Academic literature on the topic 'Infrared spectroscopic studies'

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Journal articles on the topic "Infrared spectroscopic studies"

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Ganorkar, Shraddha, and K. R. Priolkar. "Infrared spectroscopic studies of." Solid State Communications 150, no. 41-42 (November 2010): 1963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2010.08.031.

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Lewis, Lori, Peter Troost, Donald Lavery, and Koichi Nishikida. "Pharmaceutical Polymorphism Studies by Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600026866.

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Many drugs are known to crystallize in different polymorphic forms or as solvates. Solubility, melting point, density, hardness, optical properties, vapor pressure, and a host of other physical properties may all vary with polymorphic form. Not only do the various crystal structures of a given pharmaceutical compound affect the efficacy of the drug, but they may also carry enormous legal implications. Much product revenue can depend upon the identification and patent protection of certain polymorphic forms. Thus, the control of crystallization is a very important process parameter, and techniques such as X-ray crystallography, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and polarized light microscopy are routinely used in the characterization of crystalline drugs.This presentation will involve the investigation of a variety of pharmaceutical polycrystalline films using infrared (IR) spectroscopic imaging. Preliminary data was collected using a conventional FT-IR microscope with visible polarized light capabilities. Correlating data was then collected using a commercially available IR imaging microscope.
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Cheng, Cungui, Jia Liu, Hong Wang, and Wei Xiong. "Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Chinese Medicines." Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 45, no. 3 (May 17, 2010): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05704920903574256.

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Moriya, Keiichi, Tohru Minagawa, and Shinichi Yano. "Infrared spectroscopic studies of thermotropic polyamides." Polymer Bulletin 33, no. 2 (July 1994): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00297357.

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Moore, Andrew K., and Noel L. Owen. "INFRARED SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF SOLID WOOD." Applied Spectroscopy Reviews 36, no. 1 (February 4, 2001): 65–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/asr-100103090.

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Türker-Kaya, Sevgi, Verena AC Huck-Pezzei, and Christian W. Huck. "Infrared spectroscopic imaging studies of medicinal plants." NIR news 29, no. 4 (March 29, 2018): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960336018765592.

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Molecular knowledge about plant constituents and their localization is of interest for basic and applied plant sciences. Mid- and near-infrared imaging techniques have advantages over conventional methods. These technologies offer significant information for the studies on plant classification, physiology, ecology, genetics pathology and other related disciplines. This article aims to present a general perspective about infrared imaging/micro-spectroscopy in plant research.
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Kaiser, R. I., and Y. Osamura. "Infrared spectroscopic studies of hydrogenated silicon clusters." Astronomy & Astrophysics 432, no. 2 (March 2005): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20040305.

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Landry, J. M., J. E. Katon, and J. M. Hughes. "Oriented Polycrystalline Films for Infrared Spectroscopic Studies." Applied Spectroscopy 39, no. 2 (March 1985): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702854248980.

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Blitz, Jonathan P., Clement R. Yonker, and Richard D. Smith. "Infrared spectroscopic studies of supercritical fluid solutions." Journal of Physical Chemistry 93, no. 18 (September 1989): 6661–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100355a019.

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Romeo, Melissa, Brian Mohlenhoff, Michael Jennings, and Max Diem. "Infrared micro-spectroscopic studies of epithelial cells." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1758, no. 7 (July 2006): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.05.010.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Infrared spectroscopic studies"

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Calladine, James Andrew. "Time-resolved infrared spectroscopic studies of reaction intermediates." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.537693.

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Soulby, Michael Richard. "Mid-infrared spectroscopic studies of quantum cascade lasers." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527223.

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Cowan, Alexander J. "Time-resolved infrared spectroscopic studies of reaction mechanisms." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444615.

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Bae, In Tae. "In situ infrared spectroscopic studies of electrocatalytic systems." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1054670763.

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Eremina, Nadejda. "Infrared spectroscopic studies : from small molecules to large." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101077.

