Academic literature on the topic 'Information systems organisation'

In a changing digital world, organisations need to be effective information processing entities, in which people, processes, and technology together gather, process, and deliver the information that the organisation needs. However, like other information processing entities, organisations are subject to the limitations of information evolution. These limitations are caused by the combinatorial challenges associated with information processing, and by the trade-offs and shortcuts driven by selection pressures. This paper applies the principles of information evolution to organisations and uses them to derive principles about organisation design and organisation change. This analysis shows that information evolution can illuminate some of the seemingly intractable difficulties of organisations, including the effects of organisational silos and the difficulty of organisational change. The derived principles align with and connect different strands of current organisational thinking. In addition, they provide a framework for creating analytical tools to create more detailed organisational insights.

Compatibility has been recognised as an important element in the adoption of IT innovations in organisations but as a concept it has been generally limited to technical or functional factors. Compatibility is also significant, however, with regard to value compatibility between the organisation, and the adopted IT innovation. We propose a framework to determine value compatibility analysing the organisation's and information system's structure, practices and culture, and explore the value compatibility of an organisation with its adopted self-service computer-based information system. A case study was conducted to determine the congruence of an organisation's value and IT value compatibility. This study found that there was a high correspondence in the organisational structure and practice dimensions; however, there were organisational culture disparities. The cultural disparities reflected the self-service acceptance and training issues experienced by the case organisation. These findings add insight into the problems experienced with value compatibility and the adoption of the information systems, and show the potential use of the proposed framework in the detection of such problems.

Purpose – In many organisations, the alignment between information technology (IT) and business is viewed as an important catalyst for the organisation's effectiveness and efficiency towards achieving a competitive advantage. Yet, a shared understanding between business and IT (the EA included) remains an issue in many organisations. The organisational structure affects the alignment between business and IT units. Conversely, a lack of alignment of both components (IT and business units) impedes organisations' capacity to increase and improve their productivity. Many studies have been conducted in the area of IT, EA and the organisational structure. There is, however, little evidence of work conducted in exploring the interface between organisational structure and EA prior to this study. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A case-study research approach was employed to investigate the impact of organisational structure in the deployment of EA in organisations. Qualitative data were collected through semi-structure technique. The analysis was carried out, using structuration theory. Findings – The magnified data revealed some of unforeseen factors impeding the success of the EA deployment in the organisation. Originality/value – The work is original, and it has not been submitted or published anywhere else.

Information System (IS) has always been mixed up and confused with Management Information System (MIS) by many Information Technology professionals, and even in definitions ascribed to them thereby puzzling many users of Information Technology (IT). It should however, be noted that IS deals with the generality of the process of generating information from data; and MIS is definite about information generation for the use of management to enable them to efficiently / effectively plan, organize, direct, control and govern organisations. Any organisation lacking good IS and MIS for effective management of its functions / activities would be seriously handicapped, and as such could be doomed for collapse. Many modern organisations may be culprits of possessing the needed information for effective management of their enterprise, thereby denying the establishment of achieving its goals. It is a fact that achievement of organisational goals are synonymous with success of the enterprise, and management is required to attain the goals established with the directors of the company.

This paper discusses the theoretical foundations and definitions of controlling and internal auditing as tools that help the organisation's management in managing business compliance and business continuity, with the purpose of meeting the organisation's objectives, by assessing the effectiveness of risk management inside the organisation, as well as of control and management. Considering the contemporary trends in organisational management, where the management is faced with frequent crises that require rapid and comprehensive action and response to risks, where internal auditing information is focused on the past, there is a need to implement controlling in organisations to provide help to the management for the future. The aim of this paper is to highlight the need to introduce controlling at the Ministry of Defence in order to improve the work of this organisation and to provide strong support in preventing the existing problems and to develop innovative systems of solutions that go beyond mere financial reporting.

Study describes a specified analytical method and model for the organisational management of a company. The proposed solutions allow for revealing information resources, which can be used to support management decisions adoption and control of plans. Information obtained from programs and information systems of the electronic document flow of organisations were used as data sources. The result of configuration investigation and characteristics of information exchange in information systems can be used as administrative decisions support in the organisation. The conducted research allows for improved approaches to the creation and modernisation of effective information systems of universities. The offered software of administrative activity support allows us to increase the flexibility and adaptability of existing information systems and electronic document flow (program complexes) to increase the efficiency of their operations.

Contemporary organisations in any industry are increasingly dependent on information systems. Today most organisations are online all the time, and their internal systems are used in environments that are already or easily connected to the internet. The paper analyses cyber threats and their potential effect on the operations of different organisations with the use of scenario analysis. The scenarios are built based on a literature review. One outcome of the analysis is that to an organisation it is irrelevant where a cyber threat originates from and who it is targeted for. If the threat is specifically targeted to the organisation or if the threat is collateral in nature is not important; preparing for the threat is important in both cases. The paper discusses the pressures that the cyber threats pose to information security policies, and what the role of the information security policy could be in preparing for the threats.

