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Goncharenko, O. S. "Energy informational balance of enterprise." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21514.
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Гончаренко, Олексій Сергійович, Алексей Сергеевич Гончаренко, Oleksii Serhiiovych Honcharenko, and I. Shalatonova. "Energy informational balance of enterprise." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8505.
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Apicella, Fernandez Sergio. "Surface energy modification of metal oxide to enhance electron injection in light-emitting devices : charge balance in hybrid OLEDs and OLETs." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25097.
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Organic semiconductors (OSCs) present an electron mobility lower by several orders of magnitude than the hole mobility, giving rise to an electron-hole charge imbalance in organic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs). In this thesis project, I tried to achieve an efficient electron transport and injection properties in opto-electronic devices, using inorganic n-type metal oxides (MOs) instead of organic n-type materials and a polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (PEIE) thin layer as electron transport (ETLs) and injection layers (EILs), respectively. In the first part of this thesis, inverted OLEDs were fabricated in order to study the effect of the PEIE layer in-between ZnO and two different emissive layers (EMLs): poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) polymer (F8BT) and tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum small molecule (Alq3), based on a solution and thermal evaporation processes, respectively. Different concentrations (0.80 %, 0.40 %) of PEIE layers were used to further study electron injection capability in OLEDs. After a series of optimizations in the fabrication process, the opto-electrical characterization showed high-performance of devices. The inverted OLEDs reported a maximum luminance over 104 cd m-2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) around 1.11 %. The results were attributed to the additional PEIE layer which provided a good electron injection from MOs into EMLs. In the last part of the thesis, OLETs were fabricated and discussed by directly transferring the energy modification layer from OLEDs to OLETs. As metal oxide layer, ZnO:N was employed for OLETs since ZnO:N-based thin film transistors (TFTs) showed better performance than ZnO-based TFTs. Finally, due to their short life-time, OLETs were characterized electrically but not optically.
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Morozovska, Kateryna. "Dynamic Rating of Power Lines and Transformers for Wind Energy Integration." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Elektroteknisk teori och konstruktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-226564.
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Dynamic Rating (DR) is usually associated with unlocking the capacity of power lines and transformers using available information on weather conditions. Our studies show that Dynamic Rating is a broad concept that requires further study and development. The capacity of the majority of power devices is highly dependent on the heat transfer properties of the materials which the devices are made of. To ensure correct power limits of the equipment, one must take into consideration not only the power load, but also ambient conditions, such as: temperature, wind speed, wind direction, solar irradiation, humidity, pressure, radiation into the atmosphere and magnetic losses. Dynamic rating is created as an alternative to standard constant rating that is designed with reference to extreme weather and load conditions. Some areas are more likely than others to experience extreme weather conditions, which have a chance of occurring only a few days per year for short periods of time. Such a distribution of weather parameters gives an opportunity to embed existing material properties of the power equipment and achieve a better utilization of the grid. The following thesis is divided into two simultaneous topics: Dynamic line rating and Dynamic transformer rating. The division is motivated by the importance of analysing the operation of the above-mentioned parts of the power network in greater detail. Power lines and transformers play a significant part in grid planning and have a potential to result in economic benefits when used with DR. The main focus of the doctoral project "Dynamic rating of power lines and transformers for wind energy integration" is on exploring potential ways to connect power generated from wind to the grid with the help of dynamic rating technologies. Therefore, great focus of the work lies on the analysis of DR connection of variable energy sources such as wind farms. The thesis presents the comparison of different line rating methods and proposes a new way of their classification. Evaluation of dynamic line rating application has shown the possibility to expand the power grid with additional capacity from wind power generation. Literature analysis and detailed evaluation of the conductor heat balance models have led to experimental evaluation of the convective cooling effect. The dynamic transformer rating application has shown a possibility to decrease the size of the power transformer without shortcoming in component availability.QC 20180423
Dynamic Rating for Wind Power
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Grimaldi, David Andres. "Dissolved Gases and a Carbon Dioxide Balance from the San Vicente Geothermal Fieldin El Salvador, Central America." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1615276127141058.
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Snelgrove, Kenneth Ross. "Implications of Lateral Flow Generation on Land-Surface Scheme Fluxes." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/865.
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This thesis details the development and calibration of a model created by coupling a land surface simulation model named CLASS with a hydrologic model named WATFLOOD. The resulting model, known as WatCLASS, is able to serve as a lower boundary for an atmospheric model. In addition, WatCLASS can act independently of an atmospheric model to simulate fluxes of energy and moisture from the land surface including streamflow. These flux outputs are generated based on conservation equations for both heat and moisture ensuring result continuity. WatCLASS has been tested over both the data rich BOREAS domains at fine scales and the large but data poor domain of the Mackenzie River at coarse scale. The results, while encouraging, point to errors in the model physics related primarily to soil moisture transport in partially frozen soils and permafrost. Now that a fully coupled model has been developed, there is a need for continued research by refining model processes and test WatCLASS's robustness using new datasets that are beginning to emerge.
Hydrologic models provide a mechanism for the improvement of atmospheric simulation though two important mechanisms. First, atmospheric inputs to the land surface, such as rainfall and temperature, are transformed by vegetation and soil systems into outputs of energy and mass. One of these mass outputs, which have been routinely measured with a high degree of accuracy, is streamflow. Through the use of hydrologic simulations, inputs from atmospheric models may be transformed to streamflow to assess reliability of precipitation and temperature. In this situation, hydrologic models act in an analogous way to a large rain gauge whose surface area is that of a watershed. WatCLASS has been shown to be able to fulfill this task by simulating streamflow from atmospheric forcing data over multi-year simulation periods and the large domains necessary to allow integration with limited area atmospheric models.
A second, more important, role exists for hydrologic models within atmospheric simulations. The earth's surface acts as a boundary condition for the atmosphere. Besides the output of streamflow, which is not often considered in atmospheric modeling, the earth's surface also outputs fluxes of energy in the form of evaporation, known as latent heat and near surface heating, known as sensible heat. By simulating streamflow and hence soil moisture over the land surface, hydrologic models, when properly enabled with both energy and water balance capabilities, can influence the apportioning of the relative quantities of latent and sensible heat flux that are required by atmospheric models. WatCLASS has shown that by improving streamflow simulations, evaporation amounts are reduced by approximately 70% (1271mm to 740mm) during a three year simulation period in the BOREAS northern old black spruce site (NSA-OBS) as compared to the use of CLASS alone.
To create a model that can act both as a lower boundary for the atmosphere and a hydrologic model, two choices are available. This model can be constructed from scratch with all the caveats and problems associated with proving a new model and having it accepted by the atmospheric community. An alternate mechanism, more likely to be successfully implemented, was chosen for the development of WatCLASS. Here, two proven and well tested models, WATFLOOD and CLASS, were coupled in a phased integration strategy that allowed development to proceed on model components independently. The ultimate goal of this implementation strategy, a fully coupled atmospheric - land surface - hydrologic model, was developed for MC2-CLASS-WATFLOOD. Initial testing of this model, over the Saguenay region of Quebec, has yet to show that adding WATFLOOD to CLASS produces significant impacts on atmospheric simulation. It is suspected, that this is due to the short term nature of the weather simulation that is dominated by initial conditions imposed on the atmospheric model during the data assimilation cycle.
To model the hydrologic system, using the domain of an atmospheric model, requires that methods be developed to characterize land surface forms that influence hydrologic response. Methods, such as GRU (Grouped Response Unit) developed for WATFLOOD, need to be extended to taken advantage of alternate data forms, such as soil and topography, in a way that allows parameters to be selected a priori. Use of GIS (Geographical Information System) and large data bases to assist in development of these relationships has been started here. Some success in creating DEMs, (Digital Elevation Model) which are able to reproduce watershed areas, was achieved. These methods build on existing software implementations to include lake boundaries information as a topographic data source. Other data needs of hydrologic models will build on relationships between land cover, soil, and topography to assist in establishing grouping of these variables required to determine hydrologic similarity. This final aspect of the research is currently in its infancy but provides a platform from which to explore for future initiatives.
Original contributions of this thesis are centered on the addition of a lateral flow generation mechanism within a land surface scheme. This addition has shown a positive impact on flux returns to the atmosphere when compared to measured values and also provide increased realism to the model since measured streamflow is reproduced. These contributions have been encapsulated into a computer model known as WatCLASS, which together with the implementation plan, as presented, should lead to future atmospheric simulation improvements.
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Diaz, Bustos Erik O. "Human energy balance." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335099.
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Glover, Robin Wallace. "Energy balance climate modelling." Thesis, University of Reading, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308058.
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Lessan, Nader Gholi. "Energy balance in hypothyroidism." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401037.
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Gourdeau, Sarah. "Energy balance of a vehicle." Thesis, KTH, Spårfordon, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119700.
