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1

DRIAS, YASSINE. "Web information foraging using Multi-agent System." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/195637.

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Lo scopo principale dei motori di ricerca, che supportano il compito di information retrieval, è quello di fornire agli utenti un metodo facile per trovare informazioni sul Web. Nonostante i loro vantaggi, i motori di ricerca hanno ancora numerosi limiti. Sono state realizzate diverse opere per migliorare i sistemi di accesso alle informazioni e offrire un'esperienza di utilizzo migliore in settori diversi, come distribuite e contestuali information retrieval, link analysis e exploratory search. Questa tesi si occupa di Web Information Foraging, un paradigma di information access più recente che mira a scoprire i percorsi che portano a informazioni rilevanti sul Web. L'obiettivo principale della ricerca intrapresa durante il Ph.D. è stato quello di progettare e implementare sistemi efficaci ed efficienti di Information Foraging basati sulla tecnologia multi-agent. A questo scopo, abbiamo studiato information foraging in diversi domini, tra cui salute, pubblicazioni scientifiche e social media. Per affrontare questo problema, abbiamo proposto un'architettura modulare con due fasi importanti per il sistema di Information Foraging. La prima fase è un processo di apprendimento che mira a localizzare le pagine Web più rilevanti che potrebbero interessare l'utente secondo i propri interessi. Questo può essere eseguito su un'istanza fissa del Web. La seconda fase tiene conto dell'apertura e della dinamicità del Web e consiste in un apprendimento incrementale partendo dai risultati della prima fase e ricondizionando i risultati tenendo conto delle modifiche apportate sul Web. L'intero sistema offre uno strumento per aiutare gli utenti a accedere facilmente alle informazioni online. Lo sviluppo del sistema ha attraversato tre importanti passaggi in cui sono stati utilizzati diversi concetti e tecnologie per ottenere efficacia ed efficienza e anche rendere il sistema in grado di operare in diversi ambienti. Innanzitutto, abbiamo proposto un approccio basato sulla Swarm Intelligence per simulare il processo di foraggicazione come descritto nella Information Foraging Theory. Abbiamo eseguito la nostra proposta utilizzando Bee Swarm Optimization (BSO) per realizzare un processo automatico di information foraging fondato sul comportamento del foraggicazione delle informazioni dell'uomo. Conoscendo che BSO è un approccio di swarm intelligence che coinvolge agenti reattivi e che il concetto di Information Foraging si basa sulla natura, abbiamo pensato che questo potrebbe essere uno dei modi più appropriati per affrontare il problema del Web Information Foraging. Per convalidare la nostra proposta, sono stati condotti esperimenti su MedlinePlus, un sito dedicato al dominio medico e che contiene informazioni su oltre 1000 malattie e condizioni sanitarie. I risultati sono stati promettenti e hanno dimostrato la capacità di Information Foraging di accedere alle informazioni pertinenti sul Web in base agli interessi di un utente.
The main purpose of search engines, which support the task of Information Retrieval, is to provide the users with an easy method to find information on the Web. Despite their advantages, Web search engines still have numerous limitations. Several works have been done to enhance information access systems and offer a better user experience in different fields such as distributed and contextual information retrieval, link analysis and exploratory search. This thesis deals with Web Information Foraging, which is a recent information access paradigm that aims at discovering paths leading to relevant information on the Web. The principal goal of the research undertaken during the Ph.D. has been to design and implement effective and efficient Information Foraging systems based on multi-agent technology. For this purpose, we investigated Information Foraging in different domains including health, scientific publications and social media. To address this issue, we proposed a modular architecture with two important phases for the Information Foraging system to be developed. The first phase is a learning process, which aims to locate the most relevant Web pages that might interest the user according to his/her interests. This can be performed on a fixed instance of the Web. The second phase takes into account the openness and dynamicity of the Web and it consists of an incremental learning starting from the results of the first phase and reshaping the outcomes taking into account the changes that occur on the Web. The whole system offers a tool to help users access information online easily. The development of the system went through three important steps, where different concepts and technologies were used in order to achieve both effectiveness and efficiency and also to make the system able to operate on various environments.
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Huang, Yuan. "Analysts' forecasts, information and capital market /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ACCT%202006%20HUANG.

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3

Nylander, Åsa. "Sensorfusion för ACC-System." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8341.

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Genom att fusionera (sammanföra) data från olika sensorer kan ett resultat uppnås som ger mer än de enskilda sensorerna var för sig. Här utreds vilka sensorer och sensorfusionsmetoder som kan vara aktuella att använda för Scanias adaptiva farthållare (ACC). Den adaptiva farthållaren anpassar det egna fordonets hastighet inte bara till en förinställd hastighet utan även till framförvarande fordons hastighet. Scanias ACC-system använder idag en radar för måldetektering.

Det finns ett antal algoritmer och arkitekturer som passar för sensorfusionssystem beroende på nivån hos sensordatan och användningsområdet. Minstakvadratmetoder kan användas då data ska matchas mot en fysisk modell, ofta med lågnivådata. När tillgänglig data är på den nivån att den används direkt för att fatta beslut kan sannolikhetsmetoder användas. Intelligent fusion består av kognitiva modeller som avser härma den mänskliga beslutsprocessen. Till detta passar data på hög nivå.

Två lösningar, för två olika sensoruppsättningar, har tagits fram. Båda lösningarna är uppbyggda av bayesiska nätverk. Det första nätverket fusionerar data från den befintliga radarenheten med data från en kamera som detekterar vägmarkeringar. Resultaten visar att filbyten kan upptäckas tidigare i och med fusionen. Det andra nätverket använder sig av två radarenheter, den ursprungliga samt en likadan enhet till, vilket resulterar i ett bredare synfält. Nätverket avgör vilka mål hos respektive radar som kan anses vara samma matchade mål. Informationen kan användas för att öka redundansen i systemet samt för att upptäcka mål tidigare än förut.


By fusing data from different sensors a result can be achieved that is worth more than the data from each sensor by itself. Which sensors and sensor fusion methods that could be used in Scania's adaptive cruise control system (ACC) is investigated. The ACC system adapts the vehicle's speed not only to a driver decided set speed but also to the speed of preceding vehicles. Scania's ACC system uses a radar for target detection.

There exists a number of algorithms and architectures fit for use in sensor fusion systems. Which one to use depends on the level of the data to be fused and on the field of application. Least square methods are used when matching data to a physical model, data to be used is often at a low level. When working with data at decision level, probability methods are favored. Another example is intelligent fusion, cognitive methods intending to mimic the human decision process. Suitable data is data at a high level.

Two solutions, for two different sensor sets, are proposed. Both solutions are made out of Bayesian networks. The first one fuses data from the existing radar unit with data from a camera which detects lane markings. The results show that lane changes can be detected earlier thanks to the fusion. The second network uses two radar sensors of the same kind as the first, resulting in a wider field of view. The network decides which ones of each radars targets that are the same matching targets. This information could be used to increase the redundancy of the system and to detect targets earlier.