Purpose – This study aims to introduce an empirical model which incorporates newsgroups, knowledge forums, knowledge assets and knowledge application processes to share organisational knowledge. Therefore it seeks to illustrate an application for integrating knowledge management (KM) into the business process. Design/methodology/approach – The Taiwanese contingent of an international certification body – also a council member of the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) – was selected for a case study. A hybrid technology infrastructure was designed and employed to implement the proposed model. Based on knowledge value added validation, the proposed KM model provides a set of new operating systems for sharing knowledge within an organisation. Findings – Although many theories regarding implementation of KM in organisations have been proposed and studied, an application model for practical integration of various modern principles to share organisational knowledge is strategically important. Therefore a model that integrates principal KM applications into the business process, and the measurement of the resulting benefits, has been developed. Originality/value – Knowledge is a valuable asset for an individual in today's economy; nevertheless the acquisition of such an asset relies heavily on knowledge sharing within an organisation. The author has proposed an exclusive hybrid platform with an empirical process model to address innovative approaches and practical values of KM within an organisation.

A lot of material has been published about strategic information system planning (SISP) methodologies. These methods are designed to help information system planners to integrate their strategies with organisational strategies. Classic business system planning for strategical alignment (BSP/SA) theory stands out because it provides information systems with a reactive role regarding an organisation’s objectives and strategy. BSP/SA has been described in terms of phases and the specific tasks within them. This work was aimed at presenting a computer-based application automating one of the most important tasks in BSP/SA methodology (process-organisation matrix). This matrix allows storing information about the levels of present responsibilities in positions and processes. Automating this task has facilitated students’ analysing the process-organisation matrix during SISP workshops forming part of the Systems Management course (Systems Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Colombia). Improved results have thus arisen from such workshops. The present work aims to motivate software development for supporting SISP tasks.

Purpose – The growing complexity of social systems and the faster technology evolution make central the role of the innovative information technology in complex organisations, geared towards collective intelligence processes among the various social actors and analytical tools. These are able to foster the participant knowledge, manage the feedback through a holistic approach and hence shift organisations from a plurality of voices to an interactive intelligence representing the ultimate identity of the organisation itself. In this regard, the aim of this paper is to offer a model for managing external and internal knowledge in order to support the viability of the organisation (system) in the longer term. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts the interpretative lens provided by Systems Thinking, System Dynamics and Viable System Approach (vSa) to investigate the challenging domain of the knowledge and information management for complex systems as organisations. Therefore, a qualitative and interpretative approach is carried out to reflect upon Big Data approaches and Collective Knowledge Systems (CKS), embracing a system perspective. Findings – The proposed conceptual model shows the crucial role covered by the holistic managing of the external and internal knowledge that permits to align the information variety of the organisation to the context and the entities that compose it in order to create harmonic relations. Leveraging on the concepts of vicariance, bricolage and exaptation, several advantages emerge that are correlated to the capacity of the complex system to reach a greater level of survival, by adapting and dynamically evolving itself. Originality/value – The paper shows how Systems Thinking and Viable System Approach can provide deep insights into the field of information technology, evidencing the systems thinking contribution in analysing, understanding and managing dimensions and paths of social dynamics. A contribution to previous studies is provided with reference to themes as Big Data, information and knowledge management.

Denna kandidatuppsats har utförts under hösten, 2007, och syftet med denna uppsats är tvådelad och har gått ut på att bland annat studera ett förändringsarbete inom en global IT-organisation samt arbeta fram en förändringsplan för de befintliga förändringsåtgärder som ska implementeras på IT-organisationen med start 2008. Förändringsplanen är avgränsad till stora verksamheter med dedikerad IT-organisation (med extern drivkraft till förändring). Uppsatsen är även avgränsad till den så kallade designfasen i implementeringen av ett prestationssystem. Rapportens metodologi och ansats är en kombination av hermeneutisk och aktionsforskning.

Förändringen på IT-organisationen sker för att den externa verksamheten planerar att expandera de tre närmaste åren och verksamheten förväntar sig att IT-organisationen ska börja arbeta på ett sätt som skapar ett högre affärsvärde för hela företaget samt att dubbla sin leveranskapacitet inom tre år utan att dubbla kostnaden och antal medarbetare. I och med denna verksamhetsexpansion har IT-organisationen identifierat ett ökat leveransglapp mellan verksamhetens kommande behov och IT:s kapacitet och man inser att det inte är möjligt att IT – organisationen klarar av att leva upp till den förväntade ökade kapacitet, med sina egna interna resurser. Man har inom IT-organisationen insett att enda möjligheten att lösa detta problem är att genomgå förändringar som bland annat innebär att IT-organisationen måste använda den globala IT-marknaden till en låga kostnader att dubbla sin leveranskapacitet inom tre år utan att dubbla kostnaden och antal medarbetare.

Det som ska förändras på IT-organisationen är att IT-organisationen ska gå från teknikorieneterad till att bli mer tjänsteorienterad. IT-organisationen ska även börja arbeta mer kross funktionellt, arbeta med extern kapacitet som levererar kompletta tjänster. Förändringen innebär även att IT-organisationen ska satsa på högre medarbetarkompetens och utbildning för att de ska bli starkare som ledare och med kontroll eftersom den typen av ”outsourcing” IT-organisationen valt ska styras och kontrolleras internt av medarbetarna själva i IT-organisationen. Detta leder till att förändringens innehåll kräver bland annat en högre och annan kompetens inom ledarskap och kontroll. För att verksamhetens system ska kunna underhållas så enkelt och kostnadseffektivt så möjligt innebär även att det krävs standardiserade system. Hela förändringen medför ett nytt sätt att arbeta, nytt sätt att kommunicera och ett nytt sätt att fatta beslut.

