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1
Ketcham, Barbara Lynn. Incorporating information value into Navy tactical data system system configuration management through the Delphi method. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.
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Pei, Zheng, Da Ruan, Jun Liu, and Yang Xu. Linguistic Values Based Intelligent Information Processing: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Paris: Atlantis Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-91216-28-2.
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Pei, Zheng. Linguistic Values Based Intelligent Information Processing: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Paris: Atlantis Press, 2010.
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Ron, Zahavi, ed. Business modeling: A practical guide to realizing business value. Amsterdam: Morgan Kaufmann/Elsevier, 2009.
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Vertakova, Yuliya, Oksana Pirogova, and Vladimir Plotnikov. Enterprise value assessment and management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1860991.
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The textbook discusses the legal framework, information support, types of value and principles on which the valuation of the enterprise is based, as well as the main approaches and methods used in the valuation of the enterprise. Modern approaches to enterprise development management, in particular the cost approach, are presented.
It is intended for bachelor's and master's students, specialists studying in the disciplines of "Business Valuation", "Company Value Management", "Enterprise value assessment".
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Erik, Proper, Winter Robert, Waage Maarten, Tribolet José, Ross Ronald G, Op ’t Land Martin, Hoogervorst Jan, et al., eds. Enterprise Architecture: Creating Value by Informed Governance. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
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Gleeson, Colum. A critical analysis of some of the methods of evaluating the business value gained through the use of information technology. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1994.
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Postnikova, Evgeniya, and A. Bogdanov. Organization of bakery products production. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995653.
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The textbook provides basic information about the classification of bakery products, their nutritional value. The characteristics of raw materials, their preparation for production are considered, the processes occurring during storage, their role in the preparation of dough are described. Modern methods of dough preparation, including accelerated ones, their hardware and technological schemes are described.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
It is addressed to students of secondary vocational education institutions studying in the specialty 43.02.15 "Cooking and confectionery business", as well as in other specialties of the vocational school, preparing confectioners, cooks and technologists in the field of public catering.
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Fyedotov, Grigoriy. Engineering geodesy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/13161.
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Fundamentals of engineering geodesy are stated, its value in a national economy and defense of the country is shown. Unlike earlier published textbooks in the present edition except traditional data on engineering geodesy information on the digital cards used in GIS geographic information systems, and also to the digital TsMM and mathematical MMM models of the district which are a basis of the modern automated design of SAPR on the engineering and geodetic methods and processes which incorporated the last achievements of computer technologies is given: electronic and computer takheometriya, satellite navigation, remote sensing, laser scanning, digital fotogrammetriya.
In the textbook modern experience of works at researches and construction of highways and airfields, bridge crossings and transport tunnels of the leading design and survey organizations and firms of Russia is generalized.
For students of automobile and road and construction specialties of higher education institutions. It can be used by the students of the corresponding specialties of technical schools, colleges, certified specialists working in the corresponding areas of transport construction.
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Rogers, Richard, and Sabine Niederer, eds. The Politics of Social Media Manipulation. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724838.
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Disinformation and so-called fake news are contemporary phenomena with rich histories. Disinformation, or the willful introduction of false information for the purposes of causing harm, recalls infamous foreign interference operations in national media systems. Outcries over fake news, or dubious stories with the trappings of news, have coincided with the introduction of new media technologies that disrupt the publication, distribution and consumption of news -- from the so-called rumour-mongering broadsheets centuries ago to the blogosphere recently. Designating a news organization as fake, or der Lügenpresse, has a darker history, associated with authoritarian regimes or populist bombast diminishing the reputation of 'elite media' and the value of inconvenient truths. In a series of empirical studies, using digital methods and data journalism, the authors inquire into the extent to which social media have enabled the penetration of foreign disinformation operations, the widespread publication and spread of dubious content as well as extreme commentators with considerable followings attacking mainstream media as fake.
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Biryukov, Vladimir, and Pavel Sharonin. Theory of economic analysis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1851552.
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The textbook reveals the theoretical and organizational foundations, information support of economic analysis. It contains a description of the techniques, methods and methods of analytical research used both in the practical activities of economic entities and in scientific research; a description of the types of economic analysis; a methodology for determining the value of intra-production reserves.
It is structured in such a way that the student can understand not only the essence of economic analysis, but also develop practical skills for conducting economic analysis of organizations' activities. The material is illustrated with structural and logical schemes, generalizing analytical tables and many practical examples. To consolidate knowledge, at the end of each chapter there are questions for self-control and tasks in a test form.
The fifth edition of the textbook is supplemented with practical tasks on all topics of the course, which allows students to develop and consolidate analytical thinking skills.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors studying in the field of training 38.03.01 "Economics" of all profiles, graduate students, teachers of economic universities, specialists of economic and financial services of organizations, auditors.