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4

Zhang, Tianyu. "Corporate layers and corporate transparency in a transition economy : evidence from China /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ACCT%202004%20ZHANG.

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5

Shen, Rui. "Two essays on empirical accounting /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ACCT%202009%20SHEN.

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6

Ylikoski, Teemu. "Acces denied : patterns of consumer Internet information search and the effects of Internet search expertise /." Helsinki : Helsinki School of Economics, 2003. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00085002.pdf.

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7

Pehlivan, Zeynep. "Acces to web archives : querying, navigating and optimizing." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066555.

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Le Web crée chaque jour une quantité importante de connaissances culturelles et intellectuelles. Ses informations sont de nature éphémère car elles sont constamment remplacées, parfois sans aucunenotification. C’est pour cette raison que l’archivage du web est devenue une nécessité culturelle afinde préserver la connaissance pour les prochaines générations. Son succès sera cependant mesuré parses modes d’accès, comme ceux fournis jusqu’ici par le web. Notre recherche situe dans le contexte del’accès aux archives web, et étudie les différents problèmes d’accès qui y sont liés. Ces problèmes sontgroupés en deux thèmes principaux : Méthodes d’accès et Optimisation des accès. Pour les méthodesd’accès, nous proposons la base d’un langage de requête ayant par objectif de de mieux satisfaire lesbesoins d’information des utilisateurs. Une nouvelle méthode de navigation est ensuite introduite, quiprend en compte la cohérence des pages. Pour l’optimisation de l’accès, nous proposons un algorithmede détection de changement pour comprendre et quantifier ce qui s’est passé (et a donc changé) entredeux versions d’une même page Web. Nous étudions aussi le comportement des différentes méthodesd’élagage d’index statiques avec des requêtes temporelles. En outre, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode d’élagage index statiques basée sur la diversification et nous montrons son application aux collections temporelles et un gain supstanciel de performance par rapport aux autres approaches
An important amount of the world’s cultural and intellectual knowledge is being created on the webeveryday. However, the web has en ephemeral nature e. G. New information replaces older informationconstantly without any notification, leaving a significant gap in our knowledge. That’s why archivingthe web has become a cultural necessity to preserve the knowledge for the next generations. However,the success of any web archive will be measured by the means of access it provides; as it is the casetoday on the real web. Our research is placed in the context of access to web archives and studiesdifferent research problems related to this issue. These research problems are grouped into two maintopics: Access Methods and Optimization of Access. For access methods, we first propose a conceptualmodel, as well as operators to manipulate them, as the basis of a query language for web archives tobetter satisfy user information needs. Next, a new navigation method for web archives that takes thecoherence of pages into account is introduced. In the context of access optimization, we propose achange detection algorithm to understand and to quantify what happened (and thus changed) betweentwo versions of a web page. Then, we study the behavior of different static index pruning methodswith temporal queries before proposing a new diversification-based static index pruning method andshowing its application to temporal collections and a substantial gain in performance
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Togni, Roberto. "Negoziazione dinamica e rilascio di ACC in TuCSoN." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4647/.

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Maia, Raquel da Rocha Paiva. "Fatores associados ao baixo peso ao nascer no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6132/tde-28082009-163456/.

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Introdução - O baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) é considerado um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública em todo o mundo, contribuindo, substancialmente, para a morbi-mortalidade infantil. Objetivos Estimar a proporção de baixo peso ao nascer e identificar a presença de associações entre o baixo peso ao nascer e fatores relacionados à gestação, ao parto, ao recém-nascido e a características sócio-demográficas maternas. Métodos Estudo transversal onde se analisaram 3220 declarações de nascidos vivos referentes aos partos ocorridos no município de Cruzeiro do Sul, Estado do Acre, no período de 2006 e 2007, de mães residentes nesta localidade. Na análise, utilizou-se regressão linear generalizada família Poisson ligação logarítmica com variância robusta, simples e múltipla. Adotou-se nível de significância de 0,10. Resultados - A proporção de baixo peso ao nascer foi 9,13%. Os fatores associados ao baixo peso ao nascer foram: prematuridade; nascimento no domicílio; sexo feminino; idades maternas entre 12 e 13 anos, 16 e 17 anos, 18 e 19 anos, 35 e mais anos; realização de 1 a 3 consultas de pré-natal, crianças não brancas, mães sem ocupação fora do lar e mães solteiras. Conclusão São poucos (ou nenhum) os fatores suscetíveis de mudança ou controle com ações isoladas de saúde. Estratégias de ampla abrangência são necessárias para a redução da proporção de BPN em Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre e, uma vez ocorrido baixo peso ao nascer, atenção especial deve ser proporcionada à criança.
Introduction - The low birth weight (LBW) is considered one of the most important public health problems around the world, contributing substantially to infantile morbidity and mortality. Objectives - To estimate the proportion of low birth weight and identify the presence of associations between low birth weight and factors related to pregnancy, chilbirth, newborn baby and maternal socio-demographic characteristics. Methods - Cross-sectional study which examined 3220 statements of births relating to births occurring in the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, in the period 2006 to 2007, of resident mothers in this locality. In the analysis, was used linear regression generalized with Poisson family logarithmic linking robust variance, simple and multiple. It was used a significance level of 0,10. Results - The proportion of low birth weight was 9,13%. Factors associated with low birth weight were: prematurity, birth at home, female, maternal age between 12 and 13 years, 16 and 17 years, 18 and 19 years, more than 34 years, achieving 1-3 pre-natal consultations, non-white children, mothers with no occupation outside home and single mothers. Conclusion- Few (or none) the factors susceptible to change or control with isolated actions health. Wide variety of strategies are needed to reduce the proportion of LBW in the city of Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, and once occurred low birth weight, attention should be given to the child.
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Chan, Tay On Kou Alexandra Valeria. "Replanteamiento de la identidad visual del restaurante Ache a partir de su dimensión cultural." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/657155.