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Infrared light (IR) was first discovered by Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel in 1800. However, until 1940’s, molecular IR studies involved only water and small organic molecules, because of the long measurement times. Development Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has minimized the time required to obtain data, making it possible to investigate bigger biological systems, e.g. proteins and nucleic acids.This thesis concentrates on the applications of different IR spectroscopic techniques to a variety of biological systems and development of new approaches to study complicated biological events. The first paper in this work concerns using so-called caged compounds to study the aggregation of Alzheimer’s Aβ-peptide which is linked to the formation of neurotoxic fibrils in the brain. By adding caged-sulfate to the Aβ samples we were able to change the pH of the sample, while recording IR data and study fibril formation in a time-resolved manner. Then we used caged–ADP to study the production of ATP and creatine, mediated by creatine kinase (CK). Using CK as a helper enzyme we studied the effects of the phosphate binding on the secondary structure of SR Ca2+ATPse and determined the structural differences between two similar states Ca2E1ADP and Ca2E1ATP. In the second part of the thesis we used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and a specially designed dialysis setup, to develop a general method to detect ligand binding events by observing the IR absorbance changes in the water hydration shell around the molecules. The same method was used to determine the binding of DNA to the transcription factors of the E2F family. E2F proteins play main part in the gene regulatory networks that control cell development. However how they recognize their DNA-binding sites and the mechanism of binding is not well understood. By using ATR-FTIR, we observed the changes in the secondary structure of the proteins, as well as the distortions to the DNA upon E2F-DNA complex formation.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Cruz, C. I. de la. "Infrared spectroscopic studies of adsorption on platinum/silica surfaces." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377696.

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Mahmood, Zaid. "Far-infrared and NMR spectroscopic studies of organometallic compounds." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/33794.

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Far-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy of various isotopic combinations of (CH)3A1+(CH3)2A1H in the gas phase have been recorded to confirm the nature of mixed bridge compounds. IR studies have shown that the major constituent of a labile gas phase equilibrium mixture of trimethylalane and dimethylalane is the heteroleptic pentamethyldialane, Me2Al(uH)(uH)AlMe2. A partial normal coordinate analysis of the spectra of isotopic variants reveals that this predominance arises from a significant strengthening of the Al-H-Al bridging bond. IR and NMR studies lead to a similar conclusion for solutions of alane mixtures in toluene, and lend support for a ligand exchange mechanism involving singly bridged species. Solution mixtures of dimethylgallane and diethylgallane in toluene have been investigated using mass spectrometry and proton NMR spectroscopy. The mass spectrometric observations reveal the presence of dimeric and trimeric species. The NMR results confirm this conclusion, and further suggest that intramolecular exchange processes are fast even at 200 K, whereas intermolecular exchange is significant only abve 250 K. Vibrational spectra of C4H6Fe(CO)3, CpMn(CO)3 and MeCpMn(CO)3 have been measured in the vapour phase in the 500-10 cm-1 region using IR spectroscopy and an assignment is given. Low frequency vibrations were investigated in order to determine whether these provide any useful information on the structure and bonding in the aforementioned compounds. The vibrational spectra of XMn(CO)5 compounds (where X= CH3, H, CF3, Br, Cl) in the vapour phase have been studied in the far-infrared region. This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of the non-carbonyl ligand in XMn(CO)5 on the bonding in the Mn(CO)5 group. The number of v(MC) and s(MCO) modes active in the infrared in the gas phase was compared with the data available in the liquid phase in the same region and their frequencies were correlated where possible with the frequencies of the v(CO) modes. The overall aim of this work was to characterise the structure and interactions (intra- and intermolecular) in a variety of organometallics. Many of these compounds are important precursors in semiconductor fabrication.
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Kerola, Dana Xavier. "Near-infrared spectroscopic studies of the troposphere of Saturn." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186659.

