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Academic literature on the topic 'Information epidemic'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Information epidemic"

1

Brierly, Joseph E. "Epidemic Cycle." Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jbbr/2019(1)104.

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This article explains the natural progression of a typical viral epidemic. Epidemics historically go through a progressive cycle because once a person is victimized normally there is an immune and non-infectious period of one or more years. At this time both immunity and infectiousness has not been scientifically verified for the Covid-19 virus. However, likely the Covid-19 virus will progress the way of other past virus epidemics. At present there is much untested and possibly unreliable information regarding the Covid-19 epidemic. This article shows the most likely way the Covid-19 epidemic will progress over time.

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The Lancet. "Fast-tracking epidemic information." Lancet 348, no. 9042 (December 1996): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)21050-5.

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Nikulina, Olena, Valerii Severyn, Mariia Naduieva, and Anton Bubnov. "MODELING THE DEVELOPMENT OF EPIDEMIS BASED ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES OF OPTIMIZATION." Bulletin of National Technical University "KhPI". Series: System Analysis, Control and Information Technologies, no. 2 (6) (December 28, 2021): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0023.2021.02.08.

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Mathematical models of the epidemic have been developed and researched to predict the development of the COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic on thebasis of information technology for optimizing complex dynamic systems. Mathematical models of epidemics SIR, SIRS, SEIR, SIS, MSEIR in theform of nonlinear systems of differential equations are considered and the analysis of use of mathematical models for research of development ofepidemic of coronavirus epidemic COVID-19 is carried out. Based on the statistics of the COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic in the Kharkiv region, theinitial values of the parameters of the models of the last wave of the epidemic were calculated. Using these models, the program of the first-degreesystem method from the module of information technology integration methods for solving nonlinear systems of differential equations simulated thedevelopment of the last wave of the epidemic. Simulation shows that the number of healthy people will decrease and the number of infected peoplewill increase. In 12 months, the number of infected people will reach its maximum and then begin to decline. The information technology ofoptimization of dynamic systems is used to identify the parameters of the COVID-19 epidemic models on the basis of statistical data on diseases in theKharkiv region. Using the obtained models, the development of the last wave of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kharkiv region was predicted. Theprocesses of epidemic development according to the SIR-model with weakening immunity are given, with the values of the model parameters obtainedas a result of identification. Approximately 13 months after the outbreak of the epidemic, the number of infected people will reach its maximum andthen begin to decline. In 10 months, the entire population of Kharkiv region will be infected. These results will allow us to predict possible options forthe development of the epidemic of coronavirus COVID-19 in the Kharkiv region for the timely implementation of adequate anti-epidemic measures.

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Fischer, T., T. Gerwald, S. Lajos, S. Woellert, Ch Kuttler, and J. Draeger. "Modeling the influence of the information domain on countermeasure effectiveness in case of COVID-19." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2514, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2514/1/012009.

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Abstract A common way to model an epidemic — restricted to contagion aspects only — is a modification of the Kermack-McKendrick SIR Epidemic model (SIR model) with differential equations. (Mis-)Information about epidemics may influence the behavior of the people and thus the course of epidemics as well. We have thus coupled an extended SIR model of the COVID-19 pandemic with a compartment model of the (mis-)information-based attitude of the population towards epidemic countermeasures. The resulting combined model is checked concerning basic plausibility properties like positivity and boundedness. It is calibrated using COVID-19 data from RKI and attitude data provided by the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) study. The values of parameters without corresponding observation data have been determined using an L2 -fit under mild additional assumptions. The predictions of the calibrated model are essentially in accordance with observations. An uncertainty analysis of the model shows, that our results are in principle stable under measurement errors. We also assessed the scale, at which specific parameters can influence the evolution of epidemics. Another result of the paper is that in a multi-domain epidemic model, the notion of controlled reproduction number has to be redefined when being used as an indicator of the future evolution of epidemics.

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Shrum, Wesley, John Aggrey, Andre Campos, Janaina Pamplona da Costa, Jan Joseph, Pablo Kreimer, Rhiannon Kroeger, et al. "Who’s afraid of Ebola? Epidemic fires and locative fears in the Information Age." Social Studies of Science 50, no. 5 (June 29, 2020): 707–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312720927781.

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Epidemics have traditionally been viewed as the widespread occurrence of infectious disease within a community, or a sudden increase above what is typical. But modern epidemics are both more and less than the diffusion of viral entities. We argue that epidemics are ‘fire objects’, using a term coined by Law and Singleton: They generate locative fears through encounters that focus attention on entities that are unknown or imprecisely known, transforming spaces and humans into indeterminate dangers, alternating appearance and absence. The Ebola epidemic of 2014 had more complex impacts than the number of infections would suggest. We employ multi-sited qualitative interviews to argue that locative fear is the essence of modern global epidemics. In the discussion we contrast Ebola with both the Zika epidemic that followed and the ongoing coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

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PESEN, Birgül, and Musaye KONAK ÖZÇELİK. "THE IMPACT OF SOME OUTSTANDING DISEASES FROM PAST TO PRESENT ON SOCIETY." Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken / Journal of World of Turks 13, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/zfwt/130112.

