Relevant bibliographies by topics / Information theory in economics – Case studies

Academic literature on the topic 'Information theory in economics – Case studies'

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Published: 10 March 2023
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Information theory in economics – Case studies"

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Fritz, Melanie, Gaetano Martino, and Giulio Surci. "Trust conditional on governance structure: theory and evidence from case studies." Journal on Chain and Network Science 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2008.x087.

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The paper proposes the idea that trust-based relationships can be established within the specific governance structures chosen by the agents. The theoretical background of this paper spans the literature from transaction cost and contract theory to supplier relationship management and trust theory. First communication and experience, risk perception attitude and the trade-off between trust and control are discussed within the analysis of trust source factors. Then these elements are considered in the light of Transaction Cost Economics. Three case studies are then presented in order to corroborate the theoretical proposition.
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Bitsch, Vera, and Michael Hogberg. "Exploring Horticultural Employees' Attitudes Toward Their Jobs: A Qualitative Analysis Based on Herzberg's Theory of Job Satisfaction." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 37, no. 3 (December 2005): 659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800027152.

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Job satisfaction is likely the most studied work-related attitude and is assumed to influence a variety of behaviors. This study analyzes the job satisfaction of agricultural employees using Herzberg's theory, which is broadly employed in management. Fourteen horticultural businesses participated in case studies of labor-management practices. Fifteen nonsupervisory employee interviews were analyzed regarding job satisfaction. Components of job satisfaction relevant to horticultural employees were family-business values, achievement, recognition, work itself, involvement, personal life, interpersonal relationships, job security, supervision, working conditions, organization, safety, compensation, and information. While support for Herzberg's theory is weak, it is useful for classifying employees' attitudes.
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Sandberg, Berit. "Functions of intermediaries in arts-based cooperations." Arts and the Market 7, no. 1 (May 2, 2017): 13–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aam-06-2016-0007.

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Purpose Arts-based cooperations between business and the arts create innovative solutions for companies by introducing artistic practices. Cooperations of this nature are predominantly prepared and implemented by intermediaries who act as “matchmakers” and bridge the cultural clash. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach For the present study on the function of such intermediaries, qualitative data material from interviews and case studies on arts-based cooperations was collected and analysed. Findings This paper analyses the results from an institutional economics perspective. By drawing on transaction cost theory and information economics, the findings are transformed into an intermediation theory of arts-based cooperations. The theory postulates that intermediaries are able to reduce transaction costs as well as the risks which are contingent on asymmetric information. Involving an intermediary produces cost advantages compared to direct contact between companies and artists. Originality/value The analysis illuminates an important but heretofore neglected aspect of arts-based initiatives thus providing an indication for their successful implementation.
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Thompson, Gareth. "Public relations interactions with Wikipedia." Journal of Communication Management 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcom-12-2014-0083.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the relevance of the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework (Ostrom, 1990) in understanding the incentives for public relations (PR) practitioners’ interactions with Wikipedia, and other common-pool media. Design/methodology/approach – This interdisciplinary conceptual paper applies the economics theory of commons governance to two case studies of PR interactions with Wikipedia. Findings – The analysis concludes that commons governance theory identifies the downside risks of opportunistic behaviour by PR practitioners in their interactions with media commons such as Wikipedia. The paper concludes that Ostrom’s IAD model is relevant to the governance of PR interactions and offers guidance on productive PR practice in common-pool media. Research limitations/implications – The analysis was applied to only two cases for which information was widely available. Practical implications – The paper includes implications for the scope of PR practice in its interactions with common-pool media. The economic value of information held by PR professionals has been undermined by the collaborative nature of common-pool media, which has consequences for the role of PR. Originality/value – The paper introduces an economic theory and related literature to PR scholarship and applies them to PR practice. The paper aims to stimulate further research into the application of economic ideas to PR practice and to encourage discussion on the place of economic theory in PR knowledge.
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Carroll, Jeffrey. "One study, four cities: information impact in neighborhood economic development." Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 14, no. 4 (July 3, 2020): 663–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tg-07-2019-0070.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to create a theory on how a commissioned study impacts the decision-making of local government officials. Design/methodology/approach This study uses comparative case studies via the “Knowledge Cycle,” which is a method of examining information use for four distinct decision-making environments’ development (Baltimore, Maryland; Louisville, Kentucky; Detroit, Michigan; and Tampa, Florida). Findings This study reports significance in three factors that may explain information impact: the presence of an “information champion” who directs the application of the study toward initiatives that are important to them, the length of time that one can use information before it becomes outdated and the ability to use the study to spur dialogue with development stakeholders outside of local government. Research limitations/implications The limitation to this study is that it is limited to the observation of a specific population (local government economic development bureaucrats) and their use of a specific package of information. The debate is open to whether the findings of this study are relevant to actors using other types of information within other levels of government and within other fields of inquiry. Practical implications Advances in information technology and the proliferation of data intermediaries who can use sophisticated analysis warrant the understanding how government officials interact with the studies that they commission. Originality/value To date, there are few studies that have examined how a singular package of information is used in multiple decision-making environments. This paper adds to this dearth of scholarship while creating theory to how and why local decision-makers may use information.
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Levin, Jonathan. "Relational Incentive Contracts." American Economic Review 93, no. 3 (May 1, 2003): 835–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803322157115.

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Standard incentive theory models provide a rich framework for studying informational problems but assume that contracts can be perfectly enforced. This paper studies the design of self-enforced relational contracts. I show that optimal contracts often can take a simple stationary form, but that self-enforcement restricts promised compensation and affects incentive provision. With hidden information, it may be optimal for an agent to supply the same inefficient effort regardless of cost conditions. With moral hazard, optimal contracts involve just two levels of compensation. This is true even if performance measures are subjective, in which case optimal contracts terminate following poor performance.
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Kanobe, Fredrick, SP Sambo, and Billy Mathias Kalema. "Information Security Governance Framework in Public Cloud a Case in Low Resource Economies in Uganda." Journal of Innovation Information Technology and Application (JINITA) 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/jinita.v4i1.1292.