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Spectra from 1.7-3.3 μm acquired at the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory include 2 of Saturn's near-IR atmospheric transmission windows that are at least partially obscured by telluric H₂O and CO₂ absorptions at ground-based telescopes. This entire spectral region was fitted to a model that included gaseous absorption by H₂, CH₄, NH₃, and PH₃ and the effects of multiple scattering by haze. The objectives were to determine accurate elemental abundance ratios (e.g., C/H, P/H, etc) and to characterize the size, distribution, and composition of the haze particles in Saturn's atmosphere. The results for C/H and P/H are 8.5 x 10⁻⁴ and 4.3 x 10⁻⁷, respectively. No evidence of gaseous NH₃ was found. The upper limit to the NH₃ mixing ratio at Saturn's radiative-convective boundary is ≈ 10⁻⁹. Ammonia is decidedly undersaturated at atmospheric pressures lower than ≈ 1 bar. The upper limit to gaseous NH₃ at 3 μm is extremely low compared to detected amounts derived from observations at visible, mid-IR, and microwave wavelengths. These differences can be reconciled on the basis of different mechanisms for spectral line formation in these disparate spectral regions. A search for solid phase NH₃ was also negative. From thermochemical arguments it has been widely assumed that NH₃ ice crystals comprise the upper clouds on Saturn, although no incontrovertible spectroscopic proof has ever been presented. Strong bands of solid NH₃ at 3 μm therefore offer an important test of this assumption. Saturn's observed spectrum was placed on an absolute reflectivity scale which then could be compared with synthesized spectra of candidate haze particles. The calculations demonstrated that the reflectances of pure, polydisperse NH₃ ice crystals with effective radii ranging from 0.1 to 2.25 μm are not compatible with Saturn's 3 μm spectrum. A reasonable fit to Saturn's continuum spectrum can only be achieved by using bright, micron-sized scattering haze particles mixed-in with H₂, CH₄, and PH₃ in Saturn's middle and upper troposphere. This research was supported by NASA grant NAG2-206 and GSRP grant NGT-50782.
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Efstathiou, Vasilios Savva. "Infrared spectroscopic studies of organic molecules adsorbed on copper surfaces." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412899.

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Fernandez, Daniel Celestino. "Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of prostate histopathology." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000617.

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Books on the topic "Infrared spectroscopic studies"

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Whitty, Stephen. Infrared spectroscopic studies of a nickel alumina catalyst. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1985.

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Carlos Ignacio De la Cruz. Infrared spectroscopic studies of adsorption on platinum/silica surfaces. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1987.

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Hussain, Ghulam. Infrared spectroscopic studies of surfaces of, and adsorption or, zinc oxide. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1986.

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Bukallah, Saeed B. A. Infrared spectroscopic studies of hydrogen chemisorption states on a model catalyst. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1993.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Infrared imaging, spectroscopic, & photometric studies of comets: Final report, NASA/NAGW-2324. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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1956-, Stulik Dusan, and Landry James M, eds. Infrared spectroscopy in conservation science. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 1999.

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Rubtsov, Nickolai, Mikhail Alymov, Alexander Kalinin, Alexey Vinogradov, Alexey Rodionov, and Kirill Troshin. Remote studies of combustion and explosion processes based on optoelectronic methods. au: AUS PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/monography_62876066a124d8.04785158.

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The main objective of this book is to acquaint the reader with the main modern problems of the multisensor data analysis and opportunities of the hyperspectral shooting being carried out in the wide range of wavelengths from ultraviolet to the infrared range, visualization of the fast combustion processes of flame propagation and flame acceleration, the limit phenomena at flame ignition and propagation. The book can be useful to students of the high courses and scientists dealing with problems of optical spectroscopy, vizualisation, digital recognizing images and gaseous combustion. The main goal of this book is to bring to the attention of the reader the main modern problems of multisensory data analysis and the possibilities of hyperspectral imaging, carried out in a broad wave-length range from ultraviolet to infrared by methods of visualizing fast combustion processes, propagation and flames acceleration, and limiting phenomena during ignition and flame propagation. The book can be useful for students of higher courses and experimental scientists dealing with problems of optical spectroscopy, visualization, pattern recognition and gas combustion.
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1954-, Kessler M. F., Laureijs R. J, and Leech K, eds. ISO beyond point sources: Studies of extended infrared emission workshop : ISO Data Centre, Villafranca del Castillo, Madrid, Spain 14-17 September 1999. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 2000.

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Lyzwa, Fryderyk. Phononic and Electronic Excitations in Complex Oxides Studied with Advanced Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy Techniques. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11866-1.

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Alan, Fried, Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., and International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation (44th : 1999 : Denver, Colorado), eds. Application of tunable diode and other infrared sources for atmospheric studies and industrial process monitoring II: 19-20 July 1999, Denver, Colorado. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Infrared spectroscopic studies"

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Arrondo, José Luis R., and Félix M. Goñi. "Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Membrane Lipids." In Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 229–42. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5484-0_11.

