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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Black, Dominique S. The information elite: The future of the independent information technology consultant. [United States]: IT Insights, 1997.

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2

Digerati: Encounters with the cyber elite. London, UK: Orion Business Books, 1997.

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3

Digerati: Encounters with the cyber elite. London: Orion Business Books, 1996.

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4

Digerati: Encounters with the cyber elite. San Francisco: HardWired, 1996.

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5

Winners and losers of the information revolution: Psychosocial change and its discontents. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1998.

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6

Barber, John T. The black digital elite: African American leaders of the information revolution. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007.

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7

On foreign assignment: The inside story of journalism's elite corps. Calgary, Alta: Detselig Enterprises, 1993.

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8

Jan, Soderqvist, ed. Netocracy: The new power elite and life after capitalism. London: Pearson Education, 2002.

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9

Krohne, Walter. Las dos caras de la libertad de expresión en Chile. Providencia, Santiago, Chile: Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano, 2005.

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10

Informat͡s︡ii͡a︡, intelekt, nat͡s︡ii͡a︡. Lʹviv: I͡e︡vrosvit, 1999.

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11

Njålsson, Gunnar K. A. Technological revolution as political coup d'etat: Developing an objective and systematic science of public technology policy analysis. Quebec, Canada: SPACEPOL Academic Publishers, 2012.

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12

Karabuschenko, Pavel, and Arushan Vartumyan. Anglo-Saxons: falsification of political history (experience of historical hermeneutics). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1877339.

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The monograph is the result of a long-term study of the problem of falsification of Anglo-Saxon history, which was conducted by its political elites as part of their professional activities. Falsification plays the role of an informational "UFO" in the field of historical knowledge — many people talk about it, while little understanding the real nature of its essence. There are fakes in all national histories, and the largest number of them are found in those countries whose elites claim world domination, since it is simply impossible to exercise such domination without lies. Falsification is a symbol of the decline of the political system that cannot tell the truth about itself. Using the example of the history of the Anglo—Saxons, we see this phenomenon as a kind of constant - they cannot tell the truth about themselves (due to the gravity of the crime committed), and it does not always work out beautifully (due to the limited imagination of a particular forger). In general, we have the right to talk about a whole school of historical falsifiers of the political history of Great Britain. Where there are crimes, there is also falsification as a desire to present what happened in a favorable light for the authorities (the ruling elite). It is intended for everyone who is interested in the issues of combating authenticity with falsification in political history.
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13

Masters of Library and Information Science Konferencia (2nd 2009 ELTE). II. masters of library and information science konferencia: Budapest, ELTE 2009. szeptember 24-25. : konferenciakötet. Budapest: ELTE BTK Könyvtártudományi Szakos Hallgatói Érdekképviselet, 2011.

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14

Rogers, Richard, and Sabine Niederer, eds. The Politics of Social Media Manipulation. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463724838.

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Disinformation and so-called fake news are contemporary phenomena with rich histories. Disinformation, or the willful introduction of false information for the purposes of causing harm, recalls infamous foreign interference operations in national media systems. Outcries over fake news, or dubious stories with the trappings of news, have coincided with the introduction of new media technologies that disrupt the publication, distribution and consumption of news -- from the so-called rumour-mongering broadsheets centuries ago to the blogosphere recently. Designating a news organization as fake, or der Lügenpresse, has a darker history, associated with authoritarian regimes or populist bombast diminishing the reputation of 'elite media' and the value of inconvenient truths. In a series of empirical studies, using digital methods and data journalism, the authors inquire into the extent to which social media have enabled the penetration of foreign disinformation operations, the widespread publication and spread of dubious content as well as extreme commentators with considerable followings attacking mainstream media as fake.
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15

Harlamova, Yuliya. The struggle for Eurasia in the focus of transport geostrategies. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1243826.