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The study aimed at exploring the critical enablers to the development and usage of information security governance frameworks for cloud computing in Uganda. The study was motivated by the continuous information security governance challenges in the Public Cloud. The theoretical frameworks that underpinned this study included; Contingency management theory, the Risk Management framework, the Technological Organisational and Environmental (TOE) model and the Information Security Governance model. This study adopted a quantitative research approach to obtain data through a survey. Five key factors for information security governance were identified: a) Technological factors: flexibility, scalability, availability, agility, data protection governance, trust of cloud, data source, maintenance, data retention and policy. b) Organisation: size and structure of the organisation, top management support. c) Environmental factors: governance and regulation, marketing, vendor, resource availability, obsoleteness. d) Individual: user resistance, attitude, skills, belief and learnability. e) Risk management and control factors: risk assessment, disaster recovery, access and authorisation control, monitoring, auditing, and process risk control. The study contributes to theory and practice in information security. The developed framework and its accompanying model helped to inform public departments, organisational top management and information security strategies to avoid excessive information risks and potential regulatory compliance failures in public cloud. The study was inclined on subjective information security, which alone may not fully address all information security problems in a public cloud. Therefore, it is recommendable that future research studies on objective security in public cloud
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Kanobe, Fredrick, SP Sambo, and Billy Mathias Kalema. "Information Security Governance Framework in Public Cloud a Case in Low Resource Economies in Uganda." Journal of Innovation Information Technology and Application (JINITA) 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35970/jinita.v4i1.1427.

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The study aimed at exploring the critical enablers to the development and usage of information security governance frameworks for cloud computing in Uganda. The study was motivated by the continuous information security governance challenges in the Public Cloud. The theoretical frameworks that underpinned this study included; Contingency management theory, the Risk Management framework, the Technological Organisational and Environmental (TOE) model and the Information Security Governance model. This study adopted a quantitative research approach to obtain data through a survey. Five key factors for information security governance were identified: a) Technological factors: flexibility, scalability, availability, agility, data protection governance, trust of cloud, data source, maintenance, data retention and policy. b) Organisation: size and structure of the organisation, top management support. c) Environmental factors: governance and regulation, marketing, vendor, resource availability, obsoleteness. d) Individual: user resistance, attitude, skills, belief and learnability. e) Risk management and control factors: risk assessment, disaster recovery, access and authorisation control, monitoring, auditing, and process risk control. The study contributes to theory and practice in information security. The developed framework and its accompanying model helped to inform public departments, organisational top management and information security strategies to avoid excessive information risks and potential regulatory compliance failures in public cloud. The study was inclined on subjective information security, which alone may not fully address all information security problems in a public cloud. Therefore, it is recommendable that future research studies on objective security in public cloud.
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Hämäläinen, Esa, and Ulla Tapaninen. "Economics of a Nordic paper mill: case study." Industrial Management & Data Systems 110, no. 1 (February 2, 2010): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635571011008371.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal how the prices, costs, and logistics develop in the case mill and how these variables correlate with profits, and finally to give suggestions for improvements.Design/methodology/approachA typical Finnish paper mill is selected for the basis of the case study. The complete data for the mill for the years 2001 to 2007 at a monthly level are used. The data are obtained from the mill's financial management system and transferred to Excel. Statistica 4.1 software is used to run the statistical correlation analyses. The results can be generalized with certain limitations to paper manufacturing located at a long distance from its customers.FindingsThis paper gives an important insight into the economics of the Finnish paper industry. From theory‐building point of view, the empirical process data show that the variation in production lines is minimal, but there are important variations in paper deliveries. A lot can be gained in the logistics processes. Larger volumes delivered in tons also tend to increase profits. From the mill to the consignees, fluctuations in the process and paper sales grow substantially, which indicates longer storage times.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the case study are based on the data of a single large integrated paper mill in Finland covering the years 2001‐2007, so the results cannot be directly generalized to concern all Nordic paper mills. In May 2005, there was an industrial blackout, which considerably affected the production and deliveries of all Finnish paper mills in that year.Practical implicationsThe competitive advantages of the Finnish paper industry are undermined by low paper prices and costly logistics. The mill managers should increasingly focus on overcapacity and cost issues and also deliver volumes, which all could contribute to higher profits.Originality/valueIn this paper, the Finnish paper industry is studied through a time series, economic geography, and statistical tools. This approach is a novel method and gives new insights into this research object. The mill's economic variables, such as paper prices, profits, and logistics and manufacturing costs, and the characteristics of these issues in a spatial context are studied.
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Wilson, Asa B. "Attributes of turnaround rural hospitals: Case study findings and research opportunities." Journal of Hospital Administration 6, no. 6 (October 19, 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v6n6p8.

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Background: Rural and Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) have a history of operating challenges and closure-conversion threats. The history is reviewed including the supportive public policy provisions and administrative tactics designed to maintain a community’s hospital as the hub and access point for health services. Limited research indicates that rural facilities are not strategic in their responses to challenges. A question emerges regarding the enduring nature of operating difficulties for these facilities, i.e., no understanding with explanatory value.Objective: The author, as the CEO in six rural hospitals designated as turnaround facilities, used inductive participant-observer involvement to identify operating attributes characteristic of these organizations. An objective description of each facility is provided. While implementing a turnaround intervention, fifteen behaviors or outcomes were found to be consistent across all six entities. This information is used to posit factors associated with or accounting for identified performance weaknesses.Conclusions: It is conceptualization that observed organizational behaviors can be explained as remnants of an agrarian ideology. Such a mindset is focused on preserving the status quo despite challenges that would require strategic positioning of the organization. In addition, emerging studies on community types indicates that follow-up research is needed that assesses the impact of community attributes on rural hospital performance. Also, this study shows that a theory of the rural hospital firm based on neo-classical economics has no explanatory value. Thus, a theory of the firm can be developed that includes behavioral economic principles.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Information theory in economics – Case studies"

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KARLSSON, Martin. "On asymmetric information and health." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/7003.