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En esta investigación se encontró un problema de comunicación visual en el restaurante Ache, donde se identificó la falta de elementos gráficos que logre identificar al restaurante de cocina nikkei a partir de su dimensión cultural. Se identificó que este problema de comunicación visual solo se podía resolver mediante el diseño gráfico, ya que pertenece precisamente al área identitaria. Además, este proyecto muestra una justificación cultural y práctica donde se identificarán aspectos esenciales para el replanteamiento de la identidad del restaurante para que logre transmitir su esencia como marca al consumidor.También, se realizó una encuesta a un grupo de personas que consumen comida nikkei y se entrevistó a dos expertos que han creado y rediseñado proyectos de identidad visual de restaurantes nikkeis y otros rubros de comida. Adicionalmente, se utilizó la metodología de trabajo del doble diamante para realizar el proceso de elaboración de la gráfica visual.Los principales resultados que se pudo obtener mediante la propuesta de diseño fueron positivos, ya que los usuarios consideraron que la nueva gráfica sí reflejaba el rubro de comida que ofrecían. Igualmente, el logo lo relacionaban con la cultura nikkei, la carta lo consideraban claro y directo, las imágenes ayudaban a entender el producto a consumir y el empaque les parecía innovador y diferente generando una experiencia única.
In this research, a visual communication problem was found in the Ache restaurant, where the lack of graphic elements that could identify the Nikkei cuisine restaurant from its cultural dimension was identified. It was identified that this visual communication problem could only be solved through graphic design, since it belongs precisely to the identity area. In addition, this project shows a cultural and practical justification where essential aspects will be identified for the rethinking of the identity of the restaurant so that it can transmit its essence as a brand to the consumer.Also, a survey was made to a group of people who consume Nikkei food and two experts who have created and redesigned visual identity projects for Nikkei restaurants and other food items were interviewed. Additionally, the double diamond methodology was used to carry out the process of elaboration of the visual graphics.The main results obtained through the design proposal were positive, since the users considered that the new graphics did reflect the food offered. Likewise, the logo was related to the Nikkei culture, the menu was considered clear and direct, the images helped to understand the product to be consumed and the packaging seemed innovative and different, generating a unique experience
Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional
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Dukkipati, Ambedkar. "ACE-Model: A Conceptual Evolutionary Model For Evolutionary Computation And Artificial Life." Thesis, Indian Institute of Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/47.

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Darwinian Evolutionary system - a system satisfying the abstract conditions: reproduction with heritable variation, in a finite world, giving rise to Natural Selection encompasses a complex and subtle system of interrelated theories, whose substantive transplantation to any artificial medium let it be mathematical model or computational model - will be very far from easy. There are two motives in bringing Darwinian evolution into computational frameworks: one to understand the Darwinian evolution, and the other is to view Darwinian evolution - that carries out controlled adaptive-stochastic search in the space of all possible DNA-sequences for emergence and improvement of the living beings on our planet - as an optimization process, which can be simulated in appropriate frameworks to solve some intractable problems. The first motive led to emerging field of study commonly referred to as Artificial Life, and other gave way to emergence of Evolutionary Computation, which is speculated to be the only practical path to the development of ontogenetic machine intelligence. In this thesis we touch upon all the above aspects. Natural selection is the central concept of Darwinian evolution and hence capturing natural selection in computational frameworks which maintains the spirit of Darwinian evolution in the sense of conventional, terrestrial and biological perspectives is essential. Naive models of evolution define natural selection as a process which brings in differential reproductive capabilities in organisms of a population, and hence, most of the evolutionary simulations in Artificial Life and Evolutionary Computation implement selection by differential reproduction: the Attest members of the population are reproduced preferentially at the expense of the less fit members of the population. Formal models in evolutionary biology often subdivide selection into components called 'episodes of selection' to capture the different complex mechanisms of nature by which Darwinian evolution can occur. In this thesis we introduce the concept of 'episodes of selection' into computational frameworks of Darwinian evolution by means of A Conceptual Evolutionary model (ACE-model). ACE-model is proposed to be simple and yet it captures the essential features of modern evolutionary perspectives in evolutionary computation framework. ACE-model is rich enough to offer abstract and structural framework for evolutionary computation and can serve as a basic model for evolutionary algorithms. It captures selection in two episodes in two phases of evolutionary cycle and it offers various parameters by which evolutionary algorithms can control selection mechanisms. In this thesis we propose two evolutionary algorithms namely Malthus evolutionary algorithms and Malthus Spencer evolutionary algorithms based on the ACE-model and we discuss the relevance of parameters offered by ACE-model by simulation studies. As an application of ACE-model to artificial life we study misconceptions involved in defining fitness in evolutionary biology, and we also discuss the importance of introducing fitness landscape in the theories of Darwinian evolution. Another important and independent contribution of this thesis is: A Mathematical Abstraction of Evolutionary process. Evolutionary process is characterized by Evolutionary Criteria and Evolutionary Mechanism which are formalized by classical mathematical tools. Even though the model is in its premature stage to develop any theory based on it, we develop convergence criteria of evolutionary process based on this model.
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Maia, Wilker Luiz Gadelha. "Um estudo de viabilidade de links de rádio frequência para integração de redes de computadores na UFACNet e região do ACRE." Florianópolis, SC, 2000. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/78145.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Computação
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Este trabalho descreve exatamente a tecnologia spread spectrum (SS) funcionando inicialmente na banda de 902-928 MHz e posteriormente estendendo-se para as faixas de 2.4 e 5.8 GHz, consolidando, pelos organismos internacionais reguladores de telecomunicações, a banda ISM (Industrial Scientific and Medical) ou ICM (Indústria Ciência e Medicina) no Brasil, a qual constitui uma banda especial, específica, licenciada e livre para as áreas abrangentes de suas próprias definições. Contudo, não implica que esta banda seja utilizada por diversas empresas de vários segmentos comerciais.
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Marsollier, Isabelle. "De la conception de produits industriels à celle de prestations intellectuelles : essai de transfert à la définition de formations, l’identification des sources d'informations pour l'activité de veille stratégique." Angers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ANGE0016.

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Les entreprises et les écoles ont un besoin fondamental d'informations sur leur environnement pour être en adéquation avec leur marché et répondre aux contraintes imposées par l'environnement. Les entreprises, et en particulier celles de formation sont complexes par la multiplicité des échanges et des interactions internes et externes. Le traitement de la complexité fait apparaitre la nécessité d'emploi d'outils d'analyse fonctionnelle externe et interne, afin de répondre à la double question : quel besoin justifie l'existence de l'entreprise ? Comment le satisfaire ? En particulier, l'analyse des relations de l'entreprise à son environnement nécessite une bonne identification des informations nécessaires. Cette thèse examine les points suivants : 1) utilisation de l'analyse fonctionnelle et plus particulièrement la méthode QFD quality function deployment pour définir deux systèmes de formations : ? DESS SDMO : sureté de mission des organisations ? IUP santé : ingénierie et qualité des produits de biotransformation. Ce travail présente deux expériences conduites globalement (in extenso) de l'adaptation du QFD à la conception de prestations intellectuelles. 2) application de la méthode QFD à la définition des informations et de leurs sources. Des enquêtes menées au niveau d'une trentaine d'entreprises sur le thème de la veille font apparaitre une absence de méthode de recherche d'informations. Cette application de la méthode permet d'identifier les sources d'informations que doivent consulter les dirigeants afin que leur entreprise évolue en adéquation avec leur environnement.
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Pommier, Christel. "La déréglementation boursière en Europe." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010259.