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Förster, Horst. "Infrared Studies of Zeolite Complexes." In Spectroscopic and Computational Studies of Supramolecular Systems, 29–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7989-6_2.

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Diller, R., M. Iannone, B. Cowen, S. Maiti, J. Owrutsky, M. Li, M. Sarisky, et al. "Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Protein Dynamics." In Springer Proceedings in Physics, 6–9. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84771-4_2.

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Pohle, W., C. Selle, H. Fritzsche, and B. Rattay. "Comparative Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Studies on Phospholipid Hydration." In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules, 381–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0371-8_174.

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Piazzolla, P., A. M. Tamburro, and V. Renugopalakrishnan. "Structural studies of cucumber mosaic virus: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies." In Proteins, 133–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9063-6_19.

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Lewis, Mary L., Ian R. Lewis, and Peter R. Griffiths. "Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Explosives and Precursors: Applications and Instrumentation." In Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic Science, 251–73. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119962328.ch5b.

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Griffiths, Peter R., Ian R. Lewis, and Nathan C. Chaffin. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Asbestos, Transite and Concrete." In Progress in Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, 191–92. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6840-0_29.

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Haris, Parvez I. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Peptides: Potentials and Pitfalls." In ACS Symposium Series, 54–95. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2000-0750.ch003.

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Holland-Moritz, Kurt. "FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies on the Deformation of Polymers by Means of Computerized Instrumentation." In Fourier Transform Infrared Characterization of Polymers, 163–95. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7776-4_8.

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Pitt, W. G., S. H. Spiegelberg, and S. L. Cooper. "Adsorption of Fibronectin to Polyurethane Surfaces: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Studies." In ACS Symposium Series, 324–38. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1987-0343.ch021.

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Conference papers on the topic "Infrared spectroscopic studies"

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Hochstrasser, R. M. "Femtosecond Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Protein Dynamics." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1992.wa1.

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Ultrafast methods of interrogating the molecular vibrational spectrum in the infrared have advanced significantly in the past few years (1). Experiments in the regime 1200 cm–1 to 3500 cm–1 are now demonstrated and IR pulses as short as 280 fs have been used in experiments near 5 µ. Because infrared spectroscopy is universally applicable and structurally sharp, it is a particularly powerful tool with which to investigate complex systems such as proteins. In this paper some recent results in which transient IR spectroscopy was used to explore changes in the vibrational spectrum that result from optical triggering of protein structural changes will be discussed.
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Walker, A., D. Plusquellic, G. Fraser, A. Weber, and W. Lafferty. "Infrared spectroscopic studies of wind-tunnel contamination." In 20th AIAA Advanced Measurement and Ground Testing Technology Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-2616.

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Knutson, K., M. Scott, R. Obremski, and W. I. Higuchi. "Spectroscopic Studies Of The Stratum Corneum." In 1985 International Conference on Fourier and Computerized Infrared Spectroscopy, edited by David G. Cameron and Jeannette G. Grasselli. SPIE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.970744.

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Owrutsky, J. C. "Ultrafast infrared spectroscopic studies of condensed phase systems." In Recent Advances in the Uses of Light in Physics, Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2322306.

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Pohle, W. P., and Hartmut Fritzsche. "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies on DNA polymorphism." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy: Ninth International Conference, edited by John E. Bertie and Hal Wieser. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.166674.

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Owrutsky, Jeffrey C., R. Diller, M. Iannone, B. Cowen, S. Maiti, M. Li, M. Sarisky, et al. "Ultrafast infrared spectroscopic studies of condensed-phase systems." In New York - DL tentative, edited by Daniel L. Akins and Robert R. Alfano. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56716.

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Olinger, Jill M., and Peter R. Griffiths. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Studies Of Wheat In The Mid Infrared." In Intl Conf on Fourier and Computerized Infrared Spectroscopy, edited by David G. Cameron. SPIE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.969389.

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Nxumalo, L. M., and T. A. Ford. "Matrix isolation infrared spectroscopic studies of some boron trifluoride complexes." In Fourier Transform Spectroscopy: Ninth International Conference, edited by John E. Bertie and Hal Wieser. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.166770.