Förändringen ska ske genom en förändringsstrategi där målet är att utveckla organisationens mänskliga resurser så att de kan tillämpa strategin själva och lära sig av erfarenheterna från de förändringsåtgärderna som tillämpas. Medarbetarna deltar i förändringsarbetet så mycket så möjligt, och IT-organisationen utnyttjar i betydligt mindre grad konsulter. Förändringen är ett långsiktigt arbete där organisationen kommer att bli starkare på ett både djupare och ett bredare sätt än tidigare. Planeringen i förändringsstrategin är en icke-lineär process eftersom att planeringen inte består av en rad aktiviteter som följer efter varandra enligt en fastställd ordningsföljd. Denna form av planering har många fördelar. Bland annat genom att man inser att världen är komplex, denna planering fungerar på så sätt att man maximerar insamlandet av information och fattar beslut med små konsekvenser och att fatta små beslut innebär också att man får mindre motstånd. Därför viktigt att den inkrementella planeringen samordnas och styrs för att bli sammanhängande så att alla åtgärderna hänger ihop och det har under hösten, 2007 skett en ökad förståelse bland förändringsaktörerna för behovet att samordna alla förändringsåtgärder.

Det finns totalt åtta komplexa förändringsinitiativ på IT-organisationen och varje initiativ har sin egen uppgift, omfattning och struktur att arbeta efter. Förändringsinitiativen ska koordineras av den IT ledar tillsatta kärngruppen, CIC (Continues Improvement and Changes). Förändringsinitiativen har idag inte någon fullständig överensstämmelse mellan idé och resultat. För det första för att man kan omöjligt ha full kontroll över idéernas effekter och för det andra har det inte funnits några tydliga krav på initiativägarna, varken när det gäller uppdragsbeskrivning, uttalande mål enligt IT-organisationens eget SMART koncept, fullständiga rapporter eller regelbundna koordineringsmöten. För det andra är det omöjligt att med total säkerhet förutse vad som kommer att hända och vilken effekt som förändringsåtgärderna kommer att ge på IT-organisationen, i gruppen och på individen, till och med inom den närmaste framtiden. Det finns nämligen alltför stor osäkerhet förbunden med förändringar av sociala system. Och IT-organisationen möter hela tiden oförutsedda problem i förändringsarbetet genom att lösningar som förändringsaktörerna trodde skulle fungera visar sig inte vara den önskade effekten, och ofta kan det vara så att en lösning skapar istället nya problem. Det är därför viktigt att hitta ett sätt att mäta och följa upp dessa förändringsåtgärder på ett immateriellt sätt så att det gynnar alla, både förändringsaktörerna men även medarbetarna så att de kan se vad deras insatts verkligen leder till och att IT-ledningen kan se om förändringsarbetet går åt rätt håll.

För att genomföra en framgångsrik mätning och uppföljning är vikten av att införa regelbundna koordineringsmöte med initiativägarna stort och det totala syftet på dessa möten är att hitta ett prestationsmätningssystem som är direkt anknutet till företagets strategi och vars variabler är definierade för att mäta ”goda prestationer” av immateriella slag. Eftersom de olika förändringsåtgärderna varierar för olika strategiska mål definierar prestationsmätningssystemet effektmålen från skilda delar av förändringsarbetet vilket visar hela effekten på förändringsarbetet. Det är viktigt att prestationsmätningssystemet är anpassningsbart, och det måste förändras med tiden med tanke på att behoven skiftar, vara enkelt och lätt att använda, ge snabb återkoppling till chefer och medarbetare, vara noggrant, om inte i absoluta mått, så åtminstone ge konsekvent felvisning. Prestationsmätningssystemet ska kunna ge samlad information och en snabb överblick. Metoden som används kommer även att ha stor inverkan på hur prestationsmättningssystemet accepteras, uppskattas och används av alla som det är avsett för. För att uppnå denna acceptans är det viktigt att ”stämma” av med både den uttalade strategin och de mål som är kommunicerade uppifrån och med initiativägarna. För att nå den acceptansen är de lämpligt att använda två olika implementeringsteorier:

· En stegvis ”uppifrån-ner”-metod.

· En ”nerifrån-upp”-metod/uvecklingsprocess.

Genom att slå ihop dessa två metoder kan IT-organisationen ta vara på styrkorna hos dessa båda och undvika några av svagheterna. CIC, sammanfattar mätresultaten genom olika beräkningar eller i en mindre rapport för att kunna rapportera resultat både uppåt och neråt i IT-organisationen.

Att utveckla prestationsmått är en stark kreativ process och bör göras av små grupper inom mindre, avgränsade områden. Därför är det passande att driva igenom koordineringsmöte med de olika initiativen eftersom de bara är åtta stycken. Om alla är närvarande kan man dela in dem i ytterligare mindre grupper på fyra personer per grupp då dem ska arbeta i workshops. Riktlinjerna för prestationsmåtten är att de bör ha styrgräns det vill säga, lägsta acceptabla prestation. Eftersom IT-organisationen vill ha en så hög prestation så möjligt anger man ingen högre gräns. Det måste finnas ett så kallat riktvärde det vill säga ett värde som prestationsmåttet inriktar sig mot. Det tar tid att nå ett riktvärde och därför bör en tidsgräns sättas för att försöka nå det utsatta riktvärdet inom rimlig tid. Oberoende vad som mäts och hur det mäts är det viktigt att mäta det som är relevant.

