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1
Dow, James. Trading, communication and the response of price to new information. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.
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Pearson, P. David. Improving the information value of performance items in large scale assessments. [Palo Alto, CA: American Institutes for Research in the Behavioral Sciences, 1997.
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Winograd, Terry. Three responses to situation theory. Stanford, CA: CSLI/Stanford, 1987.
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Plaskova, Nataliya. Methodology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1842566.
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The monograph reveals a system of methodological approaches of a theoretical, methodological and practical nature to improve the processes of creating and functioning of a system of accounting and analytical information that comprehensively reflects the vital activity of an organization in the modern conditions of the development of the digital economy of Russia. The article presents a set of organizational and methodological tasks and options for their solutions regarding the formation of a high-quality information base for providing a controlling system and making internal management decisions by the management and managers of companies, as well as to meet the information requests of external stakeholders. The introduction of the proposed author's methods and methods into the accounting and analytical practice of organizations allows optimizing management costs associated with accounting and management accounting, analysis, planning, contributes to the qualitative functioning of internal information flows of the company, reliable disclosure of the financial situation and effectiveness of its activities, the organization of a quality controlling system and timely adequate response of management to negative impacts of external and internal factors, increasing business efficiency, strengthening its competitiveness.
It is intended for researchers, university teachers, postgraduates, bachelors and masters studying in the fields of Economics, Management, Finance and Credit, as well as practitioners in the field of accounting, analysis, audit, internal control and management of financial and economic activities of organizations.
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Asset Price Response To New Information The Effects Of Conservatism Bias And Representativeness Heuristic. Springer-Verlag New York Inc., 2013.
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Zverovich, Vadim. Modern Applications of Graph Theory. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856740.001.0001.
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This book discusses many modern, cutting-edge applications of graph theory, such as traffic networks and Braess’ paradox, navigable networks and optimal routing for emergency response, backbone/dominating sets in wireless sensor networks, placement of electric vehicle charging stations, pedestrian safety and graph-theoretic methods in molecular epidemiology. Because of the rapid growth of research in this field, the focus of the book is on the up-to-date development of the aforementioned applications. The book will be ideal for researchers, engineers, transport planners and emergency response specialists who are interested in the recent development of graph theory applications. Moreover, this book can be used as teaching material for postgraduate students because, in addition to up-to-date descriptions of the applications, it includes exercises and their solutions. Some of the exercises mimic practical, real-life situations. Advanced students in graph theory, computer science or molecular epidemiology may use the problems and research methods presented in this book to develop their final-year projects, master’s theses or doctoral dissertations; however, to use the information effectively, special knowledge of graph theory would be required.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Conditioning and Behavior Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Conditioning and Behavior Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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9
Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Linguistic Functions in Cognitive Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Linguistic Functions in Cognitive Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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11
Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Conditioning and Behavior Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Conditioning and Behavior Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Conditioning and Behavior Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Conditioning and Behavior Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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15
Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Linguistic Functions in Cognitive Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Linguistic Functions in Cognitive Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Linguistic Functions in Cognitive Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Estes, William K. Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes: Linguistic Functions in Cognitive Theory. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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19
Arena, Ross, Dejana Popovic, Marco Guazzi, Amy McNeil, and Michael Sagner. Cardiovascular response to exercise. Edited by Guido Grassi. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0026.
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The body’s response to an exertional stimulus, if performed adequately to meet the imposed demand, is an orchestrated response predominantly among the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and skeletal systems. These physiological systems work together to ensure that up-titrated energy and force production demands are met. The magnitude of the exertional stimulus these systems are able to respond to, when an individual is in a true state of physiological health, is influenced by multiple factors including age, sex, biomechanics, genomics, and exercise training history. When one or more of these systems suffers from dysfunction, as is the case when an individual is at risk for (i.e. unhealthy lifestyle history) or diagnosed with a chronic disease, the response to a physical stimulus ultimately fails and exertional capacity is limited. There is a clear and well-established clinical relevance to the cardiovascular response to an exertional stimulus, commonly assessed through a graded aerobic exercise test on a treadmill or cycle ergometer. In fact, aerobic capacity has been referred to a key vital sign. We are also gaining an appreciation of how communication and presentation of information between health professionals and individuals receiving care significantly impacts comprehension and adherence to a plan of care. This chapter addresses these areas, beginning with a brief granular description of exertional cardiovascular physiology, transitioning to practical clinical implications of this information for health professionals, and ending with how the individuals seeking healthcare receive, process, and comprehend this information with the ultimate goal being real-world application and improved health outcomes.