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Diseases can be seen in people in different periods throughout history. Some of these diseases have become epidemics. Epidemic diseases from the past to the present have left deep marks in the society. Measures against epidemics have also been attempted in the past. Since the source of the epidemic diseases seen in the history and the effects of the disease are unknown, fear prevailed in the society. With the changes in the process and the steps taken in the field of health, the appropriate vaccine against epidemic diseases was found and the quarantine system was put into operation. However, despite the steps taken, it was understood that the public did not have enough information, so efforts were made to raise the awareness of the public. Despite the studies, the lethal effect of epidemics has led to ruptures in relations within society. The epidemic also had an impact on the economy and famines appeared in the society. Epidemic diseases affect the socio-economic life of the society very badly, and negativities have been noticed in individuals due to the epidemic. It has been found that the epidemic mostly affects people with weak body resistance (elderly, children). The Ottoman State continued its determination and acted within the framework of its activities in the fight against epidemic diseases. This determination continues today, and the state continues its struggle against the epidemic with its policies. In this study, after giving historical information about some epidemic diseases such as plague, syphilis, cholera, smallpox, malaria, measles, new coronavirus (covit-19), the effect of these diseases on the society was tried to be explained. Keywords: Epidemic, Society, Ottoman State, Disease, Health.

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Feng, Minyu, Xiangxi Li, Yuhan Li, and Qin Li. "The impact of nodes of information dissemination on epidemic spreading in dynamic multiplex networks." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 33, no. 4 (April 2023): 043112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0142386.

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Epidemic spreading processes on dynamic multiplex networks provide a more accurate description of natural spreading processes than those on single layered networks. To describe the influence of different individuals in the awareness layer on epidemic spreading, we propose a two-layer network-based epidemic spreading model, including some individuals who neglect the epidemic, and we explore how individuals with different properties in the awareness layer will affect the spread of epidemics. The two-layer network model is divided into an information transmission layer and a disease spreading layer. Each node in the layer represents an individual with different connections in different layers. Individuals with awareness will be infected with a lower probability compared to unaware individuals, which corresponds to the various epidemic prevention measures in real life. We adopt the micro-Markov chain approach to analytically derive the threshold for the proposed epidemic model, which demonstrates that the awareness layer affects the threshold of disease spreading. We then explore how individuals with different properties would affect the disease spreading process through extensive Monte Carlo numerical simulations. We find that individuals with high centrality in the awareness layer would significantly inhibit the transmission of infectious diseases. Additionally, we propose conjectures and explanations for the approximately linear effect of individuals with low centrality in the awareness layer on the number of infected individuals.

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Kleczkowski, A., and C. A. Gilligan. "Parameter estimation and prediction for the course of a single epidemic outbreak of a plant disease." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 16 (July 17, 2007): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2007.1036.

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Many epidemics of plant diseases are characterized by large variability among individual outbreaks. However, individual epidemics often follow a well-defined trajectory which is much more predictable in the short term than the ensemble (collection) of potential epidemics. In this paper, we introduce a modelling framework that allows us to deal with individual replicated outbreaks, based upon a Bayesian hierarchical analysis. Information about ‘similar’ replicate epidemics can be incorporated into a hierarchical model, allowing both ensemble and individual parameters to be estimated. The model is used to analyse the data from a replicated experiment involving spread of Rhizoctonia solani on radish in the presence or absence of a biocontrol agent, Trichoderma viride . The rate of primary (soil-to-plant) infection is found to be the most variable factor determining the final size of epidemics. Breakdown of biological control in some replicates results in high levels of primary infection and increased variability. The model can be used to predict new outbreaks of disease based upon knowledge from a ‘library’ of previous epidemics and partial information about the current outbreak. We show that forecasting improves significantly with knowledge about the history of a particular epidemic, whereas the precision of hindcasting to identify the past course of the epidemic is largely independent of detailed knowledge of the epidemic trajectory. The results have important consequences for parameter estimation, inference and prediction for emerging epidemic outbreaks.

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Feng, Qingxiang, Haipeng Wei, Jun Hu, Wenzhe Xu, Fan Li, Panpan Lv, and Peng Wu. "Analysis of the attention to COVID-19 epidemic based on visibility graph network." Modern Physics Letters B 35, no. 19 (June 1, 2021): 2150316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984921503164.

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Most of the existing researches on public health events focus on the number and duration of events in a year or month, which are carried out by regression equation. COVID-19 epidemic, which was discovered in Wuhan, Hubei Province, quickly spread to the whole country, and then appeared as a global public health event. During the epidemic period, Chinese netizens inquired about the dynamics of COVID-19 epidemic through Baidu search platform, and learned about relevant epidemic prevention information. These groups’ search behavior data not only reflect people’s attention to COVID-19 epidemic, but also contain the stage characteristics and evolution trend of COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, the time, space and attribute laws of propagation of COVID-19 epidemic can be discovered by deeply mining more information in the time series data of search behavior. In this study, it is found that transforming time series data into visibility network through the principle of visibility algorithm can dig more hidden information in time series data, which may help us fully understand the attention to COVID-19 epidemic in Chinese provinces and cities, and evaluate the deficiencies of early warning and prevention of major epidemics. What’s more, it will improve the ability to cope with public health crisis and social decision-making level.