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The monograph examines the problems that play an important role in the processes of constructing transport geostrategies on the Eurasian continent. In the processes of redrawing the world's spaces, the transport sphere (along with financial and information) often acts as a catalyst for modern transformations. It is emphasized that thanks to transport networks, the economy on a global scale is structured in a completely specific way. To increase the potential of any state and society (the peoples living in it), the creation of conditions for communication community (in the broadest sense) is an integral component of its sustainability. The thesis is proved that the direction of the flow of many global integration or disintegration processes corresponding to the new world conditions depends on the reliable and fast operation of transport communications. Special attention is paid to the concept of the modern Chinese state "One Belt , One Road", which the Chinese elite actively promotes in the external space. Some aspects of the economic and transport development of the Arctic region in the context of the functioning of the Northern Sea Route are considered. Due attention is paid to the special role of Central Asia in the context of these problems, as well as the implementation of the international transport project "North - South". For students and teachers, as well as for anyone interested in economics and politics.
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16

Muhaev, Rashid, Andrey Medushevskiy, Elena Shomina, and Alla Chernyh. Political theory. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1870568.

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If you want to know what role politics plays in society and how it affects you, read this textbook. In it you will find answers to questions that concern everyone. What is politics: science, art or technology of domination in the hands of the elect? Are there laws in politics, is it possible to know them and use them in the interests of society, and not just the ruling class? Why has power always been a bone of contention, what is its attractive power? Does the theory of politics have the right to claim the status of a science about the laws of the functioning of power, if all knowledge about politics is situational, relative and changeable? Why are the conclusions and recommendations of political science relevant to society often ignored by the elite? These and many other questions are answered based on the analysis of the political practices of foreign countries and Russia. The author interprets politics as a mechanism of volitional distribution of public goods, revealing its laws, exposing the hidden logic of the struggle for power, However, politics is presented not only as a mechanism for coordinating heterogeneous interests, but also as a set of beliefs, ideas, meanings that determine technologies and structures of symbolic domination and behavior patterns in the information society. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of philosophical, political science, law faculties and faculties of world politics and public and municipal administration, as well as for anyone interested in theoretical and applied problems of politics.
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17

Brockman, John. Digerati: Encounters With the Cyber Elite. Hardwired, 1996.

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18

The Black Digital Elite: African American Leaders of the Information Revolution. Praeger Publishers, 2006.

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19

Pasquale, Frank. Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information. Harvard University Press, 2015.

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20

Black box society: The secret algorithms that control money and information. Harvard University Press, 2016.

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21

Ltd, ICON Group. ELITE INFORMATION GROUP, INC.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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22

Ltd, ICON Group. ELITE INFORMATION GROUP, INC.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, 2000.

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23

The black box society : the secret algorithms that control money and information. Harvard University Press, 2015.

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24

Information, Territory, and Networks: The Crisis and Maintenance of Empire in Song China. Harvard University Asia Center, 2016.

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25

Chadwick, Andrew. The Political Information Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190696726.003.0005.

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Following chapter 3, the emphasis shifts toward deeper exploration of key events and processes that reveal the hybrid media system in flow. Chapter 4 proposes a new approach to political news making based on what is termed the political information cycle. The chapter examines the mediation of two extraordinary news events during the 2010 British general election campaign: the Bullygate scandal and Britain's first ever live televised prime ministerial debate. It shows how political information cycles are built on news-making assemblages that combine older and newer media logics. Using original data gathered during two intensive periods of live qualitative research, the chapter reveals how the hybrid mediation of politics now presents new opportunities for non-elite actors to mobilize and enter news production through timely interventions and sometimes direct, one-to-one, micro-level interactions with professional journalists.
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26

Bard, Alexander, and Jan Soderqvist. Netocracy: The New Power Elite and Life After Capitalism. FT Press, 2002.

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27

Kolstad, Ivar, and Arne Wiig. How do voters respond to information on self-serving elite behaviour? Evidence from a randomized survey experiment in Tanzania. UNU-WIDER, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2018/453-7.

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28

Horton, Scott. Lords of Secrecy: The National Security Elite and America's Stealth Warfare. PublicAffairs, 2015.

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29

Lords of secrecy: The national security elite and America's stealth warfare. 2015.

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30

Qing Travelers to the Far West: Diplomacy and the Information Order in Late Imperial China. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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31

Day, Jenny Huangfu. Qing Travelers to the Far West: Diplomacy and the Information Order in Late Imperial China. Cambridge University Press, 2018.

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32

Day, Jenny Huangfu. Qing Travelers to the Far West: Diplomacy and the Information Order in Late Imperial China. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2020.

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33

Stein, Elizabeth Ann. Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35.

