Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Information évolutive'
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Yu, Jinchao. "développement méthodologique et applications de la prédiction des interactions protéine-protéine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS021.
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play essential roles in life. My PhD work aimed at developing advanced bioinformatics methods in the field of PPI prediction at the structural scale. My goal was to improve the predictive power of methods which model the structures of macromolecular assemblies (docking) and to tackle real-life problems faced by biologists.First, I developed HHalign-Kbest server using algorithms for the search of suboptimal solutions to gain better-quality models. Second, in the field of protein docking, I built InterEvDock server which can take co-evolutionary information into account. It yields better performance than other state-of-the-art servers. In order to further test our methods, we participated in CAPRI – an international challenge for prediction of protein interactions. Over years 2013-2016, our group ranked 1st at the 6th CAPRI evaluation meeting. At last, I developed a realistic benchmark dataset PPI4DOCK, largest dataset so far, in order to improve docking methods for the scientific community.In terms of applications, I was involved in a variety of collaborative projects with different labs. As representative examples, I searched for binding partners of the histone chaperone Asf1; I studied the CENP-F/Nup133 interaction in the context of mitosis and the Exo70/Abi interaction related to cell mobility regulation; I also simulated the binding modes of multiple peptides, partners of Ku complex involved in DNA repair pathway
Smaïl-Tabbone, Malika. "Raisonnement à base de cas pour une recherche évolutive d'information : prototype cabri-n : vers la définition d'un cadre d'acquisition de connaissances." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10409.
Launay, Romain. "Computational characterization and understanding of protein assemblies : the case of the Escherichia coli Ubi metabolon involved in ubiquinone biosynthesis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAT0055.
Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and supramolecular assemblies are essential for the functions of living cells. They play an important role in various biological functions, such as signal transduction, cell-cell communication, transcription, replication and membrane transport. Determining and characterizing such interfaces remains a challenge in structural biology. However, advances in the development of computational methods and the power of the computing resources available today have led to a considerable improvement in the accuracy of in silico predictions of three-dimensional models of protein assemblies.In this thesis, the aim was to predict the structure of a supramolecular assembly, called the Ubi metabolon, involved in the ubiquinone (UQ8) biosynthesis pathway in Escherichia coli. Ubiquinone is a prenol with oxido-reducing properties, localized in membranes, and highly conserved throughout evolution but also in different cells of organisms. It is composed of two main parts, an aromatic group with oxido-reducing properties, known as quinone or polar head, and a polyisoprenoid tail which is hydrophobic in nature. In this study, we are interested in the final stages of the biosynthetic pathway, in particular the modifications (methylations and hydroxylations) of the polar head. These reactions take place within the Ubi metabolon. The latter is made up of seven different proteins (UbiE, UbiG, UbiF, UbiH, UbiI, UbiJ, UbiK) catalysing six consecutive enzymatic reactions.In this work, we sought to predict the structure of the metabolon and were thus able to propose a protein subset that we called the 'core subunit'. This sub-unit includes all the partners and could be biologically functional. In parallel, a study was carried out on the UbiJ-UbiK2 heterotrimer, an essential molecular brick of the Ubi metabolon. A three-dimensional model of UbiJ-UbiK2 was proposed. Using a multi-scale modelling study, it was shown that it could be involved in the release of ubiquinone from membranes. Finally, the last part of this work focused on studying the behavior of a particular family of enzymes, the class A flavin mono-oxygenases, to which UbiF, UbiH and UbiI belong. A comparative study between a representative enzyme from this family, called PHBH, and UbiI was carried out, concluding that interactions with partners were necessary to stabilize these proteins within the Ubi metabolon.Taken together, this work and the proposed hypotheses provide a new insight into the supramolecular organization of the Ubi metabolon, both structurally and functionally. Our results open up new prospects for their experimental study
Mayer, Andreas. "Optimal immune systems : a ressource allocation and information processing view of immune defense." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE026/document.