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Simulation has become a very useful tool to predict the characteristics of a system and perform analysis of parameters without having to run too many tests. The advanced system engineering team of Continental Automotive uses a 0D simulation program, AMESim, to realize simulations of vehicle models. These simulations are used e.g. to predict the fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. A tool has been developed over the course of previous internships to realize the energy balance of AMESim vehicle models, which goal is to check the consistency of the models (no creation or loss of energy) and simplify their analysis. In this thesis, this tool has been further improved and developed through a comprehensive analysis. The computations have been checked and corrected to fit best with the AMESim results and obtain a consistent energy balance. The program has been adapted to hybrid vehicles and combustion losses computations were introduced. The program is coded in Matlab for the computations and in HMTL and JavaScript for the display. After the program was validated, it was used to realize a study on CO2 emissions. Three vehicle models were used. The influence of some parameters on the CO2 emissions was analyzed: the mass, aerodynamic resistance, rolling resistance, frictions and electric load. The aim of the study was to assess which parameters had the most influence on the CO2 emissions reduction in the perspective of the 95 g/km goal by 2020 set by the European Union. It was shown that the parameters have different effects on the vehicles CO2 emissions and that this effect varied from one vehicle to another. Substantial CO2 reduction can be achieved by improving some parameters, which makes it possible for the diesel vehicles to reach the 95 g/km in 2020 target set by the European Union. However, to achieve this goal with gasoline vehicles, the resort to hybridization will probably be needed. To assess the possible benefits of hybridization, a fourth vehicle model featuring mild hybridization was used. However, the decrease of CO2 emissions enabled by this type of hybrid vehicle would still not be sufficient to meet the 95 g/km target with gasoline vehicles.
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Hughes, Darren Arthur. "Exercise, appetite and energy balance." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225695.
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Obesity, through a persistent positive energy and fat balance is of major public health significance due to its detrimental health, social and financial costs. Increasing physical activity levels through recreational exercise and decreasing energy intake have been implicated with obesity prevention. However, the addition of exercise to normally sedentary routines will only prevent positive energy balance if it is not tracked b a compensatory response in energy intake and non-exercise physical activity [also termed non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)]. The current series of studies set out to examine the quantitative and temporal relationship between exercise and energy balance with specific reference to appetite, energy intake and NEAT. These studies were designed using similar methodologies that could be compared and related to existing studies. The results showed that in younger motivated individuals, moderate-high intensity mandatory exercise increased daily energy expenditure leading to a marked negative energy balance. However for periods of up to two weeks, analysis of temporal trends revealed evidence of compensatory changes to re-establish energy balance (re-equilibrium phase). This re-equilibrium was a result of not only increases in energy intake, but also (and to a greater extent) decreases in NEAT. Inter-individual variability in the extent of compensation was evident and independent of age, sex, BMI and restraint status. Decreases in physical activity did not lead to a compensatory reduction in energy intake and lead to a marked positive energy balance. Using an exercise intervention, in line with government guidelines, in a group venerable to becoming obese showed that body mass was largely unaffected since overall energy expenditure was not significantly elevated, primarily due to a lack of motivation to reach the required exercise prescription. The results have public health significance in the formation of policy to increase physical activity in the population.
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O'Rawe, Angela Marie. "Energy balance in cystic fibrosis." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261933.
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McCloskey, Margaret. "Energy balance in cystic fibrosis." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287209.
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Krakau, Karolina. "Energy Balance out of Balance after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-114130.
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Harman, Ian Nicholas. "The energy balance of urban areas." Thesis, University of Reading, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402202.
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Gannon, Maureen Aine. "The energy balance of pigs outdoors." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308769.
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Green, C. J. "Energy balance in multiple organ failure." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314528.
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Sheng, Ming. "Regulation of energy balance in Caenorhabditis elegans." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Umeå centrum för molekylär medicin (UCMM), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-110688.
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Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has been accumulated. It is most commonly caused by imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure (lack of physical activity and lower metabolic rate, etc.). The control of energy metabolism involves multiple tissues and signalling pathways and there is a great need for further understanding of these different interactions. In this study, I use Caenorhabditis elegans to study these complex pathways at the level of a whole organism. The downstream target of mTOR, p70 S6 kinase (S6K), has been implicated in the phosphorylation of multiple substrates and the regulation of growth and metabolism. In this study the worm homolog of S6K, rsks-1, found to be important for fat metabolism. Previous work in our lab found that RSKS-1::GFP is expressed at high levels in a set of sensory neurons and upregulated in ASJ, ASE and BAG sensory neurons in starved worms or mutants with low insulin activity. In this study, I found that the upregulation of rsks-1 expression was affected by serotonin, but not by the other neurotransmitters. Combined with the result that rsks-1 is required for the expression of TGFβ and insulin in ASI, rsks-1 may control dietary sensing by affecting insulin and TGFβ signalling within nervous system. Quantification of fat accumulation by TLC/GC revealed that in comparison to wild type worms, rsks-1 mutants have more than two-fold higher levels of triglycerides. This was confirmed by FT-IR microspectroscopy analysis. rsks-1 mutants also contain disproportionately high levels of C16:1n9 and C18:1n9 lipids compared with wild type worms. Genetic analysis has shown that rsks-1 acts either downstream of, or in parallel to the insulin and TGFβ pathways to affect fat levels. My studies showed that rsks-1 affects fat metabolism by influencing mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins in the β-oxidation pathway. Combined with defects in dietary sensing, fatty acid absorption, fertility and mitochondria function, the loss of rsks-1 activity induced much more energy storage than wild type by making a profound metabolic shift. These results are consistent with the metabolomics data analysis. Tissue specific RNAi showed that rsks-1 was required in many different tissues to regulate fat metabolism. Taken together, it can be concluded that RSKS-1 activity is needed for co-ordination of metabolic states in C. elegans. In order to understand more about the physiology behind fat accumulation, I analysed a mutant, aex-5, that has significantly lowered lipid levels. I found that this defect is associated with a significant reduction in the rate at which dietary fatty acids are taken up from the intestinal lumen. The aex-5 gene, which encodes a Kex2/subtilisin-family, Ca2+-sensitive proprotein convertase, is required for a discrete step in an ultraradian rhythmic phenomenon called the defecation motor program (DMP). Combined with other results, we conclude that aex-5 and other defecation genes may affect fat uptake by promoting the correct distribution of acidity within the intestinal lumen. This dissertation also described how to use Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy to detect lipids, proteins and carbohydrates directly in single worm. In conclusion, in this thesis I have uncovered several components that play roles in dietary sensing, fatty acid synthesis, adiposity regulation and fatty acid absorption in C. elegans.
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Jang, Kyung Tae. "Energy balance in competitive runners and swimmers." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/459903.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the caloric intake and energy output of swimmers and runner during normal daily activities and training. Daily and energy expenditure of twenty college varsity swimmers and runners were measured. Four groups of subjects were categorized as male runners, female runners, male swimmers, and female swimmers with five subjects in each group. An additional twenty runners and swimmers recorded only dietary intake. Despite a large difference in body weight and body fat, the mean daily caloric intake was similar for the two groups (male swimmers: 3377 Kcal/d-1, male runners: 3463 Kcal/d-1, female swimmers: 2491 Kcal/d-1, female runners: 2037 Kcal/d-1). Comparison of data normalized for body weight showed that male runners were more active than swimmers. Male runners burned more calories (53.3 Kcal/kg. d-1) in a twenty four hour period than swimmers (47.6 Kcal/kg.d-1). In the case of the females, the trend was reversed. Female swimmers expended more calories (45 Kcal/kg .d-1) than runners (38.9 Kcal/kg.d-1) despite a lower food intake. Consequently, caloric intake and life style does not seem to explain body fat difference between runners and swimmers. The data in this study suggest that the greater body fat found in swimmers may be related to a physiological adaptation induced by swim training.
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Stubbs, R. James. "Macronutrients, appetite and energy balance in humans." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260378.
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Worth, Amy. "The role of PrRP in energy balance." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-prrp-in-energy-balance(27fae92b-cb58-4104-8798-ca3a4f86603d).html.
