluate variations in frequency and amplitude. We will summarize observed trends in background noise over time, highlighting sharp declines in acoustic power following COVID-19 shutdowns. Both sets of analyses will be combined to evaluate periodicities in urban acoustics throughout the city of Las Vegas. [ SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525.]

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3

Donskoy, Dimitri M., and Benjamin A. Cray. "Eddy-current non-inertial displacement sensing for underwater infrasound measurements." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 6 (June 2011): EL254—EL259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3577576.

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4

Van Zon, Arnout Tim, and Laeslo G. Evers. "A high‐density infrasound array of particle velocity sensors in the Netherlands." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933178.

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5

Smith, Chad M., Thomas B. Gabrielson, and B. J. Merchant. "Coherent infrasound generation using an air-propane burner." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015989.

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An invaluable tool in characterization of any receiver, propagation path, or detection system, is a source with known and repeatable signal characteristics. This talk will discuss development and evaluation of a coherent (non-explosive, periodic, with controlled duration) infrasound source with frequency capabilities in the sub-hertz to several hertz band. Design of a practical sound source within this band is a difficult engineering challenge. The simple source equation, which will govern any portable human-fabricated infrasound source due to the long wavelengths, shows this fundamental difficulty. As frequency decreases volume displacement must increase by the squared inverse factor of frequency in order to maintain an equal pressure amplitude at equal range. For this reason, the authors investigate utilizing the high energy density available in gas combustion to periodically displace large volumes of air within the open atmosphere. Prototype testing has verified the capability of generating continuous signals at a fundamental frequency of 0.25–1.5 Hz in the farfield—or ranges from the source where pressure and particle velocity are roughly in-phase. Harmonics of this fundamental are also generated throughout the 0.25–4.0 Hz band with reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. Development of the infrasound source prototype as well as experimental testing and results will be discussed.

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6

Green, David N., and Alexandra Nippress. "Investigating infrasonic signal amplitudes at the lateral edges of propagation ducts." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015895.

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Azimuthal variation in expected infrasonic signal strength is often modelled using Nx2D finite-frequency acoustic propagation models. Such simulations frequently exhibit rapid changes in transmission loss (>30 dB across 5°) at the lateral edges of stratospheric propagation ducts, due to the sensitivity of acoustic ducting to the along-path windspeed. The inclusion of microbarometers in the USArray Transportable Array, with an inter-station separation of ∼70 km, has provided improved resolution across the lateral extent of tropospheric and stratospheric ducts within which infrasound is propagated over local and near-regional distances (10s to 100s km). We analyse signals from two explosions that generated infrasound across a broad swath of USArray microbarometers. Signals from the October 2012 Camp Minden Ammunition Plant explosion, Louisiana, show smoothly varying amplitudes across the stratospheric duct edge while those from the October 2011 Atchison Grain Elevator explosion, Kansas, exhibit less azimuthal variation. These signals provide a basis for comparison with current numerical modelling methods. Understanding infrasonic amplitudes at the lateral duct edge is important for both accurate signal interpretation from events of interest and for detection capability assessments of infrasound sensor networks. UK Ministry of Defence © Crown Owned Copyright 2022/AWE

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7

Nippress, Alexandra, and David N. Green. "Updates to global empirical models for infrasonic signal celerity and backazimuth from ground truth data." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015988.

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Global empirical models for infrasonic signal celerity (the epicentral distance divided by the total travel time) and backazimuth deviation (the difference between the measured and predicted backazimuth assuming great circle propagation), are used for the association of infrasound automatic detections, event location and acoustic propagation simulation validation. Following a previous methodology to develop a regional celerity-range model (Nippress et al., 2014), we developed a software suite for consistent analysis of a global ground truth database, allowing estimation of empirical models for celerity and backazimuth. We observe 304 detections in the 0.32–1.28 Hz passband, with propagation path lengths of between 25 and 6280 km. Models derived from these observations suggest the backazimuth deviation distribution is range-independent, 92% of the detections studied have a deviation ≤ ±5º. However, the celerity model, produced through fitting the travel-times with a linear regression model, is range-dependent. The celerity model bounds are determined using a quantile regression fit to the travel-time residuals, and are consistent with the current understanding of infrasound propagation. At 10 + years since the publication of the last global celerity-range model, this study provides a timely update.UK Ministry of Defence © Crown Owned Copyright 2022/AWE

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8

Costantino, L., and P. Heinrich. "Tropical deep convection and density current signature in surface pressure: comparison between WRF model simulations and infrasound measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 6 (June 14, 2013): 15993–6046. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-15993-2013.