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Busacca, Maurizio, and Roberto Paladini. Collaboration Age. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-424-0.
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Recently, public policies of urban regeneration have intensified and multiplied. They are being promoted with the aim to start social and economic dynamics within the local context which is subject to intervention. From the empirical analysis, we realise that such activities are mainly implemented by three subjects or by mixed coalitions (public institutions, actors of the third sector and companies). Within them, each player is moved by a multiplicity of interests and goals that go beyond their own nature – public interest, market and mutualism – and tend to redefine themselves, thus becoming hybrid forms of production of value (social, economic, cultural). By studying a number Italian and Catalan cases, this essay deals with the theory that, under specific conditions and configurations, a collaborative direction – of organization, production and design – would give life to successful procedures, even without the identification of a one-best-way. The collaboration is not simply a choice of operation, but a real production method which mobilises social resources to create hybrid solutions – between state, market and society – to complex issues that could not be faced solely with the use of the rationale of action of one among the three actors. In this framework, the systems of relations and interactions between players and shared capital become an essential condition for the success of every initiative of urban redevelopment, or failure thereof. Such initiatives are brought to life by the strategic role of individuals who foster connections as well as the dissemination of non-redundant information between social networks, and collective and individual actors which would otherwise be separated and barely able to communicate and collaborate with each other. In addition to the functions carried out by knowledge brokers, that have been extensively described in organisational studies and economic sociology, the aforementioned figures act as real social enzymes, that is to say, they handle the available information and function as catalysts of social processes of production of knowledge. Moreover, they increase the reaction speed, working on mechanisms which control the spontaneity.
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1935-, Lasker G. E., International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics., and International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics, and Cybernetics. (9th : 1997 : Baden-Baden, Germany), eds. Advances in artificial intelligence and engineering cybernetics: Systems logic and neural networks, theory and applications of AI methods, present status of general system theory, formal representation of meaning in natural languages, inductive and deductive reasoning logic, dynamic fuzzy sets and fuzzy control, multiple valued stepwise logic networks, computer animated actors with intelligent agents, neural activity and synaptic connectivity in neural networks, information coding and neural computing, modelling by neural networks, engineering applications of artificial neural networks /cedited by George E. Lasker. Windsor, Ont: International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, 1998.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Oversight., ed. Tax administration: New delinquent tax collection methods for IRS : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.
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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: State tax administrators' views on delinquent tax collection methods : fact sheet for the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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Chen, Hong, Andrew Willan, and Simon Eckerman. Value of Information Methods in Evidence-Based Medicine: Jointly Optimizing Health Care and Research. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2009.
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Chen, Hong, Andrew Willan, and Simon Eckerman. Value of Information Methods in Evidence-Based Medicine: Jointly Optimizing Health Care and Research. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2030.
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Bouchaud, Jean-Philippe. Random matrix theory and (big) data analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797319.003.0006.
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This chapter reviews methods from random matrix theory to extract information about a large signal matrix C (for example, a correlation matrix arising in big data problems), from its noisy observation matrix M. The chapter shows that the replica method can be used to obtain both the spectral density and the overlaps between noise-corrupted eigenvectors and the true ones, for both additive and multiplicative noise. This allows one to construct optimal rotationally invariant estimators of C based on the observation of M alone. This chapter also discusses the case of rectangular correlation matrices and the problem of random singular value decomposition.
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Mandeville, Anna L. Non-pharmacological methods of acute pain management. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0003.
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Psychological factors are a key part of pain perception as articulated in the neuromatrix model of pain. Psychoeducational interventions are of significant value in acute pain management and have reduced pain severity, distress, and length of hospital stay. Mood, beliefs about pain and illness, previous experience of pain, and the behaviour of health care professionals all influence pain perception and response to pain. Helping patients reappraise the threat value of pain through tailored information giving and where needed cognitive behavioural interventions are practical strategies. Attention control methods, including clinical hypnosis, are effective in reducing procedural pain.
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Ngwenyama, Ojelanki, and Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson. Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research: Data Mining, Data Envelopment Analysis, Value Focused Thinking. Springer, 2013.
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Ngwenyama, Ojelanki, and Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson. Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research: Data Mining, Data Envelopment Analysis, Value Focused Thinking. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Ngwenyama, Ojelanki, and Kweku-Muata Osei-Bryson. Advances in Research Methods for Information Systems Research: Data Mining, Data Envelopment Analysis, Value Focused Thinking. Springer, 2016.
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Romagnoli, Stefano, and Giovanni Zagli. Blood pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0131.