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Wu, Xifen, and Haibo Bao. "The impact of positive and negative information on SIR-like epidemics in delayed multiplex networks." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, no. 11 (November 2022): 113141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0126799.

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In order to better study the interaction between epidemic propagation and information diffusion, a new coupling model on multiplex networks with time delay is put forward in this paper. One layer represents the information diffusion about epidemics. There is not only information about the positive prevention of infectious diseases but also negative preventive information. Meanwhile, the dissemination of information at this layer will be influenced by the mass media, which can convey positive and reliable preventive measures to help the public avoid exposure to contagion. The other layer represents the transmission of infectious diseases, and the public in this layer no longer only exchange information related to infectious diseases in the virtual social network like the information layer but spread infectious diseases through contact among people. The classical SIR model is used to model for epidemic propagation. Since each infected individual needs to spend enough time to recover, the infected one at one time does not necessarily change to the recovered one at the next time, so time delay is an essential factor to be considered in the model. Based on the microscopic Markov chain approach, this paper obtains an explicit expression for epidemic threshold in the two-layered multiplex networks with time delay, which reveals some main factors affecting epidemic threshold. In particular, the time delay has a noticeable effect on the epidemic threshold to some extent. Finally, the influence of these main factors on the epidemic threshold and their interaction are proved through numerical simulations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Information epidemic"

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Ogierman, Adrian [Verfasser]. "Epidemic spreading and information dissemination in technological and social systems / Adrian Ogierman." Paderborn : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060782995/34.

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Gustafsson, Magnus. "Evaluation of StochSD for Epidemic Modelling, Simulation and Stochastic Analysis." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-426227.

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Classical Continuous System Simulation (CSS) is restricted to modelling continuous flows, and therefore, cannot correctly realise a conceptual model with discrete objects. The development of Full Potential CSS solves this problem by (1) handling discrete quantities as discrete and continuous matter as continuous, (2) preserving the sojourn time distribution of a stage, (3) implementing attributes correctly, and (4) describing different types of uncertainties in a proper way. In order to apply Full Potential CSS a new software, StochSD, has been developed. This thesis evaluates StochSD's ability to model Full Potential CSS, where the points 1-4 above are included. As a test model a well-defined conceptual epidemic model, which includes all aspects of Full Potential CSS, was chosen. The study was performed by starting with a classical SIR model and then stepwise add the different aspects of the Conceptual Model. The effects of each step were demonstrated in terms of size and duration of the epidemic. Finally, the conceptual model was also realised as an Agent Based Model (ABM). The results from 10 000 replications each of the CSS and ABM models were compared and no statistical differences could be confirmed. The conclusion is that StochSD passed the evaluation.

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Nabie, Mubashir Goolam. "Health information and its influence on the perception of tuberculosis (TB) patients: Current policies and practices at Brooklyn Chest Hospital." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6800.

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Magister Administrationis - MAdmin
HIV and TB are major problems in the South African context and the burden of these diseases is proving detrimental to the development of the country. These diseases have been evident in the country for many years and in recent times the infection rates of TB and HIV has been alarming. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified TB as a problem and the world was to actively implement strategies to combat this epidemic. The issue with TB control strategies is the emergence of HIV which has been the largest contributing factor to the increase in the TB burden in South Africa and many countries like it. South Africa has made great strides in the control of HIV in areas such as mother to child transmission, awareness programs, initiation of ARVs and medical male circumcision which have proven to be successful. In contrast, the TB burden does not share the same fate. The number of deaths caused by TB is continuously rising, as well as the number of new Multi-drug resistant TB cases. Furthermore the emergence of Extreme –drug resistant TB is seen as a sign of a failing health system. Policy makers are now faced with fact that the Directly Observed Therapy Short course (DOTS) program for the prevention of TB is inadequate in an area with a high HIV prevalence, which is what South Africa is faced with. The research objectives are therefore to identify if knowledge from South African TB policies are being disseminated to people who suffer from TB, also to measure if a lack of knowledge may have an impact on treatment success. A policy analysis was done of 5 South African TB policies to identify areas of the policies which are patient specific. The TB policies emphasized a patient-centred approach and the researcher used this concept to motivate that patient-specific areas must be known by the patients. The specific areas identified were: TB specific areas, Treatment specific areas, Adherence specific areas and information/education specific areas. Based on the policy analysis a case study was conducted at Brooklyn Chest Hospital to measure implementation of the policies on the ground. The study found that education was adequate in areas around TB diagnosis, treatment length, signs and symptoms, and family education. The participants lacked knowledge in areas such as TB contacts, monitoring of TB disease, education of TB prior to diagnosis and a high prevalence of non-adherence and multiple cases of TB were found among the participants. Also, the Chi-Square test found no statistical significance between the length of admission to hospital and treatment outcome. The result also shows that of the participants studied, over 30% of the study had not adhered to TB treatment after discharge. The study finds that there are significant shortfalls in the knowledge of participants based on South African TB policies, with a high non-adherence rate before and after discharge. The study shows a lack in the implementation of policy directives on education, following a patient-centred approach, which is evident in the lack of knowledge found in the participants in many facets of the TB disease and the processes to control TB.