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Abstract. Deep convection is a major atmospheric transport process in the tropics, affecting the global weather and the climate system. In the framework of the ARISE (Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe) project, we combine model simulations of tropical deep convection with in-situ ground measurements, from a IMS (International Monitoring System) infrasound station in Ivory Coast, to analyse the effects of density current propagation. The WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model is firstly run in a simplified (referred to as "idealized case") and highly resolved configuration, to explicitly account for convective dynamics. Then, a coarser threedimensional simulation (referred to as "real") is nudged towards meteorological re-analysis data, to compare the real case with the idealized model and in-situ observations. In the 2-D run, the evolution of a deep convective cloud generates a density current, that moves outward up to 30 km away from storm center. The increase in surface density (up to 18 g m−3 larger than surrounding air) is mostly due to the sudden temperature decrease (down to −2 °C, with respect to domain averaged value), from diabatic cooling by rain evaporation near ground level. It is accompanied by a dramatic decrease in relative humidity (down to −50%), buoyancy (down to −0.08 m s−2), equivalent potential temperature (25 °C lower than the PBL) and the rapid enhancement of horizontal wind speed (up to 15 m s−2). If temperature and density changes are strong enough, surface pressure gets largely affected and high frequency disturbances (up to several tens of Pa) can be detected, at the leading edges of density current. The moister and warmer air of subcloud layer is lifted up and replaced by a more stable flow. The resulting thermodynamical instabilities are shown to play a key role in triggering new convection. If the initial environment is sufficiently unstable, they can give rise to continuous updrafts that may lead to the transition from single-cell to multi-cell cloud systems, even without the presence of an initial wind shear. The overall consistence and similarity between idealized and real simulation, and the good agreement of real case with in-situ retrievals of temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, seem to confirm the ability of 2-D and 3-D model to well reproduce convective dynamics. Surface pressure disturbances, simulated in both idealized and real cases as a consequence of cold pool propagation, are very similar to those recorded in Ivory Coast. Present results stress the direct link between mesoscale convective system activity and high-frequency surface pressure variations, suggesting the possibility of developing a new method for real-time rainstorm tracking, based on the ground-based infrasound monitoring of pressure field.

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9

Costantino, L., and P. Heinrich. "Tropical deep convection and density current signature in surface pressure: comparison between WRF model simulations and infrasound measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 6 (March 28, 2014): 3113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3113-2014.

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Abstract. Deep convection is a major atmospheric transport process in the tropics, affecting the global weather and the climate system. In the framework of the ARISE (Atmospheric dynamics Research InfraStructure in Europe) project, we combine model simulations of tropical deep convection with in situ ground measurements from an IMS (International Monitoring System) infrasound station in the Ivory Coast to analyze the effects of density current propagation. The WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model is firstly run in a simplified (referred to as "idealized case") and highly resolved configuration to explicitly account for convective dynamics. Then, a coarser three-dimensional simulation (referred to as "real") is nudged towards meteorological reanalysis data in order to compare the real case with the idealized model and in situ observations. In the 2-D run, the evolution of a deep convective cloud generates a density current that moves outward up to 30 km away from storm center. The increase in surface density (up to 18 g m−3 larger than surrounding air) is mostly due to the sudden temperature decrease (down to −2 °C, with respect to the domain-averaged value) from diabatic cooling by rain evaporation near ground level. It is accompanied by a dramatic decrease in relative humidity (down to −50%), buoyancy (down to −0.08 m s−2), equivalent potential temperature (25 °C lower than the planetary boundary layer (PBL)) and the rapid enhancement of horizontal wind speed (up to 15 m s−2). If temperature and density changes are strong enough, surface pressure becomes largely affected and high-frequency disturbances (up to several tens of Pa) can be detected at the leading edges of density current. The moister and warmer air of subcloud layer is lifted up and replaced by a more stable flow. The resulting thermodynamical instabilities are shown to play a key role in triggering new convection. If the initial environment is sufficiently unstable, they can give rise to continuous updrafts that may lead to the transition from single-cell to multicell cloud systems, even without the presence of an initial wind shear. The overall consistence and similarity between idealized and real simulation, and the good agreement of the real case with in situ retrievals of temperature, pressure, wind speed and direction, seem to confirm the ability of 2-D and 3-D models to well reproduce convective dynamics. Surface pressure disturbances, simulated in both the idealized and real cases as a consequence of cold pool propagation, are very similar to those recorded in the Ivory Coast. Present results stress the direct link between mesoscale convective system activity and high-frequency surface pressure variations, suggesting the possibility of developing a new method for real-time rainstorm tracking based on the ground-based infrasound monitoring of pressure field.