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Ye, Yang, and Bertram Gawronski. Contextualization of Mental Representations and Evaluative Responses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199348541.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a theory-based analysis of East–West differences in context effects on evaluative responses. Drawing on documented cultural differences in social cognition and a recently proposed representational theory of contextualized evaluation, the chapter discusses how cultural differences in attention and thinking styles may influence the integration of contextual information into mental representations of conflicting evaluative information and, thus, context effects on evaluative responses. The analysis reveals two potential patterns of cultural differences, with diverging predictions regarding the impact of contextual cues on evaluative responses among East Asians and Westerners. Implications of the current analysis for cross-cultural research are discussed.
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Blair, R. J. R. The Developing Moralities. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0005.
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This chapter will make five claims regarding the development of morality. First, there are at least three, computationally distinct forms of social norm: victim-based, disgust-based, and social conventional. All three can be referred to as moral (although not all individuals place all of these categories of norm within their domain of morality). Second, these three forms of norm develop because of the existence of specific emotion-based learning systems (victim-based reliant on an emotional response to distress cues, disgust-based reliant on an emotional response to disgusted expressions, and social conventional norms reliant on an emotional response to anger). Third, the development of specific classes of norm can be disrupted if these emotion-based learning systems are dysfunctional. Fourth, these emotion-based systems are not automatic but instead under considerable attentional control. Fifth, these emotion-based systems alone cannot lead to the development of all aspects of morality. Specifically, they will not determine which norms the individual places within the moral domain—that is highly dependent on an individual’s culturally influenced theories of morality. In addition, judgments of morality require access to a concept of immorality to compare the action against. For most individuals, part of the concept of an immoral act includes its intentional nature. In short, full moral development requires the integration of mental state information provided by theory of mind with outcome information provided by the emotion learning systems.
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Walsh, Bruce, and Michael Lynch. Family-Based Selection. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830870.003.0021.
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A number of selection schemes (especially in plant breeding) are based on using family information. Individuals may be chosen based on the mean of their families (among-family selection), on their standing within their family (either strict within-family selection or family-deviations selection), or on some weighted combination of these two factors (family index selection). This chapter reviews the general theory of response in such settings and examines the relative effectiveness of a number of different family-based selection decisions.
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Comfort, Louise K. The Dynamics of Risk. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691165370.001.0001.
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Earthquakes are a huge global threat. In thirty-six countries, severe seismic risks threaten populations and their increasingly interdependent systems of transportation, communication, energy, and finance. This book provides an examination of how twelve communities in nine countries responded to destructive earthquakes between 1999 and 2015. And many of the book's lessons can also be applied to other large-scale risks. The book sets the global problem of seismic risk in the framework of complex adaptive systems to explore how the consequences of such events ripple across jurisdictions, communities, and organizations in complex societies, triggering unexpected alliances but also exposing social, economic, and legal gaps. It assesses how the networks of organizations involved in response and recovery adapted and acted collectively after the twelve earthquakes it examines. It describes how advances in information technology enabled some communities to anticipate seismic risk better and to manage response and recovery operations more effectively, decreasing losses. Finally, the book shows why investing substantively in global information infrastructure would create shared awareness of seismic risk and make post-disaster relief more effective and less expensive. The result is a landmark study of how to improve the way we prepare for and respond to earthquakes and other disasters in our ever-more-complex world.
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Greaves, Ian, and Paul Hunt. The Framework for a Major Incident Response. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199238088.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 covers information on legislation including the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 and related guidance. It describes the use of established emergency plans, determination of the level of response related to impact, a generic major incident multiagency response framework, the subnational (multi-LRF) response, and examples of specific hazards and contingencies. Key components of the response are discussed: recognition, reporting (including public awareness), delegation, responders and their objectives, containment, and risk assessment. Each of the tiers of command control and coordination are described in detail. Major incident funding is also briefly covered.