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Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a neuropeptide expressed in the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) of the hypothalamus, and in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the ventrolateral medulla in the brainstem. Central administration of PrRP increases core body temperature and decreases food intake, but the role of endogenous PrRP in mediating such effects remains unknown. The overall aim of this thesis was to demonstrate critical functions for distinct PrRP neuronal populations in the regulation of energy balance. This was achieved largely by selective manipulation of gene expression in separate populations of PrRP neurons using Cre/Lox technology in transgenic mice. Two novel, conditional transgenic mouse models were characterised to investigate PrRP neurons. Expression of PrRP in the brain was required to regulate body weight and different aspects of energy balance. Specifically, hypothalamic PrRP neurons are first-order, leptin-sensitive neurons, which mediate the effects of leptin on thermogenesis and, to a lesser extent, food intake. In contrast, PrRP neurons in the brainstem, which do not express leptin receptor, mediate the satiating effects of CCK. In addition to thermogenesis and satiety, a role for NTS PrRP neurons in a gut-brain axis regulating post-prandial glucose homeostasis was investigated. Although central administration of PrRP had no effect on insulin release or hepatic glucose output, PrRP improved oral glucose tolerance indirectly by reducing gastric motility. Thus, PrRP signalling plays an important role in regulating multiple aspects of post-prandial homeostasis. Finally, virus-mediated gene delivery was employed to selectively activate or trace the projections from discrete populations of PrRP neuron. DMN or NTS PrRP neurons were activated selectively using pharmacogenetic "designer receptors". Activation of NTS PrRP neurons suppressed fast-induced food intake, further supporting a role for this population in mediating satiation. Using complementary anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques, the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus was found to be a key target nucleus of PrRP projections from both the DMN and NTS, and is a likely candidate through which PrRP mediates its various effects on energy balance. Collectively, the data presented here demonstrate distinct functions for separate populations of PrRP neurons. Our studies provide a starting point for dissociating pathways involved in different aspects of energy balance. Although PrRP remains relatively little studied compared with other neuropeptides, PrRP neurons should be added as unique pieces to the distributed brain network affecting whole-body energy balance.
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Ogutu, Benjamin Keroboto Za'Ngoti. "Energy balance mathematical model on climate change." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066224/document.
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Dans cet étude, un modèle de complexité réduite des interactions et rétroactions du système couplé climat-économie-biosphère est construit avec le minimum de variables et d'équations nécessaires. Le Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) est un modèle d’évaluation intégrée (IAM pour Integrated assessment model) du changement globale. Alors que beaucoup IAM traitent les coûts de réduction des émissions (abattement) simplement comme une perte non productive de revenu, cet étude considère également les activités d’abattement comme un investissement dans l'efficacité énergétique globale de l'économie et dans la diminution de l’ « intensité carbone » du système énergétique. L’étude montre que ces efforts aident à l’abattement du changement climatique et ont un effet positif sur l’économie. La plupart des IAM actuels se concentrent principalement sur le secteur énergétique pour les mesures d’abattement, et ne tiennent compte des émissions provenant de l'utilisation des terres que comme un forçage exogène. Le CoCEB a donc été étendu en ajoutant une équation pour la biomasse ses échanges de carbone. Cela permet d’étudier les aspects économiques de la séquestration de carbone du au contrôle du déboisement dans les forêts, et aussi à l’application généralisée des technologies de capture et stockage du carbone (CCS). L’étude confirme que ces mesures réduisent l’impact du changement climatique sur la croissance économique, mais ces résultats restent très dépendants des grandes incertitudes sur le cout des CCS et du contrôle de la deforestation. Ce modèle est un cadre formel qui représente de façon simple les différents éléments du système couplé et leurs interactions, il rassemble les différentes estimations des coûts afférents aux mesures de mitigation et permet de les comparer de façon cohérenteThe goal of this study is to build a global reduced-complexity model of coupled climate-economy-biosphere interactions, which uses the minimum number of variables and equations needed to capture the fundamental mechanisms involved and can thus help clarify the role of the different mechanisms and parameters. The Coupled Climate-Economy-Biosphere (CoCEB) model takes an integrated assessment approach to simulating global change. While many integrated assessment models treat abatement costs merely as an unproductive loss of income, the study considered abatement activities also as an investment in overall energy efficiency of the economy and decrease of overall carbon intensity of the energy system. The study shows that these efforts help to abate climate change and lead to positive effects in economic growth. Due to the fact that integrated assessment models in the literature mainly focus on mitigation in the energy sector and consider emissions from land-use as exogenous, the global climate-economy-biosphere (CoCEB) model was extended by adding a biomass equation and the related exchanges of CO2 and used to investigate the relationship between the effects of using carbon capture and storage (CCS) and deforestation control, and the economy growth rate. These measures are found to reduce the impacts of climate change and positively affect the economy growth. These results remain nevertheless sensitive to the formulation of CCS costs while those for deforestation control were less sensitive. The model developed brings together and summarizes information from diverse estimates of climate change mitigation measures and their associated costs, and allows comparing them in a coherent way
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Caton, Samantha J. "Acute effects of alcohol on appetite, energy intake and energy balance." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433031.
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Rodríguez, Sánchez Jonay. "Energy Analysis of an Historical Church, Sjömanskyrkan : Energy balance and efficiency measures." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17174.
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The main topic of this project is to do an energy study of the Mariners’ Church, ‘Sjömanskyrkan’, placed in the Centralplan of Gävle, Sweden. This is an old building built in the late 1800’s by the evangelic-lutheran missionaries and nowadays is used to realize different cultural activities such as concerts, meetings, workshops… Energy is one of the most important points in the actual society. The fact that common energy sources are being depleted and the use of these resources produces a lot of contaminants have brought some many international crisis and conflicts. A big use of oil fuels can influence the government behavior and condition its laws and regulations. Nowadays, the majority of the countries want to reduce their fossil energy sources dependency, e. g. Sweden designed an energy commission in 2005 to make a report on how these uses of petroleum, natural gas and ‘fossil raw materials’ can be reduced until 2020. This project wants to follow this direction, providing some energy savings through the investment and renewal of old public buildings. The aim of this project is to know how much and in which way this building uses the energy, locating its strong and weak points, and point out some different energy efficiency measures to improve the situation. First of all, an energy balance has been realized. In the part of the heat gains the total energy use is 274 MWh / year. On the other hand the energy losses give a quantity of 273 MWh / year. The differences between both are the losses by infiltration, 1MWh / year. Most of this energy is lost because of the transmission, about a 95% of the energy losses. The age of the building and its old materials are the main reason for this out of proportion percentage. That’s why the main efficiency measures are referred to this part. After this first analysis, some efficiency measures have been carried out. The most important are referred to the structural elements like walls, windows, roof and floor. All of these procedures can save 45% of the energy losses. This is evidence that old buildings and this in particular, are really bad insulated and have a lot of heat leakages. Also some behavior recommendations are given, like maintenance works and lightning improvements.
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Warren, Lara Elisabeth. "Effects of gravity on energy balance in rats /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Chowdhury, Enhad. "Extended morning fasting, energy balance and human health." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.665391.
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Cross-sectional evidence associates breakfast omission with negative health outcomes. The present work aimed to examine if these cross-sectional associations have a causal component, by conducting randomised control trials in healthy humans. It was established using lean individuals that there are divergent hormonal responses to morning feeding and fasting, although increased energy intake at lunch following fasting incompletely compensated for breakfast intake. Hormonal and subjective appetite responses in the afternoon did not consistently provide evidence for increased hunger following fasting. In the same participants assigned to a 6-week free-living intervention of either 700 kcal pre 11:00 or fasting until 12:00 daily, it was found that energy intake was greater in those assigned breakfast consumption, but that physical activity was also greater than those fasting. Cardiovascular risk factors and measures of metabolic control were largely unaffected by either intervention. There was no adaptation of acute metabolic/hormonal responses to feeding following either intervention. In obese individuals, similar patterns of results were obtained for the hormonal and metabolic responses to acute feeding and fasting, but with no compensation for breakfast intake at lunch. Results from the free-living intervention demonstrated no difference in energy intake between groups or physical activity over the entire day, but greater energy expenditure during the morning in those consuming breakfast. Markers of cardiovascular health and metabolic control were generally not differently affected by either intervention. Neither intervention caused adaptation of the acute hormonal and metabolic responses to feeding. In summary, acute morning fasting does not cause complete compensation for breakfast intake at lunch, or result in greater hunger throughout the afternoon. Daily morning fasting does not affect acute responses to feeding or cause increased energy intake or weight gain relative to self-selected breakfast consumption, but seems to limit physical activity in lean, and to a lesser extent, in obese individuals.
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Sadighi, Amir Abbas. "Energy conservation for I.R. in Iran." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843253/.