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10

Poole, Michael, Pierre Weiss, Hector Sanchez Lopez, Michael Ng, and Stuart Crozier. "Minimax current density coil design." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43, no. 9 (February 15, 2010): 095001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/9/095001.

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11

Bestard, Damien, Thomas Farges, and Francois Coulouvrat. "Localization and quantification of the acoustical power of lightning flashes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (October 2022): A163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015893.

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Lightning is an ubiquitous source of infrasound, and an essential climate variable. To observe lightning flashes, thunder measurement efficiently complements electromagnetic methods. Using acoustical arrays, time delays between sensors inform on the direction of sound arrival, while the difference between emission time and sound arrival provides the source distance. Combining two allows a geometrical reconstruction of lightning flashes viewed as sets of sound sources. The measured sound amplitude can also be back-propagated, compensating for absorption and density stratification. This allows us to evaluate the acoustical power of each detected source and the total power of an individual flash. This methodology has been carried out to analyse data from two campaigns in Southern continental France in 2012 and in Corsica in 2018. In Corsica, power from reconstructed sources could also be forward-propagated towards several isolated microphones and compared to measurement there, providing an additional validation of the method. A large number of events from the two campaigns has been analysed, including negative and positive cloud to ground discharges and intra-cloud ones. The analysis outlines the method efficiency, and the strong variability of lightning as sound sources, in terms of both power spatial distribution and global values.

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12

Olafsson, Ragnar, Russell S. Witte, C. Jia, Sheng-Wen Huang, K. Kim, and Matthew O'donnell. "Cardiac activation mapping using ultrasound current source density imaging (UCSDI)." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 56, no. 3 (March 2009): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2009.1073.

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13

Karim, S., K. Maaz, G. Ali, and W. Ensinger. "Diameter dependent failure current density of gold nanowires." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 42, no. 18 (August 24, 2009): 185403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/42/18/185403.

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14

Wang, Zhaohui, and Russell S. Witte. "Simulation-based validation for four- dimensional multi-channel ultrasound current source density imaging." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 61, no. 3 (March 2014): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2014.2927.

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15

Belevtsev, A. A., K. N. Firsov, S. Yu Kazantsev, I. G. Kononov, and S. V. Podlesnykh. "On the current density limiting effect in SF6-based mixtures." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 50 (December 2, 2011): 505202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/50/505202.

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16

Lo, D., and Jing-Gang Xie. "High pressure scaling of a high current density XeCl laser." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 24, no. 6 (June 14, 1991): 1023–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/24/6/032.

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17

Anders, S., A. Anders, and B. Juttner. "Brightness distribution and current density of vacuum arc cathode spots." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 25, no. 11 (November 14, 1992): 1591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/25/11/005.

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18

Xu, X. J., J. Fang, X. W. Cao, and K. Li. "A scaling formula of critical current density for anisotropic superconductors." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 29, no. 9 (September 14, 1996): 2473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/29/9/036.

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19

Gravier, L., A. Fukushima, H. Kubota, A. Yamamoto, and S. Yuasa. "Peltier effect in multilayered nanopillars under high density charge current." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 39, no. 24 (December 1, 2006): 5267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/39/24/024.

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20

Roy, Amitava, R. Menon, K. V. Nagesh, and D. P. Chakravarthy. "High-current density electron beam generation from a polymer velvet cathode." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 43, no. 36 (August 25, 2010): 365202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/43/36/365202.