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Mirowski, Philip, and Edward Nik-Khah. The Knowledge We Have Lost in Information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190270056.001.0001.
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In contrast with conventional histories of “economic rationality,” in this book we propose that the history of modern microeconomics is better organized as the treatment of information in postwar economics. Beginning with a brief primer on the nature of information, we then explore how economists first managed their rendezvous with it, tracing its origins to the Neoliberal Thought Collective and Friedrich Hayek. The response to this perceived threat was mounted by the orthodoxy at the Cowles Commission, leading to at least three distinct model strategies. But the logic of the models led to multiply cognitively challenged agents, which then logically led to a stress on markets to rectify those weaknesses. Unwittingly, the multiple conceptions of agency led to multiple types of markets; and the response of the orthodoxy was to shift research away from previous Walrasian themes to what has become known as market design. But internal contradictions in the market design programs led to a startling conclusion: just like their agents, the orthodox economists turned out to be not as smart as they had thought. A little information had turned out to be a dangerous thing.
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Klein, Jennifer L. The media response to sex crimes. Edited by Teela Sanders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213633.013.26.
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This essay focuses on the media’s response to sex crimes, how news reporting can affect people’s perceptions of sex offenders, and how all of these issues are connected to the development of law. The rate of sex crimes has been steadily declining for the past 20 years, and official rates of recidivism for sex offenders are actually low compared to other types of offenders, but the media tend to ignore these facts. Many people become oversaturated by the news, and continuous reporting can cause panic in viewers. The type of information that the media report increases people’s concern that they, or a close family member, might become a victim of a sex offense. With the fear increased—making the topic relevant in our culture—media outlets then spend more time reporting on such issues because people are interested and the stories will sell.
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SINGH, Dr PREETI. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY. KAAV PUBLICATIONS, DELHI, INDIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9789391842499.eb.
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The book offers a global platform for the academia to elevate their image as internationally acclaimed scholars, as it reaches the nook and the corner of the globe online. Researchers can also ripe the benefit of enriching their study by submitting manuscripts to the editorial board that comprises scholars with proven abilities and established research track record. All the articles submitted for publication are subjected to rigorous single blinded peer review to ensure its quality before it gets published. Authors’ scholarly work undergoes critical scrutiny by experts in the same subject to check for scientific validity, relevance and accuracy. Upon getting the final approval from the editorial board members, their decision on acceptance or rejection will be informed via E-mail. The Book supports open access publishing model to maximize the visibility of the published research. Authors can track the article status from the Editorial Manager System of the Book which allows authors to submit article, track status and respond to reviewers’ comments and revision requests.
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Hook, Sharon, Graeme Batley, Michael Holloway, Paul Irving, and Andrew Ross, eds. Oil Spill Monitoring Handbook. CSIRO Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486306350.
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Oil spills can be difficult to manage, with reporting frequently delayed. Too often, by the time responders arrive at the scene, the slick has moved, dissolved, dispersed or sunk. This Oil Spill Monitoring Handbook provides practical advice on what information is likely required following the accidental release of oil or other petroleum-based products into the marine environment.
The book focuses on response phase monitoring for maritime spills, otherwise known as Type I or operational monitoring. Response phase monitoring tries to address the questions – what? where? when? how? how much? – that assist responders to find, track, predict and clean up spills, and to assess their efforts. Oil spills often occur in remote, sensitive and logistically difficult locations, often in adverse weather, and the oil can change character and location over time. An effective response requires robust information provided by monitoring, observation, sampling and science.
The Oil Spill Monitoring Handbook completely updates the Australian Maritime Safety Authority’s 2003 edition of the same name, taking into account the latest scientific advances in physical, chemical and biological monitoring, many of which have evolved as a consequence of major oil spill disasters in the last decade. It includes sections on the chemical properties of oil, the toxicological impacts of oil exposure, and the impacts of oil exposure on different marine habitats with relevance to Australia and elsewhere. An overview is provided on how monitoring integrates with the oil spill response process, the response organisation, the use of decision-support tools such as net environmental benefit analysis, and some of the most commonly used response technologies. Throughout the text, examples are given of lessons learned from previous oil spill incidents and responses, both local and international.