Biological organisms have evolved diverse immune mechanisms to defend themselves against pathogens. Here we build mathematical models of immune systems optimally tuned to the statistics of pathogens. Beyond molecular details, different immune mechanisms differ in how protection is acquired, processed and passed on to subsequent generations -- differences that may be essential to long-term survival. To explain the observed diversity of strategies we compare the long-term adaptation of populations as a function of the pathogen dynamics that they experience and of the immune strategy that they adopt. We find that the two key determinants of an optimal immune strategy are the frequency and the characteristic timescale of the pathogens. Depending on these two parameters, we identify distinct modes of immunity, including adaptive, innate, bet-hedging and CRISPR-like immunities, which recapitulate the diversity of natural immune systems. Our results carry over to the general question of evolution in fluctuating environments, for which we provide novel analytical results in temporally correlated environments. The adaptive immune system provides protection through a broad repertoire of cells specific to different pathogens. To predict statistical features of well-adapted repertoires we analyze which repertoire minimizes cost of infection for a given distribution of pathogens. The theory predicts that the immune system has more receptors for rare antigens than expected from the frequency of encounters; and individuals exposed to the same infections have sparse repertoires that are largely different, but nevertheless exploit cross-reactivity to provide the same coverage of antigens. Our results follow from a tension between the statistics of pathogen detection, which favor a broader receptor distribution, and the effects of cross-reactivity, which tend to concentrate the optimal repertoire onto a few highly abundant clones. These predictions can be tested in high throughput surveys of receptor and pathogen diversity. We then explicitly consider how the adaptive immune system can learn the statistics of the environments from its past infection history in a Bayesian manner. We show that optimal repertoires can be reached by keeping memory of an infection through the selective proliferation of stimulated cells. The Bayesian perspective on repertoire dynamics provides an unifying conceptual framework to explain a number of features of immunological memory and suggests further experiments
Feyel, Gilles. "L'Annonce et la nouvelle : la presse d'information et son évolution sous l'Ancien Régime : (1630-1788)." Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010555.
Bennaghmouch, Mohammed Kha. "Conception assistée par ordinateur de système de gestion de base de données documentaires à thesaurus évolutif." Paris 9, 1985. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1985PA090012.
Servet, Isabelle. "Supervision du trafic dans les réseaux téléphoniques : modélisation qualitative et calcul évolutif." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT048H.
Palermo, Alberto. "Essais en théorie de la négociation et gouvernance." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020019.
This thesis focuses on the effects that information has on incentives. The three papers provide and explore some results when the information is the main variable of interest, it is made endogenous, not homogeneous between actors and evolving over time in a way that is not necessarily rational. The first paper studies hold-up problems in vertical hierarchies with adverse selection showing that as the bargaining power of the worker increases, distortions coming from asymmetric information vanish. Moreover, it studies the effect of schooling and degree of heterogeneity in the workforce on the allocation of bargaining power in regulating markets. The second paper relaxes the common assumption of homogeneous beliefs in principal-agent relationships with adverse selection. In an evolutionary learning set-up, which is imitative, principals can have different beliefs about the distribution of agents’ types in the population. Convergence to a uniform belief depends on the relative size of the bias in beliefs. In addition, the set-up is a version of a stable cobweb model. Our approach offers explanations for alternating periods of oscillating and relatively steady quantity. The third paper studies how the informative content of legal policies as strict-liability and fault-based, in case of moral concerns, influences the optimal design of liability regimes. Many recent cases show that an individual found to have caused harm faces not only the possibility of a legal sanction — e.g., the damages he must pay — but also social boycott, disapproval or stigma. The paper shows that the choice of a policy depends in a complex way on the magnitude of the harm and the “moral cost”.Keywords: Bargaining, Adverse Selection, Hold-up, Evolutionary Game Theory, Heterogeneous Beliefs, Bifurcation Theory, Boycott, Law Enforcement, Strict Liability, Negligence
Benhaïm, Margaux. "Développements méthodologiques en protéomique quantitative pour mieux comprendre la biologie évolutive d'espèces non séquencées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAF032/document.
Proteomics analysis corresponds to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of all proteins expressed in a cell or tissue under given conditions (proteome). Instrumental progresses in mass spectrometry and bioinformatics advances in recent years have allowed its establishment in life sciences. Diverse proteomics strategies thus allow identification and quantification of hundreds/thousands of proteins in complex samples, which classically allows physiopathological states to be characterized. However, proteomics is only emerging in the evolutionary biology field. This field aims at understanding the determinants of the diversity of organisms present on Earth and their “functioning”, including their adaptations to certain environmental constraints.The objective of this thesis was to study, from the organ to the eco-system, the proteomic variations induced by environmental changes, while adapting the different steps of the analysis to each type of sample, each organism, from sample preparation to data analysis. Through the introduction of an original quantitative de novo sequencing strategy, we studied the role of brown adipose tissue against obesity in a non-sequenced species: the vole. Other particular traits were explored, such as the reversible obesity of the grey mouse lemur or the interactions between sociality and longevity in the ant. The considered software solutions did not allow to robustly quantify peptides identified by de novo sequencing from fractionated samples, we thus determined that prefractionation allows for better proteome coverage. On the other hand, without prefractionation, de novo sequencing produces an undeniable gain. Finally, by studying the metaproteome of alpine soil biotic communities, we have highlighted the advantage of combining proteomics and genomics, in order to establish the most appropriate protein database and to “validate” proteomics data
Boukacem-Zeghmouri, Chérifa. "Du prêt entre bibliothèques à la bibliothèque virtuelle : une évolution contrastée des bibliothèques universitaires françaises selon la discipline." Lyon 2, 2004. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2004/boukacem_c.