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21

Nemchinsky, Valerian. "What determines current density at the cathode of a thermionic arc?" Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 46, no. 25 (June 5, 2013): 255202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/46/25/255202.

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22

Vetushka, Alena, and James W. Bradley. "The current-density distribution in a pulsed dc magnetron deposition discharge." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 40, no. 7 (March 16, 2007): 2037–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/40/7/028.

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23

Bychkov, Yu, S. Gortchakov, B. Lacour, S. Pasquiers, V. Puech, and A. Yastremski. "Two-step ionization in non-equilibrium SF6discharges at high current density." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36, no. 4 (January 29, 2003): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/36/4/309.

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24

GRIGORIEVA, NATALIE S. "THE EFFECT OF OCEAN CURRENT ON SOUND PROPAGATION." Journal of Computational Acoustics 02, no. 04 (December 1994): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x94000257.

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The effect of medium motion on sound propagation in the ocean is investigated. In a moving fluid, the sound propagation is described by a system of seven linear partial differential equations for seven unknown elements of a sound wave. These are the sound pressure, the particle oscillation velocity in a sound wave as well as the changes of medium density, its entropy, and concentration of the salt caused by passage of a sound wave. In the case of stratified moving medium, the point source field is represented in the form of a sum of quasinormal waves. If the ocean perturbed by a current is weakly inhomogeneous along the horizontal direction, the modification of the well-known method of horizontal rays/vertical modes is used. The "effective" sound speed for the model of stratified ocean is introduced. It allows the qualitative estimation of the medium motion effect on sound propagation taking into account the deformation of the initial sound speed profile. A sequence of direct numerical simulations of sound propagation problems has been carried out for the Gulf Stream models. It is shown that a large-scale current may alter the nature of guided wave sound propagation. For example, a current may lead to noticeable strengthening of a near surface waveguide. It results in smoothed field pattern and significant illumination of the shadow zones. Taking account of the medium inhomogeneity along the horizontal direction leads to the shift of the shadow zones and the illuminated domains relative to the source. If a sound path crosses the Gulf Stream ring, the medium motion effect on sound propagation may be ignored.

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25

Giacometti, J. A. "Radial current-density distributions and sample charge uniformity in a corona triode." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 20, no. 6 (June 14, 1987): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/20/6/001.

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26

Pan, D. A., S. G. Zhang, Alex A. Volinsky, and L. J. Qiao. "Electro-deposition current density effect on Ni/PZT layered magnetoelectric composites performance." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, no. 19 (September 11, 2008): 195004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/19/195004.

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27

Harris, David M., and David C. Lambert. "Comparison of current source density analysis with multi‐unit mapping in the inferior colliculus of the gerbil." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, S1 (May 1986): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2023411.

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28

Thomson, Nicholas, and Joana Rocha. "Semi-empirical wall pressure spectral modeling for zero and favorable pressure gradient flows." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 1 (July 2022): 80–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0012188.

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Semi-empirical models are used to predict the power spectral density of wall pressure fluctuations in the turbulent boundary layer. Current advancements in power spectral density wall pressure fluctuation prediction have focused on expanding the range of experiments that can be predicted to include adverse pressure gradient flows; however, favorable pressure gradient flows have not received much attention. An experiment was performed to capture the effects of the favorable pressure gradient on the power spectral density. A model was then created to improve upon some of the limitations of existing models. The proposed model improves upon the prediction of the high-frequency roll-off location, incorporates improvements made by past models, and captures the effects of favorable pressure gradients.

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29

Nemchinsky, Valerian. "Current density at the refractory cathode of a high-current high-pressure arc (two modes of cathode spot attachment)." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 36, no. 23 (November 20, 2003): 3007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/36/23/022.

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30

Rogov, Aleksey B., Aleksey Yerokhin, and Allan Matthews. "The role of cathodic current in plasma electrolytic oxidation of aluminium: current density ‘scanning waves’ on complex-shape substrates." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 40 (August 31, 2018): 405303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aad979.

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31

Djakov, B. E. "Runaway electrons and current density in the cathode region of a vacuum arc." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 22, no. 2 (February 14, 1989): 368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/22/2/023.

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32

Meng, Xiangbo, Jingxu (Jesse) Zhu, and Hui Zhang. "The characteristics of current density distribution during corona charging processes of different particulates." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 41, no. 17 (August 14, 2008): 172007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/41/17/172007.