General guidance of spill monitoring approaches and technologies is augmented with in-depth discussion on both response phase and post-response phase monitoring design and delivery. Finally, a set of appendices delivers detailed standard operating procedures for practical observation, sample and data collection.
The Oil Spill Monitoring Handbook is essential reading for scientists within the oil industry and environmental and government agencies; individuals with responder roles in industry and government; environmental and ecological monitoring agencies and consultants; and members of the maritime sector in Australia and abroad, including officers in ports, shipping and terminals.
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Molloy, Sean. Emergency Law Responses to Covid-19 and the Impact on Peace and Transition Processes. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.24.
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The World Health Organization declared the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. This global health crisis demanded a quick, decisive and efficient response by governments to protect lives, curb the spread of the virus and prevent public health systems from being overwhelmed. This report explores the way governments undergoing transitions to peace and democracy have triggered emergency legal frameworks to disable some ordinary (democratic) procedures and set aside standard political and legal accountability mechanisms as part of their Covid-19 response. It also provides information about where elections have been postponed or cancelled, and central governments have assumed enhanced responsibilities, which have often included powers otherwise designated to local or regional governments. While the impacts of both the pandemic and the responses to the contagion have been felt globally, they often have quite different consequences in countries attempting peace and democratic transition processes.
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Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon, and Aki Tsuchiya. Using ordinal response data to estimate cardinal values for health states. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0006.
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There exists a strong methodological foundation for estimating cardinal values from ordinal information, originating in psychology but commonly applied in areas as diverse as consumer marketing, political science, transportation research, and environmental economics. Over recent years there has been a steady rise in the use of these approaches to estimate health state values. Potential advantages claimed for ordinal data collection approaches include relative ease of comprehension and administration, and greater reliability corresponding to reduced measurement error. Another advantage of some types of ordinal data collection methods is that the preferences or judgements they elicit are not contaminated by risk aversion (as in the standard gamble), or by time preference (as in the time trade-off).
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Murray, Andrew. Information Technology Law. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198804727.001.0001.
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Information Technology Law: The Law and Society is the ideal companion for a course of study on information technology law and the ways in which it is evolving in response to rapid technological and social change. The fourth edition of this groundbreaking textbook develops its unique examination of the legal processes and their relationship to the modern ‘information society’. Charting the development of the rapid digitization of society and its impact on established legal principles, Murray examines the challenges faced with enthusiasm and clarity. Following a clearly defined part structure, the text begins by defining the information society and discussing how it may be regulated, before moving on to explore issues of internet governance, privacy and surveillance, intellectual property and rights, and commerce within the digital sphere. The author’s highly original and thought-provoking approach to the subject also makes it essential reading for researchers, IT professionals, and policymakers. This fourth edition includes expanded coverage of net neutrality, cryptocurrency, and blockchain technology as well as being significantly explained to cover developments in data retention and protection in light of significant developments in the area.
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Edwards, Douglas. Primitivism and Truth-Making. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758693.003.0010.
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Chapters 9 and 10 explore some applications of the pluralist framework, and show how responses can be given to two different threats from primitivist approaches to truth. Primitivism distinguishes itself from deflationism by holding that truth has important explanatory roles to play, but denies that there is any informative theory of truth to be given. The first threat comes from Trenton Merricks’s claim that there are truths for which there are no truth-makers. This implies that we should be primitivists about truth, as there are truths for which there are no explanations of why they are true, threatening both theories of truth and truth-maker theories. In this chapter this threat is addressed by showing how a pluralist theory can respond to it, including discussions of modal truth, truths about the past, and negative existentials. In the process, pluralism is shown to offer useful resources to those tempted by truth-maker theory.
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Arulkumaran, Nishkantha, and Maurizio Cecconi. Cardiac output assessment in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0136.