Access to scientific information organised by university libraries and relied on Interlibrary-Loan has shaped a hidden economy. Interlibrary loan activities analysis is realised in the services marketing frame. Our analysis relies on both qualitative and quantitative approach and follows two main periods of time, 1975,1994 and 1995-2000. These two periods constitutes the first part of this work and conclude on desintermediation of university libraries by the numerical context. The second part look into traditional university library model to confront it to the numerical context. Growing integration in library collections reveals reintermediation process dynamics engaged in university libraries. Yet, the reintermediation process analysed by universities sections show that the shifting to a virtual library is not homogeneous. The conclusions emphasise that reintermediation depends also on dynamics or inertia of appropriation of electronic resources in every field. It is particularly illustrated by the differences observed between Science Technology and Medicine sections and Humanity and Social Sciences sections. Still unstable, virtual library model will finish his shaping with the confrontation of library services offer and users demand
Riboli-Sasco, Livio. "Evolving information in living systems : a pathway for the understanding of cooperation and other major transitions." Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T042.
Nous définissons l'information dans les systèmes vivants comme un catalyseur reproductible et versatile. Nous considérons qu'une dimension clef pour la compréhension des systèmes vivants et de leur évolution est l'informactivité, une mesure de la contribution d'une information à la valeur sélective. Nous procédons ensuite à une clarification des caractéristiques des procédures de gestion d'information. Nous regroupons ces caractéristiques en trois ensembles qui sont relatifs au portage du contenu, aux interfaces et aux transferts. Nous expliquons comment l'évolution affecte en particulier la mobilité et l'interopérabilité des informations, ces dernières étant des propriétés relatives à des agrégats de caractéristiques du premier ordre. Nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'une meilleure compréhension de l'évolution des processus de gestion de l'information permettra d'analyser de façon plus étendue et plus précise les transitions évolutives majeures. Nous donnons ensuite l'exemple de la co-évolution de la coopération et de l'interopérabilité dans des environnements que nous qualifions de « pro-coopératifs ». Nous expliquons comment la coopération peut être maintenue par une Reine Rouge évolutive affectant le niveau d'interopérabilité d'informations relatives à la production de biens publics. Enfin nous proposons une application de ce cadre théorique à la compréhension du fonctionnement et de l'évolution de l'éducation et de la science dans la société humaine
Zahoransky, Viktor Wendelin. "Information Transmission Across Generations : Thermodynamics and Evolutionary Implications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPSLS012.
Phi29 DNA polymerase (DNAP) derives from bacteriophage Phi29 and replicates DNA under isothermal conditions by rolling circle amplification. It is a particularly interesting enzyme due to its outstanding processivity and low error rates in the range of one base-pair mismatch for every 10^(-5) to 10^(-6) nucleotides incorporated. Phi29 DNAP achieves such high fidelity by means of an additional catalytic function: The ability to correct for base misincorporations by nucleotide excision. Despite the many studies that have already been conducted on this enzyme, the coordination between its main catalytic functions, DNA synthesis and error correction, is not fully understood.In this work we develop several massively parallelised, ultra-high-throughput assays, based on large (10^(6)) gene libraries, to challenge and screen for Phi29 DNAP variants in an evolutionary setting. For the first time, a membrane emulsification technique is adapted to in vitro isothermal compartmentalised self-replication (iviCSR) reactions facilitating simultaneous screenings of variants in different environmental conditions. We found evidence that Phi29 DNAP variant R223T can replicate DNA more processively than the WT enzyme under challenging conditions and that amino acid position 223 contributes to the coordination of the enzyme's activity-fidelity trade-off
Bazié, Jacques Prosper. "La presse écrite et sa diffusion en Haute-Volta (Burkina) : synthèse historique et évolution socio-politique de la 3ème République aux événements du 4 août." Bordeaux 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR30056.
Jornsanoh, Pijarn. "Informations de volume en microscopie électronique à balayage : application à l'étude de la microstructure des matériaux et de son évolution sous traction." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0030/these.pdf.
