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1
Götze, Michael, Thomas Weskott, Cornelia Endriss, Ines Fiedler, Stefan Hinterwimmer, Svetlana Petrova, Anne Schwarz, Stavros Skopeteas, and Ruben Stoel. "Information structure." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/2227/.
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The guidelines for Information Structure include instructions for the annotation of Information Status (or ‘givenness’), Topic, and Focus, building upon a basic syntactic annotation of nominal phrases and sentences. A procedure for the annotation of these features is proposed.
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Tomioka, Satoshi. "Information Structure as information-based partition." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1965/.
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While the Information Structure (IS) is most naturally interpreted as
'structure of information', some may argue that it is structure of something else, and others may object to the use of the word 'structure'. This paper focuses on the question of whether the informational component can have structural properties such that it can be called 'structure'. The preliminary conclusion is that, although there are some vague indications of structurehood in it, it is perhaps better understood to be a representation that encodes a finite set of information-based partitions, rather than structure.
3
Traat, Maarika. "Information structure in discourse." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1260.
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The present dissertation proposes integrating Discourse Representation Theory (DRT), information structure (IS) and Combinatory Categorial Grammar (CCG) into a single framework. It achieves this by making two new contributions to computational treatment of information structure. First, it presents an uncomplicated approach to incorporating information structure in DRT. Second, it shows how the new DRT representation can be integrated into a unification-based grammar framework in a straightforward manner. We foresee the main application of the new formalism to be in spoken language systems: the approach presented here has the potential to considerably facilitate spoken language systems benefiting from insights derived from information structure. The DRT representation with information structure which is proposed in this dissertation is simpler than the previous attempts to include information structure in DRT. We believe that the simplicity of the Information-Structure-marked Discourse Representation Structure (IS-DRS) is precisely what makes it attractive and easy to use for practical tasks like determining the intonation in spoken language applications. The IS component in ISDRS covers a range of aspects of information structural semantics. A further advantage of IS-DRS is that in its case a single semantic representation is suitable for both the generation of context-appropriate prosody and automatic reasoning. A semantic representation on its own is useful for describing and analysing a language. However, it is of even greater utility if it is accompanied by a mechanism that allows one to directly infer the semantic representation from a natural language expression. We incorporated the IS-DRS into the Categorial Grammar (CG) framework, developing a unification based realisation of Combinatory Categorial Grammar, which we call Unification-based Combinatory Categorial Grammar (UCCG). UCCG inherits elements from Combinatory Categorial Grammar and Unification Categorial Grammar. The UCCG framework is developed gradually throughout the dissertation. The information structural component is included as the final step. The IS-DRSs for linguistic expressions are built up compositionally from the IS-DRSs of their sub-expressions. Feature unification is the driving force in this process. The formalism is illustrated by numerous examples which are characterised by different levels of syntactic complexity and diverse information structure. We believe that the main assets of both the IS-DRSs as well as the Unification-based Combinatory Categorial Grammar framework are their simplicity, transparency, and inherent suitability for computational implementation. This makes them an appealing choice for use in practical applications like spoken language systems.
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Heusinger, Klaus von. "Intonation and information structure." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB10519016.
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Bott, Stefan Markus. "Information Structure and Discourse Modelling." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7573.
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This dissertation investigates the interrelation between information structure and discourse structure. Information-structurally backgrounded material is here generally treated as being anaphoric in a very strict sense. It is argued that, apart from having more descriptive content, elements from the sentence background are not different from other types of anaphora: they are subject to the same locality restrictions and they must correspond to the same semantic types. The treatment of the sentence background as a monolithic and atomic unit is refuted. Instead it is argued that sentence backgrounds may be built up from smaller units which are linguistically realise as links and tails (in the sense of Vallduví, 1992). It is shown that links and tails play different roles with respect to the structure of discourse: linguistically realised links have to be bound by a discourse topic, while tails have to be bound by other salient referents within the discourse environment.Este trabajo investiga la interrelación entre la estructura informativa y la estructura del discurso. El material del trasfondo lingüístico (background) de la oración se trata como una serie de elementos anafóricos en sentido estricto. Aunque tengan más contenido descriptivo, comparten las mismas características con otros tipos de anáfora en términos de restricciones de localidad y del tipo semántico. Se rechaza un tratamiento del background de la oración como una unidad atómica. En este trabajo se argumenta que el background se puede construir a partir de elementos más fundamentales, llamados links y tails (siguiendo Vallduví, 1992). Links y tails juegan un papel muy distinto con respecto a la estructura del discurso: los constituyentes realizados como links tienen que estar ligados por un tópico discursivo, mientras que los constituyentes realizados como tails necesitan estar ligados por otros referentes discursivos que estén salientes en el entorno del discurso.
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Krifka, Manfred. "Basic notions of information structure." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1960/.
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This article takes stock of the basic notions of Information Structure
(IS). It first provides a general characterization of IS — following Chafe (1976) — within a communicative model of Common Ground(CG), which distinguishes between CG content and CG management. IS is concerned with those features of language that concern the local CG. Second, this paper defines and discusses the notions of Focus (as indicating alternatives) and its various uses, Givenness (as indicating that a denotation is already present in the CG), and Topic (as specifying what a statement is about). It also proposes a new notion, Delimitation, which comprises contrastive topics and frame setters, and indicates that the current conversational move does not entirely satisfy the local communicative needs. It also points out that rhetorical structuring partly belongs to IS.
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Mankowitz, Poppy. "Quantifier expressions and information structure." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/17137.
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Linguists and philosophers of language have shown increasing interest in the expressions that refer to quantifiers: determiners like 'every' and 'many', in addition to determiner phrases like 'some king' and 'no cat'. This thesis addresses several puzzles where the way we understand quantifier expressions depends on features that go beyond standard truth conditional semantic meaning. One puzzle concerns the fact that it is often natural to understand 'Every king is in the yard' as being true if (say) all of the kings at the party are in the yard, even though the standard truth conditions predict it to be true if and only if every king in the universe is in the yard. Another puzzle emerges from the observation that 'Every American king is in the yard' sounds odd relative to contexts where there are no American kings, even though the standard truth conditions predict it to be trivially true. These puzzles have been widely discussed within linguistics and philosophy of language, and have implications for topics as diverse as the distinction between semantics and pragmatics and the ontological commitments of ordinary individuals. Yet few attempts have been made to incorporate discussions from the linguistics literature into the philosophical literature. This thesis argues that attending to the linguistics literature helps to address these puzzles. In particular, my solutions to these puzzles rely on notions from work on information structure, an often overlooked area of linguistics. I will use these notions to develop a new theory of the pragmatics of ordinary discourse, in the process of resolving the puzzles. In the first two chapters, I provide accessible overviews of key notions from the literature on quantifier expressions and information structure. In the third chapter, I discuss the problem of contextual domain restriction. In the fourth chapter, I consider the problems posed by empty restrictors. In the final chapter, I tackle the issue of category mistakes.