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Defence date: 15 January 2007
Examining Board: Pedro Barros (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) ; Tor Iversen (Helath Economics Research Programme at the University of Oslo) ; Massimo Motta (European University Institute) ; Karl Schlag (European University Institute)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The topic of this thesis is optimal reimbursement of healthcare providers.
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Miller, Samuel. "Adult Children's Information Deficiencies and Risk Aversion Regarding LTCI Purchase for Elderly Parents| A Multi Case Study." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3641469.

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Long-term care is the greatest uninsured risk facing the American public today. The failure to plan for long-term care has had a serious, and often devastating, impact on families that are thrust into the role of caregiver to an elderly parent. The failure to plan for long-term care also has very serious consequences for society, which, through public programs such as Medicaid, pays for a huge and unsustainable portion of long-term care supports and services. The impact of the failure to plan for long-term care is becoming more devastating due to the confluence of several factors. People are living longer now than ever before thereby increasing the demand for long-term care services and supports, with the population of senior citizens expected to more than double in the near future. There are far fewer family caregivers available to provide care to elderly parents as a result of lower birth rates, later marriages, and the rapid increase of women participating in the workforce, reducing the available pool of family caregivers. Understanding the dynamics of long-term care planning, and the failure to plan for long-term care, is a necessary step in successfully addressing long-term care planning. Adult children of elderly parents rarely participate in their parents' future planning for long-term care. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple case study, was to explore how adult children's information deficiencies and risk aversion impact how they advise their parents on the purchase of long-term care insurance. The participants for the study were 12 adult children between the ages of 25 and 44, with incomes greater than $75,000 per year, with assets greater than $200,000. These participants were carefully selected from a commercially available demographic list from the New York-Long Island Metropolitan area, to be representative of adult children with similar demographics from other regions of the country. The research findings suggested that the information deficiencies of adult children of elderly parents is the greatest barrier to adult children's participation in the long-term care planning of their elderly parents. The findings indicate that adult children of elderly parents are unaware of the costs of long-term care, the chances of their parents needing long-term care, the burden of caregiving on themselves and their families, and how medical insurance and Medicare play virtually no role in a long-term care event. Other findings indicated that once these adult children were provided with credible updated information on the factors pertaining to long-term care their risk aversion toward such planning was replaced with the willingness to engage in long-term care planning with their parents. From a practical application standpoint, this study is important for adult children of elderly parents, the elderly parents, long-term care advocates, long-term care providers, legislators at all levels of government, and insurance companies in the business of long-term care insurance, as this study provides insights into the perceptions of long-term care by those most affected by the failure to plan for long-term care. Future research is required to expand on these findings by developing appropriate, credible, and understandable awareness campaigns regarding the nature of long-term care and its impact on families and society.

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Askira, Gelman I. "Studies on the informativeness, value, and cost, of information and information systems." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289235.

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The widely used database technology and more recent developments in networking and Web technologies are encouraging diversity in the utilization of existing data. Data are now routinely pooled from multiple systems and physical locations, and integrated in creative ways for various decision-making purposes. From a managerial perspective, however, there are growing concerns in regard to the quality of the output information, and the economic justification of costly investments in such technologies. The major part of this dissertation addresses these concerns through formal studies on the quality and value of information, based on information economics (IE) theory. The quality and value of information integration is studied from a standpoint that recognizes the fundamental role of information integration in information systems. The objective of this study is to create a domain-independent theoretical framework that can facilitate decision making on information integration. The framework classifies information integration situations using two information quality characteristics--informativeness and dependence--and links different conditions in terms of these characteristics with different predictions on the value of integration. A second, related study centers on the questions of whether improving the accuracy of the input of an information system guarantees higher accuracy and economic value of its output, especially higher accuracy and economic value of forecasts. The study offers sufficient conditions under which the answer to these questions is positive, and also presents counter examples that suggest conditions under which the answer is negative. The results point to a contextual factor that can affect accuracy both ways--positive or negative--which has been ignored by data quality theory. This factor is dependence between errors. A third study considers a question related to software economics. Software economics theory equates software with code and directs that the supply of information be based entirely on demand patterns. However, an increasingly common custom in the software market to bundle the code with services indicates that a different model of cost and price may apply in many cases. Such model combines the information goods cost model with a service cost model. The study focuses on the question of the validity of such alternative model.
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Wadeson, Nigel. "The economics of sharing information and the theory of the firm." Thesis, University of Reading, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245335.

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Powell, S. G. "Developments in the Chinese rural economy, 1978-1985 : Six regional case-studies." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373472.

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Auguste, Bryon G. "The economics of international payments unions and clearing houses : theory, measurements and three case studies." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335674.

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Wale, J. M. "Entrepreneurs and managers in the British coal industry, 1880-1914 : case studies in business history." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305377.

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Driffield, Tarn Melanie. "Real options theory applied to decision making in health care : a series of case studies." Thesis, University of York, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9771/.

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Baggott, C. M. "Business, politics and family ties : Three case studies; the Cerchi, Dell'Antella and Portinari of Florence 1260-1360." Thesis, Keele University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372823.

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Schmidt, Gordon 1946. "Dynamics of endogenous economic growth theory and related issues : a case study of the "Romer model"." Monash University, Dept. of Economics, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8832.

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Books on the topic "Information theory in economics – Case studies"

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Legge, Karen. Case studies in information technology, people and organisations. Manchester: NCC Blackwell, 1991.

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Salvatore, Dominick. Introduction to international economics. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Salvatore, Dominick. Introduction to International Economics. S.l: Wiley, 2005.

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Introduction to international economics. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2010.

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Nilmini, Wickramasinghe, ed. Principles of knowledge management: Theory, practices, and cases. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe, 2008.