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Le domaine des bourses de valeurs peut être appréhendé à deux niveaux : sur le terrain institutionnel et sur celui des valeurs mobilières. Ces deux domaines font actuellement, et ce plus particulièrement depuis l'acte unique européen, l'objet de reformes tant au niveau communautaire qu'au niveau national. Ces réformes se sont faites par le biais de la reconnaissance mutuelle des législations européennes accompagnée d'une harmonisation minimale des législations. Les intermédiaires boursiers, tant en ce qui concerne leur statut que leurs pouvoirs, doivent être étudiés en parallèle avec les établissements de crédit car ces deux types d'institutions tendent sinon à se confondre, du moins à se rapprocher. En effet, des dispositions récentes nationales et communautaires ont permis aux intermédiaires boursiers d'ouvrir leur capital à des établissements financiers non boursiers. Le domaine des valeurs mobilières, quant à lui, a fait aussi l'objet de directives communautaires qui ont permis de poser des règles d'harmonisation et ce, notamment, en matière d'information des actionnaires
The stock exchange can be approached in two days : on the institutional point of view and on the stocks'one. These two areas have been reformed, and especially since the single european act. Those reforms are being undertaken 6thanks to mutual recognition of european legislations and minimal harmonization. The brokers' status and powers must be studied side by side with the banks' ones because these institutions tend to get closer and closer. Thus, recently national and european legislations have enabled brokers to open their capital to non stock exchange finhancial institutions. The stocks' area has been subject to reforms in european legislation and more especially in the shareholders' information field
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Musnik, Noémie. "La gestion de l’information en contexte : Enquête sur les pratiques informationnelles des ingénieurs-chercheurs d’EDF-R&D." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CNAM0845/document.

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La question du contexte occupe une place centrale dans l’observation et l'étude de tout phénomène. Associée à la recherche d’information, la notion de contexte est de plus en plus mobilisée dans les domaines des sciences de l’information, de l’ingénierie des connaissances, des sciences cognitives et de l’informatique. En effet, le sens d'une expression linguistique, la lecture d’un document la stratégie mise en œuvre dans l’activité de recherche d’information, le raisonnement adopté dans l’opération de classement d’un document, le choix d’avoir recours à tel dispositif, varient fortement d'un contexte à l'autre. Mais que faut-il entendre exactement par contexte ? Comment le définir ? Le contexte est-il assimilable à la notion de situation ? À la notion d'usage ? Voici quelques-unes des questions qui sont traitées dans ce travail, qui cherche à appréhender l’environnement informationnel d’un groupe professionnel donné : les ingénieurs-chercheurs d’une équipe d’EDF-R&D. Pour ce faire, nous cherchons à cartographier cet environnement, à le comprendre, en interrogeant notamment la construction du sens en contexte. Notre contribution cherche ainsi à éclairer l’environnement informationnel de ce groupe d’acteurs et propose quelques axes de réflexion pour accompagner la construction d’une démarche instrumentée de gestion de l’information en entreprise. Ce travail associe différents acteurs (chercheurs et ingénieurs) et participe à un projet de recherche appliquée (ANR MIIPA-Doc). Il accompagne ainsi la conception d’une solution logicielle qui explore l’approche de la classification et de la navigation par facettes, et s’inscrit dans la mouvance des outils collaboratifs, dont le principe consiste à impliquer l’acteur dans les opérations de classification et de "marquage" des documents qu’il produit, manipule et classe dans le cadre de ses activités professionnelles
Assuming that workplace significantly affects information seeking and information management patterns,this study explores accessibility and management of information sources among a group of research engineers.The study explores how these engineers, who belong to the R&D entity of a major energy group,require, search and manage information sources in given professional contexts. Furthermore, it strives toidentify the contextual factors that shape information practices. This empirical study is based on a qualitativeapproach: following exploratory inquiries, semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted witha small group of actors in their proper workplace. Our integration within the team facilitated the participantobservation stance. The study provides an analytic cartography of the various components of the organizationaland informational environments whereby the activities and tasks of the above mentioned actors takeplace. A wide range of practices has been identified via interviews but also through the activities and workrhythms observed. An appreciative framework has been developed to analyze the practices of access to informationproduced and used in professional contexts; it underlines the contextual factors that may becomedriving dimensions to support an innovative perspective on information management structures. The studyattempts to provide an innovative approach for the analysis of information practices in contexts, orientedtoward the design of a facetted and collaborative information management system
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Rocha, William Coelho. "Desenvolvimento e implanta??o de um sistema de gest?o de pedidos de informa??o endere?ados ? Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte a partir do servi?o de informa??es ao cidad?o (E-SIC)." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16908.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:24:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WilliamCR_DISSERT.pdf: 4883592 bytes, checksum: 04d9390c77e3944f5982c4f2de3366cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-29
Among the numerous policy changes that the world has experienced in recent years, occupies a prominent place in the quest for greater transparency of public agencies. Transparency has been an important tool in the accountability of the State to promote greater participation of the society by providing information that was previously restricted knowledge of public agencies. Brazil, following this trend, promulgated in May 2012 the Access to Information Act that seeks to disclose the actions of the State at all levels, in all public administration agencies. On the same day of the enactment of the law is provided society with a site that is empowering citizens to make their requests for information to government agencies. The Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, which at that time had no a tool to assist them in managing this demand. This project has the objective to describe, build and implement a solution to solve this problem using Design Science Research as methodology. As result, the solution built in this research became a new module of the institution s ERP became it capable to control the entire process, and will be helpful to others partners which use our system ERP
Entre as in?meras mudan?as pol?ticas as quais o mundo tem passado nos ?ltimos anos, ocupa um lugar de destaque a busca pela maior transpar?ncia dos ?rg?os p?blicos. Esta tem se mostrado uma ferramenta importante no accountability do Estado por promover uma maior participa??o da sociedade atrav?s da disponibiliza??o da informa??o que antes era de conhecimento restrito aos ?rg?os p?blicos. Acompanhando essa tend?ncia, o Brasil promulga, em maio de 2012, a Lei de Acesso a Informa??o (LAI) que busca dar publicidade das a??es do Estado em todos os n?veis e ?rg?os da administra??o p?blica. No mesmo dia da promulga??o dessa lei, ? disponibilizado ? sociedade o portal de Servi?o de Informa??o ao Cidad?o (e-SIC), cujo objetivo ? prover um meio do cidad?o fazer seus pedidos de informa??o a qualquer institui??o do setor p?blico. A Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) at? o momento n?o possu?a uma ferramenta capaz de auxili?-la no gerenciamento dessa demanda. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo descrever, construir e implantar uma solu??o informatizada que resolveu esse problema do gerenciamento dos pedidos de informa??o endere?ados ? UFRN a partir do Servi?o de Informa??es ao Cidad?o. A metodologia escolhida para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa ? a Design Science Research (DSR), pois leva em considera??o a cria??o de artefatos e regras para a cria??o de modelos e m?todos. Como resultado, o Sistema de Acesso ? Informa??o para Transpar?ncia (SAIT), desenvolvido nesta pesquisa, tornou-se um m?dulo do sistema administrativo preexistente na institui??o, o qual poder? ser de grande valia tanto internamente quanto para outras institui??es p?blicas que adotam os nossos sistemas informatizados
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17

Söderberg, Ludwig. "Measurement methodologies for controlling automotive radars in EMC chambers." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-66696.