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Chai, Grace M. T., S. M. Sultan, J. M. O. Zide, I. P. Marko, S. J. Sweeney, and T. J. C. Hosea. "Spectroscopic studies on InGaBiAs/InP semiconductors for mid-infrared applications." In Optoelectronic Devices and Integration. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oedi.2019.oth3c.4.

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Bista, Rajan K., and Reinhard F. Bruch. "Near-infrared spectroscopic studies of self-forming lipids and nanovesicles." In SPIE BiOS: Biomedical Optics, edited by Alexander N. Cartwright and Dan V. Nicolau. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.807406.

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Reports on the topic "Infrared spectroscopic studies"

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Author, Not Given. An experimental facility for obtaining the much needed infrared spectroscopic data in global warming studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/762855.

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Sawyer, Karma Rae. One- and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopic studies of solution-phase homogeneous catalysis and spin-forbidden reactions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/970052.

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Peden, Charles HF, Ting He, M. Pilling, Carol J. Hirschmugl, and P. Gardner. Mid- and Far-Infrared Reflection/Absorption Spectroscopy (IRAS) Studies of NO on Rh Single Crystal Surfaces. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/965721.

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Bermudez, V. M. The Effect of Humidity on the Interaction of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate (DMMP) Vapor with SiO2 and Al2O3 Surfaces, Studied Using Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533155.

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Husson, Scott M., Viatcheslav Freger, and Moshe Herzberg. Antimicrobial and fouling-resistant membranes for treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewater. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598151.bard.

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This research project introduced a novel membrane coating strategy to combat biofouling, which is a major problem for the membrane-based treatment of agricultural and municipal wastewaters. The novelty of the strategy is that the membrane coatings have the unique ability to switch reversibly between passive (antifouling) and active (antimicrobial) fouling control mechanisms. This dual-mode approach differs fundamentally from other coating strategies that rely solely on one mode of fouling control. The research project had two complementary objectives: (1) preparation, characterization, and testing of dual-mode polymer nanolayers on planar surfaces and (2) evaluation of these nanolayers as membrane modifiers. The first objective was designed to provide a fundamental understanding of how polymer nanolayer chemistry and structure affect bacterial deposition and to demonstrate the reversibility of chemical switching. The second objective, which focused on membrane development, characterization, and testing, was designed to demonstrate methods for the production of water treatment membranes that couple passive and active biofouling control mechanisms. Both objectives were attained through synergistic collaboration among the three research groups. Using planar silicon and glass surfaces, we demonstrated using infrared spectroscopy that this new polymer coating can switch reversibly between the anti-fouling, zwitterion mode and an anti-microbial, quaternary amine mode. We showed that switching could be done more than 50 times without loss of activity and that the kinetics for switching from a low fouling zwitterion surface to an antimicrobial quaternary amine surface is practical for use. While a low pH was required for switching in the original polymer, we illustrated that by slightly altering the chemistry, it is possible to adjust the pH at which the switching occurs. A method was developed for applying the new zwitterionic surface chemistry onto polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membranes. Bacteria deposition studies showed that the new chemistry performed better than other common anti-fouling chemistries. Biofilm studies showed that PESultrafiltration membranes coated with the new chemistry accumulated half the biomass volume as unmodified membranes. Biofilm studies also showed that PES membranes coated with the new chemistry in the anti-microbial mode attained higher biofilm mortality than PES membranes coated with a common, non-switchablezwitterionic polymer. Results from our research are expected to improve membrane performance for the purification of wastewaters prior to use in irrigation. Since reduction in flux due to biofouling is one of the largest costs associated with membrane processes in water treatment, using dual-mode nanolayer coatings that switch between passive and active control of biofouling and enable detachment of attached biofoulants would have significant economic and societal impacts. Specifically, this research program developed and tested advanced ultrafiltration membranes for the treatment of wastewaters. Such membranes could find use in membrane bioreactors treating municipal wastewater, a slightly upgraded version of what presently is used in Israel for irrigation. They also may find use for pretreatment of agricultural wastewaters, e.g., rendering facility wastewater, prior to reverse osmosis for desalination. The need to desalinate such impaired waters water for unlimited agricultural use is likely in the near future.
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