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Geisler, Eliezer. Management of medical technology: Theory, practice, and cases. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

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N, Larsen Otto, ed. The flow of information: An experiment in mass communication. New Brunswick, U.S.A: Transaction Books, 1987.

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C, High Jack, ed. Regulation: Economic theory and history. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1991.

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1940-, Dawson Alistair, Dejonghe Trudo, and ScienceDirect (Online service), eds. Sports economics: Theory, evidence and policy. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009.

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Carvalho, Marly Monteiro de, 1965- and Laurindo Fernando José Barbin, eds. Strategic alignment process and decision support systems: Theory and case studies. Hershey, PA: IRM Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Information theory in economics – Case studies"

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Bennett, Richard. "People's preferences in relation to animal welfare." In The economics of farm animal welfare: theory, evidence and policy, 75–97. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0075.

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Abstract People may have preferences in relation to products and services that they perceive to have animal welfare attributes. People may also have preferences in relation to different welfare states, standards and treatment of animals. Human empathy with animals is a potential source of utility (e.g. the pleasure from seeing animals playing) and disutility (e.g. the distress caused if we perceive an animal is suffering). We may derive satisfaction from moral preferences for how animals are treated regardless of this empathy. There are many animal-derived products for consumers to purchase in markets but little information on the welfare of the animals that produced them in order for consumers to make choices consistent with their animal welfare preferences. People's preferences can be ascertained by observations of their behaviour and the choices they make, and by asking people what their preferences are. Two research case studies are presented. There is a need for welfare advocacy on behalf of animals. This stewardship role must be informed by scientific evidence on animal sentience, preferences and welfare status. Government or an alternative body acting on behalf of society must take up the role to represent societal animal welfare preferences and act as custodians to protect the welfare of animals.
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Mohapatra, Sanjay. "Case Studies." In Information Theory and Best Practices in the IT Industry, 165–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3043-8_6.

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Kellison, Bruce, and Matt Kammer-Kerwick. "The Economics of Human Trafficking." In Human Trafficking: Applying Research, Theory, and Case Studies, 111–38. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071800966.n4.

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Silva-Macher, Jose Carlos. "Flow/Fund Theory and Rural Livelihoods." In Studies in Ecological Economics, 157–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22566-6_14.

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AbstractThe concept of social metabolism and its relation with ecological distribution conflicts is a key theme in the work of Joan Martinez-Alier and the Barcelona school. It creates a bridge between the fields of ecological economics and political ecology. Following Georgescu-Roegen’s fund-flow theory of economic production, the present chapter has the objective to illustrate with a case study at the commodity frontier of the Andes-Amazon region in Peru, the relation between material flows and ecological distribution conflicts. The systemic and participatory approaches we have adopted can facilitate the prevention of social conflicts. Decision-makers should be aware of different perspectives hold by diverse social groups and their relation with the biophysical reality, and acknowledging them as part of social metabolism studies.
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Gulin, Danimir, Mirjana Hladika, and Marina Mićin. "Disclosure of Non-financial Information: The Case of Croatian Listed Companies." In Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 159–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76288-3_12.

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Patel, Sushmita, Tenzin Chorran, Kunja Shrestha, and Shivanyaa Rawat. "Technology for Information Democracy: Case of GIS Enabled Entitlement Tracking System." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 213–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6907-4_12.

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Feige, Edgar L. "The theory and measurement of cash payments: a case study of the Netherlands." In International Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 67–98. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3591-4_6.

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Lehmann, Hans. "Research Method: Grounded Theory for Descriptive and Exploratory Case Studies." In The Dynamics of International Information Systems, 53–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5750-4_5.

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Hutter, Michael. "Transaction Cost and Communication: A Theory of Institutional Change, Applied to the Case of Patent Law." In International Studies in Economics and Econometrics, 113–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4442-8_6.

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Furubotn, Eirik G. "Property Rights in Information and the Multinational Firm: The Case of Technical Learning in a Multiplant System." In Studies in International Economics and Institutions, 368–400. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83647-3_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Information theory in economics – Case studies"

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WANG, YUAN, CHU HUANG, and BING-XUE HAN. "ANCHOR OPINION LEADER TRAITS, USER ENGAGEMENT AND BUYING BEHAVIOR—AN EMPIRICAL CASE IN A NEW SCENARIO." In 2021 International Conference on Management, Economics, Business and Information Technology. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35641.

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In the emerging marketing scenario of e-commerce live broadcast, there are few studies on anchor-user interactions. By using all the data of the salesmen who introduces the merchandise to the audience through the camera on Taobao website in China in February 2021, a model with user engagement as a mediating variable was constructed to investigate the relationship between anchor opinion leader traits and user purchase behavior. The results show that anchor opinion leader traits positively influence users' purchasing behavior. User engagement plays a fully mediating role in this mechanism. The findings of this paper serve as a guide for the e-commerce industry to better cultivate and select anchors.
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Liodorova, Julija, and Irina Voronova. "Z-score and P-score for bankruptcy fraud detection: a case of the construction sector in Latvia." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.029.

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To protect investment and ensure repayment of payables, recent studies have focused on identifying the relationships between company bankruptcy and internal fraud. The P-score model that is based on the most popular Altman Z-score model has been developed to indicate the manipulation of financial statements. Purpose of the study is to determinate the accuracy and the feasibility of P-score and Z-score models to detect fraudulent bankruptcy in regional conditions, based on reports of the Latvian construction companies that failed due to fraud, and during the verification of other known data. Research methodology is based on the background studies of P-score testifying, applying this approach to the Latvian condition. The present study analyzes the behaviour of the two models in identifying distress and fraud. To testify the results of the study, the authors use the financial analysis methods, comparison, statistical and quantitative research methods. Findings have shown the possibility of using the P-score and Z-score technique for bankruptcy fraud detection at the Latvian companies, based on the construction sector samples. The accuracy of the method is above 80%. Research limitations – acquisition a large amount of data on companies that are in the process of analytical studies on the recognition of their insolvency and having signs of fraud is not possible due to the confidentiality of information. Practical implications – the results of the study may be applicable to the audit of the company, investment reliability assessment, partnership evaluation and economic examination to detect fraud. Originality/Value of the study is the first test of practical implication of P-score model in Latvia and the Baltic countries on the samples of small and medium-sized construction companies. The authors propose improving the coefficients of the P-score model taking into account the requirements for financial statements in Latvia
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Kaufmane, Dace, Liga Paula, Kaspars Naglis-Liepa, Liga Proskina, and Laura Andriana Indriksone. "Municipal activities in local food systems: case study of Zemgale region." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.030.