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Two major systems are available for measuring blood pressure (BP)—the indirect cuff method and direct arterial cannulation. In critically-ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the invasive blood pressure is the ‘gold standard’ as a tight control of BP values, and its change over time is important for choosing therapies and drugs titration. Since artefacts due to the inappropriate dynamic responses of the fluid-filled monitoring systems may lead to clinically relevant differences between actual and displayed pressure values, before considering the BP value shown as reliable, the critical care giver should carefully evaluate the presence/absence of artefacts (over- or under-damping/resonance). After the arterial pressure waveform quality has been verified, the observation of each component of the arterial wave (systolic upstroke, peak, systolic decline, small pulse of reflected pressure waves, dicrotic notch) may provide a number of useful haemodynamic information. In fact, changes in the arterial pulse contour are due the interaction between the heart beat and the whole vascular properties. Vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, shock states (cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, distributive, obstructive), valve diseases (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation), ventricular dysfunction, cardiac tamponade are associated with particular arterial waveform characteristics that may suggest to the physician underlying condition that could be necessary to investigate properly. Finally, the effects of positive-pressure mechanical ventilation on heart–lung interaction, may suggest the existence of an absolute or relative hypovolaemia by means of the so-called dynamic indices of fluid responsiveness.
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Pierard, Luc A., and Lauro Cortigiani. Stress echocardiography: diagnostic and prognostic values and specific clinical subsets. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0015.
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Stress echocardiography is a widely used method for assessing coronary artery disease, due to its high diagnostic and prognostic value. While inducible ischaemia predicts an unfavourable outcome, its absence is associated with a low risk of future cardiac events. The method provides superior diagnostic and prognostic information than standard exercise electrocardiography and perfusion myocardial imaging in specific clinical subsets, such as women, hypertensive patients, and patients with left bundle branch block. Stress echocardiography allows effective risk assessment also in the diabetic population. The evaluation of coronary flow reserve of the left anterior descending artery by transthoracic Doppler adds diagnostic and prognostic information to that of standard stress test. Stress echocardiography is indicated in the cases when exercise electrocardiography is unfeasible, uninterpretable or gives ambiguous result, and when ischaemia during the test is frequently a false-positive response, as in hypertensive patients, women, and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Viability detection represents another application of stress echocardiography. The documentation of a large amount of viable myocardium predicts improved ejection fraction, reverse remodelling, and improved outcome following revascularization in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. Moreover, stress echocardiography can aid significantly in clinical decision-making in patients with valvular heart disease through dynamic assessment of primary or secondary mitral regurgitation, transvalvular gradients, and pulmonary artery systolic pressure, as well as before vascular surgery due to the excellent negative predictive value. Finally, stress echocardiography allows effective risk stratification in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy through evaluation of inducible ischaemia, coronary flow reserve, and intraventricular gradient.
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Lancellotti, Patrizio, Julien Magne, Kim O’Connor, and Luc A. Pierard. Mitral valve disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0015.
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Native mitral valve disease is the second valvular heart disease after aortic valve disease. For the last few decades, two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography was the cornerstone technique for evaluating patients with mitral valve disease. Besides aetiological information, echocardiography allows the description of valve anatomy, the assessment of disease severity, and the description of the associated lesions.This chapter will address the echocardiographic evaluation of mitral regurgitation (MR) and mitral stenosis (MS).In MR, the following findings should be assessed: 1. Aetiology. 2. Type and extent of anatomical lesions and mechanisms of regurgitation. 3. The possibility of mitral valve repair. 4. Quantification of MR severity. 5. Quantification of MR repercussions.In MS, the following findings should be assessed: 1. Aetiology. 2. Type and extent of anatomical lesions. 3. Quantification of MS severity. 4. Quantification of MS repercussions. 5. Wilkins or Cormier scores for the possibility of percutaneous mitral commissuroplasty.Management of patients with mitral valve disease is currently based on symptoms and on echocardiographic evaluation at rest. Therefore, knowing how to assess the severity of valve diseases as well as the pitfalls and the limitations of each echocardiographic method is of primary importance.
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Tribouilloy, Christophe, Patrizio Lancellotti, Ferande Peters, José Juan Gómez de Diego, and Luc A. Pierard. Heart valve disease (aortic valve disease): aortic regurgitation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0033.