8
Hart, George W. "Minimum information estimation of structure." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14792.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1987.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING.
Bibliography: leaves 225-230.
by George William Hart.
Ph.D.
9
McNeill, Allan. "Semantic structure of personal information." Thesis, Connect to e-thesis, 2002. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/840/.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2002.Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, 2002. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Jackson, Scott Russell. "Information, Truth, Structure, and Sound." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196157.
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A persistent element of the Principles & Parameters framework is the T-model of grammar. The strong claim of this model is that phonological rules cannot refer to semantic entities, and vice versa. However, apparent interactions between prosody and semantic interpretation provide a prima facie challenge to this model. I propose a theory of Information Structure (IS) and its related interfaces that is sufficient to account for apparent semantic-prosodic interactions while still satisfying the strong requirements of the T-model. This proposal hinges on three inter-connected sub-proposals.First, I defend a representation of IS based on two kinds of primitives, partitions and instructions. The partitions are nested structures derived from sub-trees of LF. The instructions are functions that operate on the partitions to specify their connection with the discourse. Interactions between these primitives account for apparent truth-conditional effects of IS.Second, I propose that IS partitions are generated in the syntax via the mechanism of derivational phase, or cyclic Spell-Out. I claim that phases are determined by interface conditions, and that IS provides some of those interface conditions, such that some phases will be isomorphic with IS partitions. Not only does this theory provide appropriate structures for IS, but it does so without violating the T-model, and it manages to leave previous work on phases intact.Third, my phase-based proposal provides an indirect correlation between phonological stress and IS. Because stress rules apply cyclically at each phase, and because IS dictates some phases, stress and IS will naturally synchronize, without needing to stipulate a connection between emphasis and information. This has the added benefit of deriving so-called "narrow" or "contrastive" focus by the same set of principles as "default" or "informational" focus.Finally, my combined theory accounts for recalcitrant data involving the connection between prosody, information, and Diesing's (1992) Mapping Hypothesis in the interpretation of indefinites, and involving the link between prosody and underlying position in data from Bresnan (1971). The end result is a unified theory of IS and its interfaces, which maintains the T-model architecture and represents a streamlined theoretical and empirical improvement across several domains.
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Jacob, Peggy. "Information structure in Sara-Bagirmi." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/18093.
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Die Erfoschung informationsstruktureller Ausdrucksformen hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Untersuchung von Universalien, die der Kennzeichnung von “alten/bekannten” und “neuen/wichtigen” Informationen dienen. Auch wenn die Forschung diesem Thema bereits viel Raum gegeben hat, weiß man heute immer noch sehr wenig über die Realisierungsmöglichkeiten von Topik und Fokus in schlecht dokumentierten Sprachen.
Die vorliegende Dissertation leistet mit der Diskussion über die Fokusmarkierungsstrategien einer kleinen Sprachfamilie im Herzen Afrikas einen wichtigen Beitrag zur informationsstrukturellen Grundlagenforschung. Sie gibt einen Überblick über die Realisierungsmöglichkeiten von Topik und Fokus in sechs genealogisch verwandten Sprachen der Sara-Bagirmi-Gruppe (BAGIRMI, KENGA, MBAY, KABBA, NGAMBAY und SAR) und konzentriert sich dabei auf die Untersuchung der prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen. Diese bestehen aus i) Fokus auf der lexikalischen Bedeutung des Verbes, ii) Fokus auf dem Polaritätsoperator („Verum-Fokus“) und iii) Fokus auf dem Tempus-Aspekt-Modus-Operator. Die Arbeit beleuchtet somit nicht nur die grammatische Stuktur unzureichend untersuchter Sprachen, sie liefert mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Nichttermfokus auch Einblick in ein vernachlässigtes Forschungsfeld.
Die Untersuchungen im Rahmen der Dissertation zeigen, dass die Sara-Bagirmi-Sprachen eine Vielzahl verschiedener Fokussierungsstrategien aufweisen. Obwohl alle sechs Sprachen zu einer Familie gehören, unterscheiden sich die vorhandenen Strategien formal und teilweise auch funktional voneinander. Der innerfamiliäre Vergleich der Gemeinsamkeiten und der Unterschiede erlaubt zum einen Rückschlüsse auf die Beziehung zwischen Form und Funktion im Allgemeinen. Zum anderen ermöglicht er konkrete Aussagen zur diachronen Entwicklung der ausgewählten Konstruktionen. Die Korpusstudie zu einer der Sprachen ergänzt die Forschungsarbeit. Sie stellt ausgewählte Merkmale der Fokusrealisierung vor und zeigt den Gebrauch der präsentierten Strategien im natürlichen Diskurs.
Die vorliegende Dissertation komplettiert die Datenbasis der empirischen Sprachforschung und bereichert mit ihren Ergebnissen die Sprachtheorie um wertvolle Erkenntnisse. So belegt z.B. die Analyse der Fokussierungsstrategien des Sara-Bagirmi die enge Verbindung zwischen prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen und TAM-basierten Kategorien. Sie zeigt außerdem, dass die Klassifikation der prädikatszentrierten Fokustypen neu überdacht werden sollte, da einige der untersuchten Sprachen neben den o.g. Typen auch grammatikalisierte Formen von Intensivierung oder Formen von „Gewissheit“ aufweisen.The development of information structue and its expression has become increasingly important in the recent decades. The main focus is on the investigation of linguistic universals that are used to identify “old/given” and “new/important” information. Despite of a body of literature on this issue, little is known about the possibilities of realization of topic and focus in poorly documented languages. This investigation contributes to basic informational research in the field of information on the focus marking strategies of a small language family in the heart of Africa. It gives an overview of the way in which topic and focus are implemented in six genealogically related languages of Sara-Bagirmi (BAGIRMI, KENGA, MBAY, KABBA, NGAMBAY and SAR). The focus is on the investigation of predicate-centered focus types. These consist of i) focus on the lexical meaning of the verb, ii) focus on the polarity operator (“truth-value focus”), and iii) focus on the tense-aspect-mode operator. The work thus not only illuminates the grammatical structure of insufficiently studied languages, but also provides an insight into a neglected field of research with emphazising non-term focus. The results show that the Sara-Bagirmi languages have a variety of different focus strategies. Although all six languages belong to one family, the existing strategies differ formally and partly functionally from each other. The inter-familiar comparison of the similarities and the differences allows, on the one hand, conclusions about the relationship between form and function in general. On the other hand, it makes concrete statements on the diachronic development of the selected constructions. The corpus study on one of the languages complements the research work. It presents selected features of the focus realization and shows the use of the presented strategies in natural discourse. This dissertation completes the database of empirical linguistic research and enriches the theory of language with valuable results. Thus, for example, the analysis of the focusing strategies in Sara-Bagirmi confirms the close relationship of predicate-centered focus types and TAM-based categories. It also shows that the classification of the predicate-centered focus types should be reconsidered, since some of the examined languages in addition to the abovementioned types have grammaticalized forms of “intensification” or “definiteness/ certainty”.