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In 1973 and again in 1979 oil prices increased dramatically forcing many developed and developing nations to begin programmes of energy conservation in different areas of industry. I.R Iran as an oil producing and exporting country never felt the full effect of these global oil shortages. Therefore, it was one of the few countries in the world not to invest much time or money in the study of energy conservation. Recent studies have shown that in less than two decades domestic oil consumption and Iranian oil production will balance. When this happens Iran will lose its revenue from oil exports, upon which it is dependent for foreign currency, and may even have to begin to import energy. Therefore, Iran is not only behind most countries in the investigation of energy conservation technology but is facing severe shortages. This thesis studies Iran's energy production, consumption, and outlines the possibilities for energy conservation in Iran. Chapters 1 through 4 of this work introduce Iran, its geography and location and also provide a synopsis of its current energy situation. Chapter 2 explains Iran's energy balance, outlining the production and consumption of the different fuels used in Iran. Chapter 3 looks at energy demand forecasts as well as price and income elasticities. It is this chapter that highlights Iran's impending energy crisis. Chapter 4 discusses the general energy efficiency potential and obstacles to that energy efficiency in Iran. This chapter touches on the subjects of fuel prices and the institutions set up to control energy. Chapter 5 looks at energy conservation in Industry. It is divided into two main parts; first, a general look at industrial energy conservation techniques and practices in developed and developing nations; second, a specific look at energy conservation in Iranian industry. The latter section is itself divided into three parts; one, an energy audit of the National Industries Organization; two, energy conservation in the cement industry with a specific case study done at the Tehran cement factory; and, three, a general look at energy conservation in the glass industry, with a specific case study done at the Ghazvin Glass Company. Chapter 6 examines energy conservation in Transportation. It opens with a general overview of technical and managerial aspects of energy conservation in transportation in general around the world. Next, it discusses potential for energy conservation related to transportation in Iran. Chapter 7 discusses energy conservation in Mining. There has been very little work done on this subject, especially when compared to the information available on energy conservation in transportation and industry. Therefore, a special study was carried out in this field. This study identified a number of possible areas of energy conservation in mining. A separate section of Chapter 7 describes the Iranian mining sector and notes that its growth will necessitate quite a lot of work on energy conservation in that sector. Chapters 8 and 9 examine Employment and the Environmental aspects of energy conservation. First the subjects are examined in a general way and then they are discussed specifically for the case of Iran. Chapter 10 contains the conclusion and recommendations for every chapter of this work. The study of energy production and use in Iran which is described and discussed in this thesis is related to recommended actions for the future. It is shown that energy conservation can play an important role in the Iranian economy. Not only can it have positive environmental and employment effects, but it can delay the time when Iran ceases to be a net exporter of oil.
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Moderow, Uta. "Energy balance of forests with special consideration of advection." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-71221.
Full textAbstract:
The present work was written as a cumulative dissertation based on peer-reviewed papers and is completed by yet unpublished results. The overall objective was to get a deeper insight into the role of the advective fluxes of sensible heat and latent heat in relation to the energy balance and its imbalance at the earth’s surface (typically the sum of the turbulent fluxes sensible and latent heat does not match the available energy). Data from two advection experiments at four coniferous sites across Europe served as the basis for the analysis. One was the advection experiment MORE II which took place in Tharandt (Germany) and the other advection experiment ADVEX was conducted at three different sites (Ritten/Renon, Italy; Wetzstein, Germany; Norunda, Sweden). An inspection of the available energy (AE) that is redistributed to the atmosphere by the sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE) showed that the uncertainty of the available energy itself cannot explain the lack of energy balance closure for these four sites. The mean absolute uncertainty of the available energy was largest during midday and ranged from 41 W m-2 to 52 W m-2 (approx. 12 % of AE). During nighttime, the mean absolute uncertainty was smaller (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2) but the relative uncertainty was much larger as AE itself is small. Among the investigated storage terms the heat storage change of the biomass was most important. The energy balance closure was improved for all investigated sites when storage terms were included. In principle, storage terms should not be neglected in energy balance studies. An investigation of the budget of sensible heat, not only including the vertical advection and the horizontal advection but also the horizontal turbulent flux divergence, was undertaken for the coniferous site at Tharandt. Inclusion of these fluxes resulted in an enlarged mean daily amplitude and suggests an improvement of the energy balance closure, at least during nighttime. The commonly determined budget (vertical turbulent flux plus storage change) was reduced by about 30 % when advective fluxes were included. Results suggest that the horizontal turbulent flux divergence is of minor importance but further studies are needed for an overall evaluation. First results for the inclusion of the advective fluxes of both sensible heat and latent heat indicate that the lack of energy balance closure is partly reduced but the imbalance still exists. Advective fluxes of sensible heat were also compared to advective fluxes of CO2. It became apparent that the advective fluxes of sensible heat and CO2 are, on average, of opposite sign during nighttime and both share large scatter. Both budgets (sensible heat and CO2) were considerably changed (although differently for different sites) when advective fluxes were included. Results further suggest that advective fluxes of H can be taken as an indicator concerning the presence and sign of advection of CO2. This points towards a coincident non-turbulent transport of heat and CO2. However, all investigated advective fluxes are site-specific. They are characterised by a large uncertainty due to uncertainties in the mean vertical velocity (vertical advection) and in the horizontal differences in scalar magnitude (horizontal advection). Obviously, they are influenced by the limitations of the experimental set-up (spatial resolution) and the local characteristics of the individual measurements. An overall evaluation of advective fluxes with respect to their representativeness and magnitude requires further studiesDie vorliegende Arbeit wurde als kumulative Dissertation verfasst, die auf begutachteten Publikationen beruht. Sie wird um bisher nicht veröffentlichte Daten zur Advektion latenter Wärme ergänzt. Ziel war es, vor allem die Rolle der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme in Bezug auf die Energiebilanz und das Problem der Energiebilanzschließung an der Erdoberfläche näher zu untersuchen. Unter der Energiebilanzschließungslücke wird im Allgemeinen das Phänomen verstanden, dass die Summe der gemessenen turbulenten Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zumeist nicht der gemessenen verfügbaren Energie entspricht. Als Datengrundlage für die Arbeiten dienten hierzu die Datensätze von zwei Advektionsexperimenten, die an vier verschiedenen Nadelwaldstandorten in Europa stattfanden. Das erste dieser Advektionsexperimente MORE II fand an der Ankerstation Tharandt (Deutschland) statt und das zweite (ADVEX) wurde an drei verschiedenen Standorten durchgeführt (Ritten/Renon, Italien; Wetzstein, Deutschland; Norunda, Schweden). Eine Untersuchung der verfügbaren Energie (AE), die über den sensiblen Wärmestrom (H) und den latenten Wärmestrom (LE) wieder an die Atmosphäre abgegeben wird, zeigte, dass die in der Bestimmung der verfügbaren Energie liegende Unsicherheit das Problem der Energiebilanzschließungslücke nicht ausreichend erklärt. Die mittlere absolute Unsicherheit der verfügbaren Energie war dabei mittags am größten (41 W m-2 – 52 W m-2; ca. 12 % der verfügbaren Energie). Nachts war diese kleiner (20 W m-2 – 30 W m-2). Jedoch waren dann die relativen Unsicherheiten deutlich größer, da die verfügbare Energie nachts klein ist. Von den betrachteten Speichertermen der Energiebilanz erwies sich die Speicheränderung von Wärme in der Biomasse als am wichtigsten. Für die vier untersuchten Standorte verbesserte sich die Energiebilanzschließung, wenn die Speicherterme mit einbezogen wurden. Grundsätzlich sollten alle Speicherterme bei der Bestimmung der Energiebilanz mit beachtet werden. Für den Nadelwaldstandort Tharandt wurde die Bilanz der sensiblen Wärme unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz erstellt. Die Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse und der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz führte zu einer Vergrößerung der Amplitude im mittleren Tagesgang und deutet auf eine Verbesserung der Energiebilanzschließung zumindest nachts hin. Im herkömmlichen Sinne wird die Bilanz für Energie oder Massenflüsse als Summe aus vertikalem turbulenten Fluss und Speicheränderung bestimmt. Die Gesamtsumme dieser Bilanz wurde um 30 % reduziert, wenn die advektiven Flüsse mit einbezogen wurden. Hinsichtlich der horizontalen turbulenten Flussdivergenz kann man noch keine abschließende Einschätzung geben. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse deuten einen vernachlässigbaren Anteil an der Gesamtbilanz für diesen Term an. Erste Ergebnisse für die Bestimmung der Energiebilanz von Nadelwäldern unter Beachtung der advektiven Flüsse von sensibler und latenter Wärme zeigen eine teilweise Reduzierung der Energiebilanzschließungslücke, jedoch keine vollständige Schließung der Energiebilanz. Weiterhin wurden die advektiven Flüsse sensibler Wärme mit denen von CO2 verglichen. Die Bilanzen für den CO2-Fluss als auch für den Fluss sensibler Wärme änderten sich deutlich unter Einbeziehung der advektiven Flüsse, wenn auch unterschiedlich für verschiedene Standorte. Besonders nachts sind die advektiven Flüsse von sensibler Wärme und CO2 im Mittel durch gegensätzliche Vorzeichen gekennzeichnet. Diese Beziehung eröffnet die Möglichkeit, advektive Flüsse von CO2 auf der Basis von advektiven Flüssen sensibler Wärme hinsichtlich ihres Vorhandenseins und ihrer Richtung abzuschätzen. Dies deutet auf einen gleichzeitigen nicht-turbulenten Transport von Wärme und CO2 hin. Generell ist festzustellen, dass alle untersuchten advektiven Flüsse spezifisch für den jeweiligen Standort und durch eine große Unsicherheit gekennzeichnet sind. Diese ergibt sich zum einen aus der mittleren vertikalen Geschwindigkeit (vertikale Advektion) und zum anderen aus den horizontalen Differenzen (horizontale Advektion) der jeweiligen skalaren Größen. Die betrachteten advektiven Flüsse werden offensichtlich durch Einschränkungen, die sich aus dem experimentellen Aufbau ergeben (z.B. begrenzte räumliche Auflösung), in ähnlicher Weise beeinflusst. Eine abschließende Beurteilung der advektiven Flüsse hinsichtlich ihres Anteils an der Gesamtbilanz und ihrer Repräsentativität erfordert weitere Studien
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Shao, Xiaojie. "First law energy balance as a data screening tool." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3900.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis defines the Energy Balance Load ( BL E ) as the difference between the
heating requirements plus the electric gains in the building and the cooling coil loads. It
then applies a first law energy balance in conjunction with the concepts of analytical
redundancy (AR) and trend checking to demonstrate that measured values of BL E can be
compared with the simulated characteristic ambient temperature-based BL E to serve as a
useful tool to identify bad data. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis are introduced to
analyze the impact of each building or system parameter to the simulated values of BL E .