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Considering incidents that make headline news internationally, given the modern information and communication technology revolution, the facility of citizens to rapidly mobilize represents a considerable threat to autocratic survival. While the speed with which popular movements emerge has increased exponentially, and the news of their existence spreads faster and farther, civil unrest has threatened the stability and survival of dictators for centuries. The paranoia and machinations of dictators depicted in films, such as the portrayal of Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in The Last King of Scotland, while sensationalized, capture the astounding array of threats with which unelected leaders must concern themselves. On the one hand, they must worry about insider threats to their standing, such as conspiratorial plots from people within the dictator’s own circle or mutiny among government soldiers. On the other hand, dictators also must monitor threats originating from non-regime actors, such as new alliances forming among once-fragmented opposition groups or the possibility of sustained insurgency or a popular revolution. From force to finesse, autocratic leaders have developed a broad and evolving range of tactics and tools to diminish both internal and external domestic threats to their reign. The success of dictators’ endeavors to insulate their regimes from forces that might challenge them depends on accurate and reliable information, a resource that can be as valuable to the leader as would a large armory and loyal soldiers. Dictators invest significant resources (monetary as well as human capital) to try to gather useful information about their existing and potential opponents, while also trying to control and shape information emitted by the regime before it reaches the public. New information and communication technologies (ICTs), which have drawn a great deal of scholarly attention since the beginning of the 21st century—present both risks and rewards for dictators; inversely they also create new opportunities and hazards for citizens who might utilize them to mobilize people opposed to the regime. While civil unrest could encompass the full range of domestic, nonmilitary actors, there also needs to be a specific focus on various forms of mass mobilization. Historically, more dictators have been forced from office by elite-initiated overthrows via coups d’état than have fallen to revolution or fled amid street protests. Civil unrest, in its many forms, can affect autocratic survival or precipitate regime breakdown. While mass-based revolutions have been a relatively rare phenomenon to date, the actions of many 21st-century dictators indicate that they increasingly concern themselves with the threats posed by popular protests and fear its potential for triggering broader antigovernment campaigns. The ease of access to information (or the lack thereof) help explain interactions between authoritarian regimes and citizens emphasizes. The role of information in popular antigovernment mobilization has evolved and changed how dictators gather and utilize information to prevent or counter civil unrest that might jeopardize their own survival as well as that of the regime.
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34

Epstein, Ben. The Social and Technological History of Political Communication Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698980.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 provides a historical overview of information and communications technology (ICT) development through the lens of political communication orders (PCOs) and political communication revolutions (PCRs). This chapter begins a focus on the first stage of the political communication cycle (PCC): the technological imperative. This historically rich chapter details the social and technological history of the four PCOs that have existed through American political history and the revolutions that disrupted them. First is the Elite PCO from the colonial era through the 1830s, when newspapers were printed for small, elite audiences. The Mass PCO emerged as printing technology and political access expanded in the early nineteenth century, creating the first mass media in the United States. Next, the Broadcast PCO grew out of the expansion of radio and later television use across the country. Finally, the Information PCO is linked to the internet and digital communication since the 1990s.
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35

Barrett, James H. Medieval Fishing and Fish Trade. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.5.

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This article discusses major developments in British marine (and to a lesser degree freshwater) fishing and fish trade between ad 1050 and 1550. Much information derives from study of fish bones recovered by archaeological excavation. Historical evidence is also important, as is information regarding human diet based on stable isotope analysis of skeletal remains. By combining these sources it is possible to infer the initial growth of marine fishing (especially of herring, cod, and related species), the emergence of long-range fish trade, and the late-medieval reorientation of traditional fisheries to harvest ever more distant grounds. Concurrently, it is possible to document a declining catch of freshwater fish, as they became more exclusively associated with elite consumption.
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36

Young, Dannagal Goldthwaite. Irony and Outrage. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190913083.001.0001.