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Jasinskaja, Ekaterina, Jörg Mayer, and David Schlangen. "Discourse structure and information structure : interfaces and prosodic realization." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/841/.
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In this paper we review the current state of research on the issue of discourse
structure (DS)/information structure (IS) interface. This field has
received a lot of attention from discourse semanticists and pragmatists,
and has made substantial progress in recent years. In this paper we summarize
the relevant studies. In addition, we look at the issue of DS/ISinteraction
at a different level - that of phonetics. It is known that both
information structure and discourse structure can be realized prosodically,
but the issue of phonetic interaction between the prosodic devices
they employ has hardly ever been discussed in this context. We think
that a proper consideration of this aspect of DS/IS-interaction would
enrich our understanding of the phenomenon, and hence we formulate
some related research-programmatic positions.
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Jonathan, Gideon Mekonnen. "Information Technology Alignment : The Role of Organisational Structure." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-180803.
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Information technology (IT) alignment studies which focus on conceptual debates have left little room for studies investigating practical issues such as organisational structure. On the other hand, the attention paid to private and commercial organisations has resulted in findings that might not apply to public organisations. To address this gap in the literature, and respond to calls for further research, this study explored the influence of formal and informal organisational structures on IT alignment in a public organisation. This thesis is a compilation of three studies—a systematic literature review and two case studies. The literature review revealed the lack of IT alignment studies in public organisations focusing on organisational structure. The findings of the case studies, conducted in one Swedish municipality, indicate the simultaneous existence of a formal and informal organisational structure which influenced IT alignment. The result of the qualitative case study revealed a centralised formal organisational structure, and three forms of informal organisational structure—interpersonal relationships, cross-departmental relationships, and professional networks—were identified. The findings also seem to indicate that the identified organisational structure forms have influence on IT alignment. The second (i.e. quantitative) case study established the strength of these effects. Among the identified organisational structure forms, cross-departmental relationships were found to have the most substantial influence on IT alignment, particularly on communications, partnership and the dynamic IT scope. The influence of a centralised organisation structure on IT governance was also confirmed. While the influence of interpersonal relationships on the three dimensions of IT alignment—communications, IT governance and skills development—was established, the influence of professional networks on IT alignment could not be substantiated. This study makes several contributions to research and practice in IT alignment. Although prior studies have investigated the role of different organisational structures in IT alignment, the contribution of this research is that it looked into the influence of both formal and informal organisational structures on IT alignment, simultaneously. The research has also assessed the relative significance of various forms of organisational structure on IT alignment. Leaders and managers in the public sector can make use of the findings of this research to help them identify different organisational structure forms and make the necessary adjustments to improve IT alignment.Tidigare informationsteknologi (IT)-alignment-studier fokus legat på den konceptuella debatten och inte på studier som undersöker praktiska frågor. En sådan praktisk fråga är vilken påverkan som organisationens struktur har på IT-alignment. Forskningsfokus för IT-alignment-studier legat på privata och kommersiella organisationer och inte offentliga organisationer. För att ta itu med dessa luckor i forskningslitteraturen syftar denna studie till att undersöka formella och informella organisationsstrukturers inflytande på IT-alignment i offentliga organisationer. Avhandlingen är en sammanställning av tre studier - en systematisk litteraturöversikt och två fallstudier. Litteraturöversikten visar på bristen på IT-alignment-studier i offentliga organisationer med fokus på organisationsstruktur. Resultaten från de två fallstudierna i en svensk kommun, tyder på att det samtidigt både finns formella och informella organisationsstrukturer som påverkar IT alignment. Resultatet av den första (kvalitativa) fallstudien visade centraliserad formella organisationsstrukturen samt tre former av informella organisationsstrukturer, nämligen interpersonella relationer, tvärsavdelningsrelationer och professionella nätverk, vilka alla påverkade IT-alignment. Den andra (kvantitativa) fallstudien syftade till att fastställa styrkan i de olika organisationsstrukturformernas påverkan på IT-alignment. Bland de identifierade organisationsstrukturformerna hade den informella organisationsstrukturen tvärsavdelningsrelationer det mest betydande inflytandet på IT-alignment, mer precis kommunikation, partnerskap och den dynamiska IT-räckvidden. Även interpersonella relationer hade inflytande på kommunikation, IT-styrning och kompetensutveckling. Den centraliserade organisationsstrukturens inflytande på IT-styrning bekräftades också, däremot gick det inte att fastställa inflytandet av professionella nätverk. Denna studie ger flera bidrag till forskning och praktik. Även om tidigare studier har undersökt olika organisationsstrukturers inflytande på IT-alignment, så är – så vitt vi vet – detta den första studie som undersökt inverkan från både formella och informella organisationsstrukturer på IT-alignment. Studien ger också empiriskt stöd för den rollen organisationsstruktur spelar för IT-alignment i offentliga organisationer. Ledare inom den offentliga sektorn kan använda sig av resultaten för att identifiera olika organisationsstrukturformer och göra nödvändiga justeringar för att förbättra IT-alignment.
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Doh, Bo-Eun. "Information externality, bank structure, and growth." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/265.
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This dissertation addresses the question of whether a monopolistic banking system can lead to a higher steady state level of capital stock. Specifically, this research analyzes the comparative advantage of a monopoly banking system. By doing that, it examines factors that contribute to the promotion of economic growth that come from a concentrated banking system. There is substantial evidence of a positive relationship between financial markets development and long term output growth. Little is known, however, about the role played by the market structure of the banking sector on growth. Moreover, little work, if any, has attempted to analyze how the degree of information externality affects the relative performance of a monopoly and competitive banks. I find that a monopoly banking system might perform better in accumulating capital under both low information externality and high information externality under certain conditions. In addition, this paper shows that developing countries as well as industrial countries may benefit from a concentrated banking system. This result is not found in the existing literature, which has only shown that developing countries may benefit from a monopoly banking system. This result can be interpreted as follows: (i) for the developing countries, as the proportion of high quality firms is relatively low, the loss in output associated with lending capital to lower quality firms is relatively high. In this case, the screening technology has enough value-added to compensate for the loss in output associated with the typical rent extraction activity of the monopolist. (ii) for the industrial countries, a monopoly banking system can overcome inefficiency from free riding problem associated with the information externality. This analysis provides an alternative explanation of the recent deregulation and resulting trends in mergers and acquisitions. This supports governments' policy changes from restricting merger and acquisition activity to allowing or even promoting merger and acquisition activity.
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Gussenhoven, Carlos. "Notions and subnotions in information structure." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1970/.