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Echocardiography is the cornerstone examination for the assessment of aortic regurgitation (AR): it provides reliable evaluation of the aortic valve and allows diagnosis and identification of the mechanism of regurgitation. The specific aetiology of the disease can be identified in the majority of cases. A combination of quantitative and quantitative Doppler and two-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic parameters allows the evaluation of the severity of AR and determination of the haemodynamic and left ventricular function repercussions. Echocardiography allows the detection of associated lesions of the aortic root or other valves. In symptomatic patients, echocardiography is essential to confirm the severity of AR. In asymptomatic patients with moderate or severe AR, echocardiography is essential for regular follow-up, by providing precise and reproducible measurements of LV dimensions and function, and for identifying patients who should be considered for elective surgical intervention. In most cases, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) provides all of the necessary information and transoesophageal echocardiography in usually not required. Real-time three-dimensional (3D) TTE can be complementary to 2D echocardiography for the assessment of the mechanism and quantification of AR by increasing the level of confidence, especially when 2D echocardiographic data are inconclusive or discordant with clinical findings. Tissue Doppler imaging and especially the speckle tracking method are promising approaches to detect early LV dysfunction in patients with asymptomatic severe AR. Echocardiography is therefore the key examination for the assessment of AR and at the centre of the strategic discussion concerning the indications and timing of surgery.
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Bryman, Alan, and David A. Buchanan, eds. Unconventional Methodology in Organization and Management Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.001.0001.
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This book describes twelve unconventional methodologies in organization and management research. These include unconventional research settings and data sources, unconventional research designs and data collection methods, unconventional analytic approaches, and designs and methods that exploit new technology developments. Our aim is to encourage dialogue and experimentation with regard to the development of innovative, unconventional approaches to organization and management research. Several commentators have criticized the way in which research methods have become more formulaic, and have argued for greater diversity in research approaches. The methodological perspective that we adopt also shapes our interpretation of the information that we gather. Different methods generate different kinds of information, leading to different ways of understanding the phenomena that we are investigating. Our methods influence our styles of theorizing, ways of thinking and reasoning, and forms of writing and reporting research. This book will be of value to academic researchers in organization and management studies, Doctoral candidates, and Masters students on MBA and similar programmes.
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Görlitz, Anna. What can we learn from Deferred Tax Accountig? Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.404.
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The StuFo-Expo gives me the opportunity to make my research accessible to a broad, interdisciplinary public as part of my doctoral project. I also get the chance to get to know research topics, results and methods across disciplines. It is a unique project that connects students with one another and promotes important student skills. The topic of my research is the value relevance of deferred taxes. I am investigating the question of whether deferred taxes provide additional information for various stakeholders when predicting future corporate development. To do this, I analyze the almost 1,800 available annual financial statements of all companies listed in the DAX Prime Standard between 2007 and 2018. The poster I submitted shows that deferred taxes help forecast the development of the market value of equity up to two years in advance. Deferred tax assets as probable future tax repayments contribute positively to the company value and therefore to the market value, and deferred tax liabilities as probable future tax payments contribute negatively to the company value and therefore to the market value. I can also prove that the supplementary reporting on deferred taxes is rated negatively by market participants. Possible reasons for this are the high complexity of the information and the lack of transferability of this information to balance sheet and income statement figures. Interview studies also show that trust in deferred taxes and the associated reporting is low, as stakeholders suspect that deferred taxes are at least partially used for accounting policy.
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Buchanan, David A., and David Denyer. Research in extreme contexts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0005.
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David A. Buchanan and David Denyer explore how unconventional methods have been used to study extreme settings which, involving degrees of risk and threat, are often considered challenging in terms of research access. These methods include the extensive use of single case studies based on non-traditional public information sources, embedding researchers in the context to be investigated, and the use of fictional accounts from film and television as sources of evidence. Organizational researchers using these methods are often cast in the roles of historian and detective, reconstructing event sequences from the available evidence, from different sources, assessing the relative value of that information, and drawing it into a coherent account. Four studies illustrate these methods, from hospital operating theatres, nuclear reprocessing, offshore oil and gas storage, and fire and rescue services. As organizational contexts become more volatile, extreme context research may not be as specialized and problematic as the label suggests.
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Using ordinal response data to estimate cardinal values for health states. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0006.
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There exists a strong methodological foundation for estimating cardinal values from ordinal information, originating in psychology but commonly applied in areas as diverse as consumer marketing, political science, transportation research, and environmental economics. Over recent years there has been a steady rise in the use of these approaches to estimate health state values. Potential advantages claimed for ordinal data collection approaches include relative ease of comprehension and administration, and greater reliability corresponding to reduced measurement error. Another advantage of some types of ordinal data collection methods is that the preferences or judgements they elicit are not contaminated by risk aversion (as in the standard gamble), or by time preference (as in the time trade-off).
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Lee, Christoph I. Computed Tomography for Pulmonary Embolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0016.