The present work describes a development of two characterization techniques using controlled pressure scanning electron microscopy (CPSEM): electron tomography and in situ tensile tests. We developed electron tomography in CPSEM using STEM-in-SEM imaging mode. The aim of this development is to provide a three-dimensional characterization technique at the mesoscopic scale which is covered neither by X-ray tomography (insufficient spatial resolution) nor by electron tomography in a transmission electron microscope (too small reconstructed volume). Moreover the CPSEM enables the observation of uncoated non-conductive samples thanks to the presence of gas molecules in the microscope chamber. In situ tensile tests can be then performed in order to follow the evolution of material microstructure under mechanical load. Furthermore, investigations of deformation and failure behaviour of materials in transmission imaging mode are also possible and can provide information in sample volume
Janvier, Roland. "Recompositions organisationnelles et évolution de la catégorie d'“usager” dans le contexte de la “société de l'information” : l'exemple des usagers des services sociaux et médico-sociaux." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00276331.
Moussa, Hadiza. "Utilisation optimale de l'information privée et évolution stochastique des prix sur un marché financier." Nancy 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN10009.
In this dissertation we investigate a problem of asymmetry of information on a stock market. The models we consider are zero-sum repeated games with one-sided information as introduced by Aumann and Maschler. Our aim is to study at first the strategic use of private information on a stock market and then to explain how private information is gradually incorporate in the prices set during the trade. Our work focus particularly on the analysis of the strategic behaviour of the uninformed agent. We show that in the absence of external factors subject to unpredictable variations ( demographic and technological parameters, exogeneous offers,. . . ), the prices proposed at equilibrium tend asymptotically to a martingale related to the Brownian Motion : to limit a too strong revelation of his information, the well-informed agent randomizes slightly his actions generating in this way the stochastic evolution of the prices process
Blokhuis, Alexander. "Aspects physiques des scénarios d'origines de la vie." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET043.
The academic field of Origins of Life seeks to explain abiogenesis: how abiotic matter can be transformed to living systems. Recent decades have seen a substantial development of prebiotic scenarios: hypotheses on the place, chemistry and physical mechanisms of abiogenesis. In this thesis, we introduce rigorous frameworks, for the systematic study of physical aspects of abiogenesis. These frameworks build upon recent insights in nonequilibrium thermodynamics, chemical reaction networks and group selection. They stress thermodynamic consistency and the fundamental structure of chemistry. In Ch.1, a critical introduction to the field of origins of life is given, highlighting what we truly know, what popular scenarios assume and historical developments that have shaped the current thinking. In Ch.2, the theoretical framework of chemical networks is introduced. We extend the framework with new tools and a criterion for a universal description of chemistry: nonambiguity. In Ch.3, we describe ways to make networks ‘open’: chemostats, CSTR, serial transfer, diffusive coupling to compartments. The concept of chemostats is extended to ‘composite chemostats’, which chemostats combinations of species. We correct the zeroth law of thermodynamics, which is shown to be violated for conserved integer quantities in stochastic thermodynamics. In Ch.4, we illustrate the concept of information in chemical networks, using a scalable engine that extracts work from the racemization of enantiomerically pure molecules. We then move to the opposite process: purifying compositions. We illustrate a variety of chemical networks that achieve purification, and we discuss their tradeoffs. In Ch.5, we derive universal criteria for catalysis and self-replication for unambiguous chemical networks. The addition of exchange processes between phases and compartments (diffusion, evaporation, partitioning etc.) leads to emergent new forms of multicompartment autocatalysis. In Ch.6, we review the concept of chemical evolution and some of the frameworks developed for it. These frameworks focus on specific chemistries and network structures, and we show that their interpretation critically hinges on the level of coarse graining. These approaches, often treated as mutually exclusive, are united, extended and encompassed by our general framework for autocatalysis. We study structural and thermodynamic aspects of autocatalytic evolution in a single reactor, which occurs by branching processes built up from microscopic rates. The extension to multicompartment autocatalysis leads to new emergent ecological behavior (syntrophy, parasitism), favoring cooperation and spatial confinement. In Ch.7, we study the thermodynamics of making long polymers in various out-of-equilibrium situations (adsorption, recombination reactions, chemically activated ligation). We derive thermodynamic costs for the dissipative generation of random copolymer sequences. This allows to place energetic bounds on scenarios that rely on the appearance of rare structures. In Ch.8, we set up a statistical framework to study transient compartmentalization. This new form of multilevel selection has no lineages: surviving compartments vanish after growth and selection, which means contents may multiply by more than a factor 2 (experimentally: >10^6). This mechanism is shown capable of overcoming parasite invasions, induce cooperation and lower error thresholds. Compositional noise is derived from growth kinetics. Polymerization can drastically decrease such noise, which can improve selection. On this level of description, a new parasite catastrophe emerges: a complexation catastrophe. In Ch.9, we formulate a mechanism-based scenario. The scenario is based on the structural features of chemistry, multicompartment autocatalysis and multi-level evolution, but does not specify any molecules: they can be introduced a posteriori. We provide a foundation on which rigorous future scenarios can be built
Mahé, Annaïg. "La communication scientifique en (r)évolution : l'intégration des revues électroniques dans les pratiques informationnelles de chercheurs en sciences de la nature comme révélateur des mutations du modèle traditionnel de la communication scientifique." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10250.