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Autonomous cars are developing in a rapid speed, which means that the advanced driver-assistance systems must be tested carefully. Radar is one of many tools the car can use to detect obstacles and targets in front of the car. This bachelor thesis deals with programming and testing of an FMCW radar. The radar used in this thesis is an Continental ARS 308-2C/21 HS/AO, and the programming is written in Visual Basic. The goal within this project was to write a program for the Continental radar, and then measure static objects. The radar and the written program will be used in the research project, "HiFi Radar Target". The radar module will also be implemented in the new EMC chamber, AWITAR, which is currently under construction. The radar sweeps in the frequency band 77GHz, which is a standard frequency in the automotive industry. Communication with the computer is done via a CAN-network. Function tests have been performed on Astazero and gave satisfactory results.The thesis work has been carried out at RISE in Borås.
Idag är självkörande bilar på kraftig frammarsch, detta medför att hjälpsystemen måste testas noga. Radar är ett av många hjälpmedel bilen kan använda för att detektera hinder framför bilen. Detta examensarbete avhandlar programering och testning av en FMCW radar. Radarn som används är en Continental ARS 308-2C/21 HS/AO, programeringen är skriven i Visual Basic. Målet med detta examensarbeta var att få radarn att fungera, för att sedan kunna mäta på statinära objekt. Radarn och det skrivna programmet kommer att användas inom forskningsprojektet, "HiFi Radar Target". Radarmodulen kommer även att implementeras i den nya EMC-kammaren, AWITAR som just nu är under konstruktion. Radarn sweper i freqvensbandet 77GHz, vilket är en standardfreqvens för bilindustrin. All kommunikation med radarn och datorn sker via ett CAN-nätverk. Funktionstesterna har utförts på Astazero och gav tillfredställande resultat. Examensarbetet är utfört på RISE i Borås.
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18

Beggiato, Matthias. "Changes in motivational and higher level cognitive processes when interacting with in-vehicle automation." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-167333.