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This chapter, found in the chest pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of computed tomography (CT) for diagnosing pulmonary embolism. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Researchers found that combined multidetector scanning has higher sensitivity than use of a single detection method, with high positive predictive value when scanning and clinical assessment concordance; when they do not, additional testing is indicated. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Lattman, Eaton E., Thomas D. Grant, and Edward H. Snell. Shape Reconstructions from Small Angle Scattering Data. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199670871.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses recovering shape or structural information from SAXS data. Key to any such process is the ability to generate a calculated intensity from a model, and to compare this curve with the experimental one. Models for the particle scattering density can be approximated as pure homogenenous geometric shapes. More complex particle surfaces can be represented by spherical harmonics or by a set of close-packed beads. Sometimes structural information is known for components of a particle. Rigid body modeling attempts to rotate and translate structures relative to one another, such that the resulting scattering profile calculated from the model agrees with the experimental SAXS data. More advanced hybrid modelling procedures aim to incorporate as much structural information as is available, including modelling protein dynamics. Solutions may not always contain a homogeneous set of particles. A common case is the presence of two or more conformations of a single particle or a mixture of oligomeric species. The method of singular value decomposition can extract scattering for conformationally distinct species.
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Downes, GM, IL Hudson, CA Raymond, GH Dean, AJ Michell, LR Schimleck, R. Evans, and A. Muneri. Sampling Plantation Eucalypts for Wood and Fibre Properties. CSIRO Publishing, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643105287.
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This book was written to help the forest industry assess wood quality by using non-destructive samples taken from specific points within a tree. It is the first compilation of research data on sampling of eucalypts, describing new methods and tools for rapid and cost-effective analysis.
The book provides information needed to design a sampling program, obtain and process wood samples, and shows how to relate the data to an average tree value.
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Harding, Duncan. Skills toolkit 1: Building your toolkit. Edited by Duncan Harding. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198768197.003.0014.
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This chapter introduces the idea of a generic interview skills toolkit, what such a toolkit is, and describes the value of this toolkit in the interview. The chapter looks at contextually acquired skills and how these might be transformed into a more modular form. It then, by way of an exercise, looks at a method for extracting modular threads from our content skills for us to adapt these modules in any given interview situation. The chapter then discusses our modular skillset and considers how this might be usefully applied in the interview. The chapter explores the idea of being armed with an appropriate skillset which means we enter the interview unburdened by too much information, allowing us space to connect with the interview experience.
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Siegrist, Michael, and Christina Hartmann. Overcoming the Challenges of Communicating Uncertainties Across National Contexts. Edited by Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.47.
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The goal of risk communication is to provide information about risks and uncertainties in a way that enables people to make the best decisions, based on their own values. Various factors influence the success of risk communication. This chapter first highlights risk communication methods and formats that determine successful risk communication. For example, laypeople do not understand all presentation formats of numbers equally well, and risk comparisons help them improve their evaluation of risk information. It also introduces the influence of heuristics, trust, and cultural values for decisions under uncertainty conditions. In the case of controversial topics, heuristics and trust influence how people interpret uncertainties. Research suggests that most people depend on experts with whom they share salient values in a given context. Based on the available evidence, the chapter provides some recommendations for communicating uncertainties at the end of the chapter and further describe some avenues for research.
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Lee, Christoph I. Management of Lung Nodules Detected by CT. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0045.
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This chapter, found in the cancer screening and management section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the management of lung nodules detected by computed tomography and their risk of developing into lung cancer. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Virtual colonoscopy, using a primary 3D approach for polyp detection, was shown to be a minimally invasive procedure that is an accurate method for screening average-risk individuals. The likelihood of a clinically significant adenoma being missed on virtual colonoscopy was extremely low given the high negative predictive value. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Ślusarski, Marek. Metody i modele oceny jakości danych przestrzennych. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-30-4.
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The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.
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Relethford, John H. Biological Anthropology, Population Genetics, and Race. Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.20.
Full textAbstract:
Recent developments in molecular genetics have given us much information about DNA markers and a detailed look at evolutionary causes of genetic variation in humans. Patterns of genetic variation within populations and genetic differences among populations is best understood in light of our species’ African origin 200,000 years ago and the subsequent dispersion of human populations throughout the world 70,000 to 100,000 years ago. Although an evolutionary focus on genetic variation using methods from the field of population genetics provides us with considerable insight regarding our history, older ideas based on traditional definitions of biological race have no explanatory value.
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Elwood, Mark. Error and bias in observations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682898.003.0006.