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33

Donko, Z., K. Rozsa, and M. Janossy. "Voltage-current density characteristics of noble gas mixture discharges in the cathode region." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 24, no. 8 (August 14, 1991): 1322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/24/8/014.

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34

Inada, Yuki, Tomoki Kamiya, Shigeyasu Matsuoka, Akiko Kumada, Hisatoshi Ikeda, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Two-dimensional electron density characterisation of arc interruption phenomenon in current-zero phase." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 1 (December 11, 2017): 015205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa9a71.

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35

Elíasson, Ottó, Gabriel Vasile, and Snorri Ingvarsson. "Grain growth in Pt microheaters subjected to high current density under constant power." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 51, no. 26 (June 8, 2018): 265303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aac7d9.

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36

Inada, Yuki, Shigeyasu Matsuoka, Akiko Kumada, Hisatoshi Ikeda, and Kunihiko Hidaka. "Multi-time electron density imaging over arc discharges around the current zero point." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 47, no. 17 (April 10, 2014): 175201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/47/17/175201.

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37

Lambert, David C., and David M. Harris. "A computational model for the calculation of field potentials resulting from given conductivity and current source density matrices." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, S1 (May 1986): S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2023412.

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38

Singh, R. "Magnetisation and critical current density in Y-Ba-Cu-O in low magnetic fields." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 22, no. 10 (October 14, 1989): 1523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/22/10/018.

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39

Puchkarev, V. F., and A. M. Murzakayev. "Current density and the cathode spot lifetime in a vacuum arc at threshold currents." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 23, no. 1 (January 14, 1990): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/23/1/005.

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40

Gurbuz, Caglar, and Steffen Marburg. "Non-negative surface contributions for cavities based on sound energy density." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010914.

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Surface and panel contribution analysis provides a useful methodology to identify sources of radiated sound in cavities. In commercial software, contribution analyses are performed by considering the sound pressure at an internal point. For visualization, a bar chart is usually supplied for the vibrating surfaces. The current solution has two major drawbacks: At first, the traditional technique provides only results for surfaces which are in motion. At second, the sound pressure depends on the location of the field point, which can lead to a deteriorated performance in regions with low pressure values. It is our aim to present non-negative surface contributions for sound energy density in a cavity. Energy-based contributions provide further insight into the characteristics of cavities, as they provide a holistic evaluation of sound pressure and particle velocity. For this, the boundary element method is applied to solve the Helmholtz equation for interior problems. In close analogy to the non-negative intensity, the energy-based contributions are determined from a quadratic form in order to bypass cancellation effects. Results show that regions with high contributions to the energy density are effectively recovered. Some of these surfaces appear almost inactive if the contributions are analyzed only with respect to sound pressure. As such, the evidence from this study suggests that energy-based surface contributions provide an effective quantity to identify sound sources, particularly for regions with low pressure values.

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41

Renzhiglova, Elena, Vitaliy Ivantsiv, and Yuan Xu. "Difference frequency magneto-acousto-electrical tomography (DF-MAET): application of ultrasound-induced radiation force to imaging electrical current density." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control 57, no. 11 (November 2010): 2391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2010.1707.

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42

Lo, D., and Jing-Gang Xie. "Output characteristics and electron-HCl kinetics of a XeCl laser at very high current density." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 23, no. 6 (June 14, 1990): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/23/6/002.

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43

Nemchinsky, V. "A method to decrease the normal current density at the cathode of a glow discharge." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 26, no. 4 (April 14, 1993): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/26/4/017.

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44

Ohya, Yoshinobu, Kenji Ishikawa, Tatsuya Komuro, Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi, Keigo Takeda, Hiroki Kondo, Makoto Sekine, and Masaru Hori. "Spatial profiles of interelectrode electron density in direct current superposed dual-frequency capacitively coupled plasmas." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 50, no. 15 (March 10, 2017): 155201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa60f7.

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45

Andola, Sanjay Chandra, Ashutosh Chandrajeet Jaiswar, Trilok Chand Kaushik, and Keshaw Datt Joshi. "Study of microsecond X-pinches of refractory and non-refractory metals." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 22 (March 3, 2022): 225202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac569c.