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Many functions that at one time could only be performed by humans can nowadays be carried out by machines. Automation impacts many areas of life including work, home, communication and mobility. In the driving context, in-vehicle automation is considered to provide solutions for environmental, economic, safety and societal challenges. However, automation changes the driving task and the human-machine interaction. Thus, the expected benefit of in-vehicle automation can be undermined by changes in drivers’ behaviour, i.e. behavioural adaptation. This PhD project focuses on motivational as well as higher cognitive processes underlying behavioural adaptation when interacting with in-vehicle automation. Motivational processes include the development of trust and acceptance, whereas higher cognitive processes comprise the learning process as well as the development of mental models and Situation Awareness (SA). As an example for in-vehicle automation, the advanced driver assistance system Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) was investigated. ACC automates speed and distance control by maintaining a constant set cruising speed and automatically adjusting vehicle’s velocity in order to provide a specified distance to the preceding vehicle. However, due to sensor limitations, not every situation can be handled by the system and therefore driver intervention is required. Trust, acceptance and an appropriate mental model of the system functionality are considered key variables for adequate use and appropriate SA. To systematically investigate changes in motivational and higher cognitive processes, a driving simulator as well as an on-road study were carried out. Both of the studies were conducted using a repeated-measures design, taking into account the process character, i.e. changes over time. The main focus was on the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model of novice users when interacting with ACC. By now, only few studies have attempted to assess changes in higher level cognitive processes, due to methodological difficulties posed by the dynamic task of driving. Therefore, this PhD project aimed at the elaboration and validation of innovative methods for assessing higher cognitive processes, with an emphasis on SA and mental models. In addition, a new approach for analyzing big and heterogeneous data in social science was developed, based on the use of relational databases. The driving simulator study investigated the effect of divergent initial mental models of ACC (i.e., varying according to correctness) on trust, acceptance and mental model evolvement. A longitudinal study design was applied, using a two-way (3×3) repeated measures mixed design with a matched sample of 51 subjects. Three experimental groups received (1) a correct ACC description, (2) an incomplete and idealised account omitting potential problems, and (3) an incorrect description including non-occurring problems. All subjects drove a 56-km track of highway with an identical ACC system, three times, and within a period of 6 weeks. Results showed that after using the system, participants’ mental model of ACC converged towards the profile of the correct group. Non-experienced problems tended to disappear from the mental model network when they were not activated by experience. Trust and acceptance grew steadily for the correct condition. The same trend was observed for the group with non-occurring problems, starting from a lower initial level. Omitted problems in the incomplete group led to a constant decrease in trust and acceptance without recovery. This indicates that automation failures do not negatively affect trust and acceptance if they are known beforehand. During each drive, participants continuously completed a visual secondary task, the Surrogate Reference Task (SURT). The frequency of task completion was used as objective online-measure for SA, based on the principle that situationally aware driver would reduce the engagement in the secondary task if they expect potentially critical situations. Results showed that correctly informed drivers were aware of potential system limitations and reduced their engagement in the secondary task when such situations arose. Participants with no information about limitations became only aware after first encounter and reduced secondary task engagement in corresponding situations during subsequent trials. However, trust and acceptance in the system declined over time due to the unexpected failures. Non occurring limitations tended to drop from the mental model and resulted in reduced SA already in the second trial. The on-road study investigated the learning process, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model for interacting with ACC in real conditions. Research questions aimed to model the learning process in mathematical/statistical terms, examine moments and conditions when these processes stabilize, and assess how experience changes the mental model of the system. A sample of fifteen drivers without ACC experience drove a test vehicle with ACC ten consecutive times on the same route within a 2-month period. In contrast to the driving simulator study, all participants were fully trained in ACC functionality by reading the owner’s manual in the beginning. Results showed that learning, as well as the development of acceptance and trust in ACC follows the power law of learning, in case of comprehensive prior information on system limitations. Thus, the major part of the learning process occurred during the first interaction with the system and support in explaining the systems abilities (e.g. by tutoring systems) should therefore primarily be given during this first stage. All processes stabilized at a relatively high level after the fifth session, which corresponds to 185 km or 3.5 hours of driving. No decline was observable with ongoing system experience. However, in line with the findings from the simulator study, limitations that are not experienced tended to disappear from the mental model if they were not activated by experience. With regard to the validation of the developed methods for assessing mental models and SA, results are encouraging. The studies show that the mental model questionnaire is able to provide insights into the construction of mental models and the development over time. Likewise, the implicit measurement approach to assess SA online in the driving simulator is sensitive to user’s awareness of potentially critical situations. In terms of content, the results of the studies prove the enduring relevance of the initial mental model for the learning process, SA, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and a realistic mental model about automation capabilities and limitations. Given the importance of the initial mental model it is recommended that studies on system trust and acceptance should include, and attempt to control, users’ initial mental model of system functionality. Although the results showed that also incorrect and incomplete initial mental models converged by experience towards a realistic appreciation of system functionality, the more cognitive effort needed to update the mental model, the lower trust and acceptance. Providing an idealised description, which omits potential problems, only leads to temporarily higher trust and acceptance in the beginning. The experience of unexpected limitations results in a steady decrease in trust and acceptance over time. A trial-and-error strategy for in-vehicle automation use, without accompanying information, is therefore considered insufficient for developing stable trust and acceptance. If the mental model matches experience, trust and acceptance grow steadily following the power law of learning – regardless of the experience of system limitations. Provided that such events are known in advance, they will not cause a decrease in trust and acceptance over time. Even over-information about potential problems lowers trust and acceptance only in the beginning, and not in the long run. Potential problems should therefore not be concealed in over-idealised system descriptions; the more information given, the better, in the long run. However, limitations that are not experienced tend to disappear from the mental model. Therefore, it is recommended that users be periodically reminded of system limitations to make sure that corresponding knowledge becomes re-activated. Intelligent tutoring systems incorporated in automated systems could provide a solution. In the driving context, periodic reminders about system limitations could be shown via the multifunction displays integrated in most modern cars. Tutoring systems could also be used to remind the driver of the presence of specific in-vehicle automation systems and reveal their benefits