För att följa upp och rapportera på ett trovärdigt sätt är det viktigt att förstå vad och vem som förväntar sig rapportering. I CIC:s uppdrag ingår det att mäta och följa upp förändringsinitiativen till IT-ledningen vilket är en intern angelägenhet. Rapporteringen måste ske på ett snabbt, enkelt och trovärdigt sätt och lösningen kan presenteras i ett så kallat, bubbeldiagram. Diagrammet visar fyra olika parametrar på ett och samma diagram. Vilket gör att det är det går snabbt och enkelt att presentera. Trovärdigheten grundar sig bland annat på att de olika parametrarna och variablerna mäter samma sak.

Förutom dessa förslag på ett framgångsrikt förändringsarbete är det viktigt att det finns en stark lojalitet hos alla förändringsaktör för IT-organisationens totala förändring, ett tydligt förändrarledarskap hos förändringsaktörerna samt att det förändringsaktörerna har rätt attityd, det vill säga har tålamod, förståelse, “open minded” och starkt fokus på vart IT-organisationen är på väg.

Avslutningsvis i denna sammanfattning, vill jag knyta an till inledningen i kapitel 1 med att det är oerhört vanligt att det existerar olika uppfattningar om IT: s roll på olika håll i både företaget som helhet men även inom IT-organisationen själv, men det är alltid bara en uppfattning som tenderar att dominera. Enligt min uppfattning går denna specifika IT-organisations roll under förväntningsprofil 1, det vill säga effektivitetsprofilen. I denna profil ser den totala verksamheten sin IT-organisation som en funktion som stödjer och bidrar till ökad effektivitet. IT-organisationen är en nödvändig kostnad som inte bidrar med att förbättra företagets prestationsförmåga eller kompetens. Fokus läggs istället på att underhålla den lägsta möjliga servicenivå konstant till lägsta kostnad. IT-organisationens mål med förändringen är bland annat att bli mer tjänsteorienterad vilket passar in under förväntningsprofil 2. Vilket innebär för det första att varje tjänsteområde ska leverera konkurenskraftiga tjänster och för det andra innebär det att IT-organisationen i framtiden kommer att få en avgörande roll i affärsprocessens effektivitet. Detta anser jag vara ett konkret effektmål på IT-organisationens förändringsarbete.

Sammanfattning av förändringens framgångskriterier;

· Lärande organisation

· Kontinuerlig och iterativ process

· Rätt ”aktions”

– Nedbrytning av de strategiska målen

– Koordineringsmöte med initiativägarna

– Effektivt och trovärdigt prestationsmätningssystem

– En gemensam lojalitet för hela förändringen

– Tydligt förändrarledarskap hos förändringsaktörerna

· Rätt attityd

– Tålamod, förståelse, “Open minded” och fokusering.

Incorrect requirements have long been considered to be one of the biggest reasons for failed IT projects. Insufficient requirements are also one of the most expensive sources of error. This is especially problematic within small enterprises, which in nature are time and cost sensitive. The purpose of this experimental case study is to identify efficient requirements gathering activities and by extension an efficient requirements gatherings process for small enterprises by utilizing their unique prerequisites. We gathered data through the execution of five user-centered requirements gathering activities on a small organization. The result of these activities, our observations and a survey were analyzed in order to draw conclusions regarding the success and efficiency of the activities and process as a whole. The results show that by utilizing the prerequisites of small organizations through the use of user-centered activities an efficient requirements gathering process can be accomplished. The results also show that the prerequisites of small organizations combined with the impact of external consultants with the purpose of problematizing the operational procedures contributes to other organizational benefits than the requirements documentation.

This thesis represents a qualitative study of the Information Systems Development (ISD) process and puts forward the argument that IS development leads to Organisation Development (OD). The thesis argues that an OD perspective should be incorporated into the main ISD paradigm and provide the basis for transformation in the field which is plagued by failure. The thesis reviews both the IS development and Organisation Development literature and makes connections between the two fields, as in practice they are both comparable activities. With the qualitative framework, Grounded Theory Methodology was used to guide research and analytical activities. We conducted research in 6 large and largemedium sized consultancy firms and in 5 large organisations that utilised non-traditional approaches to ISD. Fieldwork and analysis resulted in the emergence of an ISD process theory that explains how information systems are developed within the organisational context. The theory provided the basis from which we could more rigorously understand the true nature of IS development and determine the nature of a suitable OD contribution. In this thesis, the superiority of an OD-informed solution is argued in detail and contrasted to other proposals from the ISD field. The OD contribution is distinguished in: a) formulating an OD-informed ISD approach, we have termed the Total Systems Development Approach (TSD), b) defining a diagnostic model of ISD practice, c) and providing an extensive collection of OD improvement programmes and techniques that have direct application to ISD. The contribution the thesis makes is also multi-level. At one level we have contributed in rectifying the lack of research in the area of "process" in IS development. In doing so we have provided the basis from which the aspects of the ISD process can be explored in detail. The emergent ISD process theory itself confirms arguments that ISD is a complex socio-technical and organisational process. It highlights aspects of development that have been traditionally outside the ISD paradigm. Our theory helps readdress and challenge a number of elements in the ISD process. The notion of approach emerges as much more suitable for solving ISD problems than methodology. The role of the ISD consultant also emerges as requiring a range of appropriate consultation modes to deal with intervention complexity. Our results also show that the role of the client is much more involving and demanding than previously assumed. Another area of contribution is the formulation of the TSD approach which focuses on the development of the total system: the organisation, through IS or system development activities. It is holistic, iterative, it allows flexible problem-solving, collaboration and focuses on change, intervention and reflection. A final area of contribution is in establishing a link between OD content and IS development. With the advent of new types of development, OD "interventions" have an increasing applicability to ISD situations. The diagnostic model of ISD practice also utilizes an OD-perspective to facilitate diagnosis of organisational failure that leads to IS failure.