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Haemodynamic monitoring facilitates effective resuscitation and the rapid assessment of the response to time-dependent vasoactive and fluid therapyin different shock states. Since the introduction of the pulmonary artery catheter, several minimally and non-invasive CO monitoring devices have been introduced to provide continuous monitoring and a dynamic profile of fluid responsiveness. Several of these monitors provide additional haemodynamic parameters including dynamic indices of preload and volumetric indices. Patient outcome is dependent accurate acquisition and interpretation of data and subsequent management. Whilst data from CO monitors offer valuable information on global hamodynamics, they do not preclude tissue hypoperfusion. Furthermore, there is no ‘ideal’ CO value for an individual patient, and the trend in haemodynamic parameters in response to therapy may be more informative than the absolute values. CO monitoring should be based upon the patient’s needs, the clinical scenario, and the experience of the treating physician.
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Smith, Holly M. Hybrid and Austere Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0008.
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Chapter 8 explores the Austere and Hybrid Responses to the problem of error. The two types of response are described in both ideal and non-ideal versions. Both are found wanting, but the Austere Response emerges as best. Codes endorsed by the Austere approach cannot be shown to meet the “goal-oriented” desiderata of maximizing social welfare, facilitating social cooperation and long-range planning, or guaranteeing the occurrence of the ideal pattern of actions. But Austere-endorsed codes do satisfy the conceptual desiderata for “usable” moral theories in the core (but not the extended) sense of “usability.” They are usable despite the agent’s false beliefs, and they provide agents with the opportunity to live a successful moral life according to the modest conception of this life. This chapter concludes that the only remedy for the problem of error is an Austere code containing a derivative duty for agents to gather information before acting.
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Lemos, Maria Carmen, and Christine Kirchhoff. Climate Information and Water Management. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.17.
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Climate-change projections suggest water managers, policymakers, and planners will need to grapple both with increased stress on water supplies and more climate variability and extremes. In the context of water governance, climate information can play a critical role in informing planning preparedness and response options; however, research shows that the level of use of climate information among water managers is still relatively low. This review examines three different disconnects at the intersection of scientific knowledge and water management. First, it tackles the disconnect between the production of knowledge and that knowledge’s application in specific water-management decision contexts. Second, it explores the disconnect between what different water management models, such as integrated water resource management, should in principle do to foster the use of climate information and how well they accomplish this goal in practice. Third, it examines the potential disconnect between adoption of climate information and adaptive capacity building.
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Martin, Graham R. Birds Underwater: A Paucity of Information. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199694532.003.0007.
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Entering beneath the water surface produces a radical change in perceptual challenges. The eye is no longer able to focus adequately and, with increasing depth, light levels decrease and the spectral properties of ambient light narrows with the result that visual resolution decreases rapidly and colour cues are lost. Diving to depth is rapid which means that perceptual challenges change constantly. This results in a paucity of visual information and olfaction and hearing cannot be used to complement this loss. Amphibious foragers must rely upon minimal cues and very specialized foraging behaviours; some ducks may forage for sessile prey using touch sensitivity in the bill, cormorants use a technique in which they trigger an escape response from a fish which they catch at very short range, while penguins and auks may rely upon minimal cues from photophores on fish and random encounters with prey.
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Boothroyd, Andrew T. Principles of Neutron Scattering from Condensed Matter. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862314.001.0001.
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The book contains a comprehensive account of the theory and application of neutron scattering for the study of the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. All the principal experimental techniques available at national and international neutron scattering facilities are covered. The formal theory is presented, and used to show how neutron scattering measurements give direct access to a variety of correlation and response functions which characterize the equilibrium properties of bulk matter. The determination of atomic arrangements and magnetic structures by neutron diffraction and neutron optical methods is described, including single-crystal and powder diffraction, diffuse scattering from disordered structures, total scattering, small-angle scattering, reflectometry, and imaging. The principles behind the main neutron spectroscopic techniques are explained, including continuous and time-of-flight inelastic scattering, quasielastic scattering, spin-echo spectroscopy, and Compton scattering. The scattering cross-sections for atomic vibrations in solids, diffusive motion in atomic and molecular fluids, and single-atom and cooperative magnetic excitations are calculated. A detailed account of neutron polarization analysis is given, together with examples of how polarized neutrons can be exploited to obtain information about structural and magnetic correlations which cannot be obtained by other methods. Alongside the theoretical aspects, the book also describes the essential practical information needed to perform experiments and to analyse and interpret the data. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter to consolidate and enhance understanding of the material, and a summary of relevant results from mathematics, quantum mechanics, and linear response theory, is given in the appendices.