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According to the Actor Network Theory, the local food system is a set of interconnected processes and social agents including municipalities as a business environment. In the context of rural studies, support for local food producers is important for local communities. By content analysis of the information available on the websites of Zemgale region’s municipalities and the opinions of municipal specialists on local support measures for entrepreneurs, the aim of the paper was to identify the activities of municipalities in local food systems. Within a context of local food systems, the authors revealed that municipalities in Zemgale region provide support activities in two main directions: food businesses and tourism activities. The analysis of business support measures showed that local food producers in municipalities are promoted and supported in a number of ways through branding, special events and trade facilitation, seminars and annual awards. Activities in the field of tourism revealed cooperation, involving local food producers in the tourism system and ensuring the recognition of local food products to a wider group of consumers. Integrating local food businesses into tourism routes and thematic activities, in other words making locally produced food an integral part of the tourism product, develops small and medium-sized enterprises that contribute to the socio-economic resilience and environmental sustainability of rural communities, local innovations and creativity. In Zemgale, municipal activities for support of local food producers in the context of COVID-19 crisis are strengthening rural communities thus supporting and helping entrepreneurs to adapt to changes.
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Staiculescu, Camelia, Dobrea Razvan catalin, and Maria liana Lacatus. "EDUCATION AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES - THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS - CASE STUDY." In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-035.

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The preoccupation with the creation of complete educational systems, responding to the needs of their beneficiaries (pupils, students, course attendants) is now more valid than ever. The extension of school into non-traditional social spaces, the creation of new learning environments, represents a solution for the current educational needs. This article presents the results derived from an educational project which has managed to put together both the traditional learning environment, from the university, and the social-economic environment represented by the employers. The two entities acted together to contribute to the success of college graduates. The educational experiences created by the two entities aimed to develop complex educational services targeting students: traditional teaching, with the organization of learning experiences in real working environments, face-to-face, as well as on-line student guidance and tutoring, the provision of complex counselling services, at individual and at group level, both face-to-face and on-line. The work indicates the fact that there is a direct dependence between the growth in the number of students who were involved in learning experiences in real working environments, corresponding to their preparation, abilities, interests, competencies and the facilitation of transition from school to active life, reflected by the time necessary for students/ graduates to be employed in the specialty that they completed. Also, the work indicates that there is a direct relation between the increase in the complexity of information, orientation, counselling, and monitoring services provided to the students within the learning community in real working environments and the reinforcement of the partnership between the university and the social and economic environment. The impact of the educational project on the beneficiaries, future graduates of master’s degree studies, was a major one. The students developed their capacity for adjustment to the requirements of a workplace, they put into practice the matters learned in theory, they developed their learning and communication capacities, improved their career opportunities by developing specific competences on the initiation and management of their own career within orientation and counselling activities etc. The educational project presented by the article represents a best practice model which indicates the mode in which the opportunities for the start of active life can be improved, by improving communication between the students and future employers within a varied learning community, conducted in the real environment, as well as online.
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Barbo, Matej, and Blaž Rodič. "MOTORCYCLE EMERGENCY BRAKING WARNING SYSTEM – TRAFFIC SAFETY INNOVATION USING OFFTHE- SHELF TECHNOLOGY." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2021.507.

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In this paper we present research findings on collision warning systems and their influence on traffic safety, and present MEBWS – Motorcycle Emergency Braking Warning System, a patented innovation developed at the Faculty of Information Studies in Novo mesto. MEBWS analyses motorcycle movement in real-time using an accelerometer and GPS speed measurement and monitors the following vehicles using a LIDAR. In case a dangerous situation is detected, the MEBWS alerts vehicles behind the motorcycle with an autonomous flashing LED. Furthermore, we are developing a simulation model that will allow us to gauge the influence of MEBWS on traffic safety in large traffic systems and its contribution to the European Union’s goal “Vision Zero” – to reduce road deaths to almost zero by 2050.
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Keci, Erjola. "OVERVIEW OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATUS IN THE FRAME OF EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE REQUIREMENT IN SOME ALBANIAN RIVERS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.303.

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This paper first reviews the principal monitoring requirements of the WFD and discusses the monitoring network for diffuse pollution in Albania in the context of implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Considerations on water quality of surface waters from main Albanian rivers based on ecological and chemicals indicators are reported. Quality measurement are essential to demonstrate the comparability of obtained data and they form the basis for correct decisions related to management of water resources. The existing surface water quality monitoring network provides only restricted information to select between different management options when implementing river basin management plans (RBMP) under the WFD. We then clearly define and exemplify the roles, the functions and the need for a new set of monitoring tools support of implementing the WFD, using the case studies based on datasets that we obtained during recurrent monitoring campaigns in the Rivers Ishmi, Erzeni, Shkumbini and Mati.
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Strey, Giselle, Antonio Campello, Joao E. Strapasson, and Sueli I. R. Costa. "Perfect Codes in Euclidean Lattices: Bounds and Case Studies." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2019.8849538.

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Huysmans, Philip, Jan Verelst, Herwig Mannaert, and Arco Oost. "Integrating Information Systems Using Normalized Systems Theory: Four Case Studies." In 2015 IEEE 17th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbi.2015.43.

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Brada, Premek, Richard Lipka, Lukas Holy, and Kamil Jezek. "Interactive System Architecture Exploration: Case Studies with the IMiGEr Tool." In 11th International Conference on Information Visualization Theory and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009164002880293.