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This chapter distinguishes error and bias, non-differential and differential misclassification distinguished. Non-differential misclassification almost always biases results toward the null, while differential misclassification can affect results in any direction. Methods to minimise observation bias include single, double and triple blind assessment. It discusses recall and other biases, with methods of assessment and avoidance, and practical issues on reducing error and bias. In part two, it shows how to measure and adjust for observational error and bias, including Kappa and adjusting for non-differential misclassification, and similar adjustments using continuous exposure measures. Effects with more than two categories of outcome or exposure, and of the misclassification of confounders are discussed. In assessing the accuracy of information, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value are defined, and the calculation of the effects of misclassification using sensitivity and specificity are shown.
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Rushton, Cynda Hylton, and Monica Sharma. Creating a Culture of Moral Resilience and Ethical Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190619268.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Large-scale change is not possible without aligning individual and collective values, wisdom, and commitment to the architecture needed to support ethical practice. The process required for designing a system that supports ethical practice on a moment-to-moment basis involves synergistic operational strategies. These include personal transformational learning, information for decision-making, supporting principled change-makers and risk-takers, and creating an enabling work environment. Transformational design and action involve using practices, techniques, and methods that source inner capacity at every step of planning and implementation and embodying foundational values. Transformational design leverages key elements of co-creating new patterns, developing new norms and systems for sustainable change, transcending disempowering patterns, and creating a new narrative.
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Nagel, Stefan. Machine Learning in Asset Pricing. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691218700.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Investors in financial markets are faced with an abundance of potentially value-relevant information from a wide variety of different sources. In such data-rich, high-dimensional environments, techniques from the rapidly advancing field of machine learning (ML) are well-suited for solving prediction problems. Accordingly, ML methods are quickly becoming part of the toolkit in asset pricing research and quantitative investing. This book examines the promises and challenges of ML applications in asset pricing. Asset pricing problems are substantially different from the settings for which ML tools were developed originally. To realize the potential of ML methods, they must be adapted for the specific conditions in asset pricing applications. Economic considerations, such as portfolio optimization, absence of near arbitrage, and investor learning can guide the selection and modification of ML tools. Beginning with a brief survey of basic supervised ML methods, the book discusses the application of these techniques in empirical research in asset pricing and shows how they promise to advance the theoretical modeling of financial markets. The book presents the exciting possibilities of using cutting-edge methods in research on financial asset valuation.
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Dresser, Rebecca. Personal Knowledge and Study Participation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190459277.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the educational value of becoming a research subject. Scientists in earlier times considered self-experimentation an essential component of their work. They thought that exposing themselves to untested interventions was the most ethical way to gauge the human response to those interventions. The practice was also educational, for it produced useful information that helped researchers plan subsequent human studies. Self-experimentation was eventually replaced by more sophisticated scientific methods and comprehensive ethical codes governing human research. But it is time to bring back the practice of self-experimentation, albeit in modified form. Serving as a study subject can be a valuable form of education for people who conduct and review proposals for human research.
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Mendes, Kassio Ferreira. Atualidades no manejo de plantas daninhas em hortaliças fruto. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-174-5.
Full textAbstract:
An integrated weed management system is perfectly aligned with the aim of producing healthy and environmentally sustainable vegetables. This integrated management is fundamental for vegetables, more than in other crops, due to its high commercial value, intensive culture, lack of competitiveness and low availability of registered herbicides. The integration of available weed control methods with a long-term strategy based on preventive and agronomic (cultural) practices is necessary to obtain a desired level of control, decrease the accumulation of the weed seed bank, increase weed diversity and decrease herbicide dependence and minimize their negative impacts. Thus, this book provides essential and updated subjects of information regarding the general characteristics of fruit vegetables, critical periods of control, main weeds in the crop, integrated management methods (preventive, cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical); and it is intended for professors, researchers, extensionist, undergraduate and graduate students, rural producers and other professionals involved in the area of weed science.
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Mendes, Kassio Ferreira, Adalin Cezar Moraes de Aguiar, Úrsula Ramos Zaidan, Gabriel da Silva Amaral, Ricardo Alcántara-de la Cruz, Guilherme Moraes de Oliveira, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva, Maura Gabriela da Silva Brochado, Monique Fróis Malaquias, and Lucas Heringer Barcellos Júnior. Atualidades no manejo de plantas daninhas em hortaliças herbáceas. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-185-1.
Full textAbstract:
An integrated weed management system is perfectly aligned with the aim of producing healthy and environmentally sustainable vegetables. This integrated management is fundamental for vegetables, more than in other crops, due to its high commercial value, intensive culture, lack of competitiveness and low availability of registered herbicides. The integration of available weed control methods with a long-term strategy based on preventive and agronomic (cultural) practices is necessary to obtain a desired level of control, decrease the accumulation of the weed seed bank, increase weed diversity and decrease herbicide dependence and minimize their negative impacts. Thus, this book provides essential and updated subjects of information regarding the general characteristics of herbaceous vegetables, critical periods of control, main weeds in the crop, integrated management methods (preventive, cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical); and it is intended for professors, researchers, extensionist, undergraduate and graduate students, rural producers and other professionals involved in the area of weed science.