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Aboturkia, Amna. "A Study of the Effectiveness of Mobile Technology in the Major Fields and Opioid Epidemic." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1562672587251166.

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盧偉明 and Brian L. Lo. "Lessons learned through the analysis of public responses towards the release of governmental information during the SARS epidemic in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47657534.

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The risk perception as presented by the media is important because it is usually through the media that the general population first receives information about an important event or crisis. The unique position of the media comes with a responsibility to provide a ‘communication bridge’ between the government and the general population. However the editorial choices determining the appropriateness of source, amount, and type of information conveyed to the public during a crisis is influenced by the contextual environment. The issue attention framework proposed by Downs was used to explore the possible links between the trajectory of a crisis and the media response may shed some light on the populations perception of risk during a crisis (the Hong Kong SARS epidemic in 2003) in which WiseNews was used to search the grey literature. The articles identified were classified into 4 categories: incidence, public health information, economy, and sensationalism by date of publication. These categories were then plotted on the Hong Kong hospital admissions and deaths epidemic curves. The study explored the potential link between key events during the Hong Kong SARS epidemic and the specific content of the medial publications.
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Master of Public Health

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Mahboubi, Arash. "Security of critical information infrastructures exposed to mobile personal devices." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118743/1/Arash_Mahboubi_Thesis.pdf.

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Mobile personal devices with USB communication capabilities are essential elements of our modern lives. Their large-scale pervasive deployment within the population has promoted many malware attacks some of which are capable of inﬁltrating physically isolated critical control systems. This research investigates mobile malware capable of infecting and spreading through a system with heterogeneous computing, communication and storage components. Two novel prevention methods are presented: user accountability and system immunity. While the former uses a novel intrusive USB authentication, authorization and accounting solution, the latter exploits coding theory to make the system immune and allergic to the malware behaviour.

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Assis, Vanessa Costa. "Análise da qualidade das notificações de dengue informadas no SINAN, na epidemia de 2010, em uma cidade pólo da zona da mata do estado de Minas Gerais." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2013. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1027.

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A dengue é uma doença viral que se apresenta como um importante problema de saúde pública mundial. Todo caso suspeito ou confirmado de dengue deve ser notificado no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN. Os dados inseridos nesse sistema representam uma importante fonte de informação para estudos epidemiológicos e para a avaliação da qualidade do mesmo. Este estudo teve como principal objetivo analisar a qualidade das notificações de dengue informadas no SINAN, referentes à epidemia ocorrida em 2010 no município de Juiz de Fora – MG. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, cujos dados foram obtidos do SINAN, disponibilizados pelo Departamento de Vigilância Epidemiológica e Ambiental de Juiz de Fora. Foram analisadas as variáveis sexo, faixa etária, dados de residência, raça/cor, escolaridade, local provável de infecção, dados laboratoriais e clínico-epidemiológicos, assim como a completitude, o encerramento oportuno dos casos registrados no Sistema, a duplicidade e a consistência dos dados. Foram notificados 9396 casos de dengue em Juiz de Fora, dos quais 62,9% foram classificados como Dengue Clássico, 0,9% como Dengue com Complicações, 0,1% como Febre Hemorrágica da Dengue, 0,04% como Síndrome do Choque da Dengue, 4,9% casos descartados, 30,8% inconclusivos, 0,3% casos ignorados/em branco, sendo que entre o total dos casos notificados 0,2% evoluíram para óbito. A maioria dos casos foi constatada em indivíduos do sexo feminino, na faixa etária de 32 a 59 anos, residentes na zona urbana, da raça branca, com ensino fundamental completo/incompleto e autóctones do município. A análise da completitude obteve classificação ruim para a maioria de seus campos, exceto para os de preenchimento obrigatório que receberam classificação excelente. Não foram encontradas notificações em duplicidade e 95,88% dos casos foram encerrados oportunamente. A análise da consistência obteve classificação excelente. As análises realizadas nesse trabalho apresentaram importantes informações para o conhecimento da epidemiologia da dengue em Juiz de Fora, consequentemente criando parâmetros para um melhor direcionamento das atividades de vigilância e controle da doença. Mostrou-se preocupante a quantidade de variáveis em branco/ignorado, apontando a necessidade de capacitação dos profissionais sobre a importância do preenchimento dos instrumentos base dos sistemas de informação.
Dengue is a viral disease that presents itself as an important public health problem worldwide. All suspected or confirmed case of dengue should be notified in the Notifiable Hazards Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – SINAN). Data included in this system represent an important source of information for epidemiological studies and for the evaluation of quality. This study aimed to analyze the quality of reports of dengue reported in SINAN, referring to the epidemic occurred in 2010 in the city of Juiz de Fora - MG. This is a descriptive epidemiological study whose data were obtained from SINAN, provided by the Environmental and Epidemiological Surveillance Department of Juiz de Fora. The analysis included the variables sex, age range, address, race/skin color, schooling, probable source of infection acquisition, laboratory and clinical and epidemiological data, as well as the completeness, timely closure of the recorded cases, duplicity and consistency of the data. Of the 9396 dengue cases notified in Juiz de Fora, 62.9% were classified as Classical Dengue, 0,9% as Dengue with Complications, 0,1% as Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, 0.04% as Dengue Shock Syndrome, 4.9% were discarded, 30.8% inconclusive, 0.3% cases ignored / blank and 0.2% of the total of reported cases died. Most cases occurred in healthy adults aged 32 to 59 years, of the female sex, living in the urban area, of the white race, with complete/incomplete fundamental education, and autochthonous from the municipality. Completeness was poor for most fields, except for those to be compulsorily completed, which were classified as excellent. No notifications in duplicity were found, and 95.88% of the cases were timely closed. Consistency was classified as excellent. The analyzes performed in this study provided important information for understanding the epidemiology of dengue in Juiz de Fora, thus creating a better parameters for directing the activities of surveillance and disease control. It was showed a worrying amount of variables in white / ignored, pointing to the need for training of professionals about the importance of filling the information systems´s instruments based.