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Ram, Prashant, Jeff Stempihar, Tom Van Dam, Mark Snyder, Kurt Smith, and Tom Yu. "Concrete Pavement Preservation: Lessons Learned from 11 Case Studies." In 12th International Conference on Concrete Pavements. International Society for Concrete Pavements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33593/m0cog7wy.

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An ongoing FHWA project is redefining concrete pavement preservation as “preserving the existing concrete pavement structure to extend its service life for as long as possible, by arresting, greatly diminishing, or avoiding the pavement deterioration process.” This can be achieved through three fundamental approaches: (a) designing and constructing pavements that remain structurally adequate and relatively distress-free throughout their service lives (i.e., using long-life concrete pavement), (b) using asphalt or concrete overlays as preservation treatments to maintain the functional performance of the pavement, and (c) maintaining the serviceability of the pavement using concrete pavement restoration (CPR) treatments. One of the tasks under the project was to document 11 concrete pavement projects around the U.S. that have successfully demonstrated the application of the three fundamental preservation approaches mentioned above. This includes information on the following: (a) original pavement design, materials, and construction, (b) traffic and service conditions, (c) maintenance and rehabilitation history, (d) present day condition [based on site visits in 2018], and (e) economic analysis. This paper highlights key information for 11 different case study projects and presents a summary of lessons learned from each project. The information gleaned from these success stories are being used in the development of guidelines for long-term concrete pavement preservation strategies.
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Reports on the topic "Information theory in economics – Case studies"

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Marsden, Eric. Risk regulation, liability and insurance: literature review of their influence on safety management. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/337rrl.

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This document provides a short literature review on the complementarity (and antagonisms) between liability rules, safety regulation and insurance and their effect on safety management. It draws on a range of disciplines, with a focus on economic analysis of law and regulation theory. Some of the issues discussed are rather complex; this document attempts to provide simple explanations together with references to the professional literature for the interested reader. Some issues are the subject of ongoing debate between scholars; in such situations, we have attempted to present the various points of view. The document provides background information concerning the topics discussed during the NeTWork’2012 workshop, and draws on some of the contributions of workshop participants and the rich discussion which took place during the three days. The first chapter presents issues related to regulation, starting with the classical economic justifications for state intervention (presence of externalities, information failures and moral hazard). A number of obstacles to the effectiveness of safety regulation are presented. Finally, some alternatives or complements to regulation, including self-regulation, are briefly discussed. Chapter 2 presents an overview of liability law, starting with some introductory definitions. Factors which weaken the effectiveness of liability as an incentive to invest in prevention are discussed, as are negative effects of liability regimes on safety management. A number of case studies illustrating the liability of regulators are briefly presented. Chapter 3 discusses the impact of insurance and reinsurance on firms’ and individuals’ safety management. The last chapter briefly analyzes firms’ and individuals’ sources of motivation to take care.
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman, and Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.

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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Boustati, Alma. The Advantages and Disadvantage of Double Taxation Agreements for Developing Countries. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.143.

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When a developing and a developed country sign Double Taxation Agreements (DTAs), its generally the case that the developing country is the one that forgoes some of its tax revenues (Braun & Fuentes, 2016). Nevertheless, developing countries enter these agreements on the assumption that this will have enough economic benefits to offset these losses (Neumayer, 2007). Besides alleviating the burden of double taxation, DTAs also have the added value of improving exchange of information, which helps combat tax evasion and avoidance (Barthel et al., 2009). One of the incentives for signing DTAs for developing countries is the increase in Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) (Neumayer, 2007). The evidence from the literature on the link between signing DTAs and increasing FDIs is very mixed, with some finding a positive impact and others finding no impact (Quak & Timmis, 2018). However, the literature points to some clear factors that drive the relationship between FDIs and DTAs. There are also studies that attempt to quantify the tax revenue loss of developing countries when they enter DTAs. All the studies find substantial negative loss, although most do not account for the potential benefit of increased FDIs (ActionAid, 2016; IMF, 2014; Janský & Šedivý, 2018; McGauran, 2013; Van de Poel, 2016). There are also other reasons for why developing countries may still commit to negotiate and enter DTAs even when the benefits are not guaranteed. This includes increasing diplomatic ties with the treaty partner and the incentive of receiving foreign aid (Braun and Zagler, 2017). The other is a prisoner’s dilemma situation. The two most prevalent DTA conventions are the OECD Model and the UN Model. The UN Model tends to be more advantageous for developing countries compared to the OECD Model (Eyitayo-Oyesode, 2020). There are many issues over which the UN Committee’s expert members from developed and developing countries disagree but developed country member are better at influencing decisions. Finally, the OECD Model is updated more frequently, resulting in the UN one being comparatively out of date (Hearson, 2015; Quak & Timmis, 2018). Generally, the literature on the impact of DTAs on developing countries’ economies is extensive. This is especially the case for the impact of DTAs on FDIs as well as on tax revenue loss. However, because of the complexity of these issues, many of the empirical studies inevitably suffer from methodological issues that make conclusive claims very difficult. Notably missing from the literature is the impact of DTAs on international trade.
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van den Boogaard, Vanessa, Wilson Prichard, Rachel Beach, and Fariya Mohiuddin. Strengthening Tax-Accountability Links: Fiscal Transparency and Taxpayer Engagement in Ghana and Sierra Leone. Institute of Development Studies, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2020.002.