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Three dimensions can be distinguished in a cross-linguistic account of
information structure. First, there is the definition of the focus
constituent, the part of the linguistic expression which is subject to
some focus meaning. Second and third, there are the focus meanings
and the array of structural devices that encode them. In a given
language, the expression of focus is facilitated as well as constrained
by the grammar within which the focus devices operate. The
prevalence of focus ambiguity, the structural inability to make focus
distinctions, will thus vary across languages, and within a language,
across focus meanings.
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Karvovskaya, Lena, Vadim Kimmelman, Christine Tanja Röhr, Pepi Stavropoulou, Elena Titov, and Putten Saskia van. "Information structure : empirical perspectives on theory." Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6480/.
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The papers collected in this volume were presented at a Graduate/Postgraduate Student Conference with the title Information Structure: Empirical Perspectives on Theory held on December 2 and 3, 2011 at Potsdam-Griebnitzsee. The main goal of the conference was to connect young researchers working on information structure (IS) related topics and to discuss various IS categories such as givenness, focus, topic, and contrast. The aim of the conference was to find at least partial answers to the following questions: What IS categories are necessary? Are they gradient/continuous? How can one deal with optionality or redundancy? How are IS categories encoded grammatically? How do different empirical methods contribute to distinguishing between the influence of different IS categories on language comprehension and production? To answer these questions, a range of languages (Avatime, Chinese, German, Ishkashimi, Modern Greek, Old Saxon, Russian, Russian Sign Language and Sign Language of the Netherlands) and a range of phenomena from phonology, semantics, and syntax were investigated. The presented theories and data were based on different kinds of linguistic evidence: syntactic and semantic fieldwork, corpus studies, and phonological experiments. The six papers presented in this volume discuss a variety of IS categories, such as emphasis and contrast (Stavropoulous, Titov), association with focus and topics (van Putten, Karvovskaya), and givenness and backgrounding (Kimmelmann, Röhr).
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Kolokonte, Marina. "Bare argument ellipsis and information structure." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3141.
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This dissertation presents a cross-linguistic study of three elliptical predicate constructions: (a) stripping, (b) negative-contrast, and (c) yes/no ellipsis, which are all argued to fall under the scope of a more general type of ellipsis, Bare Argument Ellipsis. From an interpretive point of view, in all three constructions, the constituent that is present in the second conjunct ('the remnant') has a characteristic information role. In yes/no ellipsis, the remnant functions as a contrastive topic whereas in stripping and negative-contrast the remnant is a focused constituent. The latter two constructions are further differentiated with regard to the semantic characteristics of Focus. Based on the assumption that Focus is not uniform, it is shown that stripping involves narrow information focus whereas negative-contrast involves contrastive focus. From a syntactic point of view, I argue that Bare Argument Ellipsis involves overt movement of the remnant to the left periphery of the clause, followed by IP deletion. The PF-deletion approach is extended to all three constructions. Following Rizzi's (1997) split-CP hypothesis, it is proposed that the remnant in yes/no ellipsis moves to TopP, a functional projection in the left periphery of the clause that encodes contrastive topics, by the process of Clitic Left Dislocation. Contrastive topicalization of the remnant forces narrow focus on the polarity marker. Regarding stripping and negative-contrast, it is argued that the semantic difference between narrow information and contrastive focus is directly related to the focus projection that hosts the remnant. Following recent proposals that Focus should be split into several projections, I show that the remnant in negative-contrast ends up in F₁P, a focus projection marked for contrastiveness whereas the remnant in stripping moves to a lower F₂P, which simply encodes new information.
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Titov, E. "Information structure of argument order alternations." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2012. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1370567/.
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This thesis is concerned with NP/DP argument reordering and the question of what licenses it formally and interpretatively. Its primary focus is on the syntax of Russian. It is argued that two types of reordering exist, with each type linked to a distinct interpretative effect and involving a distinct syntactic process. More specifically, neutral reordering is licensed by the encoding of relative interpretative argument prominence, which requires linear precedence of an interpretatively prominent argument with respect to a non-prominent argument. The relative interpretative prominence of arguments is argued to be established on the basis of a variety of cognitive interpretations, with languages varying as to how many of these interpretations are required to license neutral reordering of arguments. In Russian, this type of reordering is claimed to exhibit properties of A-scrambling and to favour an analysis that refers to a variation in the base-component. It is argued that the availability of neutral reordering of arguments cross-linguistically is reliant on the type of prominence, thematic or information-structural, that a language encodes via syntactic structure. When thematic and information-structural prominence relations do not coincide, only one of them can be structurally/linearly represented. The relation that is not structurally/linearly encoded must be made visible at the PF interface either via prosody or morphology. The second type of argument reordering is argued to be licensed by a restriction of the set of syntactic constituents included in the scope of pragmatic quantification. This type of reordering is shown to exhibit properties of A’-scrambling. Various categories that involve different types of pragmatic quantification are considered. It is demonstrated that an A-scrambled structure licensed by the relative argument prominence encoding can serve as input for an A’-scrambled structure as long as one of the arguments involves quantification over a pragmatic set of alternatives. The proposals advanced in this thesis resolve a number of long-standing controversies concerning the properties of Russian A- and A’-scrambling.
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Aasi, Parisa. "Organizational Culture and Structure Influence on Information Technology Governance." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för data- och systemvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-126689.
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Calhoun, Sasha. "Information structure and the prosodic structure of English : a probabilistic relationship." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8120.
Full textAbstract:
This work concerns how information structure is signalled prosodically in English, that is, how prosodic prominence and phrasing are used to indicate the salience and organisation of information in relation to a discourse model. It has been standardly held that information structure is primarily signalled by the distribution of pitch accents within syntax structure, as well as intonation event type. However, we argue that these claims underestimate the importance, and richness, of metrical prosodic structure and its role in signalling information structure. We advance a new theory, that information structure is a strong constraint on the mapping of words onto metrical prosodic structure. We show that focus (kontrast) aligns with nuclear prominence, while other accents are not usually directly 'meaningful'. Information units (theme/rheme) try to align with prosodic phrases. This mapping is probabilistic, so it is also influenced by lexical and syntactic effects, as well as rhythmical constraints and other features including emphasis. Rather than being directly signalled by the prosody, the likelihood of each information structure interpretation is mediated by all these properties. We demonstrate that this theory resolves problematic facts about accent distribution in earlier accounts and makes syntactic focus projection rules unnecessary. Previous theories have claimed that contrastive accents are marked by a categorically distinct accent type to other focal accents (e.g. L+H* v H*). We show this distinction in fact involves two separate semantic properties: contrastiveness and theme/rheme status. Contrastiveness is marked by increased prominence in general. Themes are distinguished from rhemes by relative prominence, i.e. the rheme kontrast aligns with nuclear prominence at the level of phrasing that includes both theme and rheme units. In a series of production and perception experiments, we directly test our theory against previous accounts, showing that the only consistent cue to the distinction between theme and rheme nuclear accents is relative pitch height. This height difference accords with our understanding of the marking of nuclear prominence: theme peaks are only lower than rheme peaks in rheme-theme order, consistent with post-nuclear lowering; in theme-rheme order, the last of equal peaks is perceived as nuclear. The rest of the thesis involves analysis of a portion of the Switchboard corpus which we have annotated with substantial new layers of semantic (kontrast) and prosodic features, which are described. This work is an essentially novel approach to testing discourse semantics theories in speech. Using multiple regression analysis, we demonstrate distributional properties of the corpus consistent with our claims. Plain and nuclear accents are best distinguished by phrasal features, showing the strong constraint of phrase structure on the perception of prominence. Nuclear accents can be reliably predicted by semantic/syntactic features, particularly kontrast, while other accents cannot. Plain accents can only be identified well by acoustic features, showing their appearance is linked to rhythmical and low-level semantic features. We further show that kontrast is not only more likely in nuclear position, but also if a word is more structurally or acoustically prominent than expected given its syntactic/information status properties. Consistent with our claim that nuclear accents are distinctive, we show that pre-, post- and nuclear accents have different acoustic profiles; and that the acoustic correlates of increased prominence vary by accent type, i.e. pre-nuclear or nuclear. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of our theory compared to previous accounts using examples from the corpus.