Viele Aufgaben, die ehemals von Menschen ausgeführt wurden, werden heute von Maschinen übernommen. Dieser Prozess der Automatisierung betrifft viele Lebensbereiche von Arbeit, Wohnen, Kommunikation bis hin zur Mobilität. Im Bereich des Individualverkehrs wird die Automatisierung von Fahrzeugen als Möglichkeit gesehen, zukünftigen Herausforderungen wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und umweltpolitischer Art zu begegnen. Allerdings verändert Automatisierung die Fahraufgabe und die Mensch-Technik Interaktion im Fahrzeug. Daher können beispielsweise erwartete Sicherheitsgewinne automatisch agierender Assistenzsysteme durch Veränderungen im Verhalten des Fahrers geschmälert werden, was als Verhaltensanpassung (behavioural adaptation) bezeichnet wird. Dieses Dissertationsprojekt untersucht motivationale und höhere kognitive Prozesse, die Verhaltensanpassungen im Umgang mit automatisierten Fahrerassistenzsystemen zugrunde liegen. Motivationale Prozesse beinhalten die Entwicklung von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen in das System, unter höheren kognitiven Prozessen werden Lernprozesse sowie die Entwicklung von mentalen Modellen des Systems und Situationsbewusstsein (Situation Awareness) verstanden. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen steht das Fahrerassistenzsystem Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) als ein Beispiel für Automatisierung im Fahrzeug. ACC regelt automatisch die Geschwindigkeit des Fahrzeugs, indem bei freier Fahrbahn eine eingestellte Wunschgeschwindigkeit und bei einem Vorausfahrer automatisch ein eingestellter Abstand eingehalten wird. Allerdings kann ACC aufgrund von Einschränkungen der Sensorik nicht jede Situation bewältigen, weshalb der Fahrer übernehmen muss. Für diesen Interaktionsprozess spielen Vertrauen, Akzeptanz und das mentale Modell der Systemfunktionalität eine Schlüsselrolle, um einen sicheren Umgang mit dem System und ein adäquates Situationsbewusstsein zu entwickeln. Zur systematischen Erforschung dieser motivationalen und kognitiven Prozesse wurden eine Fahrsimulatorstudie und ein Versuch im Realverkehr durchgeführt. Beide Studien wurden im Messwiederholungsdesign angelegt, um dem Prozesscharakter gerecht werden und Veränderungen über die Zeit erfassen zu können. Die Entwicklung von Vertrauen, Akzeptanz und mentalem Modell in der Interaktion mit ACC war zentraler Forschungsgegenstand beider Studien. Bislang gibt es wenige Studien, die kognitive Prozesse im Kontext der Fahrzeugführung untersucht haben, unter anderem auch wegen methodischer Schwierigkeiten in diesem dynamischen Umfeld. Daher war es ebenfalls Teil dieses Dissertationsprojekts, neue Methoden zur Erfassung höherer kognitiver Prozesse in dieser Domäne zu entwickeln, mit Fokus auf mentalen Modellen und Situationsbewusstsein. Darüber hinaus wurde auch ein neuer Ansatz für die Analyse großer und heterogener Datenmengen im sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich entwickelt, basierend auf dem Einsatz relationaler Datenbanken. Ziel der der Fahrsimulatorstudie war die systematische Erforschung des Effekts von unterschiedlich korrekten initialen mentalen Modellen von ACC auf die weitere Entwicklung des mentalen Modells, Vertrauen und Akzeptanz des Systems. Eine Stichprobe von insgesamt 51 Probanden nahm an der Studie teil; der Versuch wurde als zweifaktorielles (3x3) gemischtes Messwiederholungsdesign konzipiert. Die 3 parallelisierten Versuchsgruppen zu je 17 Personen erhielten (1) eine korrekte Beschreibung des ACC, (2) eine idealisierte Beschreibung unter Auslassung auftretender Systemprobleme und (3) eine überkritische Beschreibung mit zusätzlichen Hinweisen auf Systemprobleme, die nie auftraten. Alle Teilnehmer befuhren insgesamt dreimal im Zeitraum von sechs Wochen dieselbe 56 km lange Autobahnstrecke im Fahrsimulator mit identischem ACC-System. Mit zunehmendem Einsatz des ACC zeigte sich im anfänglich divergierenden mentalen Modell zwischen den Gruppen eine Entwicklung hin zum mentalen Modell der korrekt informierten Gruppe. Nicht erfahrene Systemprobleme tendierten dazu, im mentalen Modell zu verblassen, wenn sie nicht durch Erfahrung reaktiviert wurden. Vertrauen und Akzeptanz stiegen stetig in der korrekt informierten Gruppe. Dieselbe Entwicklung zeigte sich auch in der überkritisch informierten Gruppe, wobei Vertrauen und Akzeptanz anfänglich niedriger waren als in der Bedingung mit korrekter Information. Verschwiegene Systemprobleme führten zu einer konstanten Abnahme von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen ohne Erholung in der Gruppe mit idealisierter Beschreibung. Diese Resultate lassen darauf schließen, dass Probleme automatisierter Systeme sich nicht zwingend negativ auf Vertrauen und Akzeptanz auswirken, sofern sie vorab bekannt sind. Bei jeder Fahrt führten die Versuchsteilnehmer zudem kontinuierlich eine visuell beanspruchende Zweitaufgabe aus, die Surrogate Reference Task (SURT). Die Frequenz der Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung diente als objektives Echtzeitmaß für das Situationsbewusstsein, basierend auf dem Ansatz, dass situationsbewusste Fahrer die Zuwendung zur Zweitaufgabe reduzieren wenn sie potentiell kritische Situationen erwarten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die korrekt informierten Fahrer sich potentiell kritischer Situationen mit möglichen Systemproblemen bewusst waren und schon im Vorfeld der Entstehung die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung reduzierten. Teilnehmer ohne Informationen zu auftretenden Systemproblemen wurden sich solcher Situationen erst nach dem ersten Auftreten bewusst und reduzierten in entsprechenden Szenarien der Folgefahrten die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung. Allerdings sanken Vertrauen und Akzeptanz des Systems aufgrund der unerwarteten Probleme. Erwartete, aber nicht auftretende Systemprobleme tendierten dazu, im mentalen Modell des Systems zu verblassen und resultierten in vermindertem Situationsbewusstsein bereits in der zweiten Fahrt. Im Versuch unter Realbedingungen wurden der Lernprozesses sowie die Entwicklung des mentalen Modells, Vertrauen und Akzeptanz von ACC im Realverkehr erforscht. Ziele waren die statistisch/mathematische Modellierung des Lernprozesses, die Bestimmung von Zeitpunkten der Stabilisierung dieser Prozesse und wie sich reale Systemerfahrung auf das mentale Modell von ACC auswirkt. 15 Versuchsteilnehmer ohne ACC-Erfahrung fuhren ein Serienfahrzeug mit ACC insgesamt 10-mal auf der gleichen Strecke in einem Zeitraum von 2 Monaten. Im Unterschied zur Fahrsimulatorstudie waren alle Teilnehmer korrekt über die ACC-Funktionen und Funktionsgrenzen informiert durch Lesen der entsprechenden Abschnitte im Fahrzeughandbuch am Beginn der Studie. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der Lernprozess sowie die Entwicklung von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen einer klassischen Lernkurve folgen – unter der Bedingung umfassender vorheriger Information zu Systemgrenzen. Der größte Lernfortschritt ist am Beginn der Interaktion mit dem System sichtbar und daher sollten Hilfen (z.B. durch intelligente Tutorsysteme) in erster Linie zu diesem Zeitpunkt gegeben werden. Eine Stabilisierung aller Prozesse zeigte sich nach der fünften Fahrt, was einer Fahrstrecke von rund 185 km oder 3,5 Stunden Fahrzeit entspricht. Es zeigten sich keine Einbrüche in Akzeptanz, Vertrauen bzw. dem Lernprozess durch die gemachten Erfahrungen im Straßenverkehr. Allerdings zeigte sich – analog zur Fahrsimulatorstudie – auch in der Realfahrstudie ein Verblassen von nicht erfahrenen Systemgrenzen im mentalen Modell, wenn diese nicht durch Erfahrungen aktiviert wurden. Im Hinblick auf die Validierung der neu entwickelten Methoden zur Erfassung von mentalen Modellen und Situationsbewusstsein sind die Resultate vielversprechend. Die Studien zeigen, dass mit dem entwickelten Fragebogenansatz zur Quantifizierung des mentalen Modells Einblicke in Aufbau und Entwicklung mentaler Modelle gegeben werden können. Der implizite Echtzeit-Messansatz für Situationsbewusstsein im Fahrsimulator zeigt sich ebenfalls sensitiv in der Erfassung des Bewusstseins von Fahrern für potentiell kritische Situationen. Inhaltlich zeigen die Studien die nachhaltige Relevanz des initialen mentalen Modells für den Lernprozess sowie die Entwicklung von Situationsbewusstsein, Akzeptanz, Vertrauen und die weitere Ausformung eines realistischen mentalen Modells der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen automatisierter Systeme. Aufgrund dieser Relevanz wird die Einbindung und Kontrolle des initialen mentalen Modells in Studien zu automatisierten Systemen unbedingt empfohlen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zwar, dass sich auch unvollständige bzw. falsche mentale Modelle durch Erfahrungslernen hin zu einer realistischen Einschätzung der Systemmöglichkeiten und -grenzen verändern, allerdings um den Preis sinkenden Vertrauens und abnehmender Akzeptanz. Idealisierte Systembeschreibungen ohne Hinweise auf mögliche Systemprobleme bringen nur anfänglich etwas höheres Vertrauen und Akzeptanz. Das Erleben unerwarteter Probleme führt zu einem stetigen Abfall dieser motivationalen Faktoren über die Zeit. Ein alleiniges Versuchs-Irrtums-Lernen für den Umgang mit automatisierter Assistenz im Fahrzeug ohne zusätzliche Information wird daher als nicht ausreichend für die Entwicklung stabilen Vertrauens und stabiler Akzeptanz betrachtet. Wenn das initiale mentale Modell den Erfahrungen entspricht, entwickeln sich Akzeptanz und Vertrauen gemäß einer klassischen Lernkurve – trotz erlebter Systemgrenzen. Sind diese potentiellen Probleme vorher bekannt, führen sie nicht zwingend zu einer Reduktion von Vertrauen und Akzeptanz. Auch zusätzliche überkritische Information vermindert Vertrauen und Akzeptanz nur am Beginn, aber nicht langfristig. Daher sollen potentielle Probleme in automatisierten Systemen nicht in idealisierten Beschreibungen verschwiegen werden – je präzisere Information gegeben wird, desto besser im langfristigen Verlauf. Allerdings tendieren nicht erfahrene Systemgrenzen zum Verblassen im mentalen Modell. Daher wird empfohlen, Nutzer regelmäßig an diese Systemgrenzen zu erinnern um die entsprechenden Facetten des mentalen Modells zu reaktivieren. In automatisierten Systemen integrierte intelligente Tutorsysteme könnten dafür eine Lösung bieten. Im Fahrzeugbereich könnten solche periodischen Erinnerungen an Systemgrenzen in Multifunktionsdisplays angezeigt werden, die mittlerweile in vielen modernen Fahrzeugen integriert sind. Diese Tutorsysteme können darüber hinaus auch auf die Präsenz eingebauter automatisierter Systeme hinweisen und deren Vorteile aufzeigen
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19