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Xin, Ying. "Complex Dynamical Systems: Definitions of Entropy, Proliferation of Epithelia and Spread of Infections and Information." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1522955730251256.

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Chen, Yulu. "Spatial Temporal Analysis of Traffic Patterns during the COVID-19 Epidemic by Vehicle Detection using Planet Remote Sensing Satellite Images." The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1609843145639886.

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Tabah, Albert N. "Information epidemics and the growth of physics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ56723.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Information epidemic"

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Burton, Gail. Candida: The silent epidemic : vital information to detect, combat, and prevent yeast infections. Fairfield, CT: Aslan Pub., 2003.

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Dunn, Marion. The bird flu crisis: Strategies to help survive the coming epidemic : helpful information offeriing natural choices in healthcare. Toledo, OH: Marion Dunn, 2006.

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Mike, Blyth, and Ibegbunam Henry C, eds. AIDS is real and it's in our church: Information about AIDS in Nigeria, how to prevent HIV infection, and encouragement towards a Christian response to the AIDS epidemic. Bukuru, Plateau State, Nigeria: African Christian Textbooks, 2005.

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Garland, C. Jean. AIDS is real and it's in our church: Information about AIDS in Nigeria, how to prevent HIV infection, and encouragement towards a Christian response to the AIDS epidemic. Bukuru, Plateau State, Nigeria: African Christian Textbooks, 2003.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations. Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee. The federal response to the AIDS epidemic: Information and public education : hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One hundredth Congress, first session, March 16, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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Garg, Lalit, Chinmay Chakraborty, Saïd Mahmoudi, and Victor S. Sohmen, eds. Healthcare Informatics for Fighting COVID-19 and Future Epidemics. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72752-9.

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Chikungunya: La médiatisation d'une crise : presse, humour, communication publique. Cortil-Wodon: E.M.E., 2011.

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Services, California Legislature Senate Committee on Health and Human. Bioterrorism and public health: Assessing California's preparedness, informational hearing. Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications, 2001.

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California. Legislature. Senate. Committee on Health and Human Services. Bioterrorism and public health: Assessing California's preparedness, informational hearing. Sacramento, CA: Senate Publications, 2001.

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Egrova, M. A. (Marii︠a︡ Aleksandrovna), editor and Moskovskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ i︠u︡ridicheskiĭ universitet imeni O.E. Kutafina, eds. Pravovoe regulirovanie iskusstvennogo intelekta v uslovii︠a︡kh pandemii i infodemii: Monografii︠a︡. Moskva: Prospekt, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Information epidemic"

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Ayiad, Mosab, Amogh Katti, and Giuseppe Di Fatta. "Agreement in Epidemic Information Dissemination." In Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, 95–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45940-0_9.

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Zamite, João, Fabrício A. B. Silva, Francisco Couto, and Mário J. Silva. "MEDCollector: Multisource Epidemic Data Collector." In Information Technology in Bio- and Medical Informatics, ITBAM 2010, 16–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15020-3_2.

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Biegus, Tomasz, and Halina Kwasnicka. "Complex Networks in the Epidemic Modelling." In Intelligent Information and Database Systems, 202–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54472-4_20.

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Su, Zhou, Qichao Xu, Kuan Zhang, and Xuemin Shen. "Modeling of Epidemic Information Dissemination for MSNs." In Modeling and Optimization for Mobile Social Networks, 19–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47922-4_2.

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Parpoula, Christina, Alex Karagrigoriou, and Angeliki Lambrou. "Epidemic Intelligence Statistical Modelling for Biosurveillance." In Mathematical Aspects of Computer and Information Sciences, 349–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72453-9_29.

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Tsuchiya, Tatsuhiro, and Tohru Kikuno. "An Adaptive Mechanism for Epidemic Communication." In Biologically Inspired Approaches to Advanced Information Technology, 306–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-27835-1_23.

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Ji, Xiang, Soon Ae Chun, and James Geller. "Epidemic Outbreak and Spread Detection System Based on Twitter Data." In Health Information Science, 152–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29361-0_19.

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Yu, Changbin, Jiangang Yang, Yiwen Wang, Ke Huang, Honglei Cui, Mingfang Dai, Hongjian Chen, Yu Liu, and Zhensheng Wang. "A Case Study on Epidemic Disease Cartography Using Geographic Information." In Health Information Science, 180–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48335-1_20.