21
Krauter, Nina, and Eva Mayer. "Does structure matter? : The influence of organizational structure on information overload." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157330.
Full textAbstract:
The Organizational Information Processing Theory (OIPT) was used as a tool to analyze the collected data. It was found that, when Information Processing Requirements (IPR) outweigh Information Processing Capacities (IPC), information overload can be the result. Organizational structure should be chosen to enable successful task execution, if that is the case information overload is unlikely to occur. Structural elements that were found to especially increase IPC and therefore reduce the likelihood of information overload are: clarity, transparency and adherence to definitions of job responsibilities or roles.
22
Dougherty, Richard K. Mir Pablo F. "Organizational structure for inter-agency information operations /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA389648.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Information Systems and Operations) Naval Postgraduate School, March 2001.Thesis advisors, Carl R. Jones, Thomas, Gerblick. Includes bibliographical references (p. 211-219). Also Available online.
23
Esmer, Ozcan. "Information Theory, Entropy And Urban Spatial Structure." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606319/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Urban planning has witnessed the profound changes in the methodologies of modelling during the last 50 years. Spatial interaction models have passed from social physics, statistical mechanics to non-spatial and spatial information processing stages of progress that can be designated as paradigm shifts.
This thesis traces the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) approach in urban planning as pioneered by Wilson (1967,1970) and Spatial Entropy concept by Batty (1974) based on the Information Theory and its developments by Shannon (1948), Jaynes (1957), Kullback (1959) and by Tribus (1962,1969).
Information-theoric methods have provided the theoretical foundation for challenging the uncertainty and incomplete information issues concerning the complex urban structure. MaxEnt, as a new logic, gives probabilities maximally noncommittal with regard to missing information. Wilson (1967,1970) has replaced the Newtonian analogy by the entropy concept from statistical mechanics to alleviate the mathematical inconsistency in the gravity model and developed a set of spatial interaction models consistent with the known information.
Population density distribution as one of the determinants of the urban structure has been regarded as an exemplar to show the paradigm changes from the analysis of density gradients to the probabilistic description of density distributions by information-theoric methods.
Spatial Entropy concept has introduced the spatial dimension to the Information Theory. Thesis applies Spatial Entropy measures to Ankara 1970 and 1990 census data by 34 zones and also obtains Kullback&rsquos Information Gain measures for population changes during the two decades. Empirical findings for Spatial Entropy measures show that overall Ankara-1970 and 1990 density distributions are &lsquo
&rsquo
Uneven&rsquo
&rsquo
and the uniform distribution hypothesis is not confirmed. These measures also indicate a tendency towards &ldquo
More Uniformity&rdquo
for density distributions in comparison to 1970. Information Gain measure for population changes also deviates from zero and direct proportionality hypothesis between posterior 1990 and prior 1970 population distributions by zones is not confirmed. Current research is focused on information processing with more engagement in the urban spatial structure and human behavior. This thesis aims to participate with these efforts and concludes that Information Theory has the potential to generate new profound changes in urban planning and modelling processes.
24
Skopeteas, Stavros, Ines Fiedler, Sam Hellmuth, Anne Schwarz, Ruben Stoel, Gisbert Fanselow, Caroline Féry, and Manfred Krifka. "Questionnaire on information structure (OUIS): reference manual." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1241/.
Full textAbstract:
Contents:
Chapter 1. Introduction
1 Information Structure
2 Grammatical Correlates of Information Structure
3 Structure of the Questionnaire
4 Experimental Tasks
5 Technicalities
6 Archiving
7 Acknowledgments
Chapter 2. General Questions
1 General Information
2 Phonology
3 Morphology and Syntax
Chapter 3. Experimental tasks
1 Changes (Given/New in Intransitives and Transitives)
2 Giving (Given/New in Ditransitives)
3 Visibility (Given/New, Animacy and Type/Token Reference)
4 Locations (Given/New in Locative Expressions)
5 Sequences (Given/New/Contrast in Transitives)
6 Dynamic Localization (Given/New in Dynamic Loc. Descriptions)
7 Birthday Party (Weight and Discourse Status)
8 Static Localization (Macro-Planning and Given/New in Locatives)
9 Guiding (Presentational Utterances)
10 Event Cards (All New)
11 Anima (Focus types and Animacy)
12 Contrast (Contrast in pairing events)
13 Animal Game (Broad/Narrow Focus in NP)
14 Properties (Focus on Property and Possessor)
15 Eventives (Thetic and Categorical Utterances)
16 Tell a Story (Contrast in Text)
17 Focus Cards (Selective, Restrictive, Additive, Rejective Focus)
18 Who does What (Answers to Multiple Constituent Questions)
19 Fairy Tale (Topic and Focus in Coherent Discourse)
20 Map Task (Contrastive and Selective Focus in Spontaneous Dialogue)
21 Drama (Contrastive Focus in Argumentation)
22 Events in Places (Spatial, Temporal and Complex Topics)
23 Path Descriptions (Topic Change in Narrative)
24 Groups (Partial Topic)
25 Connections (Bridging Topic)
26 Indirect (Implicational Topic)
27 Surprises (Subject-Topic Interrelation)
28 Doing (Action Given, Action Topic)
29 Influences (Question Priming)
Chapter 4. Translation tasks
1 Basic Intonational Properties
2 Focus Translation
3 Topic Translation
4 Quantifiers
Chapter 5. Information structure summary survey
1 Preliminaries
2 Syntax
3 Morphology
4 Prosody
5 Summary: Information structure
Chapter 6. Performance of Experimental Tasks in the Field
1 Field sessions
2 Field Session Metadata
3 Informants’ Agreement
25
Alenin, Andrey S. "Matrix structure for information-driven polarimeter design." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3700194.