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There is increasingly strong evidence that taxation can contribute to expanded government responsiveness and accountability. However, such positive connections are not guaranteed. Rather, they are shaped by the political and economic context and specific policies adopted by governments and civil society actors. Without an environment that enables tax bargaining, there is a risk that taxation will amount to little more than forceful extraction. We consider how such enabling environments may be fostered through two mixed methods case studies of tax transparency and taxpayer engagement in Sierra Leone and Ghana. We highlight two key sets of findings. First, tax transparency is only meaningful if it is accessible and easily understood by taxpayers and relates to their everyday experiences and priorities. In particular, we find that taxpayers do not just want basic information about tax obligations or aggregate revenue collected, but information about how much revenue should have been collected and how revenues were spent. At the same time, taxpayers do not want information to be shared with them through a one-way form of communication, but rather want to have spaces for dialogue and interaction with tax and government officials, including through public meetings and radio call-in programmes. Second, strategies to encourage taxpayer engagement are more likely to be effective where forums for engagement are perceived by taxpayers to be safe, secure, and sincere means through which to engage with government officials. This has been most successful where governments have visibly demonstrated responsiveness to citizen concerns, even on a small scale, while partnering with civil society to foster trust, dialogue and expanded knowledge. These findings have significant implications for how governments design taxpayer education and engagement programmes and how civil society actors and development partners can support more equitable and accountable tax systems. Our findings provide concrete lessons for how governments can ensure that information shared with taxpayers is meaningful and accessible. Moreover, we show that civil society actors can play important roles as translators of tax information, enablers of public forums and dialogues around tax issues, and trainers of taxpayers, supporting greater tax literacy and sustained citizen engagement.
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FEDOTKINA, S. A., O. V. MUZALEVA, and E. V. KHUGAEVA. RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF TELEMEDICINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-0-615-67320-2-4-22.

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Introduction. The economic losses associated with disability due to diseases of the circulatory system, as well as the costs of providing medical care to patients suffering from heart and vascular diseases, are increasing annually. The state preventive measures currently being carried out are of a delayed nature. The results of the medical examination of the population of the Russian Federation in recent years (2015-2019) indicate that the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, is at a fairly high level. In the middle of the last century, the Concept of risk factors for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases were formulated, in the structure of which cardiovascular diseases, including arterial hypertension, occupies one of the primary positions. The concept is based on the results of promising epidemiological studies, and, at present, is a methodological basis for planning and organizing primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of the study. Based on the analysis of literary sources (including foreign ones) containing experience in the use of telemedicine technologies, to assess their significance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of hypertension, as well as forecasting improvements in the quality of medical care when adapting to the use of clinical recommendations. Materials and methods. The article provides an analytical review of the use of modern telemedicine technologies in the prevention of hypertension. The results of the study and their discussion. The analysis of literary sources has shown that in the context of the progress of information and telecommunication technologies in the healthcare system, a fundamentally new direction has appeared in the organization and provision of medical care to the population - telemedicine, which will ensure the modern level of prevention, detection and treatment of chronic non-communicable diseases, and also determines positive medical, social and economic performance indicators. To date, updates in the legislative framework of the Russian Federation are aimed at ensuring that medical care with the use of telemedicine technologies is more widespread, taking into account the standards of medical care and clinical recommendations. Conclusion. Based on a review of literature sources, it has been established that the modern solution to the problem of improving the quality of medical care for patients, including those with hypertension, diseases is medical care using telemedicine technologies that prove their medical, social and economic effectiveness.
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.

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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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Finkelshtain, Israel, and Tigran Melkonyan. The economics of contracts in the US and Israel agricultures. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695590.bard.

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Research Objectives 1) Reviewing the rich economic literature on contracting and agricultural contracting; 2) Conducting a descriptive comparative study of actual contracting patterns in the U.S. and Israeli agricultural sectors; 3) Theoretical analysis of division of assets ownership, authority allocation and incentives in agricultural production contracts; 4) Theoretical analysis of strategic noncompetitive choice of agricultural production and marketing contracts, 5) Empirical studies of contracting in agricultural sectors of US and Israel, among them the broiler industry, the citrus industry and sugar beet sector. Background Recent decades have witnessed a world-wide increase in the use of agricultural contracts. In both the U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many crops, fruits, vegetables and livestock commodities. The increased use of agricultural contracts raises a number of important economic policy questions regarding the optimal design of contracts and their determinants. Even though economists have made a substantial progress in understanding these issues, the theory of contracts and an empirical methodology to analyze contracts are still evolving. Moreover, there is an enormous need for empirical research of contractual relationships. Conclusions In both U.S. and Israel, contracts have become an integral part of production and marketing of many agricultural commodities. In the U.S. more than 40% of the value of agricultural production occurred under either marketing or production contracts. The use of agricultural contracts in Israel is also ubiquitous and reaches close to 60% of the value of agricultural production. In Israel we have found strategic considerations to play a dominant role in the choice of agricultural contracts and may lead to noncompetitive conduct and reduced welfare. In particular, the driving force, leading to consignment based contracts is the strategic effect. Moreover, an increase in the number of contractors will lead to changes in the terms of the contract, an increased competition and payment to farmers and economic surplus. We found that while large integrations lead to more efficient production, they also exploit local monopsonistic power. For the U.S, we have studied in more detail the choice of contract type and factors that affect contracts such as the level of informational asymmetry, the authority structure, and the available quality measurement technology. We have found that assets ownership and decision rights are complements of high-powered incentives. We have also found that the optimal allocation of decision rights, asset ownership and incentives is influenced by: variance of systemic and idiosyncratic shocks, importance (variance) of the parties’ private information, parameters of the production technology, the extent of competition in the upstream and downstream industries. Implications The primary implication of this project is that the use of agricultural production and marketing contracts is growing in both the US and Israeli agricultural sectors, while many important economic policy questions are still open and require further theoretical and empirical research. Moreover, actual contracts that are prevailing in various agricultural sectors seems to be less than optimal and, hence, additional efforts are required to transfer the huge academic know-how in this area to the practitioners. We also found evidence for exploitation of market powers by contactors in various agricultural sectors. This may call for government regulations in the anti-trust area. Another important implication of this project is that in addition to explicit contracts economic outcomes resulting from the interactions between growers and agricultural intermediaries depend on a number of other factors including allocation of decision and ownership rights and implicit contracting. We have developed models to study the interactions between explicit contracts, decision rights, ownership structure, and implicit contracts. These models have been applied to study contractual arrangements in California agriculture and the North American sugarbeet industry.
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Moro, Leben, and Alice Robinson. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics between Uganda and South Sudan in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.045.