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Lopes, Luis F., Fabrício A. B. Silva, Francisco Couto, João Zamite, Hugo Ferreira, Carla Sousa, and Mário J. Silva. "Epidemic Marketplace: An Information Management System for Epidemiological Data." In Information Technology in Bio- and Medical Informatics, ITBAM 2010, 31–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15020-3_3.

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Lipková, Helena, Hana Landová, and Adéla Jarolímková. "Information Literacy Vis-a-Vis Epidemic of Distrust." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 833–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74334-9_84.

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Conference papers on the topic "Information epidemic"

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Sahneh, Faryad Darabi, and Caterina M. Scoglio. "Optimal information dissemination in epidemic networks." In 2012 IEEE 51st Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2012.6425833.

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Öksüz, Hatice. "Measures Against the Pandemic as the Panoptical Eye of the Power: The Example of Coronavirus Pandemic." In COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY CONGRESS. ISTANBUL AYDIN UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17932/ctcspc.21/ctc21.019.

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Epidemics threatened the daily life activities of human societies in certain periods of history. Epidemic diseases, known as disasters that resulted in the death of millions of people, have always been issues that occupy humanity, to be detected from the moment they emerged and to seek solutions to end the epidemic. Having knowledge means having power. Therefore, the easiest way to retain information is through surveillance. Considering the history of epidemic diseases, it is seen that surveillance practices are frequently used. In the information society that emerged with new communication technologies, it is seen that individuals voluntarily participate in surveillance and the walls of the prison have changed by demolishing. Covid-19, which rapidly increased in coronavirus cases and turned into a global epidemic, is known to increase the use of surveillance practices by all states globally to control the epidemic. Fear of the epidemic in societies has become considerable than the privacy of personal data, and their voluntary participation in these practices has been a matter of concern. This consent-based process brings with it criticisms of legitimizing the surveillance society, which has been at the center of discussions since the past. Surveillance played an important role in the rise of totalitarian regimes. The legitimacy of a supervised social structure will accelerate the rise of totalitarian regimes, depriving people of living in an unlimited but self- controlled prison.

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Chikkaraddi, Sudha S., and Smitha G R. "Epidemic Disease Expert System." In 2019 1st International Conference on Advances in Information Technology (ICAIT). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icait47043.2019.8987421.

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Ahi, Emrah, Mine Cavlar, and Oznur Ozkasap. "Stepwise Probabilistic Buffering for Epidemic Information Dissemination." In 2006 1st Bio-Inspired Models of Network, Information and Computing Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bimnics.2006.361811.

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Vojnovic, M., V. Gupta, T. Karagiannis, and C. Gkantsidis. "Sampling Strategies for Epidemic-Style Information Dissemination." In 27th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications (INFOCOM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2007.229.

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Vojnovic, M., V. Gupta, T. Karagiannis, and C. Gkantsidis. "Sampling Strategies for Epidemic-Style Information Dissemination." In IEEE INFOCOM 2008 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2008.229.

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Ahi, Emrah, Mine Çaǧlar, and Öznur Özkasap. "Stepwise probabilistic buffering for epidemic information dissemination." In the 1st international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1315843.1315845.

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Hayel, Yezekael, and Hamidou Tembine. "Information Dissemination using Epidemic Routing with Delayed Feedback." In 2007 IEEE Internatonal Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mobhoc.2007.4428685.

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Kontos, Theofanis, Christos Anagnostopoulos, Stathes Hadjiefthymiades, and Evangelos Zervas. "Epidemic information dissemination controlled by wireless channel awareness." In 2015 20th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communication (ISCC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscc.2015.7405599.

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Garbinato, Benoît, Denis Rochat, and Marco Tomassini. "Power-efficient epidemic information dissemination in sensor networks." In the 2009 workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1555284.1555296.

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Reports on the topic "Information epidemic"

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Forero-Alvarado, Santiago, Nicolás Moreno-Arias, and Juan J. Ospina-Tejeiro. Humans Against Virus or Humans Against Humans: A Game Theory Approach to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Banco de la República, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1160.

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Externalities and private information are key characteristics of an epidemic like the Covid-19 pandemic. We study the welfare costs stemming from the incomplete information environment that these characteristics foster. We develop a framework that embeds a game theory approach into a macro SIR model to analyze the role of information in determining the extent of the health-economy trade-off of a pandemic. We apply the model to the Covid-19 epidemic in the US and find that the costs of keeping health information private are between USD $5.9$ trillion and USD $6.7$ trillion. We then find an optimal policy of disclosure and divulgation that, combined with testing and containment measures, can improve welfare. Since it is private information about individuals' health what produces the greatest welfare losses, finding ways to make such information known as precisely as possible, would result in significantly fewer deaths and significantly higher economic activity.

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P., DALLA VILLA. Overcoming the impact of COVID-19 on animal welfare: COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2020.nf.3137.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) represents 182 countries with a focus on animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health. The OIE has several Collaborating Centres that support the work of the organisation. The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ (IZSAM) is the Secretariat for the OIE Collaborating Centre Network on Veterinary Emergencies (EmVetNet). In April 2020, the IZSAM initiated a COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. The working group represented the EmVetNet Collaborating Centres, international institutions, veterinary associations, authorities and animal welfare organisations. Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine recruited summer research students whom catalogued over 1,200 animal welfare related reports and provided 64 report narratives for the working group. IZSAM launched the EmVetNet website (https://emvetnet.izs.it) for public and private exchange of information, materials, and guidelines related to veterinary emergencies. The EmVetNet COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare continues to meet to address emerging issues, strengthen the network for future emergencies, and share information with stakeholders including national Veterinary Services responding to the epidemic.