Marti, Nieto Flor de Asis. "Contribution à la conception et conduite des systèmes d’information dans un contexte d’usine du futur par une approche basée co-évolution." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD016/document.
Within the current context, the transformation of industries through new paradigms of performance such as The Factory of the Future (FoF), Industry 4.0 (I 4.0) or even The Smart Factory (SF) is at the heart of the industrials’ current concerns. The present work address the problem of the transition from a specific situation (AS-IS) to a target situation alike FoF (TO-BE) considering the desired situation AS-WISHED and the resources constraints. In this line of action, the main contribution concerns an approach based on a co-evolution model enabling to guide manufacturing industries to perform such a transition. Based on the work of Tolio et al. (2010), we propose an enhanced co-evolution model that integrates the strategic level of decisions, the information system role (IS) and the role of the human workforce. From the theoretical perspective, this new model consists in 3 domains: Product design/ Manufacturing/ IS which are structured into two levels of analysis: external (strategic) and internal (operational). The resulting structure of 6 sub-domains is in turn composed of 3 components covering the decisions related to each sub-domain and level of analysis. From the management perspective, the management of co-evolution relies on the modelling of their components. Hence, we exploit the modelling language constructs of the ISO 19440 (2007) standard for the internal components. Then, we characterize the existing co-evolution links between the different sub-domains of the proposed co-evolution model. At last, a 3 phase approach enabling to exploit the enhanced co-evolution model is proposed. It considers the feasibility constraints and the co-evolution constraints linked to the management of the links or impacts that came into play in the co-evolution. As such, it enables to work out progressively a feasible TO-BE model
Fierens, Marie. "Le journalisme en République démocratique du Congo et en Côte d'Ivoire: émergence et évolution d'une profession, de la colonisation à nos jours." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209197.
La recherche se fonde principalement sur l’exploitation d’une centaine d’entretiens menés pour la plupart à Kinshasa et à Abidjan, sur l’exploitation de corpus de presse et sur l’exploitation de ressources documentaires et bibliographiques. Elle adopte une perspective comparative visant à mettre en évidence les similitudes et les spécificités qui ont marqué l’évolution du journalisme de presse écrite en RDC et en Côte d’Ivoire.
Le travail se divise en quatre parties, dont les trois premières s’arrêtent sur des moments importants de la structuration de la profession. La première présente la façon dont les Congolais et les Ivoiriens se sont investis progressivement dans le journalisme de presse écrite, particulièrement à la fin de la période coloniale, dans un contexte de pluralisme limité. La deuxième étudie la pratique du journalisme et sa structuration, au Congo et en Côte d’Ivoire, durant le long règne des partis uniques. La troisième partie analyse la nouvelle forme que revêt la profession depuis la libéralisation politique et médiatique du début des années 1990. Pour chaque période, l’analyse comporte trois axes destinés à mettre en évidence les éléments utiles à la comparaison. Le premier permet de mettre au jour le système relationnel qui existe autour des journalistes congolais et ivoiriens de presse écrite, afin d’identifier les facteurs sociétaux qui influencent leur pratique. Le deuxième axe dévoile les dynamiques internes du groupe professionnel, dans les deux pays. Enfin, le troisième axe se construit autour des parcours individuels d’un certain nombre de journalistes, ce qui permet de cerner leurs motivations et leur perception du métier.
L’approche comparative constitue la quatrième partie de la recherche. Elle s’appuie sur le concept de « configuration » de Norbert Elias pour corréler les trois axes et les trois périodes décrits ci-dessus, pour penser l’émergence et l’évolution de la profession en termes de relations, d’interdépendances et de négociation.