Sharing and exploitation of information resources across a diverse organisation can confer a significant competitive advantage but also can be a substantial challenge in coordinating across structural and specialisation boundaries. This challenge reflects the difficulties traditionally associated with lateral relations, which were recognised by classical organisational theorists but are more pronounced with the emergence of information as a critical resource. Notwithstanding the benefits of information sharing across the organisation, the classical concept of specialisation remains fundamental to organisational theory; thus there is potential for friction between requirements for specialisation and coordination. This research therefore examines information management arrangements to balance specialisation and coordination in a diverse organisation. The research takes advantage of organisational and systems theory literature to appreciate complex information management requirements in terms of differentiation/cohesion and integration/coupling of organisational elements. Information management???s business and technology perspectives define the conceptual framework, within which gaps in the literature are identified and become the focus of the research. The two key research areas are the opportunities enabled by technology for business integration through collaborative decision-making and the management of organisation-wide information technology infrastructure. Collaborative decision-making is an integrating mechanism that can provide balance between specialisation and coordination contingent upon the nature of decision tasks and their organisational context. Propositions associated with an adaptive approach to collaborative decision-making were tested in laboratory experiments, with positive support for the contingency model albeit constrained by individual cognitive variances. Organisations increasingly are adopting centralised approaches to the provision of IT services, with IT governance as an integrating mechanism and a need for multiple business-IT alignments to add value according to the differentiation required by organisational elements. Propositions relating to the adaptation of IT management arrangements based upon organisational characteristics were tested using a multi- iv -discipline approach, which resulted in support for the model although practical difficulties were experienced in the action research component. This research provides a framework for maintaining effective variety of information capabilities commensurate with the diverse organisation???s mission and environment, while also exploiting the synergies and economies of shared information resources for holistic benefits.

The development of Information and Communication Technologies has opened up a large pool of possibilities for any and every business actor. These possibilities have brought up new vulnerabilities as well. Information security has become an inherent part of any organization. Companies and organizations invest significant amount of resources in IT security solutions, usually omitting the weakest link of the defense - the people.

The research intended to study and evaluate the information security awareness level of employees in a public organization which preferred to remain anonymous. This study is based on a mixed-methods approach. A survey was built up and performed, basing on the interview of the employees and the IT Security Chief. The interview intended to give a general picture of the attitude, knowledge and behavior the employees towards information security and its constituent aspects.

The results of the survey show that the information security awareness at this particular organization has an average performance based on the grading scale determined by the management of the company. Generally speaking, half of the information security focus areas show underdeveloped sense of awareness among employees, whereas the other focus areas are close to perfect. In terms of information security, the research indicates that there is a gap between the employees' theoretical condition and their day to day be-havior. In other words, the theoretical and practical preparation of the employees does not provide an appropriate information security awareness behavior. Some of the reasons for unsecure behavior were complex and sophisticated security designs including passwords; another problem was inherent in the work design which imposed the use of multiple systems and applications in the daily work.

In the end, the research suggests some recommendations for improvement, as well as practices to sustain a desirable level of information security awareness level. The overall information security awareness program required immediate improvements in order to boost the positive attitude and behavior of employees towards information security, as well as enrich the knowledge of information security in general.