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Abstract In this report, we present a comparative study on the properties of x-rays from X-pinches made of two groups of metallic wires. The results were obtained on a small current driver having dI/dt of 0.04–0.11 kA ns−1. The X-pinches made of refractory (Mo and W) and non-refractory (Al and Cu) wires were studied for the current required to pinch and their x-ray parameters such as x-ray yield, timing, jitter, number of bursts, and source size. It has been observed that despite lower linear mass density, the Cu group requires a higher current for plasma to pinch than the W group X-pinches. For a given configuration, a faster current compresses the plasma at a higher current which leads to comparatively higher x-ray yield. Substantial enhancement in the quality of x-rays has also been observed in wires with few micron thick dielectric coating. The results of this work can be useful in the development of a small capacitive X-pinch system suitable for studies related to high energy density physics.

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Huang, Xiaolong, Tao Sun, Yuezheng Wu, Shangyu Yang, Lihua Zhao, Wenjun Ning, and Lijun Wang. "Study of vacuum arc plasma transport characteristics during the DC interrupting process." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 16 (January 21, 2022): 165501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac49b7.

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Abstract The mechanical DC vacuum circuit breaker based on forced-over-zero technology will inevitably generate vacuum arc during the actual interrupting process. Since the current drop frequency is usually very high, the vacuum arc usually exhibits obvious transient characteristics, and the excessive transient characteristics may even become a key factor limiting the interruption capacity. In order to improve the mechanical DC vacuum circuit breaker arc interrupting capability, this paper establishes a vacuum arc transient magneto-hydrodynamic simulation model in the DC interrupting process and studies the plasma transport characteristics of the vacuum arc under different DC interrupting conditions. The results show that the ion pressure, ion density and ion temperature decrease with decreasing arc current, while the ion velocity gradually increases during the DC interrupting process. The increase in breaking current and current drop frequency will increase the ion density in the arc column at the moment of current crossing zero, resulting in more difficult vacuum arc interrupting. The results of the study can provide an important theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the vacuum arc transient process in the DC interrupting process and improve the DC vacuum circuit breaker arc interruption capability.

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Eliseev, S., A. Samokhvalov, Y. P. Zhao, and V. Burtsev. "On the mechanisms of the influence of preliminary ionization on the plasma dynamics of nanosecond capillary discharges and the properties of discharge-based EUV lasers." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 55, no. 7 (November 10, 2021): 075202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/ac30b7.

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Abstract In this paper, we present the results of numerical investigations into the influence of preionization on the properties of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lasers based on nanosecond capillary discharges. Prior to application of the main current pulse, gas inside the capillary is usually preionized by a separate current pulse with longer duration and lower amplitude, which creates plasma with minimal density on the capillary axis and maximal at the capillary wall. Magnetohydrodynamic simulations were performed for a range of prepulse parameters that defined different degrees of inhomogeneity of this initial profile. It was found that the plasma density distribution at the start of the main current pulse affects the cylindrical shock wave that takes place during the compression stage of a capillary discharge: A lower degree of radial inhomogeneity results in a steeper front of the shock wave. It is further shown that a steeper wave front results in a more concave electron density profile moments before the shock wave collapses on the capillary axis, when the EUV laser pulse presumably takes place, which may lead to a decrease in the rate of refraction losses. The proposed interpretation of the obtained numerical results correlates well with the available experimental data on the dependence of EUV laser pulse intensity and duration on the preliminary pulse amplitude.

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Strobel, G. L. "An azimuthal magnetic field model for a diode gap with a high density uniform injected current." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 21, no. 4 (April 14, 1988): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/21/4/004.

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Anjaneyulu, P., C. S. Suchand Sangeeth, and Reghu Menon. "Carrier density-dependent transport in poly(3-methylthiophene): from injection-limited to space-charge-limited current." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 31 (July 14, 2011): 315101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/31/315101.

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Wang, Xiaodong, Weida Hu, Xiaoshuang Chen, Jintong Xu, Ling Wang, Xiangyang Li, and Wei Lu. "Dependence of dark current and photoresponse characteristics on polarization charge density for GaN-based avalanche photodiodes." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 44, no. 40 (September 14, 2011): 405102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/44/40/405102.

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