A Visual Basic for Application (VBA) program has been developed through this research
work, which applies the methodology illustrated in this thesis to automatically prescreen
the measured building energy consumption data with the inputs of several key
parameters. Through case studies of six on-campus buildings, the methodology and the
program successfully identified monitored consumption data that appears to be
erroneous, which may result from incorrect scale factors of the sensors and the
operational changes to the building that may enormously affect the key parameters as the
simulation inputs. Finally, suggestions are given for the on-line diagnostics of sensor
signals.
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Russnogle, Noel R. "Spectral energy balance of waves in the surf zone." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA345977.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography) Naval Postgraduate School, March 1998."March 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Thomas H.C. Herbers. Includes bibliographical references (p. 29-30). Also available online.
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Wang, Yiping. "Energy balance and solar heating in Neptune's upper atmosphere." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186462.
Full textAbstract:
We have constructed the thermal structure of Neptune's stratosphere and low thermosphere with pressures between 10⁻³ μbar and 100 mbar using a radiative-conductive model which includes solar UV and EUV heating, non-LTE cooling by hydrocarbon fundamental bands, cooling by H₂ collisional induced opacities, and heating by the CH₄ near and far infrared bands. We have thoroughly investigated the availabilities of different techniques in modeling the CH₄ near-IR bands (3.3, 2.3, and 1.7 μm) and calculating the heating rates of these bands for pressures between 10⁻³ μbar and 100 mbar and temperatures between 50 K to 300 K. We have established an accurate and efficient way which is a combined method of correlated-k model and the Baines et al. (1993) empirical model to calculate these heating rates. The same method can also be applied to any other atmosphere of a Jovian planet. Through comparing the calculated temperature profiles and the measured one of Neptune's upper atmosphere, we have set constraints on the magnitudes, locations and the regions those are extended by for the stratospheric aerosol heating, heating by the source located in the mesosphere and heating by the conducted flux from the thermosphere. We also found that by using a constant CH₄ mixing ratio in the stratosphere of Neptune, 1.3 x 10⁻³, obtained by Yelle et al. (1993) through analyzing Voyager solar occultation data, the measured stratospheric temperatures between 20 to 100 mbar can be best matched by the calculational results.
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Fullick, Simon Geoffrey. "Energy Balance Models With Three Phases Of Water Feedback." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9440.
Full textAbstract:
Simple one-dimensional heat balance equations have been used to understand climate concepts since the 1960s, when a class of models was developed known as energy balance models (EBMs). EBMs use the growth or loss of polar surface ice as a climatic feedback, giving rise to surprisingly complex non-linear behaviours. One aspect of EBMs that has been relatively poorly examined is the effects of feedbacks caused by the other two phases of water in Earth’s climate other than ice: water clouds and water vapour. Cloud and water vapour play a critical role in the energy balance of Earth’s climate, and yet are some of the least well understood elements of the global climate system. This thesis explores the behaviour and interrelationships of climatic feedbacks caused by water in all three phases as it exists in the climate: surface ice caps, water vapour, and liquid water clouds. A two-layered EBM was modified with parameterizations of water vapour and liquid water clouds in order to conduct experiments. Three variants of the model were produced, each with progressively more water feedbacks than the last: a 1 phase model (with only surface ice feedback), a 2 phase model (with surface ice and water vapour) and a 3 phase model (with surface ice, water vapour, and cloud). The models were found to give generally realistic results, but with an underestimation of water vapour density, which in turn reduced the generated cloud fraction in the 3 phase model. Thus, the impacts of these extra feedbacks were likely to be underestimated in the analysis in general. The sensitivity of the model to several prognostic variables was studied by observing the changes in the model to a range of each variable. The 3 phase model was less sensitive to changes to the solar constant, S0, which measures incoming solar radiation, than the 1 phase model. This was probably caused by cloud reflecting and absorbing some radiation from the sun that would have otherwise reached the surface, changing the ratio of atmospheric heat transport to surface heat transport from 2.4953 for the 1 phase model to 2.0626 for the 3 phase model. Changing surface and ice albedo values resulted in changes in the model’s stability. The model was found to be insensitive to changes in surface humidity that drives the amount of water vapour the system has available, due to underestimation of water vapour in the model. The stability of the model was examined, and the 1 phase model was found to respond faster to changes in S0 than the 3 phase model. The model was tested for hysteresis, which was confirmed for all three model variants. The 1 phase model showed less stability then the 3 phase model as S0 was increased, but both models were similarly stable as S0 was decreased.
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Haggerty, Carolyn. "Peripheral regulation of energy balance in the laboratory mouse." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446594.
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Obesity is a complex disease that is affected by varoiius contributing factors, including resting metabolic rate (RMR), which is genetically determined. High RMR has been implicated as protective against the development of obesity, hence genes linked to RMR are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of obesity. Gene expression profiles of brown adipose tissue (BAT), liver and skeletal muscle were generated to compare mice grouped for high and low RMR. BAT had the highest number of differential expressed genes, which were clustered and displayed two distinct clusters, corresponding to mice with either high or low RMR. The genes up-regulated in BAT of the high RMR mice provided two possible mechanisms contributing to the elevated resting metabolism. First was the potential increase in fatty acid oxidation. The up-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may have inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC2) via increased phosphorylation, which was verified by western blotting. The inhibition of ACC2 activated fatty acid oxidation, as carnitine palmitoly transferase-1 (CPT1) was released from its inhibition by malonyl-CoA, thus allowing the entry of fatty acids to the mitochondria for fatty acid oxidation. The second mechanism was associated with the calcium-regulatory proteins, which may be involved in the transport of calcium in and out of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Decreased intracellular calcium levels, potentially through calcium-leak channels, may have elevated ATP hydrolysis of the sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) for calcium reuptake, to maintain intracellular calcium levels at the ER. Thus, increased ATP hydrolysis by SERCA and calcium regulatory genes, may be an additional or alternative process to UCP1-mediated thermogenesis in BAT which will boost RMR.
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Li, Wei. "Mechanisms whereby bariatric surgeries affect energy balance in rats." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27448.