Full textAbstract:
Estimating the polarization of light has been shown to have merit in a wide variety of applications between UV and LWIR wavelengths. These tasks include target identification, estimation of atmospheric aerosol properties, biomedical and other applications. In all of these applications, polarization sensing has been shown to assist in discrimination ability; however, due to the nature of many phenomena, it is difficult to add polarization sensing everywhere. The goal of this dissertation is to decrease the associated penalties of using polarimetry, and thereby broaden its applicability to other areas.
First, the class of channeled polarimeter systems is generalized to relate the Fourier domains of applied modulations to the resulting information channels. The quality of reconstruction is maximized by virtue of using linear system manipulations rather than arithmetic derived by hand, while revealing system properties that allow for immediate performance estimation. Besides identifying optimal systems in terms of equally weighted variance (EWV), a way to redistribute the error between all the information channels is presented. The result of this development often leads to superficial changes that can improve signal-to-noise-ration (SNR) by up to a factor of three compared to existing designs in the literature.
Second, the class of partial Mueller maitrx polarimeters (pMMPs) is inspected in regards to their capacity to match the level of discrimination performance achieved by full systems. The concepts of structured decomposition and the reconstructables matrix are developed to provide insight into Mueller subspace coverage of pMMPs, while yielding a pMMP basis that allows the formation of ten classes of pMMP systems. A method for evaluating such systems while considering a multi-objective optimization of noise resilience and space coverage is provided. An example is presented for which the number of measurements was reduced to half.
Third, the novel developments intended for channeled and partial systems are combined to form a previously undiscussed class of channeled partial Mueller matrix polarimeters (c-pMMPs). These systems leverage the gained understanding in manipulating the structure of the measurement to design modulations such that the desired pieces of information are mapped into channels with favorable reconstruction characteristics.
26
Guzman, Paredes Cristobal. "Information, complexity and structure in convex optimization." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53577.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is focused on the limits of performance of large-scale convex optimization algorithms. Classical theory of oracle complexity, first proposed by Nemirovski and Yudin in 1983, successfully established the worst-case behavior of methods based on local oracles (a generalization of first-order oracle for smooth functions) for nonsmooth convex minimization, both in the large-scale and low-scale regimes; and the complexity of approximately solving linear systems of equations (equivalent to convex quadratic minimization) over Euclidean balls, under a matrix-vector multiplication oracle.
Our work extends the applicability of lower bounds in two directions:
Worst-Case Complexity of Large-Scale Smooth Convex Optimization: We generalize lower bounds on the complexity of first-order methods for convex optimization, considering classes of convex functions with Hölder continuous gradients. Our technique relies on the existence of a smoothing kernel, which defines a smooth approximation for any convex function via infimal convolution. As a consequence, we derive lower bounds for \ell_p/\ell_q-setups, where 1\leq p,q\leq \infty, and extend to its matrix analogue: Smooth convex minimization (with respect to the Schatten q-norm) over matrices with bounded Schatten p-norm.
The major consequences of this result are the near-optimality of the Conditional Gradient method over box-type domains (p=q=\infty), and the near-optimality of Nesterov's accelerated method over the cross-polytope (p=q=1).
Distributional Complexity of Nonsmooth Convex Optimization: In this work, we prove average-case lower bounds for the complexity of nonsmooth convex ptimization. We introduce an information-theoretic method to analyze the complexity of oracle-based algorithms solving a random instance, based on the reconstruction principle.
Our technique shows that all known lower bounds for nonsmooth convex optimization can be derived by an emulation procedure from a common String-Guessing Problem, which is combinatorial in nature. The derived average-case lower bounds extend to hold with high probability, and for algorithms with bounded probability error, via Fano's inequality.
Finally, from the proposed technique we establish the equivalence (up to constant factors) of distributional, randomized, and worst-case complexity for black-box convex optimization. In particular, there is no gain from randomization in this setup.
27
Akortia, Prosper Teye. "Lexical Marking of Information Structure in Dangme." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for språk og litteratur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26048.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis aims at investigating the lexical marking of information structure in Dangme. The Dangme particles nɛ, po, hu, nitsɛ, pɛ and lɛɛ were analysed through the use of minimal pair of sentences with one containing the particle under investigation. The study brings to bear how the afore-mentioned particles are used in marking information structure, their syntactic occurrences and restrictions, and the pragmatic contributions of the particles in the utterances in which they occur. The following research questions served as a guide to the study: When are the particles nɛ, po, hu, nitsɛ, pɛ and lɛɛ used in Dangme discourse? This includes the following three sub-questions: Are the particles nɛ, po, hu, nitsɛ, pɛ and lɛɛmarkers of information structure, and if so, are they markers of topic or focus? What are the pragmatic interpretations that may occur for these particles? In what syntactic positions can each of these particles occur? The data used in the investigation were created examples and native speaker intuitions in terms of researcher‟ introspection. The analyses of the data revealed that all the particles above are focus markers except lɛɛ which is a contrast marker compatible with both focus and topic.
28
Uthemann, A. "Essays in information economics and market structure." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1468998/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis analyses three distinct economic problems through the common lens of informational asymmetries. In each chapter we show how market behaviour is best understood as the outcome of differentially informed market participants interacting with each other within the rules specified by the respective market under consideration. Chapter 2 provides an explanation for the variety of contracts offered by competitive firms for seemingly identical products or services, e.g. in mobile communication or personal banking. We show that firms’ menu of tariffs can be understood as screening devices for consumers with mistaken beliefs about their future demand. We furthermore show that while competition between firms prevents firms from exploiting their customers’ limited cognitive ability, competition is not able to correct the inefficiency caused by customers making suboptimal choices. Chapter 3 studies the effect of a financial transaction tax on the trading of a security. We construct a market microstructure model and estimate it using intraday transaction data for a stock traded on the NYSE (Ashland Inc.). The estimates are then used to simulate how a financial transaction tax would impact volume, spreads and informational efficiency in the asset market under consideration. Chapter 4 constructs a model of observational learning with payoff externalities that provides a justification for the use of short term debt in the financing of investment projects. While financing with debt that is subject to roll over risk is often seen as a source of instability, potentially triggering investor runs on financially sound institutions, we show that it can play an important role in facilitating the revelation of privately held information about future performance of the investment.
29
Alzaidi, Muhammad Swaileh A. "Information structure and intonation in Hijazi Arabic." Thesis, University of Essex, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.653066.