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Lorino, Philippe. Habits. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753216.003.0003.
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This chapter presents a brief historical survey of action theorizing in organization research. Although central in the life of organizations, situated action has gradually been set aside by the mainstream of management and organization research as a theoretical object and a managerial issue, and replaced by the paradigm of information processing. The chapter illustrates the paradigm’s limits with two short case studies, setting out the pragmatist theory of action and its fundamental concept of “habit.” For pragmatists, meaningful action is the only way for human beings to be present in the world. They reject the “mind-first” view, where action is preceded and molded by “pure” thought, rooted in the idealist thought/action dualism. They reject the “stimulus–response” model and view habit as strictly dispositional and relational, compatible with situated meaning-making. They establish a constitutive link between belief and habit, thought and action. Their approach poses specific methodological and managerial challenges.
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Cabrelli, David. Online Resources Chapter A: Information, consultation, participation, and insolvency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198813149.003.0021.
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This chapter evaluates the degree to which employment law facilitates worker participation in corporate decision-making and confers rights upon workers to be informed and consulted about developments in their employer’s business and strategic operations, at both cross-border and national levels. The chapter presents arguments advanced in favour of worker participation, before going on to note how the scope of application of workers’ rights of participation, information, and consultation has expanded over the years—partially in response to the decline in collective bargaining and the power of the trade unions in the UK over the past 40 years or so. Finally, the rights of employees where their employer becomes insolvent or enters into an ...
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Smith, Holly M. Assessing Non-Ideal Pragmatic Responses to the Problem of Error. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199560080.003.0007.
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The non-ideal Pragmatic theorist seeks the moral code whose usability value, if not perfect, nonetheless exceeds that of any rival code. Chapter 7 assesses the success of this approach, and concludes that it fails. Comparing codes in terms of their usability value requires more information than any agent or theorist can command. Moreover, the code with the highest usability value is shown to be the moral laundry list, which earlier chapters rejected. Finally, Chapter 7 shows that there is no guarantee that the code with the highest usability value fulfills the rationales supporting the Usability Demand. Such a code will not necessarily offer agents the basic form of justice, providing everyone with the opportunity to lead a successful moral life; nor will it necessarily better enhance social welfare than rival codes; nor will it necessarily lead to a better pattern of actions among well-motivated agents.
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Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Intentional Signs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0012.
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An intentional sign family has the structure of an infosign family, with variants and invariants. It is a reproductively established family, a REF, that proliferates because enough of its members are also members of an informational sign family and, as such, have served to effect communication between cooperative senders and receivers that have learned or been designed or use these signs for mutual benefit. It is a proper function of an intentional sign to complete such a communication process by producing a cooperative overt or covert receiver response. In Normal cases, this response benefits or fits with further purposes of both sender and receiver. Intentional signs that fail to carry natural information that coincides with their intentional content are wrong, false, or unfulfilled. Besides linguistic signs, intentional signs include signals used by non-human animals, maps, charts and diagrams, instrument readings, and inner representations.
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Audi, Robert. Seeing, Knowing, and Doing. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197503508.001.0001.
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This book provides an overall theory of perception and an account of knowledge and justification concerning the physical, the abstract, and the normative. It has the rigor appropriate for professionals but explains its main points using concrete examples. It accounts for two important aspects of perception on which philosophers have said too little: its relevance to a priori knowledge—traditionally conceived as independent of perception—and its role in human action. Overall, the book provides a full-scale account of perception, presents a theory of the a priori, and explains how perception guides action. It also clarifies the relation between action and practical reasoning; the notion of rational action; and the relation between propositional and practical knowledge. Part One develops a theory of perception as experiential, representational, and causally connected with its objects: as a discriminative response to those objects, embodying phenomenally distinctive elements; and as yielding rich information that underlies human knowledge. Part Two presents a theory of self-evidence and the a priori. The theory is perceptualist in explicating the apprehension of a priori truths by articulating its parallels to perception. The theory unifies empirical and a priori knowledge by clarifying their reliable connections with their objects—connections many have thought impossible for a priori knowledge as about the abstract. Part Three explores how perception guides action; the relation between knowing how and knowing that; the nature of reasons for action; the role of inference in determining action; and the overall conditions for rational action.