Full textAbstract:
La dérivation biliopancréatique avec gastrectomie verticale et commutation duodénale (BPD/DS) est la chirurgie plus efficace pour traiter l'obésité. Les mécanismes par lesquels la BPD/DS affecte la balance énergétique ne sont pas bien précisés. En plus, BPD/DS comprend deux composantes, la gastrectomie verticale (SG) et commutation duodénale (DS), puis le rôle respectif de chaque composant n’est pas connu. Cette présente étude visait à étudier 1) les mécanismes par lesquels la BPD/DS régule la balance énergétique et 2) les contributions de la SG et la DS aux avantages métaboliques de la BPD/DS. Les chirurgies BPD/DS, SG et DS ont été réalisées chez des rats mâles nourris soit avec une moulée de laboratoire standard, soit un régime riche en graisse (high-fat, HF). Nous avons mesuré le poids corporel (body weight, BW), la prise alimentaire, la composition corporelle, l'énergie fécale, la sécrétion des hormones intestinales principales, et la dépense énergétique (energy expenditure, EE). Par rapport à Sham, les rats BPD/DS et DS présentaient beaucoup moins de BW et de graisse corporelle et une consommation d'énergie digestible réduite due à la malabsorption engendrée par la DS. Au contraire, la SG seulement n’a induit qu’une perte de BW transitoire. Les rats BPD/DS et DS ont montré des niveaux beaucoup plus élevés de glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) et de peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), à la fois à jeun et ad libitum. Dans l'étude avec régime de HF, un groupe d'opération fictive (Sham) apparié pour le poids aux animaux BPD/DS (Sham-HF pair-weighed, PW) a été ajouté pour contrôler les effets de la BPD/DS sur le poids. Nous avons observé une diminution de l’EE chez les rats BPD/DS, DS et Sham-HF PW inférieure à celle des Sham HF. Cependant, les rats BPD/DS ont montré une EE supérieure à celle des rats Sham HF PW à jeun. Étonnamment, la BPD/DS et la DS ont réduit le volume et le métabolisme oxydatif du tissu adipeux brun de même que l'expression de gènes thermogéniques dans ce tissu. L’élévation postprandiale du GLP-1 et PYY a été observée suite à la BPD/DS et la DS. Ces deux chirurgies ont conduit à une réduction de l’EE postprandiale qui est associée avec diminution du BW. Nos données suggèrent que les avantages métaboliques de la BPD/DS sont principalement dues à une malabsorption et en partie liées à l’augmentation de l’EE. La DS est le principal facteur menant à la malabsorption et l'augmentation des niveaux d'incrétines anorexigènes GLP-1 et PYY.Biliopancreatic diversion with vertical sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch (BPD/DS) is the most efficient surgery to treat obesity. The mechanisms whereby BPD/DS affects energy balance are not well clarified. Additionally, BPD/DS includes two components, vertical sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and duodenal switch (DS) and the respective role of each component is not known. This present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms whereby BPD/DS regulates energy balance and the contributions of SG and DS to the metabolic benefits of BPD/DS. BPD/DS, SG and DS were performed in two batches of rats: chow- and high-fat (HF) diet- fed male rats. We examined body weight (BW), food intake, body composition, fecal energy, main intestinal-gut hormones secretion, and energy expenditure (EE). Compared to Sham, BPD/DS and DS rats exhibited much less BW, percentage of body fat and digestible energy intake due to high malabsorption. In contrast, SG only induced an initial and transient BW loss. BPD/DS and DS rats showed much higher levels of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), both in fasting and ad libitum refed status. In the HF diet study, a pair-weighed, sham-operated (Sham-HF PW) group was added to match the BW of BPD/DS animals. We observed decreased EE in rats presenting similar BW (BPD/DS, DS and Sham-HF PW) than Sham HF rats. However, BPD/DS rats still showed higher EE than Sham HF PW rats in fasting state. Surprisingly, BPD/DS and DS reduced the volume, oxidative metabolism and expression of thermogenic genes in interscapular brown adipose tissue compared Sham HF controls. Postprandial elevation of GLP-1 and PYY was found in BPD/DS and DS rats. BPD/DS and DS led to a body-weight-decrease-associated reduction in postprandial EE. Our data suggested that the metabolic benefits of BPD/DS are mainly due to malabsorption and partially related to increased EE. DS is the main factor leading to malasbsorption and the increase in the levels of anorectic incretins GLP-1 and PYY.
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Kolan, Sreekanth. "Study of energy balance between lower and upper atmosphere." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1259613805.
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Torres, Marcella. "A Comparison of Obesity Interventions Using Energy Balance Models." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3927.
Full textAbstract:
An energy balance model of human metabolism developed by Hall et al. is extended to compare body composition outcomes among standard and proposed obesity interventions. Standard interventions include a drastic diet or a drastic diet with endurance training. Outcomes for these interventions are typically poor in clinical studies. Proposed interventions include a gradual diet and the addition of resistance training to preserve lean mass and metabolic rate. We see that resistance training, regardless of dietary strategy, achieves these goals. Finally, we observe that the optimal obesity intervention for continued maintenance of a healthy body composition following a diet includes a combination of endurance and resistance training.
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Gribbon, Aidan. "Active Video Games and Energy Balance in Male Adolescents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32275.
Full textAbstract:
Active video games (AVG) have been shown to acutely increase energy expenditure when compared to seated video games; however, the compensatory effects on energy intake and subsequent energy expenditure are largely unknown. The main objective of this thesis was to examine the acute effects of AVG on energy intake and expenditure in male adolescents. Our results suggest that male adolescents compensate for one hour of AVG play by decreasing their physical activity levels for the remainder of the day. There was no compensation in acute energy intake with AVG play. The results from this thesis suggest that the benefits of one hour of Kinect™ AVG play are offset within 24 hours in male adolescents. Therefore, caution must be exercised when prescribing AVG for interventions aimed at preventing/treating childhood obesity.
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Yao, Li, and Xinyan Liao. "Energy Audit of HiG Examination Building." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17031.
Full textAbstract:
Nowadays, energy is becoming more and more important. With the development of society, the demand of energy is also increasing correspondingly. There is 22% of the total energy which is used in building part. A more effective and sustainable energy system becomes necessary due to increasing energy prices and demand. The aim of this thesis is to make an energy survey of this building, evaluating different sources of energy supply and losses in this building. By evaluating, a better thermal comfort is expectedly achieved when having examinations, and a possible saving method is also expected in order to reduce the cost of this system. In this project, the building is located in University of Gävle which is surveyed. It has 2 floors. The first floor is underground as a basement. An examination room is included in the second floor. There are a space heating system and heating recovery system ventilation in this examination building. At first step of analysis, the data of construction, ventilation, district heating and hot tap water were arranged by Mr. Magnus. Secondly, an energy balance had been done, and it helped to make energy input and output more clearly. In energy supply part, the solar radiation is 22.4MWh, the internal heat from people is 1.95MWh, the internal heat from equipment is 5.63MWh and district heating is 184MWh. In energy losses part, the transmission loss is 165MWh, the mechanical ventilation loss is 38.3MWh, the infiltration loss is 8.38MWh and the hot tap water is 2.09MWh. Thirdly, results of calculations were analyzed. At last, the optimization methods were given to save energy. The optimization methods were changing type of windows and improving indoor temperature which influenced the transmission loss part. Another method was reducing operating time of the ventilation system. Through these optimizing methods, the total energy use is reduced from 214MWh to 179MWh, and district heating is reduced from 184MWh to 149MWh. District heating of this building is supplied by Gävle Energi company, which is able to save 20% cost by these optimizing methods. According to the investment analysis, 19thousand SEK energy is saved per annum.
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Mackenzie, Kelly. "Energy intake, resting energy expenditure, activity levels, energy balance and serum hormone concentrations in sedentary and athletic males." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0013/MQ60150.pdf.
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Murgatroyd, Peter R. "Human energy regulation : studies of whole body macronutrient flux." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269030.
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Wallace, Scott J. "Diesel Engine Energy Balance Study Operating on Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1212586902.
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PAGANELLI, ANTONIO IYDA. "RELIABILITY OF WII BALANCE BOARD AND MICROSOFT KINECT FOR CAPTURING POSTUROGRAPHIC INFORMATION DURING BALANCE TESTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35886@1.
Full textAbstract:
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
O equilíbrio corporal é uma importante habilidade física e um aspecto fundamental para a saúde dos idosos, sendo as quedas a principal causa de lesões não intencionais que levam a perda de autonomia e ao óbito neste grupo. Com o envelhecimento da população mundial e sendo os déficits de equilíbrio uma das maiores causas de atendimentos fisioterapêuticos, o uso de instrumentos portáveis de baixo custo e confiáveis para avaliação do equilíbrio são de extrema relevância. Diversos estudos avaliaram a validade concorrente e/ou confiabilidade do Microsoft Kinect (Kinect) e do Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB) durante testes de equilíbrio. Estes estudos foram favoráveis ao uso destes equipamentos nestas avaliações em posições semi-estáticas. Este estudo examinou a confiabilidade teste-reteste com o uso concorrente do Kinect e do WBB durante um teste de equilíbrio em três posições semi-estáticas, analisando variáveis do centro de pressão (CoP) e do centro de gravidade (CoG) em manequins e em 70 indivíduos saudáveis. Cada participante executou dois testes na mesma sessão. Os equipamentos demonstraram sensibilidade para identificar diferentes padrões de oscilação corporal. As variáveis mais confiáveis foram a velocidade média e o percurso total em todas as direções e tarefas. A confiabilidade foi considerada de fraca a boa nos testes com pessoas e nos testes com manequins, excelente. Porém, os resultados com as variáveis das pessoas baseadas em dados consolidados das três tarefas alcançaram confiabilidade excelente. Propriedades do CoP demonstraram ser mais confiáveis do que as do CoG, sugerindo que o WBB seja superior ao Kinect nesta tarefa. O presente trabalho corrobora estudos anteriores, podendo, estes dispositivos, prover informações quantitativas confiáveis, aprimorando avaliações qualitativas do equilíbrio.