In recent times, while numerous organisations have difficulty keeping abreast with the frequent year-on-year technology changes, their employees on the other hand, continue to bring their personal devices to work to more readily access organisational data. This concept is known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD). Studies have demonstrated that the introduction of BYOD commonly has a positive effect on both organisation and employees: increased optimism, job satisfaction and productivity are some of the perceived positive effects. Furthermore, BYOD can improve employees’ opportunities for mobile working and assist with the work flexibility they seek. This phenomenon, however, is still not well understood. In the South African context, this refers particularly to an inadequate understanding of risks associated with the introduction of BYOD into organisations. Some of the risks associated with this phenomenon are, for instance, related to information security, legislation and privacy issues. Hence, the intention of this research was to investigate, determine and assess BYOD risk considerations in a South African organisation. Using the available literature on this subject and an interpretative exploratory case study approach, this research explored various facets of BYOD-related risks (e.g. implementational, technological, legislation, regulation and privacy risks, human aspects and organisational concerns) as well as the impact these risks may have on both employees and an organisation. The organisation under investigation – from this point onward referred to as “Organisation A” – is a South African based information technology (IT) security consulting and service management organisation, which has seen increased expansion in its business and thus an increase in the number of its employees utilising their personal devices at the workplace. Even so, Organisation A was uncertain regarding possible risks that might hinder benefits of BYOD. Hence, this researcher defined the main research question as “What are the risks of introducing the BYOD in the South African organisation and what is an effective approach to address identified risks?”. The main objective was to identify and describe BYOD-related risks and to propose an appropriate model for addressing these risks. To answer the main research question, this researcher reviewed the applicable literature on the BYOD, including the limited South African literature pertaining to the subject. The review elicited the most common BYOD-related risks but also some models, frameworks and standards that may be applied for addressing these risks. Based on these revelations, an applicable BYOD risk management model was created and proposed. The literature review findings were subsequently tested in the empirical setting (in Organisation A) by conducting comprehensive interviews with research participants. This research adopted a qualitative approach in general and a case study methodology in particular. The collected data were analysed using the interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), which aided in providing a comprehensive understanding of the interviewees’ responses regarding the BYOD risks. The interviewees were selected based on a purposeful (pre-defined) sampling. The results of this interpretative research suggest that the interviewees’ responses are closely aligned with the information on BYOD risks collected from the pertinent literature. The results show that successful introduction and usage of BYOD in the studied organisation requires the implementation of mixed risk management measures: technological (e.g. mobile device management and its additional components), non-technological (e.g. IT or BYOD security policies), the usage of general risk management frameworks (e.g. ISO 27001), the development of an organisational security culture and skilling of the human factor (e.g. employee awareness, training and education, for example). Additionally, it was found that participation of employees in the development of BYOD policies is an essential and effective tactic for transforming a fragile BYOD risk link (i.e. employees) into a strong risk prevention mechanism. Furthermore, this research also revealed that in the South African context, it is important that an organisation’s BYOD security policies are sound, preferably meeting the POPI Act requirements and thereby avoiding legislation risks. The contribution of this research is twofold: first academic, and second, practical. The academic contribution is realised by adding to the body of knowledge on the BYOD risks – most particularly in terms of understanding potential risks when introducing BYOD in the South African context. The practical contribution manifests through the provision of detailed risk considerations and mitigation guidelines for organisations wishing to introduce BYOD practices or considering ways to improve their current BYOD risk management strategy. It is acknowledged that this research has some limitations, particularly in regard to the limited generalisation of the findings due to the limited sample provided by only one organisation. Although the results are not necessarily applicable to other South African organisations, these limitations did not impact the relevance and validity of this research.

Information systems design was investigated and a model was developed aimed obtaining organisational advantages through quality and participation. This was developed by connecting high quality information assurance in an IS to the needs of the organisation and incorporating the users in the development through participation factors.

The model generates a instruction that connects the impact on the individual and organisation when developing an IS to the organisational benefits. Its purpose is to enable the benefits of motivation, awareness and empowerment.

We applied the model using the case study approach for connecting the model to a real life situation. The results provided a blueprint to implement the IS design strategy and may be investigated later to verify if the advantages were reached.

The work is of great interest to project managers, software developers and programmers

Design av informationssystem var undersökt. En modell togs fram med målet att knyta organisatoriska fördelar från kvalitet och medverkan av organisationen i framtagandet av ett IS. Modellen skapades utifrån två ståndpunkter, hög kvalitet på datasäkerhet och de behov som finns inom organisationen samt en inkorporerad medverkan av användarna i framtagandet av IS.

Modellen fungerar som en instruktion med målet att koppla påverkan på organisationen samt individen av att implementera ett IS till de organisatoriska fördelarna genererade av förändringen. Resultatet möjliggör fördelarna av motivation, medvetenhet och empowerment hos organisationen samt individen.

Vi applicerade modellen i ett verkligt företag. Resultatet blev en beskrivning för realisering av en IS designstrategi. Denna strategi bör senare bli utvärderad för att säkerställa att det önskade målet har uppnåtts.

Detta arbete skulle kunna intressera projektledare, mjukvara utvecklare och programmerare.

En lärande organisation kännetecknas av att medarbetarna i en organisation utvecklar och för vidare kunskap mellan varandra, samt förmågan att förändra och tillämpa kunskaperna. Peter Senge utvecklade begreppet en lärande organisation och med hjälp av fem discipliner redogör han vad en organisation bör göra för att åstadkomma en lärande organisation. Kline och Saunders uppmärksammade att företag tog åt sig av Senge’s fem discipliner och märkte även att företagen behövde en mer detaljerad information om hur den lärande organisationen skapas. Därav grundade Kline och Saunders tio detaljerade steg som skapar en sådan organisation.

Genom att ett företag är en lärande organisation anpassar den sin verksamhet till det som händer i omvärlden för att det ska gynna både medarbetare och ägare. Kline och Saunders förklarar att en lärande organisation har bra sammanhållning och en förenande kraft. Det leder sedan i sin tur till att grupparbetet, kreativiteten och problemlösningarna effektiviseras, och att tankeverksamheten gynnas.

Syftet med uppsatsen blev därför att undersöka vilka av Kline och Saunders tio steg Markant Reklambyrå använder sig av för att ses som en lärande organisation. För att besvara syftet i uppsatsen valdes att undersöka hur kunskaper och erfarenheter används och förmedlas mellan medarbetarna i det valda fallföretaget.

Undersökningen resulterade i att Markant Reklambyrå omedvetet använder sig av alla de steg som Kline och Saunders beskriver, dock finns det områden där lärandet kan förbättras. Med hjälp av utökad struktur vid dokumentering och möten kan Markant Reklambyrå bli en ännu effektivare organisation där medarbetarna förmedlar sina kunskaper och erfarenheter till varandra.