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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between South Sudan and Uganda in the context of the 2022 outbreak of Ebola in Uganda, and the risk of the spread of the virus into South Sudan. It is one of four briefs exploring cross-border dynamics in the context of the outbreak, alongside Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania. The outbreak is of the Sudan strain of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD). SVD is used in this paper to refer to the current outbreak in East Africa, whereas outbreaks of Zaire Ebolavirus disease or general references to Ebola are referred to as EVD. The outbreak of SVD began in Mubende, Uganda, on 19 September 2022. At the time of writing (25 November), there had been 141 confirmed cases and 55 deaths, including seven health workers. Infections had been confirmed in nine districts in Uganda, including in Kampala – a major transport hub. Vaccines used in previous Ebola outbreaks are effective against the Zaire strain of Ebola, and vaccines that could work against the Sudan strain remain under investigation. As of November 2022, there have been no confirmed cases of SVD imported into South Sudan, although several alerts have been investigated. However, the fear that travellers from Uganda might bring the disease into South Sudan has spurred preparations by government institutions and partner organisations, building on the experiences acquired during past outbreaks, particularly Ebola and COVID-19. An EVD High Level Taskforce has been formed, chaired by the Minister for Cabinet Affairs and co-chaired by the Minister of Health. The South Sudan Ministry of Health (MoH) has activated the Public Health Emergency Operation Centre (PHEOC) and Incident Management System (IMS). A national EVD Readiness Plan has been developed and endorsed by the government. A free hotline (number 6666) is in place, which can be used either to report suspected cases or for information on Ebola. Training of staff at border entry points has started. This brief is based on a rapid review of published and grey literature, and informal discussions with the South Sudan Red Cross, IOM, academics from University of Juba, and the PHEOC. It was requested by the Collective Service and was written by Leben Nelson Moro (University of Juba) and Alice Robinson (London School of Economics). It was reviewed by colleagues at the University of Bath, the PHEOC, Internews, Anthrologica, the Institute of Development Studies and the Collective Service. The brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).
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Perera, Duminda, Ousmane Seidou, Jetal Agnihotri, Mohamed Rasmy, Vladimir Smakhtin, Paulin Coulibaly, and Hamid Mehmood. Flood Early Warning Systems: A Review Of Benefits, Challenges And Prospects. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, August 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/mjfq3791.

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Floods are major water-related disasters that affect millions of people resulting in thousands of mortalities and billiondollar losses globally every year. Flood Early Warning Systems (FEWS) - one of the floods risk management measures - are currently operational in many countries. The UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction recognises their importance and strongly advocates for an increase in their availability under the targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, despite widespread recognition of the importance of FEWS for disaster risk reduction (DRR), there’s a lack of information on their availability and status around the world, their benefits and costs, challenges and trends associated with their development. This report contributes to bridging these gaps by analyzing the responses to a comprehensive online survey with over 80 questions on various components of FEWS (risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination and communication, and response capabilities), investments into FEWS, their operational effectiveness, benefits, and challenges. FEWS were classified as technologically “basic”, “intermediate” and “advanced” depending on the existence and sophistication of FEWS` components such as hydrological data = collection systems, data transfer systems, flood forecasting methods, and early warning communication methods. The survey questionnaire was distributed to flood forecasting and warning centers around the globe; the primary focus was developing and least-developed countries (LDCs). The questionnaire is available here: https://inweh.unu.edu/questionnaireevaluation-of-flood-early-warning-systems/ and can be useful in its own right for similar studies at national or regional scales, in its current form or with case-specific modifications. Survey responses were received from 47 developing (including LDCs) and six developed countries. Additional information for some countries was extracted from available literature. Analysis of these data suggests the existence of an equal number of “intermediate” and “advanced” FEWS in surveyed river basins. While developing countries overall appear to progress well in FEWS implementation, LDCs are still lagging behind since most of them have “basic” FEWS. The difference between types of operational systems in developing and developed countries appear to be insignificant; presence of basic, intermediate or advanced FEWS depends on available investments for system developments and continuous financing for their operations, and there is evidence of more financial support — on the order of USD 100 million — to FEWS in developing countries thanks to international aid. However, training the staff and maintaining the FEWS for long-term operations are challenging. About 75% of responses indicate that river basins have inadequate hydrological network coverage and back-up equipment. Almost half of the responders indicated that their models are not advanced and accurate enough to produce reliable forecasts. Lack of technical expertise and limited skilled manpower to perform forecasts was cited by 50% of respondents. The primary reason for establishing FEWS, based on the survey, is to avoid property damage; minimizing causalities and agricultural losses appear to be secondary reasons. The range of the community benefited by FEWS varies, but 55% of FEWS operate in the range between 100,000 to 1 million of population. The number of flood disasters and their causalities has declined since the year 2000, while 50% of currently operating FEWS were established over the same period. This decline may be attributed to the combined DRR efforts, of which FEWS are an integral part. In lower-middle-income and low-income countries, economic losses due to flood disasters may be smaller in absolute terms, but they represent a higher percentage of such countries’ GDP. In high-income countries, higher flood-related losses accounted for a small percentage of their GDP. To improve global knowledge on FEWS status and implementation in the context of Sendai Framework and SDGs, the report’s recommendations include: i) coordinate global investments in FEWS development and standardise investment reporting; ii) establish an international hub to monitor the status of FEWS in collaboration with the national responsible agencies. This will support the sharing of FEWS-related information for accelerated global progress in DRR; iii) develop a comprehensive, index-based ranking system for FEWS according to their effectiveness in flood disaster mitigation. This will provide clear standards and a roadmap for improving FEWS’ effectiveness, and iv) improve coordination between institutions responsible for flood forecasting and those responsible for communicating warnings and community preparedness and awareness.
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10

Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.

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Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.
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