Body balance is an important physical skill and it is fundamental for elderly´s health, considering that falls are a major cause of unintentional injuries leading to the loss of autonomy and death in this group. Growth of aging in world population and being balance impairment one of the major causes of physiotherapeutic attendance, simple, affordable, portable, and reliable devices for evaluating body balance are of great relevance. Several studies have been examining concurrent validity and reliability of Microsoft Kinect (Kinect) and Nintendo Wii Balance Board (WBB) during balance tests. The majority of these studies suggested that those devices could be used as reliable and valid tools for assessing balance in semi-static positions. Based on that, this study investigated test-retest reliability using Kinect and WBB, concurrently, in three standing positions, and analyzed variables related to center of pressure (CoP) and center of gravity (CoG), in static manikins and in 70 healthy subjects. Each participant performed the set of tests twice in the same day. Our solution demonstrated sensibility to identify different body sway patterns. Tests showed that the most reliable variables were average speed and total path length in all directions and tasks. Despite tests with static manikin signalized excellent reliability, tests with individuals were considered poor to good. However, variables of consolidated data based on different tasks achieved excellent scores. CoP properties outperformed those related to CoG, suggesting that WBB was superior when compared to Kinect in providing more reliable body sway information. This study reinforced that these devices may provide reliable quantitative information that enhances qualitative body balance assessments.
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Furier, Reto Furler Reto. "Experimental and theoretical studies on the energy balance of windows /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1988. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=8586.
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Rolleston, Anna K. "The effect of endurance exercise on energy and protein balance." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/5811.
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Background The energy cost of endurance exercise is significant and the ability to consume enough food to maintain energy balance is critical for success. In addition maintenance of body protein stores is also critical and there is a well known relationship between energy and protein balance. The establishment of any relationship between energy and protein balance and markers of overtraining in endurance athletes is also beneficial for endurance performance. Purpose and Aims The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the effects of endurance exercise on energy balance and protein balance. The aims were to establish accurate values for EI, EE and protein balance in two endurance sports, Road Cycling and Ironman. The rationale was to determine whether endurance athletes are able to maintain energy and protein balance over periods of increased EE and whether parameters of energy and protein balance related to markers of overtraining Methods Two research projects were conducted, the first at the Tour of Southland cycle event (5 high performance male cyclists) and the second at an Ironman training camp (7 male Ironman athletes). In both studies EE was determined by the DLW technique and EI by supervised weighed diet records. Protein balance was determined by an 18-hour primed continuous infusion of 13C-leucine at the Tour of Southland and via the traditional 24-hour nitrogen balance technique at the Ironman camp. Both techniques were performed prior to and immediately after the given event. Nude body weight, blood overtraining parameters, urine samples and a mood questionnaire were collected in the mornings for analysis of daily parameters. Results The Tour of Southland: Subjects maintained energy balance with a mean EI of 27.3±3.8 MJ/day and a mean EE of 27.4 ± 2.0 MJ/day. There was no significant change in protein breakdown or parameters of overtraining. Ironman Training Camp: Athletes maintained energy balance with a mean EI of 20.27±2.91 MJ/day and a mean EE of 20.5±3.4 MJ/day and nitrogen balance was positive. There were indications of a relationship between energy and protein balance and markers of overtraining in both studies.Whole document restricted until July 2012, but available by request, use the feedback form to request access.
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Reilly, Laura. "Neural basis of energy balance and growth in photoperiodic mammals." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=114455.
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The Siberian hamster and Fischer 344 (F344) rat exhibit strong natural alterations in body weight that are programmed by the ambient photoperiod and allow preparation for the approaching season, whereby they have a lower body weight in winter-like photoperiods (8 h light per day). The mechanisms that permit this dynamic regulation of body weight may identify novel targets for anti-obesity drugs. Siberian hamster studies involved analysis of photoperiod-driven gene expression changes in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus using tissue obtained by laser capture microdissection. Juvenile F344 rats were susceptible to diet-induced obesity and defended a photoperiod-sensitive rate of lean mass deposition. In addition, mRNA levels of various genes were found to be photoperiodically regulated in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) including traditional energy balance genes and growth-related genes (e.g. neuropeptide Y and growth hormone releasing hormone). Furthermore, a time course study using Affymetrix arrays was used to analyse the changes in gene expression following 3 d, 14 d and 28 d of exposure to long or short photoperiod in the MBH. Dramatic changes in gene expression in the thyroid hormone system were found at all time points and confirmed by in situ hybridisation. The changes found correlated with recent findings in the quail and sheep documenting thyrotropin release from the pituitary regulating thyroid hormone levels in the MBH. These studies also identified strong photoperiodic regulation of two novel systems related to the thyroid hormone axis; the retinoid and Wnt signalling pathways. Thus, these studies establish the F344 rat as an interesting seasonal animal model and further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of photoperiodism.
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Ranasinghe, Milinda A. "Modelling the mass and energy balance in a compost biofilter." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Chemical and Process Engineering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7492.
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A biofilter model was developed using the mass and energy balances in the gas, liquid and solid phases, which related the biofilter performance to the water content in the packing material. A key simplification of the model was that the concentration gradients in the biofilm were neglected by treating the biofilm/water layer as well mixed and in instantaneous equilibrium with the gas phase. Thus, the biofilm geometry and density parameters were lumped into the overall degradation term. The solid phase was treated as a separate well-mixed layer but solid phase dynamics were accounted for by using the Linear Driving Force (LDF) mass transfer model. The mixed form of Richard's equation together with experimentally obtained unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention curves for compost were used in the continuity equation for the liquid water phase. This approach produced a model where all parameters could be potentially independently determined.
The model was used to test suitable irrigation strategies for a biofilter system degrading toluene subject to different operational conditions. Under this approach both unidirectional and directionally switched biofilter configurations were tested for a 1 m long column. The unidirectional schemes incorporated both open and closed loop irrigation schemes, where the latter was based on commonly used on-line moisture measurement techniques. All schemes were evaluated based on the removal efficiency achieved and the leachate produced. Simulations under a constant irrigation rate of 5.46x 10⁻²g/m²s for a mass loading range of 13-60 g/m³h yielded removals ranging from 88%-26%. An order of magnitude drop in leachate under the high loading indicated severe drying in the system. For a high mass loading of 60 g/m³h, directional switching with a one-day frequency yielded a removal of 33% Vs 26% in an up flow scheme with similar leachate rates. Feedback control on water content provided an improved removal of 84% as compared to 73% under constant irrigation, when both schemes were subjected to load and inlet air step disturbances from 13 g/m³h to 62 g/m³h and from 298 K to 283 K respectively. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the model was most sensitive to the relationship between moisture content and degradation, which was also reflected by the high sensitivity of the model to the kinetic parameters in the degradation term.
A novel batch recycle reactor was thus developed to investigate the effect of water content changes on the degradation rate in low water content systems such as biofilters. The reactor tightly controlled the water content of the unsaturated packing material by using the principle of a suction cell. Experimental runs were performed with toluene as the contaminant using unamended compost at a constant temperature of 30°C. Matric potential in the compost was maintained at values between -6 and -36 cm H₂O and the gas phase was monitored by sampling/gas chromatography. A soil water retention curve relating matric potential to gravimetric water content was generated for the compost. Periodic dry weight analyses of reactor samples together with the water retention curve verified moisture content control. Degradation results demonstrated a biologically limited region followed by a non-linear region at lower concentrations. Elimination capacities were obtained along the wetting and drying curves and changes in the water content affected the removal rates in the linear region ranging from 155 g/m³h to 24 g/m³h over the matric potential range investigated. Repeatability studies indicated that moisture content was the most likely parameter that influenced the changes in performance. Batch scale experiments were also performed using microbially inhibited compost, which provided linear sorption isotherms for toluene on compost at concentrations between 0-1000 ppmv and temperature values of 25°C and 35°C.
The simulation model developed here provides a useful tool to implement and evaluate various operational schemes under different irrigation strategies. This is achieved by way of greater flexibility in incorporating the various schemes into the base model and the comparatively low simulation time to obtain the relevant results.
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Thivel, David. "Acute exercise and subsequent energy balance : interest in obese youths." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CLF20058/document.