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P., DALLA VILLA. Overcoming the impact of COVID-19 on animal welfare: COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/bull.2020.nf.3137.

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The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) represents 182 countries with a focus on animal health, animal welfare and veterinary public health. The OIE has several Collaborating Centres that support the work of the organisation. The Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ (IZSAM) is the Secretariat for the OIE Collaborating Centre Network on Veterinary Emergencies (EmVetNet). In April 2020, the IZSAM initiated a COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare. The working group represented the EmVetNet Collaborating Centres, international institutions, veterinary associations, authorities and animal welfare organisations. Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine recruited summer research students whom catalogued over 1,200 animal welfare related reports and provided 64 report narratives for the working group. IZSAM launched the EmVetNet website (https://emvetnet.izs.it) for public and private exchange of information, materials, and guidelines related to veterinary emergencies. The EmVetNet COVID-19 Thematic Platform on Animal Welfare continues to meet to address emerging issues, strengthen the network for future emergencies, and share information with stakeholders including national Veterinary Services responding to the epidemic.

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Homan, Rick, and Catherine Searle. Programmatic implications of a cost study of home-based care programs in South Africa. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv14.1001.

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The HIV/AIDS epidemic has meant that an increasing number of chronically ill people need ongoing assistance with care and support. Programs providing home-based care (HBC) services are a key component of the response to HIV/AIDS. However, few programs are using operations research, including cost studies, to decide what services to provide and how to structure their services. In 2004, the Horizons Program undertook a study of six HBC programs from different South African provinces to provide key information to NGOs, government ministries, donors, and the programs themselves to inform decisions about service delivery. The study analyzed the cost of HBC services, the best use of resources, and how well programs are able to meet the needs of beneficiaries and their families. The sample represents programs that operate in rural areas and informal settlements. This brief focuses on the coverage, organization, volume, and costs of the services and on findings from two of the methods of data collection: financial records and service statistics, and interviews with financial officers, program managers, and caregivers.

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Glewwe, Paul, and Kenn Chua. Learning Environments under COVID-Induced School Closures: Evidence from Vietnam. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2023/056.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the education of over 1.5 billion students globally. A majority of students live in countries where schools were either fully closed or were operational only through remote access. As school disruptions are likely to have lasting impacts on children’s human capital accumulation, data documenting how schools and households have adapted to this new learning environment have the potential to provide information on how to curb the adverse effects of school closures on children’s educational progress. Using a telephone survey, the RISE Vietnam country research team (CRT) collected data from 134 school principals from a nationally representative sample of 140 primary schools (a response rate of 95.7 percent). A telephone survey was also conducted of 2,389 parents of Grade 3 and 4 students enrolled in these 140 primary schools; this survey covers all 140 schools, with an average of 17 parents per school. Principals were asked what schools did to provide instruction while schools were closed in early 2020, while parents were interviewed regarding children’s weekday activities as well as the types of instruction the children received during this period. The telephone interviews with school principals and parents were conducted between July and September of 2020. In 2020, Vietnam was in many ways an outlier in that it flattened its epidemic curve early in that year, thereby allowing schools to reopen as early as May 4, 2020—roughly three months after schools were first directed to shut down. Vietnam’s schools continued to stay open and ended its 2019-2020 school year towards the end of June. While the period of school closure in Vietnam was brief, the country’s example may provide lessons for other nations that faced, and are still facing, the educational consequences of the pandemic.

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Tang, Jiqin, Gong Zhang, Jinxiao Xing, Ying Yu, and Tao Han. Network Meta-analysis of Heat-clearing and Detoxifying Oral Liquid of Chinese Medicines in Treatment of Children’s Hand-foot-mouth Disease：a protocol for systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.1.0032.

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Review question / Objective: The type of study was clinical randomized controlled trial (RCT). The object of study is the patients with HFMD. There is no limit to gender and race. In the case of clear diagnosis standard, curative effect judgment standard and consistent baseline treatment, the experimental group was treated with pure oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine(A: Fuganlin oral liquid, B: huangzhihua oral liquid, C: Lanqin oral liquid, D: antiviral oral liquid, E: Huangqin oral liquid, F: Pudilan oral liquid, G: Shuanghuanglian oral liquid.)and the control group was treated with ribavirin or any oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine. The data were extracted by two researchers independently, cross checked and reviewed according to the pre-determined tables. The data extraction content is (1) Basic information (including the first author, published journal and year, research topic). (2) Relevant information (including number of cases, total number of cases, gender, age, intervention measures, course of treatment of the experimental group and the control group in the literature). (3) Design type and quality evaluation information of the included literature. (4) Outcome measures (effective rate, healing time of oral ulcer, regression time of hand and foot rash, regression time of fever, adverse reactions.). The seven traditional Chinese medicine oral liquids are comparable in clinical practice, but their actual clinical efficacy is lack of evidence-based basis. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use the network meta-analysis method to integrate the clinical relevant evidence of direct and indirect comparative relationship, to make quantitative comprehensive statistical analysis and sequencing of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine with the same evidence body for the treatment of the disease, and then to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the efficacy and safety of different oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine to get the best treatment plan, so as to provide reference value and evidence-based medicine evidence for clinical optimization of drug selection. Condition being studied: Hand foot mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in pediatrics caused by a variety of enteroviruses. Its clinical manifestations are mainly characterized by persistent fever, hand foot rash, oral herpes, ulcers, etc. Because it is often found in preschool children, its immune system development is not perfect, so it is very vulnerable to infection by pathogens and epidemic diseases, resulting in rapid progress of the disease. A few patients will also have neurogenic pulmonary edema Meningitis, myocarditis and other serious complications even lead to death, so effectively improve the cure rate, shorten the course of disease, prevent the deterioration of the disease as the focus of the study. In recent years, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the research of antiviral treatment. Many clinical practices have confirmed that oral liquid of traditional Chinese medicine can effectively play the role of antiviral and improve the body's immunity.