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Tran, Thanh, Tam Nguyen, and Keith Chan. Developing Cross-Cultural Measurement in Social Work Research and Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190496470.001.0001.
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Given the demographic changes and the reality of cultural diversity in the United States and other parts of the world today, social work researchers are increasingly aware of the need to conduct cross-cultural research and evaluation, whether for hypothesis testing or for outcome evaluation. This book’s aims are twofold: to provide an overview of issues and techniques relevant to the development of cross-cultural measures and to provide readers with a step-by-step approach to the assessment of cross-cultural equivalence of measurement properties. There is no discussion of statistical theory and principles underlying the statistical techniques presented in this book. Rather, this book is concerned with applied theories and principles of cross-cultural research, and draws information from existing work in the social sciences, public domain secondary data, and primary data from the author’s research. In this second edition, several changes have been made throughout the book and a new chapter on item response theory has been added. The chapter on developing new cross-cultural instrument has also been expanded with a concrete example.
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Prinz, Jesse J. Emotions: How Many Are There? Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0008.
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This article focuses on a particular theory of the emotions, somatic appraisal theory, which explain the range of emotions effectively. The somatic appraisal theory is designed to compensate for the flaw in James's formulation according to which emotions are perceptions of patterned changes in the body. James's theory does not capture the idea that emotions are meaningful. Somatic appraisal theory mentions that emotions are perceptions of changes in the body and also carry information about circumstances that bear on well-being. The bodily changes that occur and the perception thereof have the function of carrying information about loss. They were set up as responses to loss. Somatic appraisal theory has much in common with Ekman's Darwinean modules. Ekman states that each emotion is associated with a physiological pattern. Ekman mentions that the patterns are evolved adaptations, and that is also true in somatic appraisal theory. He also says that emotions exploit automatic appraisals. Ekman mentions that appraisals are components of emotions, while somatic appraisal theory reports that they are causes, rather than components, but the difference is not especially important for present purposes. Somatic appraisal theory is compatible with three ways of acquiring new emotions. Emotions are individuated by their semantic content and their somatic profile (the pattern of bodily changes the perception of which constitutes the emotion). A change in semantic content could lead to the creation of a new emotion, and the introduction of new bodily patterns could as well.
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Anderson, Barton L. Improbable Illusory Contours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0062.
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Illusory contours are one of the most widely studied kinds of visual illusion. Illusory contours are often understood as an adaptive response to filling-in missing information created from conditions of camouflage. This chapter describes a new class of very vivid illusory contours that appear impossible to understand as forms of rational inference. It presents a set of illusory contours that emerge in conditions for which there is no missing information or need for their synthesis. It argues that such contours provide a valuable testing ground for both specific theories of illusory contour formation, and general theories of perceptual organization. Videos made specifically for this chapter help illustrate the concepts discussed.
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Sethna, James P. Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865247.001.0001.
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This text distills the core ideas of statistical mechanics to make room for new advances important to information theory, complexity, active matter, and dynamical systems. Chapters address random walks, equilibrium systems, entropy, free energies, quantum systems, calculation and computation, order parameters and topological defects, correlations and linear response theory, and abrupt and continuous phase transitions. Exercises explore the enormous range of phenomena where statistical mechanics provides essential insight — from card shuffling to how cells avoid errors when copying DNA, from the arrow of time to animal flocking behavior, from the onset of chaos to fingerprints. The text is aimed at graduates, undergraduates, and researchers in mathematics, computer science, engineering, biology, and the social sciences as well as to physicists, chemists, and astrophysicists. As such, it focuses on those issues common to all of these fields, background in quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and advanced physics should not be needed, although scientific sophistication and interest will be important.
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Schott, Christopher K., and Jessica A. Fozard. Hypotension and Shock (DRAFT). Edited by Raghavan Murugan and Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0008.