L’imprécision des contours du groupe, des profils professionnels et des pratiques apparaît constitutive du journalisme de presse écrite, au Congo et en Côte d’Ivoire. La forme que revêt aujourd’hui la profession résulte d’une suite d’interdépendances, régulièrement renégociées, qui lie les journalistes aux autres acteurs au cours du temps./
The thesis traces the development of the profession of newspaper journalist in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Côte d’Ivoire, from the end of the colonial era until today. More precisely, it seeks to understand its emergence and structural development in Léopoldville (Kinshasa) and Abidjan. The objective is to identify the elements that fashioned the profession in both countries so as to better understand its current form.
The research rests chiefly on the use of about 100 interviews conducted for the most part in Kinshasa and Abidjan as well on the use of press corpuses and of documentary and bibliographic resources. The research takes a comparative approach that aims to highlight the similarities and specificities that have marked the evolution of newspaper journalism in the DRC and Côte d’Ivoire.
The thesis is divided into four parts, the first three of which concentrate on key moments in the profession’s structural growth. Part One outlines the way in which the Congolese and Ivorians gradually became involved in print journalism, in particular at the end of the colonial era, in a context where pluralism was limited. Part Two studies the practice of journalism and its structural elaboration, in the Congo and Côte d’Ivoire, under the long reign of the one-party systems. Part Three examines the new form assumed by the profession since the political and media liberalization of the early 1990s. For each period, the analysis relies on three axes destined to emphasize the elements that are useful for the comparison. The first axis makes it possible to reveal the network of relations existing around Congolese and Ivorian newspaper journalists in order to identify the societal factors influencing their practice. The second axis sheds light on the professional body’s internal dynamics in the two countries. Lastly, the third axis centres on the individual careers of a number of journalists, making it possible to grasp their professional motivations and their perception of the sector.
The comparative approach composes the fourth part of the thesis. It relies on Norbert Elias’s notion of ‘configuration’ to correlate the three axes and periods described above in order to examine the profession’s emergence and evolution in terms of relations, interdependencies and negotiations.
The vagueness of the group’s contours, of the professional profiles and of the practices appears constitutive of newspaper journalism in the Congo and Côte d’Ivoire. The profession’s current form is the result of a succession of interdependencies, regularly renegotiated, that has linked the journalists to other actors over the course of time.
Doctorat en Information et communication
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Nguyen, Nhu Khoa. "Emerging Trend Detection in News Articles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LAROS003.
In the financial domain, information plays an utmost important role in making investment/business decisions as good knowledge can lead to crafting correct approaches in how to invest or if the investment is worth it. Moreover, being able to identify potential emerging themes/topics is an integral part of this field, since it can help get a head start over other investors, thus gaining a huge competitive advantage. To deduce topics that can be emerging in the future, data such as annual financial reports, stock market, and management meeting summaries are usually considered for review by professional financial experts. Reliable sources of information coming from reputable news publishers, can also be utilized for the purpose of detecting emerging themes. Unlike social media, articles from these publishers have high credibility and quality, thus when analyzed in large sums, it is likely to discover dormant/hidden information about trends or what can become future trends. However, due to the vast amount of information generated each day, it has become more demanding and difficult to analyze the data manually for the purpose of trend identification. Our research explores and analyzes data from different quality sources, such as scientific publication abstracts and a provided news article dataset from Bloomberg called Event-Driven Feed (EDF) to experiment on Emerging Trend Detection. Due to the enormous amount of available data spread over extended time periods, it encourages the use of contrastive approaches to measuring the divergence between past and present surrounding context of extracted words and phrases, thus comparing the similarity between unique vector representations of each interval to discover movement in word usage that can lead to the discovery of new trend. Experimental results reveal that the assessment of context change through time of selected terms is able to detect critical emerging trends and points of emergence. It is also discovered that assessing the evolution of context over a long time span is better than just contrasting the two most recent points in time
Petit-Delecourt, Elisa. "Prise en compte du travail dans les changements de pratiques vers l’agroécologie : outils et informations pour l’accompagnement des agriculteurs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA006/document.
In order to reduce agricultural pollution, farmers are invited to change their practices. But these new practices can generate changes in organization and working time, which farmers assert to explain their difficulty to change. Our goal is to study these changes in the work and to design tools facilitating agroecological transitions of farmers. We have surveyed agricultural advisers and farmers to analyze the consulting service offer, and the nature of the work information that farmers need in order to implement new practices. Noting the inadequacy of the existing tools, we organized two tool design workshops with their future users. We have identified and described 28 tools that could be designed. Four prototypes were developed: a technical sheet informing about work changes, a quiz and a serious game to identify work changes for a farm, and a test logbook to record key information to establish an assessment of work competition management and organizational choices
Saleck, Ahmedna Mohamed Oumar. "Les médias et le droit de la concurrence en Mauritanie." Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0023/document.