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Palmer, Jennifer, and Diane Duclos. Key Considerations: Community-Based Surveillance in Public Health. Institute of Development Studies, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2023.010.

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Recent large-scale epidemics and pandemics have demonstrated the importance of engaging communities as partners in preventing, detecting and responding to public health emergencies. Community-based surveillance (CBS), which relies on communities to report public health information, can be an important part of effective, inclusive and accountable responses to humanitarian and public health emergencies, as well as long-term disease control. This brief offers key considerations for CBS programming to guide policymakers, public health officials, civil society organisations, health workers, researchers, advocates, and others interested in health surveillance. It is based on a rapid review of CBS guidance and social science literature. It was written by Jennifer Palmer and Diane Duclos (both London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, LSHTM) with contributions by Mariam Sharif (École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, EHESS). It was reviewed by Ruwan Ratnayake (LSHTM), Maysoon Dahab (LSHTM) and Luisa Enria (LSHTM). This brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).

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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries

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Lindow, Steven E., Shulamit Manulis, Dan Zutra, and Dan Gaash. Evaluation of Strategies and Implementation of Biological Control of Fire Blight. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568106.bard.

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The main objective of this study was to develop data that would facilitate a consistently effective method of biological control of fire blight disease to be developed and to enable its implementation for disease control by ensuring its compatibility with variations in the biological, environmental, and chemical conditions present in pear orchards. As considerable information on the pathogen and biological control of fire blight was already gathered from studies in California and elsewhere, an emphasis was placed on investigating the genetics and ecology of Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight in Israel. Studies of plasmid profile, virulence on several host, serological characteristics, as well as DNA fingerprints with selected primers all revealed E. amylovora strains in Israel to be homogeneous. Strains did vary in their resistance to streptomycin, with those from more northern locations being resistant while those in the southern costal plain were all sensitive to streptomycin. Resistance appeared to be conferred by chromosomal mutations as in streptomycin-resistant strains in California. The biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 colonized flowers of both the Costia and Spodona pear cultivars in Israel as well as Bartlett pear in California. Flowers that were open at the time of spray inoculation of trees subsequently harbored from 105 to 107 cells of strain A506 per flower, while those that opened subsequent to spraying developed population sizes of about 105 cells/flower within 5 days. The incidence of fire blight infections were reduced about 3-fold in several trials in which moderate amounts of disease occurred in the plot areas; this degree of biological control is similar to that observed in California and elsewhere. On two occasions warm and moist weather that favored disease led to epidemics in which nearly all flowers became infected and which was so severe that neither P. fluorescens strain A506 nor chemical bactericides reduced disease incidence. A novel method for identifying antagonistic microorganisms for biological control of fire blight and other diseases was developed. A bacterial ice nucleation gene was introduced into E. amylovora to confer an Ice+ phenotype and the population sizes of this modified pathogen on flowers that had been pre-treated with potential control agents was estimated by measuring the freezing temperature of colonized flowers. Antagonistic strains that prevented the growth of E. amylovora in flowers were readily detected as those in which flowers froze at a low temperature. The method is both rapid and unbiased and several bacterial strains with substantial biological control potential have been identified using this method.

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Community involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: Insights and recommendations. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1008.

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Mother-to-child transmission is the primary route of HIV infection in children under 15 years of age. Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, an estimated 5.1 million children worldwide have been infected with HIV. Clinical trials in several countries have shown that mother-to-child transmission of HIV can be greatly reduced through administering antiretroviral therapy to pregnant women. These trials culminated in a recommendation by UNAIDS and its partners in the Interagency Task Team for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission that prevention of perinatal transmission should be a part of the standard package of care for HIV-positive women and their children. Moreover, prevention programs can enhance communities’ response to HIV. In 1999, the Population Council and the International Center for Research on Women initiated activities to identify mechanisms for enhancing community involvement in efforts to prevent mother-to-child transmission. The organizations reviewed the literature on community involvement in the introduction of technologies and assessed community views on preventing mother-to-child transmission in Botswana and Zambia. The literature review provided information about community involvement in earlier introductions of technologies. As noted in this report, that information can guide appropriate and effective community involvement.

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