The paper addresses the introduction of paperless business, which is one of the important steps for organisations to accelerate the implementation of business processes, achieve better control over documents and ensure safer operations. The basis for the transition to paperless business is a good information solution called Document Management System(s) (DMS), which allows users to work more quickly, easily and save time. At the same time, there are many examples of unsuccessful or partially successful implementation of DMS in all areas of business information solutions. The key purpose of this paper is to evaluate the critical success factors and to what extent they affect paperless business as well as to evaluate the extent to which the implementation of paperless business is influenced by an organisation’s maturity. The authors of this paper researched the critical success factors when introducing DMS in connection with the assessment of the maturity of an organisation. Since the field of DMS is highly present and to date relatively little research has been carried out, the authors believe that research in this field will contribute to more successful implementation and use of DMS by organisations and to reducing the number of unsuccessful or partially successful implementations.

Background. As negotiations continue in relation to the UK’s departure from the European Union, considerable uncertainty remains around the final structure of any deal and the implications across all policy areas. Maritime issues are of key concern in Scotland and numerous reports and opinions are accumulating, highlighting significant areas of concern, ranging from fisheries to decommissioning, and some potential opportunities. There is a critical need for knowledge and capacity to support and influence the on-going negotiation process, at both the Scottish and UK level. Expertise regarding the broad range of marine research, operations and commerce is in demand to support discussion, promote interests and secure advances where possible. Such discussion must be based on the best available science but taking into account the socio-economic and historical context. The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland1 (MASTS) is supporting this discussion, providing scientific expertise and promoting the development of emerging policy and progress towards sustainable marine management, during the transition period and for the post-departure UK organisation. This workshop, supported by MASTS, brought government and academia together to consider the legal, governmental and research framework under which Brexit is taking place and to identify priority areas and activities where information can be shared and options considered for enhancing scientific support for the Brexit process. The objectives were to: • Understand current status of Brexit with respect to marine systems and research capacity, including the legislative framework • Identify the priority gaps in knowledge • Develop ways to enhance communication pathways for the best scientific advice required to support the Brexit process.

The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.

As COP26 approaches, governments are facing calls to increase the ambition of their climate commitments under the Paris Agreement. The mobilization of climate finance will be key to meeting these goals, prompting the need for renewed attention on how to enhance the coordination of existing funds and thus increase their effectiveness, efficiency and equity. The climate finance landscape is fragmented due to the variety of actors involved at different levels. Coordination difficulties emerge in multiple arenas and reflect the diversity of funding sources, implementation channels, and sectors relevant for climate action (Lundsgaarde, Dupuy and Persson, 2018). The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development has identified over 90 climate-specific funds. Most of them are multilateral. While bilateral climate finance remains significant, growth in multilateral funding has been the main driver of recent funding increases and remains a focus of international negotiations. Practitioners often highlight organizational resource constraints – such as staffing levels, the continuity of personnel, or the availability of adequate information management systems – as factors limiting coordination. In this brief, we argue that improving climate finance coordination requires considering coordination challenges in a political context where both fund secretariats and external stakeholders play an important role in shaping collaboration prospects. To illustrate this point, we highlight the political nature of global-level coordination challenges between the multilateral Climate Investment Funds (CIF) and Green Climate Fund (GCF), as well as national-level challenges in Kenya and Zambia. Key challenges influencing coordination relate to the governance of climate funds, domestic bureaucratic politics in recipient countries, and the existence of multiple coordination frameworks at the country level.

A number of interventions aiming to increase the use of systematic review evidence in decision making are currently in use. These include summaries of systematic reviews designed to improve the accessibility of the findings (“information products”) and changes to organisational structures, such as employing specialist groups to synthesise evidence in order to inform local decision making.

Le retour d’expérience est conçu, dans une vision classique, comme une démarche de gestion mettant à disposition les informations nécessaires aux managers pour piloter les systèmes et gérer les risques. Malheureusement, la réalité est moins simple. Les systèmes à piloter sont des systèmes socio-techniques complexes. Le futur n’est pas déterminé par le passé. Il s’avère nécessaire de compléter le système d’information supportant la gestion des risques. Le travail présenté propose de passer d’un système fondé sur des informations extraites des expériences incidentelles du système à piloter, vers un système d’information qui intègre au mieux l’expérience des gens qui le font fonctionner. Les connaissances tacites de ces personnes expérimentées doivent alors être élicitées. Le présent travail a permis d’expérimenter au sein de la SNCF une technique d’aide à la décision issue du courant de l’analyse de la décision. Cette technique de MAUT a été appliquée à l’analyse d’un changement de réglementation concernant la conduite des trains en cas d’alerte radio. Les décisions sont traitées ici non sous un angle individuel, mais comme l’aboutissement d’un processus construit au sein d’une organisation, mettant en jeu plusieurs décideurs et plusieurs enjeux (pouvant être partiellement contradictoires). L’apport de cette technique par rapport aux méthodes classiques basées sur les arbres de défaillance est discuté. Un second niveau d’étude de l’impact de cet éventuel changement réglementaire a consisté à analyser en profondeur les raisonnements et les connaissances utilisés par les acteurs pour construire le sens de leur action en cas d’alerte radio. En modélisant les discussions entre les différents acteurs impliqués et en restituant leur point de vue en situation, il est possible d’identifier les divergences éventuelles entre les représentations de différents acteurs concernant une même situation, ainsi qu’un possible écart entre les croyances des concepteurs et les utilisateurs de la règle. Cette seconde analyse s’appuie sur une théorie de la conception dite C/K, qui met en relation les connaissances et les concepts utilisés en situation. L’auteur suggère que l’application de ces méthodes permet de voir l’analyse de risques comme un lieu d’élaboration de sens collectif sur la sécurité du système, plutôt que (dans une vision plus positiviste de la connaissance) comme une activité qui révèle et approche la vérité sur les risques, en s’appuyant sur des données factuelles et objectives. Elle propose de développer l’ingénierie du subjectif pour permettre la construction d’un système de management au sein duquel la vision d’ingénieur de la gestion des risques et la vision inspirée des courants des sciences humaines et sociales pourront cohabiter.