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This book explores the aesthetics, underlying logics, and histories of two seemingly distinct genres—liberal political satire and conservative opinion talk—making the case that they should be thought of as the logical extensions of the psychology of the left and right, respectively. One genre is guided by ambiguity, play, deliberation, and openness, while the other is guided by certainty, vigilance, instinct, and boundaries. While the audiences for Sean Hannity and John Oliver come from opposing political ideologies, both are high in political interest, knowledge, and engagement, and both lack faith in some of the United States’ core democratic institutions. This book illustrates how the roles these two genres play for their viewers are strikingly similar: galvanizing the opinion of the left or the right, mobilizing citizens around certain causes, and expressing a frustration with traditional news coverage while offering alternative sources of information and meaning. However, the book proposes that these genres differ in a crucial way: in their capacity to be exploited by special interests and political elites. The book concludes that due to the symbiotic relationship between conservative outrage and the psychological and physiological characteristics of the right, conservative outrage is uniquely positioned as a mechanism for successful elite propaganda and mobilization—in a way that liberal satire is not.
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37

Staff, IEEE. 2021 IEEE 12th International Conference on Electronics and Information Technologies (ELIT). IEEE, 2021.

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38

The Toronto and Hamilton society blue book: A social directory : a reliable directory to over 2,500 of the elite families of Toronto and Hamilton, alphabetically arranged, with much additional information regarding families, club membership, summer residences, maiden names, receiving days, and other items of social interest. Toronto: W. Tyrrell, 1995.

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39

Creighton, Oliver. Overview. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.17.

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Medieval castles are increasingly studied not as an isolated phenomenon but within the wider context of medieval landscapes, environments, and social structures. Developments and trends in archaeological excavation, survey and analysis and in the integration of documentary information continue to transform castle studies, building upon a formidable dataset of well-studied examples. Archaeological attention has moved from elite and defensive components of castles to their baileys and surroundings, and these sites have a central role to play in debates about ‘designed medieval landscapes’ that articulated lordship. This overview recommends research priorities, including sensory experiences of castles, the place of the castle in the medieval mind set, and within its wider European context, which will develop alongside new primary research on an enlarged range of sites.
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40

Riggsby, Andrew. Mosaics of Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190632502.001.0001.

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The book examines the invention, use, and diffusion of ancient Roman information technologies. In particular, it looks at technologies defined in conceptual terms—lists, tables, weights and measures, perspective and related artistic devices, and cartography—rather than mechanical ones (e.g., “tablet” or “scroll”). Each is viewed from both social and cognitive perspectives, as well as with attention to the interaction between the conceptual and its material instantiation. The study is particularly focused on the most powerful technologies, whose uptakes are in most cases sporadic across time, space, and use context. These systems display a tolerance for error and/or omission remarkable unless they are considered in the narrowest possible use-context. Similarly, they often presuppose shared knowledge (both of form and of content) that could only have existed in highly localized contexts. Further constraints on the use of these devices arise from preferences for facts that are constituted by the record, rather than recorded, and (at least in elite circles) for linear exposition on the model of oral discourse. As a consequence, on the one hand, Romans lived in a balkanized informational world. Persons in different “locations”—whether geographical, social, or occupational—would have had access to quite different informational resources, and the overall situation is thus not controlled by the needs of any particular class or group. On the other hand, seeming technological weakness often turn out to be illusory if we set them in their actual use-contexts.
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41

Rosillo-López, Cristina. I Said, He Said. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788201.003.0015.

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This chapter analyses Republican fragments of informal conversations. Elite informal conversations (frequently defined as sermo by the sources) were an everyday event in politics. Informal exchanges framed the way in which political deals were made, opinions were tentatively questioned, news circulated, and Roman senators looked for information. They constituted part of public speech and of political communication, although just at their limits and in a grey zone. There were no parties in Rome, and no stable political agreements either, but short-term alliances. Therefore, senators had to be constantly looking for new allies. In this context, informal conversations were crucial. This necessity of contacts was based on socialization, which provided the opportunity for meetings that allowed time to discuss politics. Therefore, the analysis of fragments of informal conversations illuminates the use of rhetoric in unofficial settings and moments, but also exposes how such informal meetings defined late Republican politics.
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42

Michel, Morin. Part I Constitutional History, B French-Canadians and the Constitution, Ch.3 Constitutional Debates in French Canada, 1764–1774. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0003.