Identified as a political, social, cultural or economical actor, having an esential role in the world characterized by soaring globalisation, which is in a staggering peak, media seems to be naturally submitted to the competition law. However, when the question is analysed in a precised and refined way, this obviousness is not right anymore. Are the media really submited to the competition law ? At the same time is it possible to talk about the competition law specific to medias ? Relations between media and the competition law have been faced of several incidents in Mauritania. First of all, during the first incident, the relation between two institutions, it means media and the competition law were bland and dull because of State’s monopolization of all media’s means. Then, there was a partial opening of media to competition. Eventually, the recording of media by the competition law happened during the last incident. This work consists in demonstration of media’s submission to the competition law even though the mediatic product keeps being specific
Landon-Cardinal, Olivier. "Évolution des systèmes quantiques ouverts : décohérence et informatique quantique." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3447.
Quantum information processing, briefly introduced in Chapter 1, relies on quantum correlations, namely on entanglement. Those correlations are difficult to maintain since a typical quantum system is not closed, but interacting with its environment. The analysis of an open quantum system requires specific tools which we introduce in Chapter 2. Using these concepts, we show in Chapter 3 that the interaction between the system and its environment will distinguish certain quasi-classical states, suggesting the emergence of a classical world from a quantum one. Furthermore, the entanglement created between the system and its environment will destroy the coherence of a superposition of such quasi-classical states. This phenomenon of decoherence exhibits mechanisms which we highlight in our original study of a quantum gyroscope in chapter 4. We demonstrate that a particle with large spin, used to measure the angular momentum of electrons, loses its coherence on a timescale much shorter than the characteristic timescale of relaxation. To protect the coherence of a system, essential to quantum information processing, several techniques have been developed. We briefly review them at the beginning of Chapter 5, before introducing a novel approach based on the preparation of the environment. Our analysis characterizes the existence of initial states of the environment allowing for decoherence-free evolution of the system in a large class of models in which the system interacts with a dynamical environment.
Ce travail de maîtrise a mené à la rédaction d'un article (Physical Review A 80, 062319 (2009)).
Gauthier, Olivier. "Utilisation de réseaux en analyse phylogénétique : détection de taxons hybrides et combinaison d'arbres." Thèse, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17054.
Doroftei, Andrea. "Évolution de familles de gènes par duplications et pertes : algorithmes pour la correction d’arbres bruités." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8320.
Genes are segments of genomes that code for proteins. Genes of one or more species can be grouped into gene families based on their sequence similarity. In order to determine functional relationships among these multiple gene copies of a family, sequence homology is insufficient as no direct information on the evolution of the gene family by duplication, speciation and loss can be inferred directly from a family of homologous genes. And it is precisely this information that allows us to distinguish between orthologous gene copies, that have evolved by speciation and are more likely to preserve the same function and paralogous gene copies that have evolved by duplication and usually acquire new functions. For a given gene family contained within n species, a gene tree (inferred by typical phylogenetic methods) and a phylogenetic tree of the considered species, reconciliation between the gene tree and the species tree is the most commonly used approach to infer a duplication, speciation and loss history for the gene family. The main criticism towards reconciliation methods is that the inferred duplication and loss history for a gene family is strongly dependent on the gene tree considered for this family. Indeed, just a few misplaced leaves in the gene tree can lead to a completely different history, possibly with significantly more duplications and losses. It is therefore important to have a preliminary method for "correcting” the gene tree, i.e. removing potentially misplaced branches. N. El-Mabrouk and C. Chauve introduced "non-apparent duplications" as nodes that are likely to result from the misplacement of one leaf in the gene tree. Simply put, such a node indicates that one or more triplets contradict the phylogeny given by the species tree. In this work, the problem of eliminating non-apparent duplications from a given gene tree by a minimum number of leaf removals is considered. Depending on the disposition of this type of nodes in the gene tree, the algorithm introduced leads to an O(nlogn) performance and an optimal solution in a best case scenario . The general case however is solved using an heuristic method.
Jaclin, David. "Communication et animalité : cartographie d'un commerce." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10135.