Full textAbstract:
There is irrefutable evidence that many languages use intonation to express the aspects of the information structure of an utterance. Recently evidence has emerged that languages differ in how information structure (IS) is marked intonationally. This thesis presents experimental work on the prosodic encoding of Information Focus and Contrastive Focus (aspects of IS, that is, concepts relating to the distribution of 'new' and 'contrast' information) in Hijazi Arabic (an under-researched language). It provides both a phonetic and a phonological analysis of the experimental data, the latter couched in Autosegmental-Metrical Approach. It aims to (i) provide an analysis of the word order in Hijazi Arabic (HA) and how it is used to express IS, and (ii) provide an in-depth and systematic analysis of the ways that intonation is used both phonologically and phonetically to encode neutral focus, information focus, in-situ contrastive focus and ex-situ contrastive focus in four focus structures: sentence-focus, predicate-focus, argument-focus and focus-preposing structure. Based on insights from recent research, we propose two categories of Focus: information focus and contrastive focus. We show how these categories are reflected in HA word order and in intonation. The results show that intonation and not word order is crucial and useful in identifying the focus of the HA utterance. They show that focus has local and global effects on the utterance. Focus attracts the nuclear pitch accent, and compresses the pitch accent(s) of the following word(s). Excursion size and the maximum Fa are found to be the two main acoustic correlates of prosodic focus in HA. Focused words have significantly expanded excursion size, post-focus words have significantly lowered Fa, but pre-focus words lack systematic changes.
30
Haugan, Jens. "Old Norse Word Order and Information Structure." Doctoral thesis, Trondheim : Norwegian University of science and technology, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38802334g.
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31
Piotrowski, Jennifer A. "Information Structure of Clefts in Spoken English." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10024.
Full textAbstract:
xiii, 92 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Towards a more complete description of cleft constructions, this thesis comprises an investigation of the prosody, syntax, and information structure of IT clefts, REVERSE WH clefts, and existential THERE clefts in Spoken English. Cleft constructions were extracted from the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English on the basis of syntactic characteristics, and empirical methods were developed for evaluating clefts with respect to prosody and information structure factors. Native speaker-hearer judgments about cleft constructions in authentic spoken language were gathered to provide a basis for operational definitions of PROSODIC PROMINENCE, GIVENNESS, NEWNESS, CONTRASTIVENESS, and levels of contextual RELEVANCE. While cleft constructions have conventionally been discussed as contrastive focusing devices, the current study provides empirical evidence for a more complex view of clefts. Added to past corpus studies, this thesis shows that English cleft constructions exhibit a broader range of subtypes and functions than captured by traditional accounts.
Committee in Charge: Dr. Doris L. Payne; Dr. Melissa A. Redford
32
Jordan, Ernest. "Information strategy: a model for integratingcompetitive strategy, organisational structure and information systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31233582.
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33
O'Malley, Claire E. "Structure and access : the role of structural factors in text comprehension and information." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1985. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/322/.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis it is argued that structural factors play an important role in facilitating the access, comprehension, and recall of textual information, especially when the content of the material is unfamiliar to the reader. A study was made of the effects of manipulating text structure, familiarity of subjects with the text type, familiarity with the content, and instructions given to subjects, on comprehending and recalling information from scientific research reports. The results show that subjects familiar with the text type are able to make use of structure as an encoding strategy, and that the use of this structural strategy improves comprehension and recall when the content is unfamiliar. The study suggests that teaching readers to make use of structure in processing text can facilitate comprehension and recall. These results provide support for previous theories concerning the role of text structure, most of which has focused on narratives, to the neglect of research on expository prose. It is argued that some of the problems involved in the research using narratives, in particular, the problem of the lack of distinction between structural factors and more general knowledge of the content, may be obviated by research with other text types, such as the one used in this study. It is also argued that users of computer-based documentation systems need similar kinds of structural cues for accessing online information as they do for offline text comprehension and retrieval, and that the efficacy and type of such structural cues depends on several factors, such as the task requirement, as well the level of experience of the user. A second study examined the patterns of use of an online documentation system, and showed that users need different forms of organisation of the information as 'access structures, depending on different task requirements. Finally, proposals are made for improving the design of online documentation systems and for conducting future research into the needs of users of such systems.
34
Jordan, Ernest. "Information strategy : a model for integrating competitive strategy, organisational structure and information systems /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13645997.
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35
Ozge, Umut. "A Tune-based Account Of Turkish Information Structure." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/770081/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Languages differ in the means they avail themselves of for the structural realization of information structure, where available options are word order, prosody and morphology. Turkish has long been characterized as predominantly
using word order and its variation in realizing information structure, where certain positions in a sentence are associated with certain pragmatic functions related to information structure. Prosody has been proposed to play
only a secondary role interacting with word order. Contrary to this widely established view, the thesis argues that the notion that sentential positions have pragmatic functions and word order variation is a syntactic means to realize these functions can be abandoned, without any loss of explanatory power, in favor of a tune-based perspective where prosody is the sole
structural determinant of information structure. In this setting word order variations are argued to be prosodically motivated, in that Turkish phonology imposes some precedence constraints on intonational contours. Word order variation then turns out to be just a consequence as opposed to being
a determinant in attaining the right information structure required by the discourse context. To substantiate these claims a tune-based account, based on Steedman's account of English information structure, is proposed for the structural realization of information structure in Turkish, whereby information structural units are directly associated with prosodic phrases intonationally marked in certain ways. Validity of the account is tried to be established by intonational analysis of recorded speech data. As for the explanatory value, the information structure phenomena that has received positional explanation in the relevant literature, are tried to be captured only in prosodic terms, without committing to positions, syntactic strategies and such.
36
Dipper, Stefanie, Michael Götze, Manfred Stede, and Tillmann Wegst. "ANNIS : a linguistic database for exploring information structure." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/843/.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of our first version
of the database "ANNIS" ("ANNotation of Information Structure").
For research based on empirical data, ANNIS provides a uniform environment
for storing this data together with its linguistic annotations.
A central database promotes standardized annotation, which facilitates
interpretation and comparison of the data. ANNIS is used through a
standard web browser and offers tier-based visualization of data and
annotations, as well as search facilities that allow for cross-level and
cross-sentential queries. The paper motivates the design of the system,
characterizes its user interface, and provides an initial technical evaluation
of ANNIS with respect to data size and query processing.
37
AndÅ, Hiroshi. "Dynamic reconstruction and integration of 3D structure information." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/12360.
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Dobke, Benjamin Michael. "Galaxy structure and cosmological information from lens systems." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611928.
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Guo, Yufan. "Automatic analysis of information structure in biomedical literature." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648829.
Full text
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Meyer, Steven J. "TIME, SPACE, POSITION INFORMATION UNIT MESSAGE STRUCTURE OVERVIEW." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607515.
Full textAbstract:
International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 21, 2002 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, CaliforniaThe Joint Advanced Missile Instrumentation (JAMI) program is developing a Time, Space, and Position Information (TSPI) unit for high dynamic missile platforms by employing the use of Global Position System (GPS) and inertial sensors. The GPS data is uncoupled from the inertial data. The output of the JAMI TSPI unit follows the packet telemetry protocol and is called the TSPI unit message structure (TUMS). The packet format allows the data stream to stand on its own, be integrated into a packet telemetry system or be an asynchronous data channel in a PCM data stream. On the ground, the JAMI data processor (JDP) Kalman filters the GPS and inertial data to provide a real time TSPI solution to the ranges for display. This paper gives an overview of the message format, the timing relationships between the GPS data and inertial data, and how TUMS is to be handled by the telemetry receiving site to hand it off to the JDP.