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Hypotension is a common cause of rapid response team (RRT) activation. It is critical to be able to rapidly identify the etiology of hypotension. In the setting of a rapid response team call, there is often limited time and information available when first encountering a hypotensive patient. With attention to key elements in the patient’s history of present illness, physical exam, and findings of predominant changes in systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures, RRTs can rapidly narrow their differential diagnosis. We will discuss the initial evaluation and treatment recommendations based on the etiology of hypotension and shock. Resuscitation should continue until circulatory homeostasis occurs, as guided by a patient’s exam, vital signs, and trends in laboratory values. This chapter provides a framework on how to quickly differentiate between the causes of hypotension or shock when evaluating patients during a rapid response scenario to most accurately guide therapy.
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Yuen, Eunice, and Michael H. Bloch. Meta-Analysis of the Dose–Response Relationship of SSRIs in Adult Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0030.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study on adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Discussion here is based on a meta-analysis from nine prominent clinical studies. Are there any differences in efficacy and tolerability among different doses of, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of OCD? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and American Psychiatry Association (APA) guideline information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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Ienca, Marcello, Oreste Pollicino, Laura Liguori, Elisa Stefanini, and Roberto Andorno, eds. The Cambridge Handbook of Information Technology, Life Sciences and Human Rights. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108775038.
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Debates on the human-rights implications of new and emerging technologies have been hampered by the lack of a comprehensive theoretical framework for the complex issues involved. This volume provides that framework, bringing a multidisciplinary and international perspective to the evolution of human rights in the digital and biotechnological era. It delves into the latest frontiers of technological innovation in the life sciences and information technology sectors, such as neurotechnology, robotics, genetic engineering, and artificial intelligence. Leading experts from the technological, medical, and social sciences as well as law, philosophy, and business share their extensive knowledge about the transformation of the rights framework in response to technological innovation. In addition to providing a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, and international state-of-the art descriptive analysis, the volume also offers policy recommendations to protect and promote human rights in the context of emerging socio-technological trends.
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Larkin, Ashling, Rebecca Horner, Zu Dominiak, and Catriona Laird. Pandemic Tales: Responses to Covid-19 and Lockdown. Edited by Chris Murray and Divya Jindal-Snape. University of Dundee, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001241.
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Since 2016 the Scottish Centre for Comics Studies has produced a number of public information comics, many of them dealing with healthcare issues and science communication. This has been part of a research project looking into the educational potential of comics. We believe that comics, which combine words and images, engage readers in unique ways that can aid understanding. The medium is highly effective at communicating ideas clearly, but also provoking emotional, intellectual and imaginative responses. When the Coronavirus pandemic took hold in early 2020, sending the world into lockdown, we decided to create an anthology comic to help people reflect upon the impact of the virus. We wanted to capture the important transitions that everyone was making, and to tell the stories of the communities, groups, and individuals who were doing amazing things to help themselves and others. We sought to tell the stories of ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. We also wanted to highlight the University of Dundee’s response. This has included scientists working to assist the global effort to find a vaccine, nursing students join the front line by completing their studies in practice, the creation of the Scrub Hub, which saw a partnership between the university, business and the public to create much needed PPE, creating guidance material and resources in partnership with British Psychological Society to support children and young people, school staff and families with educational and life transitions, and many other activities. In light of these inspiring tales of dedication and determination the comics team mobilised to help tell these stories in the best way we know how – through a comic! Pandemic Tales: Responses to Covid-19 and Lockdown collects stories about these strange and challenging times. During the pandemic and lockdown the stories created for this anthology were released individually as webcomics on the Scottish Centre for Comics Studies website and some through blogs published by the Transformative Change: Educational and Life Transitions (TCELT) Research Centre. These stories have now been collected here in one volume. Many thanks to all those who supported this project, from all the writers and artists creating the comics, to Professor John Rowan, Dr Clive Randall and Kaye Lister at the University of Dundee, who assisted with funding the project. We dedicate this comic to all those who we have lost to the pandemic, to everyone who has struggled through illness and the pressures of lockdown, and to all the scientists and healthcare workers around the world who have worked so hard to keep us safe. We are excited to share these stories with you, and there are many more to follow! Chris and Divya