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Les programmes d'activité physique et les régimes alimentaires sont communément utilisés pour favoriser, en réduisant la balance énergétique, la perte de poids des patients en surpoids ou obèses. De tels programmes pâtissent d'une faible adhésion de la part des patients et d'un taux élevé d'abandons dû aux difficultés que rencontrent les individus à concilier exercice et restriction d'énergie. Il a été suggéré que l'exercice physique était un moyen potentiel pour réguler l'apport indirect d'énergie, ce qui pourrait s'avérer intéressant sur le plan du traitement de l'obésité.L'impact que l'exercice pouvait avoir sur la balance énergétique subséquente (apport et dépense énergétiques), ainsi que sur l'appétit, a été principalement étudié dans le cas d'adultes de faible corpulence, mais peu de données sont disponibles pour les populations d'individus obèses, et tout particulièrement pour les enfants qui souffrent d'obésité.Le but premier de ce travail était donc de déterminer si un exercice réalisé à un moment précis pouvait par la suite affecter la balance énergétique ainsi que l'appétit des adolescents obèses (Etude I). Par la suite, nous avons étudié l'importance que pouvait avoir l'intensité de l'exercice prescrit (intensité faible VS intensité élevée) sur les modifications de la balance énergétique et de l'exercice (Etude II). Les résultats démontrent qu'un exercice intensif (>70%VO2 max), exécuté en fin de matinée, favorise une balance énergétique réduite en diminuant principalement l'apport d'énergie. Cependant, les données restent contradictoires concernant l'apport de macronutriments après l'exercice, et il est nécessaire d'approfondir les recherches. En ce qui concerne les adaptations de la balance énergétique et de l'appétit après l'exercice, aucune différence n'avait été observée en fonction du sexe des individus. Les adaptations observées en termes d'apport énergétique n'étaient pas accompagnées de changements en termes de sensation de faim, ce qui laisse à penser que les adolescents obèses ne risquent pas de ressentir de la frustration.En 24h, la balance énergétique des adolescents obèses peut être réduite grâce à la fois à une dépense énergétique élevée et à un apport d'énergie réduit, quand un exercice intensif est réalisé en fin de matinée. Etant donné que de tels résultats découlent d'actes à caractère chroniques, il est nécessaire de les interroger, afin de savoir si l'exercice intensif peut s'avérer être un véritable outil permettant d'induire sur le long terme une réduction de la balance énergétique (en affectant à la fois la dépense et l'apport énergétique), et par la suite une perte de poidsPhysical activity programs and dietary restrictions are commonly used to favor weight-loss in overweight and obese patients, by reducing energy balance. Such programs suffer of a low adherence and high drop-out due to the difficulties met by patients to concomitantly support exercise and energy restriction. Physical exercise has been proposed as a potential indirect energy intake modulator, which could be interesting in terms of obesity treatment. The impact of exercise on subsequent energy balance (intake and expenditure) and appetite has been mainly questioned among lean adults but few data are available in obese populations, particularly pediatrics. The first aim of this work was then to determine whether or not an acute bout of exercise could affect subsequent energy balance and appetite in obese adolescents (STUDY I). Then the importance of the prescribed exercise intensity (Low vs High intensity) on those energy balance and appetite modifications has been investigated (STUDY II). The results demonstrate that an intensive exercise (>70%VO2max) realized by the end of the morning favors a reduced energy balance by mainly decreasing energy intake. The induced energy intake decrease was observed within minutes after the exercise (30 minutes, lunch time), with the onset being experienced about 7 hours after, during dinner time. Data remain however contradictive concerning the post exercise macronutrient intake, and further investigations are required. No gender difference was observed in terms of post exercise energy balance and appetite adaptations. The observed energy intake adaptations were not accompanied by appetite sensation modifications, suggesting that obese adolescents are not at risk for food frustration. Within 24-h, obese adolescents’ energy balance can be reduced thanks to both elevated energy expenditure and decreased energy intake when an intensive exercise is performed by the end of the morning. Such results need to be questioned as part of chronic interventions to know whether or not intensive exercise can provide a great tool to induced long term energy balance reduction (by dually affecting energy expenditure and intake) and then weight loss
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Alkeaid, Majed Mohammed G. "Study of NEOM city renewable energy mix and balance problem." Thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-235535.
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It is important for NEOM management in the contemporary world to put in place NEOM projects using the available resources. The region in which the NEOM project is spacious and vast with conditions suited to generate energy from solar and wind. The NEOM projectis expected to be set up in the very resourceful state of Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the study is to assist in setting up a sustainable city through the exploitation of solar and wind energy. The aim of the study was to assist in the generation of more than 10 GW renewable energy to replace approximately 80,000 barrels of fossil energy. The problem of coming up with renewable and sustainable energy from the unexploited sources is addressed. The renewable city is expected to be a technological hub based on Green Energy with 100% renewable energy, which is correspond to 72:4GW. Freiburg and Masdar as renewable cities are used as case studies in the research. NEOM power generation capacity is capable to cover Saudi Arabia power generation capacity (approximately 71GW), which is more than enough for a city. The study reveals that the total power generation from wind farms, tidal farms, solar stations, and solar power tower stations are 9:1373GW, 4:76GW, 57:398GW and 1:11GW respectively. Saudi Arabia has plans to set up 16 nuclear plants (17 GW each) for energy purposes (total of 272 GW), which will be part of Saudi Arabia national grid and will be more than enough to cover NEOM electricity demand in case NEOM does not reach demand capacity. In case NEOM energy does not meet the demand, electricity generation from 16 Nuclearpower plants generating 17GW each, and 6 Natural underground batteries with a capacity of 120MW each are recommended. The study results can be applied in NEOM Institute of Science and Technology for further research on renewable energy. The findings can also be used for research extension of HVDC transmission lines between NEOM and Saudi Arabia main grid, Egypt, and Jordan.Det är viktigt för NEOM projektets ledning att planera och införa projektet med hjälp av förnybara energiresurser på plats. Regionen är rymligt och stort och är en lämplig plats för att kunna generera tillräcklig med energi från sol och vind för energiförsörjning av området. Syftet med studien är att studera en pågående planering och byggnation av en hållbar stad med upp till 10 GW förnybar energi som motsvarar cirka 80 000 fat fossil bränsle. Problem och utmaningar för att försörja en hel stad med förnybara energiresurser kommer att diskuteras. Den förnybara staden förväntas vara ett föredöme för 100% förnybar energi, vilket i kapacitetssammanhang motsvarar 72:4GW, vilket är mer tillräckligt än behovet för NEOM staden. Freiburg och Masdar städer används som fallstudier i examensarbetet. NEOMs kraftproduktionskapacitet kan täcka behovet av hela landet som uppgår till 71GW. Studien visar att den totala kraftproduktionskapaciteten från olika förnybara energiresurser såsom vindkraftparker, tidvattenanläggningar, solcellkraftverk och soltornskraftverk med en kapacitet av 9:1373GW,4:76GW, 57:398GW och 1:11GW respektive kan uppgå till 72:4GW. Saudiarabien har planer på att skaffa 16 kärnkraftverk (17GW vardera) med en total kapacitet på 272GW som kommer att ingå i Saudiarabiens nationella satsningar för framtidens elproduktion och det kan täcka elbehovet om NEOM inte når efterfrågekapaciteten. Utöver ovan har studien föreslagit 6 underjordiska batterier med en kapacitet på 120MW per batteri. Studieresultaten kan användas för kompetensuppbyggnad och vidare forskning om förnybara energiresurser för NEOM Institute of Science and Technology. Resultaten kan också användas för teknikutveckling och forskning inom HVDC- överföringsledningar mellan NEOM, Saudiarabiens huvudnät, Egypten och Jordanien.
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WORTMAN, MATTHEW DARYL. "PARTICIPATION OF NEURONAL METABOLISM IN THE REGULATION OF ENERGY BALANCE." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1054743660.
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Fang, Yuan-Hao, Xingnan Zhang, Chiara Corbari, Marco Mancini, Guo-Yue Niu, and Wenzhi Zeng. "Improving the Xin'anjiang hydrological model based on mass–energy balance." COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625180.
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Conceptual hydrological models are preferable for real-time flood forecasting, among which the Xin'anjiang (XAJ) model has been widely applied in humid and semi-humid regions of China. Although the relatively simple mass balance scheme ensures a good performance of runoff simulation during flood events, the model still has some defects. Previous studies have confirmed the importance of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture content (SMC) in runoff simulation. In order to add more constraints to the original XAJ model, an energy balance scheme suitable for the XAJ model was developed and coupled with the original mass balance scheme of the XAJ model. The detailed parameterizations of the improved model, XAJ-EB, are presented in the first part of this paper. XAJ-EB employs various meteorological forcing and remote sensing data as input, simulating ET and runoff yield using a more physically based mass–energy balance scheme. In particular, the energy balance is solved by determining the representative equilibrium temperature (RET), which is comparable to land surface temperature (LST). The XAJ-EB was evaluated in the Lushui catchment situated in the middle reach of the Yangtze River basin for the period between 2004 and 2007. Validation using ground-measured runoff data proves that the XAJ-EB is capable of reproducing runoff comparable to the original XAJ model. Additionally, RET simulated by XAJ-EB agreed well with moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-retrieved LST, which further confirms that the model is able to simulate the mass–energy balance since LST reflects the interactions among various processes. The validation results prove that the XAJ-EB model has superior performance compared with the XAJ model and also extends its applicability.