41
Boyd, Alexander Blades. "Thermodynamics of Correlations and Structure in Information Engines." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10689139.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding structured information and computation in thermodynamics systems is crucial to progress in diverse fields -- from biology at a molecular level to designed nano-scale information processors. Landauer's principle puts a bound on the energy cost of erasing a bit of information. This suggests that devices which exchange energy and information with the environment, which we call information engines, can use information as a thermodynamic fuel to extract work from a heat reservoir, or dissipate work to erase information. However, Landauer's Principle on its own neglects the detailed dynamics of physical information processing -- the mechanics and structure between the start and end of a computation. Our work deepens our understanding of these nonequilibrium dynamics, leading to new principles of efficient thermodynamic control. We explore a particular type of information engine called an information ratchet, which processes a symbol string sequentially, transducing its input string to an output string. We derive a general energetic framework for these ratchets as they operate out of equilibrium, allowing us to exactly calculate work and heat production. We show that this very general form of computation must obey a Landauer-like bound, the Information Processing Second Law (IPSL), which shows that any form of temporal correlations are a potential thermodynamic fuel. We show that in order to leverage that fuel, the autonomous information ratchet must have internal states which match the predictive states of the information reservoir. This leads to a thermodynamic principle of requisite complexity, much like Ashby's law of requisite variety in cybernetics. This is a result of the modularity of information transducers. We derive the modularity dissipation, which is an energetic cost beyond Landauer's bound that predicts the structural energy costs of different implementations of the same computation. Applying the modularity dissipation to information ratchets establishes design principles for thermodynamically efficient autonomous information processors. They prescribe the ratchet's structure such that the computation saturates the bound set by the IPSL and, thus, achieves maximum thermodynamic efficiency.
42
Imamura, Satoshi. "Information structure in Japanese : scrambling, topicalization and passives." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:24e129aa-ed33-48bd-beec-90453a99560f.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of this thesis is to shed new light on Japanese grammar under the framework of the Givónian approach, with special attention to OSV word orders and by-passives: scrambling (OACCSV), topicalization (OTOPSV), ni-passive (S NPNI V), and niyotte-passive (S NPNiyotte V). This approach measures the discourse status of a referent by utilizing anaphoric and cataphoric co-referencing relationships within the texts. However, it is conceivable that OSV word orders and by-passives are also influenced by multiple factors other than information structure. Specifically, previous studies point out the possibility that heaviness and animacy are relevant to this issue. Therefore, the present study performs the corpus analysis, taking three factors into consideration: heaviness, animacy, and information structure. First, OSV word orders have proven to be influenced by information structure and heaviness. In terms of information structure, scrambling correlates 'topic shift' from the referent of the scrambled object to that of the subject. In contrast, topicalization interrelates with 'continuing topic' realized as the referent of the subject. In terms of heaviness, the direct object tends to be longer than the subject in OSV word orders. Yet, animacy has no influence on the choice of word orders. Second, by-passives are affected by information structure and animacy. In terms of information structure, the ni- and niyotte-passives are selected in order to maintain the topic continuity by promoting the topical logical object to the grammatical subject. However, the ni-passive is relevant to global topic whereas the niyotte-passive is related to local topic. In terms of animacy, the ni-passive prefers animate subjects while the niyotte-passive tends to select inanimate subjects. Yet, heaviness is unrelated to the use of by-passives in Japanese. In conclusion, the thesis provides a functional analysis of OSV orders and by-passives from a descriptive and empirical point of view by using a written Japanese corpus. The new data reported contribute to elucidating the argument encoding system of Japanese.
43
Cowles, Heidi Wind. "Processing information structure : evidence from comprehension and production /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3100373.
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Novelli, Leonardo. "Relating network structure and function via information theory." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24093.
Full textAbstract:
Complex systems are increasingly studied as dynamical systems unfolding on complex networks, although our current understanding of the relationship between their structure and function is far from complete. Information theory provides a useful mathematical framework and quantitative tools for bridging this gap. However, its application to large datasets has been hindered by computational, statistical, and theoretical obstacles. This thesis proposes and tests viable solutions to current challenges related to network inference from multivariate time series. The computational challenge is tackled by adapting existing efficient greedy algorithms, which produce minimal network models and mitigate the curse of dimensionality in the practical estimation of information-theoretic functionals. The multiple-comparisons problem is solved by the newly-introduced maximum statistic test, which is compatible with parallel computing and enables a validation study on 100 nodes and 10000 time samples—each one order of magnitude larger than previously demonstrated. This is the typical scale of magnetoencephalography and fMRI brain scans in neuroscience, the quintessential complex system and the main application domain discussed throughout this thesis. From a theoretical perspective, this thesis contributes the first analytical derivation of pairwise transfer entropy from network structure under the assumption of autoregressive dynamics. Beside the directed link weight, clustered network motifs and source in-degree are found responsible for enhancing the transfer entropy. The abundance of these local structures differs between network topologies and provides insights on how network structure affects the performance of inference algorithms. Such influence of the topology and motifs on the identification of links and macroscopic network properties is elucidated theoretically and numerically in the final chapter. Taken together, the advances presented in this thesis open the way for the practical application of the information-theoretic framework to studying real complex systems at a relevant scale.
45
BUDASSI, Marco. "Word Order and Information Structure in Old Irish." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/181484.
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Shimasaki, Katsumi. "Focus structure in Biblical Hebrew : a study of word order and information structure /." Bethesda (Md.) : CDL press, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388339460.
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Grubic, Mira, Susanne Genzel, and Frank Kügler. "Linguistic Fieldnotes I: Information Structure in different African Languages." Universität Potsdam, 2010. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2010/4968/.
Full textAbstract:
This is the 13th issue of the working paper series Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure (ISIS) of the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 632. It is the first part of a series of Linguistic Fieldnote issues which present data collected by members of different projects of the SFB during fieldwork on various languages or dialects spoken worldwide. This part of the Fieldnote Series is dedicated to data from African languages. It contains contributions by Mira Grubic (A5) on Ngizim, and Susanne Genzel & Frank Kügler (D5) on Akan. The papers allow insights into various aspects of the elicitation of formal correlates of focus and related phenomena in different African languages investigated by the SFB in the second funding phase, especially in the period between 2007 and 2010.
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Telmer, Colin R. "Unobservable information within the term-structure of interest rates." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ56102.pdf.
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Dobreva, Lambova Mariana. "On information structure and clausal architecture: evidence from Bulgarian." [Storrs, CT] : University of Connecticut, 2004. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/302316108.
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Yu, Weijun [Verfasser], and Thorsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Schmidt. "Infinite dimensional affine term structure models under incomplete information." Freiburg : Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1150643404/34.
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