This rapid review examines evidence on the transparency in the tax system and its benefits; e.g. rising revenue, strengthen citizen/state relationship, and rule of law. Improvements in tax transparency can help in strengthening public finances in developing countries that are adversely affected by COVID-19. The current context (i.e. a global pandemic, widespread economic slowdown/recessions, and declining tax revenues) engenders the urgency of improving domestic resource mobilisation (DRM) and the fight against illicit financial flows (IFFs). Even before the advent of COVID-19, developing countries’ tax systems were facing several challenges, including weak tax administrations, low taxpayer morale and “hard-to-tax” sectors. The presence of informational asymmetry (i.e. low tax transparency) between taxpayers and tax authorities generates loopholes for abuse of the tax system. It allows the hiding of wealth abroad with a limited risk of being caught. Cases of such behaviour that are exposed without proper penalty may result in a decline in the morale of citizens and a lower level of voluntary compliance with tax legislation. A number of high-profile tax leaks and scandals have undermined public confidence in the fairness of tax systems and generated a strong demand for effective counteraction and tax transparency. One of the key contributing factors to lower tax revenues in developing countries (that is linked to low tax transparency) is a high level of IFFs. These flows, including international tax evasion and the laundering of corruption proceeds, build a major obstacle to successful DRM efforts. Research has also identified an association between organisational transparency (e.g. transparency by businesses and tax authorities) and stakeholder trust (e.g. between citizens and the state). However, the evidence is mixed as to how transparency in particular influences trust and perceptions of trustworthiness.

(CAP) are transforming activities across the UK construction sector. CAP offers potential in a wide range of applications, for example: remote collection of data for design; geofencing of plant operation; semi-autonomous extraction and movement of materials; offsite and robotic construction. However, this transformation presents a challenge to the sector. The introduction of CAP technology lacks a unified approach. Practice differs across construction sites and between clients. As a result, CAP deployment varies significantly across sites and information flow between organisations is slow. The industry is developing a strong understanding of the potential presented by CAP, with exciting examples of new technology being applied in practice. However, the community is concerned over the pace and practicality of implementing new methods, in context of the current approach to commissioning and delivering construction projects. Because there is no clear direction to encourage the use of CAP, the industry must bear all the risks of investing in new systems. These investments are made in an environment where there’s a lack of certainty about the capability of the technology, and a lack of clarity about the risks, liabilities and acceptability of its use. What does the Roadmap describe? The Roadmap has been developed collaboratively with over 75 organisations. Questionnaires and workshops identified the actions required to overcome technical, business and legislative challenges affecting successful delivery of the vision. The Roadmap brings these together in nine workstreams, each focusing on key areas identified by stakeholders. These workstreams would be delivered in parallel through industry-wide collaboration.

This rapid review provides a summary of the evidence on the taxation and public financial management of mining revenues in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). This is a very complex topic, with a large and growing literature base, a huge interest by donors, non-governmental organisations and businesses, with some conflicting information at times. In particular, specific data on provincial budgets and spending was not identified during this review. No specific information on public financial management in either of these provinces was identified during the course of this review. Given the burgeoning size of the literature base and the complexity of the mining sector in the DRC, this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the literature. It draws on academic, grey and donor literature sources. Some papers for further reading are highlighted. The report first provides a brief background discussion of general taxation in the DRC, the decentralisation process, and provincial public revenue management. The next section provides general information on the mining sector in the DRC, including the regulatory system and official duties, royalties and tax provisions. Section 4 goes into more detail about taxation and rent-seeking in the mining sector, touching on both large-scale mining (LSM) and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM). The next section looks at smuggling of minerals in the DRC, with a focus on gold. Finally, some specific lessons learned were drawn from two World Bank projects and highlighted in the final section. Lessons and experiences from other mining-related projects are also highlighted throughout the report. Literature in French was not included in this rapid review, which may mean that some key documents were omitted.

Bendigo, where the traditional owners are the Dja Dja Wurrung people, has capitalised on its European historical roots. Its striking architecture owes much to its Gold Rush past which has also given it a diverse cultural heritage. The creative industries, while not well recognised as such, contribute well to the local economy. The many festivals, museums and library exhibitions attract visitors from the metropolitan centre of Victoria especially. The Bendigo Creative Industries Hub was a local council initiative while the Ulumbarra Theatre is located within the City’s 1860’s Sandhurst Gaol. Many festivals keep the city culturally active and are supported by organisations such as Bendigo Bank. The Bendigo Writers Festival, the Bendigo Queer Film Festival, The Bendigo Invention & Innovation Festival, Groovin the Moo and the Bendigo Blues and Roots Music Festival are well established within the community. A regional accelerator and Tech School at La Trobe University are touted as models for other regional Victorian cities. The city has a range of high quality design agencies, while the software and digital content sector is growing with embeddeds working in agriculture and information management systems. Employment in Film, TV and Radio and Visual Arts has remained steady in Bendigo for a decade while the Music and Performing Arts sector grew quite well over the same period.

Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.