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Mendes, Kassio Ferreira, Kamila Cabral Mielke, Marcelo Rodrigues dos Reis, Lucas Guilherme Hahn Kehl, Leandro Tropaldi, Maria Elena Silva Montanhani, Roque de Carvalho Dias, et al. Atualidades no manejo de plantas daninhas em hortaliças tuberosas. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-183-7.
Full textAbstract:
An integrated weed management system is perfectly aligned with the aim of producing healthy and environmentally sustainable vegetables. This integrated management is fundamental for vegetables, more than in other crops, due to its high commercial value, intensive culture, lack of competitiveness and low availability of registered herbicides. The integration of available weed control methods with a long-term strategy based on preventive and agronomic (cultural) practices is necessary to obtain a desired level of control, decrease the accumulation of the weed seed bank, increase weed diversity and decrease herbicide dependence and minimize their negative impacts. Thus, this book provides essential and updated subjects of information regarding the general characteristics of tuberous vegetables, critical periods of control, main weeds in the crop, integrated management methods (preventive, cultural, physical, mechanical, biological and chemical); and it is intended for professors, researchers, extensionist, undergraduate and graduate students, rural producers and other professionals involved in the area of weed science.
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Foley, Richard. Secondary Differences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865122.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that inquiries in the sciences ideally move toward an endpoint, a definitive account that is accurate and complete, and on which there is consensus, whereas issues in the humanities are open-ended, with major new insights and revisions always to be expected. While progress in the sciences is movement toward an agreed-upon endpoint, progress in the humanities is toward greater precision, breadth, and coherence, with individual progress highly prized even when it does not lead to consensus. The chapter also argues there are other differences. While the sciences tend to rely on deference to expert authority and to value simple theories, the humanities are more wary of deference and simplicity. The methods of the sciences, which minimize indexicality and perspectivality, and place value on discoveries of conscious phenomena derived from information not steeped in mentality, are not well suited to produce insights about the variety of human experience, whereas the humanities make use of considerations heavily inflected with mentality and hence are better able to produce insights about human experiences and perspectives.
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Cookson, Richard, Susan Griffin, Ole F. Norheim, and Anthony J. Culyer, eds. Distributional Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198838197.001.0001.
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Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis aims to help healthcare and public health organizations make fairer decisions with better outcomes. Standard cost-effectiveness analysis provides information about total costs and effects. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis provides additional information about fairness in the distribution of costs and effects—who gains, who loses, and by how much. It can also provide information about the trade-offs that sometimes occur between efficiency objectives such as improving total health and equity objectives such as reducing unfair inequality in health. This is a practical guide to a flexible suite of economic methods for quantifying the equity consequences of health programmes in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The methods can be tailored and combined in various ways to provide useful information to different decision makers in different countries with different distributional equity concerns. The handbook is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and analysts specializing in cost-effectiveness analysis but is also accessible to a broader audience of health sector academics, practitioners, managers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Part I is an introduction and overview for research commissioners, users, and producers. Parts II and III provide step-by-step technical guidance on how to simulate and evaluate distributions, with accompanying hands-on spreadsheet training exercises. Part IV concludes with discussions about how to handle uncertainty about facts and disagreement about values, and the future challenges facing this young and rapidly evolving field of study.
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Freitas, Lisiane dos Santos, Roberta Menezes Santos, Diego Fonseca Bispo, Thainara Bovo Massa, Thiago Vinícius Barros, Lucio Cardozo Filho, Alberto Wisniewski Jr., et al. Energia da Biomassa: termoconversão e seus produtos. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-079-3.
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In this book, the authors briefly present a description of the main pyrolysis process, the pretreatment of biomass, the characteristics of biomass, and pyrolysis products through an upgraded methods and its application. The book is divided into ten chapters dedicated to showing the potential of the thermochemical process to convert biomass into biogas, bio-oil, pyrolysis water, and biochar, which are products that can be used as intermediates in the chemical industry, in agriculture, or as biofuels. The critical knowledge of the characteristics of the biomass and possible pretreatment methods before pyrolysis can be used to help determine the routes to obtain products with superior economic value. The main types of thermal conversion, the technologies, reactors, and catalyst used to upgrade the bio-oil into biofuels, is presented is a didactic form. The characterization of classic and new techniques is addressed in order to clarify the main information obtained about the chemical characteristics of biomass and pyrolysis products. The content also shows the importance and main applications of pyrolysis products for the economy and the environment.