This thesis operates mainly on two levels: one is ethnographical, the other is communicationnal. I explore the curious case of North American jungle backyards in which « used-to-be-wild » animals are experiencing « almost-domesticated » existences while their daily lives are merged with that of Homo sapiens. As pets, guinea pigs or postnatural totems, these pioneer organisms not only feed the third most important black market in the world, they also blur our traditional zoological and philosophical apparatus (often driven by dichotomies between nature/culture, human/nonhuman, prey/predator, dominant/dominated, transmitter/receiver). In 2011, I traveled 16 000 miles all around the continent to explore some of these contemporary humanimal modalities. Hence, I examine important transpecific aspects of these modified ecological landscapes, in which known living organisms experience unknown reorganizations of life. In a Simondonian perspective, I reconceptualize animality and communication activities in order to readdress, along with the question of the animal, individuation processes and their inherent indetermination qualities – the kind, yet unseen, that contemporary jungle backyards silently nurture. At a time when animal rights and bioethics are regularly at stake (and indeed a serious preoccupation for societies that strive to leave behind medieval practices, but also attempt to cope with their biotechnological becomings), jungle backyards provide an original ethological dataset based not only on what an animal is or should be, but rather on what real animal existences actually consist of. In that respect, I offer firsthand material that may help to better navigate our common Ark, possibly facing a new environmental flood. Instead of considering animals from a reductive substancialist point of view or from a strict hylemorphic perspective, focusing on matters of form or forms of matter, I concentrate on movements that give form to matter and matter to form. I then suggest that animality, more than a simple collection of mere attributes or even a basic manifestation of an elaborate biochemical complex, constitutes an enmeshment constantly in motion made of transductive relationalities. Here, biomedia are not considered the latest bourgeon of our technological modernity, slowly shifting from inorganic materialities to organic potentialities, but rather an ancient deviation of natural forces (too quickly restricted to domestication). Instead teckné and anima operate jointly and disparately to propel what I call aniculture and which I consider to be not only a part of our anthropogenic processes, but also a mutagenic pool of differentialities from which humanity constantly draws in order to reinvent itself. Then, along with a specific textual mode of organization (as transpecific as its topic), writing is here even envisaged as another possible expression of animality, maybe even a powerful re-intensification. Because our traditional dealings with animals have always been inseparable from our becomings, the (yet untold) ways we are now dealing with some of our ex-predators and preys reveal a great deal about our postnatural futures and that “animal-medium” we all inhabit. In fact, jungle backyards are less denaturalized places than renaturalized spaces in which animals demonstrate not only adaptive responses to selective pressures but initiate creative processes at a number of levels from which fertile lines of thought can eventually stem.
Thèse réalisée en co-tutelle avec le Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris.
Amemado, Dodzi. "Changements et évolution des universités conventionnelles sous l’influence des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC): le cas du contexte universitaire nord-américain." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4386.
This research is regarding the increasing use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Higher Education, within conventional universities as well as open and distance education, and focuses on its institutional, educational and technological implications for campus-based and distance programs. The research was undertaken throughout fifteen Canadian universities in which twenty-four directors and experts, working in teaching and learning centres, were interviewed. For the institutional aspect, the research relied on the Kershaw & Safford's Open System Communications Net (1998, 2001) theoretical framework that considers the universities' structural and function change in the digital era. The research results confirm that conventional universities are in a period of transformation due to the use of digital technologies; and, that blended learning courses, bimodality, virtual universities, universities using diverse models and universities operating with artificial intelligence, will be the models with high-growth probability during the next decades in North America. Regarding the educational aspect, the research used a theoretical perspective pertaining to Garrison, Anderson & Archer Community of Inquiry Framework (2000) reviewed by Vaughan & Garrison (2005) and Garrison & Arbaugh (2007) that advocates a cultural change in University work, based on three levels of presence. The research results indicate the importance of elements related to teaching presence, cognitive presence and social presence, as the model suggests. However, the recurrence- at the three levels of presence- of some indicators the interviewees mentioned led to conclude that the CoI model has some interchangeable indicators within its categories. Furthermore, some categories frequently mentioned by the respondents should require a greater consideration. That is the case of the “Group Cohesion” category. Finally, with respect to the technology employed, the theoretical framework used Olapiriyakul & Scher's Content Design and Development Model (2006) that postulates that the technological infrastructure for university teaching must be both instructional technology and student learning technology. The research results reveal that educational reasons are not necessarily the ones for which universities make the decision to apply ICT to teaching; and, because of that, the technology used may not have been chosen for its learning benefits. This observation led to the interviewees describing opportunities for the development of the next generation of learning technologies applicable to conventional universities.