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After 1760, constitutional debates occurred in French Canada on issues ranging from the contestation of royal authority to the consolidation of constitutional rights or colonial autonomy. In this regard, our main source of information is the bilingual Quebec Gazette, which reported on legal developments in France, England, and the American colonies. Contrary to what is generally assumed, these discussions predated the American Revolution. The Chapter also examines the assimilation of British constitutional principles by the educated members of the Francophone elite. Many of them were eager to obtain an Assembly in which Catholics could sit. They believed that the Capitulation of 1760 protected property and seigneurial rights, as well as inheritance and matrimonial laws. In the end, the request for an Assembly was shelved in order to obtain religious equality. Meanwhile, British officials declared that Canadians had no appetite for an Assembly, creating a lasting and misleading impression.
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43

Ayyar, R. V. Vaidyanatha. The Present Is a Foreign Country (Global Trends). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474943.003.0009.

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This chapter offers an overview of the global trends in education systems driven by the five inter-connected forces: democratization of the society, rise of private education, globalization, advent of new information technologies, and knowledge economy. This overview is offered so that there could be a more nuanced understanding of the gales of creative destruction which spectacularly altered the Indian education landscape. It outlines the consequences of the transition of a higher education system transits from an elite system with low levels of enrolment to a mass system with very high levels of enrolment: extraordinary diversification of the purpose of higher education, financing, student body, and content and process of higher education. It outlines the salient features of internationalization and globalization of education, of General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), the private revolution in higher education and the quality assurance mechanisms. The overview focuses on the developments in some countries like the United States, United Kingdom, France, and China.
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44

Moffett, Lisa. The Archaeobotany of Late Medieval Plant Remains. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.63.

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This chapter considers the application of archaeobotany to the later medieval period in Britain with reference to selected sites. The strengths and weaknesses of methods and evidence are explained. The most common plants remains are cereals but fruit and nuts are also found in abundance, some being imported species. Vegetables and herbs are generally poorly preserved. Some of the richest assemblages come from wet deposits in ports and may include exotics or from towns where possible thatch and industrial remains are known. Elite sites such as castles, manors, and monasteries sometimes also have abundant plant remains but the evidence from lower-status rural sites can be absent or difficult to recognize. Key concerns for the future include the limited scope of many commercial archaeological investigations, the need to exploit the archaeobotanical evidence more fully other than as a source of information about diet, and the importance of collaborative work between archaeobotanists and historians.
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45

Esser, Frank, and Barbara Pfetsch. 19. Political communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0021.

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This chapter examines the dimensions of the political communication system. It first explains the rationale for a comparative study of political communication before discussing relevant models of relationship between media and political institutions as well as differences in political communication cultures among media and political elites. It then reviews findings on country-specific reporting styles in political news coverage and evaluates divergent approaches in government communication and election communication. On the side of the citizens, the chapter explores cross-national differences in the consumption of political news, along with the positive contribution of public service broadcasters for informed and enlightened citizenship. Finally, it looks at political information flows, comparing message production by political actors, political message production by media actors, usage patterns of political information, and effects of political communication.
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46

Preston, Katherine. Opera for the People. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199371655.001.0001.

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Opera for the People is an in-depth examination of a completely forgotten chapter in American social and cultural history: the love affair that middle-class Americans had with continental opera (translated into English) in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. This work challenges a common stereotype that opera in nineteenth-century America was as it is in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: elite, exclusive, expensive, and of interest to a niche market. It also demonstrates conclusively that the historiography of nineteenth-century American music (which utterly ignores English-language opera performance and reception history) is completely wrong. Based on information from music and theatre periodicals published in the United States between 1860 and 1900; letters, diaries, playbills, memoirs, librettos, scores, and other performance materials; and reviews, commentary, and other evidence of performance history in digitized newspapers, this work shows that more than one hundred different companies toured all over America, performing opera in English for heterogeneous audiences during this period, and that many of the most successful troupes were led or supported by women—prima donna/impresarios, women managers, or philanthropists who lent financial support. The book conclusively demonstrates the continued wide popularity of opera among middle-class Americans during the last three decades of the century and furthermore illustrates the important (and hitherto unsuspected) place of opera in the rich cornucopia of late-century American musical theatre, which eventually led to the emergence of American musical comedy.
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47

Ellis, Steven J. R. The Roman Retail Revolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198769934.001.0001.