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Cortigiani, Lauro, and Eugenio Picano. Stress echocardiography. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199599639.003.0013.
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Stress echocardiography is a widely used method for assessing coronary artery disease, due to the high diagnostic and prognostic value. While inducible ischaemia predicts an unfavourable outcome, its absence is associated with a low risk of future events. The evaluation of coronary flow reserve by Doppler adds prognostic information to that of standard stress test. Stress echocardiography is indicated in cases when exercise testing is unfeasible, uninterpretable, or gives ambiguous result, and when ischaemia during the test is frequently a false positive response, as in hypertensives, women and patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Viability detection represents another application of stress echocardiography. The documentation of viable myocardium predicts an improved outcome following revascularization in ischaemic and following resynchronization therapy in idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Moreover, stress echocardiography can aid significantly in clinical decision making in patients with valvular heart disease through dynamic assessment of mitral insufficiency, transvalvular gradients and pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Among the various stress modalities, exercise is safer than pharmacologic stress, in which major complications are three times more frequent with dobutamine than with dipyridamole. Stress echocardiography provides similar accuracy than perfusion scintigraphy but a substantially lower cost, without environmental impact and with no radiation biohazards for the patient.
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Márquez-Peláez, Sergio, Juan Antonio Blasco-Amaro, and Mª José Aguado-Romeo. Incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (an update). AETSA Área de Evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias de Andalucía, Fundación Progreso y salud. Consejería de Salud y Familias. Junta de Andalucía, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52766/kpnf6027.
Full textAbstract:
Background This report responds to a need to update the available information about incompatible living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT) previously published in 2014 which, based on 14 case series and 1 cohort study, concluded that this type of transplants could be a therapeutic option with survival, graft and patient outcomes, adequate and similar to a compatible living-donor kidney transplant, however, these report only included ABO-incompatible information. Objective The purpose of the report is to provide updated evidence on effectiveness and safety in terms of graft survival and survival of patients undergoing incompatible LDKT. Method To answer the question a systematic review of the literature was carried out, by updating the structured searches of the previous existing report. The selection of the references was carried out first by title and abstract. Next, the full-text papers were selected by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, defined a priori, by a single researcher. In the same way, we proceeded to extract the data from the articles finally selected, and their synthesis in tables similar to those of the previous report, with special attention to the HLA incompatibility LDKT data, since no information was collected in the previous report. Results From 232 localized references, 35 papers on incompatible LDKT have finally been included, 16 with information on HLAi transplant patients and 19 with ABO incompatible transplant patients. In all cases, case series with or without a control group and a very limited number of patients were treated, only 1 study registered more than 1000 patients undergoing incompatible LDKT in 22 centers (Orandi et al. 2014) in the case of HLAi. The information on graft survival in patients undergoing HLA-incompatible LDKT at 1 year is between 90 % (Laftavi et al. 2011) and 100 % (Blumberg et al. 2013; Yamanaga et al. 2013), while the data recorded over five years survival were lower, from 69 % (Couzi et al. 2015) to 94.7 % (Jakson et al. 2015). The 1-year patient survival registered was found between 90.5 % by Sharif et al. 2014 and 100 % (Blumberg et al. 2013 and Laftavi et al. 2011). The 5-year patient survival recorded is in the range of 59.2 % (in one of the subgroups described by Orandi et al. ) when the other HLAi subgroup does offer similar figures to the rest of the studies, around 86 % survival and the 5-year value provided by Kim et al. which registered 95.8 %. In general, for LDKT with ABO incompatibility, the results of the previous review from 2012 are maintained, with a 1-year graft survival in ABOi-type living donor kidney transplants recorded in up to 8 of the 19 included studies and one 84 % minimum (Bachmann et al. 2018). For patient survival at 1 year, it is 100 % or very close in all the studies on ABOi and figures are high, but somewhat lower, for patient survival at five years (between 92 % of Melexopoulus et al. and 97.7 % from Subramanian et al.). Conclusions There is great variability in the information presented by the studies, so that it make difficult to group together. The quality of the evidence is very limited, as these are case series studies with a high risk of bias, many without a control group, and others with comparative cohort results (historical retrospectives). However, the results shown are consistent and the claims of the previous 2012 report are maintained. Graft survival and patient survival for patients undergoing HLA-incompatible LDKT are high and comparable to values offered by ABOi transplants and ABO compatible transplants. In the studies on LDKT with ABOi data, the results collected on both survival variables maintain the statements of the previous report, remaining at high values. A single localized study about economic efficiency aspects was carried out in the United States, the authors conclude that the LDKT can be an efficient option in terms of cost per QALY, although this conclusion is not directly transferable to our National Health System.