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Tabernae were ubiquitous among all Roman cities, lining the busiest streets and dominating their most crowded intersections, and in numbers not known by any other form of building. That they played a vital role in the operation of the city—indeed in the very definition of urbanization—is a point too often under-appreciated in Roman studies, or at best assumed. The Roman Retail Revolution is a thorough investigation into the social and economic worlds of the Roman shop. With a focus on food and drink outlets, and with a critical analysis of both archaeological material and textual sources, Ellis challenges many of the conventional ideas about the place of retailing in the Roman city. A new framework is forwarded, for example, to understand the motivations behind urban investment in tabernae. Their historical development is also unraveled to identify three major waves—or, revolutions—in the shaping of retail landscapes. Two new bodies of evidence underpin the volume. The first is generated from the University of Cincinnati’s recent archaeological excavations into a Pompeian neighborhood of close to twenty shop-fronts. The second comes from a field survey of the retail landscapes of more than a hundred cities from across the Roman world. The richness of this information, combined with an interdisciplinary approach to the lives of the Roman sub-elite, results in a refreshingly original look at the history of retailing and urbanism in the Roman world.
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48

Dukalskis, Alexander. Making the World Safe for Dictatorship. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197520130.001.0001.

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Authoritarian states try to present a positive image of themselves abroad. They invest in foreign-facing media, retain public relations firms, and showcase their successes to elite and popular foreign audiences. But there is also a darker side to these efforts. Authoritarian states try to obscure or censor bad news about their governments and often discredit their critics abroad. In extreme cases, authoritarian states intimidate, physically attack, or even murder their opponents overseas. This book is about how authoritarian states manage their image abroad using both “promotional” tactics of persuasion and “obstructive” tactics of repression. They adopt these practices to enhance their internal and external regime security or, put differently, to make their world safe for dictatorship. To substantiate these arguments, the book uses a diverse array of data, including fieldwork and author interviews, cross-national data on extraterritorial repression, examination of public relations filings with the United States government, analysis of authoritarian propaganda, media frequency analysis, and speeches and statements by authoritarian leaders. It builds a new data set—the Authoritarian Actions Abroad Database—that uses publicly available information to categorize nearly 1,200 instances in which authoritarian states repressed their critical exiles abroad, ranging from vague threats to confirmed assassinations. It also selects three cases for closer examination to understand in more detail how authoritarian states manage their image abroad using combinations of promotional and obstructive tactics: China, Rwanda, and North Korea. The result is a new way of thinking about the international dimensions of authoritarian politics.
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49

Rosillo-López, Cristina. Political Conversations in Late Republican Rome. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856265.001.0001.

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We are familiar with the notion that the Roman political world of the Late Republic included lofty speeches and sessions of the Senate, but also need to remember that another important aspect of Late Republican politics revolved around senators talking among themselves, chatting in the corner. The present book intends to analyse senatorial political conversations and illuminate the oral aspects of Roman politics. It argues that Roman senators and their entourages met in person to have conversations in which they discussed politics, circulated political information, and negotiated strategies; this extra-institutional sphere had a relevant impact both on politics and institutions, as well as determining how the Roman Republic functioned. The main point of this book is to offer a new perspective on Roman politics through the proxy of conversations and meetings. Orality has represented an important component in analysis of Roman institutions: oratory before the people in assemblies and contiones, addresses and discussions in the Senate, speeches in the law courts. Orality was also crucial in rumours and public opinion. The present research posits that, in Rome, oral was the default mode of communication in politics, especially outside institutions. Only when they could not reach each other in person did Roman senators and their peers resort to letters. The book suggests that the study of politics should not be restricted to the senatorial group, but that other persons should be considered as important actors with their own agency (albeit in different degrees), such as freedmen and elite women.
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50

Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann, Anna D. Oświata and Ameryka-Echo. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039096.003.0006.

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This chapter focuses on the unique public role of Ameryka-Echo as an educational newspaper, whose mission became spreading of self-education and improvement. It traces the Positivist ideology of the “cult of knowledge,” which Paryski imported from Poland and advocated among the immigrants in America. Paryski's mission drew frequent criticism from the intellectual elites in Polonia, who accused him of manipulating the reading public for his own financial profit and providing the immigrants with low-brow literature. However, Ameryka-Echo's readers wholeheartedly embraced its educational mission. Time and again they referred to the newspaper as their school or university, praised it, and credited it with providing them with solid source for reading, information, and general knowledge.
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