Oakshott, Stephen Craig School of Information Library &amp Archives Studies UNSW. "The Association of Libarians in colleges of advanced education and the committee of Australian university librarians: The evolution of two higher education library groups, 1958-1997." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Information, Library and Archives Studies, 1998. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/18238.

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This thesis examines the history of Commonwealth Government higher education policy in Australia between 1958 and 1997 and its impact on the development of two groups of academic librarians: the Association of Librarians in Colleges in Advanced Education (ALCAE) and the Committee of Australian University Librarians (CAUL). Although university librarians had met occasionally since the late 1920s, it was only in 1965 that a more formal organisation, known as CAUL, was established to facilitate the exchange of ideas and information. ALCAE was set up in 1969 and played an important role helping develop a special concept of library service peculiar to the newly formed College of Advanced Education (CAE) sector. As well as examining the impact of Commonwealth Government higher education policy on ALCAE and CAUL, the thesis also explores the influence of other factors on these two groups, including the range of personalities that comprised them, and their relationship with their parent institutions and with other professional groups and organisations. The study focuses on how higher education policy and these other external and internal factors shaped the functions, aspirations, and internal dynamics of these two groups and how this resulted in each group evolving differently. The author argues that, because of the greater attention given to the special educational role of libraries in the CAE curriculum, the group of college librarians had the opportunity to participate in, and have some influence on, Commonwealth Government statutory bodies responsible for the coordination of policy and the distribution of funding for the CAE sector. The link between ALCAE and formal policy-making processes resulted in a more dynamic group than CAUL, with the university librarians being discouraged by their Vice-Chancellors from having contact with university funding bodies because of the desire of the universities to maintain a greater level of control over their affairs and resist interference from government. The circumstances of each group underwent a reversal over time as ALCAE's effectiveness began to diminish as a result of changes to the CAE sector and as member interest was transferred to other groups and organisations. Conversely, CAUL gradually became a more active group during the 1980s and early 1990s as a result of changes to higher education, the efforts of some university librarians, and changes in membership. This study is based principally on primary source material, with the story of ALCAE and CAUL being told through the use of a combination of original documentation (including minutes of meetings and correspondence) and interviews with members of each group and other key figures.
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20

Partika, Marek. "Publikace dat ze sítě meteostanic ve formátu DATEX II." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240798.

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Master’s thesis deals with implementation of a European standard DATEX II. This standard specifies the data format for information transmission in road transport. The road traffic is flowing streams of current information. For the work was selected network of meteorological stations, which will publish the measured data, ie weather conditions of road transport. Measured data will be available to consumers in the format DATEX II. Implementation will be operational in its entirety meteorological station from design to the actual web service that will produce data information for consumers.
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21

Piccinini, Giulio Francesco Bianchi. "Drivers behavioural adaptation to the use of Advanced Cruise Control (ACC) And Blind Spot Information System (BLIS)." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/74327.

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22

Piccinini, Giulio Francesco Bianchi. "Drivers behavioural adaptation to the use of Advanced Cruise Control (ACC) And Blind Spot Information System (BLIS)." Tese, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/74327.

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23

Diouf, Jean Noël Dibocor. "Classification, apprentissage profond et réseaux de neurones : application en science des données." Thèse, 2020. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9555/1/eprint9555.pdf.

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24

Beggiato, Matthias. "Changes in motivational and higher level cognitive processes when interacting with in-vehicle automation." Doctoral thesis, 2014. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A20246.

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Many functions that at one time could only be performed by humans can nowadays be carried out by machines. Automation impacts many areas of life including work, home, communication and mobility. In the driving context, in-vehicle automation is considered to provide solutions for environmental, economic, safety and societal challenges. However, automation changes the driving task and the human-machine interaction. Thus, the expected benefit of in-vehicle automation can be undermined by changes in drivers’ behaviour, i.e. behavioural adaptation. This PhD project focuses on motivational as well as higher cognitive processes underlying behavioural adaptation when interacting with in-vehicle automation. Motivational processes include the development of trust and acceptance, whereas higher cognitive processes comprise the learning process as well as the development of mental models and Situation Awareness (SA). As an example for in-vehicle automation, the advanced driver assistance system Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) was investigated. ACC automates speed and distance control by maintaining a constant set cruising speed and automatically adjusting vehicle’s velocity in order to provide a specified distance to the preceding vehicle. However, due to sensor limitations, not every situation can be handled by the system and therefore driver intervention is required. Trust, acceptance and an appropriate mental model of the system functionality are considered key variables for adequate use and appropriate SA. To systematically investigate changes in motivational and higher cognitive processes, a driving simulator as well as an on-road study were carried out. Both of the studies were conducted using a repeated-measures design, taking into account the process character, i.e. changes over time. The main focus was on the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model of novice users when interacting with ACC. By now, only few studies have attempted to assess changes in higher level cognitive processes, due to methodological difficulties posed by the dynamic task of driving. Therefore, this PhD project aimed at the elaboration and validation of innovative methods for assessing higher cognitive processes, with an emphasis on SA and mental models. In addition, a new approach for analyzing big and heterogeneous data in social science was developed, based on the use of relational databases. The driving simulator study investigated the effect of divergent initial mental models of ACC (i.e., varying according to correctness) on trust, acceptance and mental model evolvement. A longitudinal study design was applied, using a two-way (3×3) repeated measures mixed design with a matched sample of 51 subjects. Three experimental groups received (1) a correct ACC description, (2) an incomplete and idealised account omitting potential problems, and (3) an incorrect description including non-occurring problems. All subjects drove a 56-km track of highway with an identical ACC system, three times, and within a period of 6 weeks. Results showed that after using the system, participants’ mental model of ACC converged towards the profile of the correct group. Non-experienced problems tended to disappear from the mental model network when they were not activated by experience. Trust and acceptance grew steadily for the correct condition. The same trend was observed for the group with non-occurring problems, starting from a lower initial level. Omitted problems in the incomplete group led to a constant decrease in trust and acceptance without recovery. This indicates that automation failures do not negatively affect trust and acceptance if they are known beforehand. During each drive, participants continuously completed a visual secondary task, the Surrogate Reference Task (SURT). The frequency of task completion was used as objective online-measure for SA, based on the principle that situationally aware driver would reduce the engagement in the secondary task if they expect potentially critical situations. Results showed that correctly informed drivers were aware of potential system limitations and reduced their engagement in the secondary task when such situations arose. Participants with no information about limitations became only aware after first encounter and reduced secondary task engagement in corresponding situations during subsequent trials. However, trust and acceptance in the system declined over time due to the unexpected failures. Non occurring limitations tended to drop from the mental model and resulted in reduced SA already in the second trial. The on-road study investigated the learning process, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model for interacting with ACC in real conditions. Research questions aimed to model the learning process in mathematical/statistical terms, examine moments and conditions when these processes stabilize, and assess how experience changes the mental model of the system. A sample of fifteen drivers without ACC experience drove a test vehicle with ACC ten consecutive times on the same route within a 2-month period. In contrast to the driving simulator study, all participants were fully trained in ACC functionality by reading the owner’s manual in the beginning. Results showed that learning, as well as the development of acceptance and trust in ACC follows the power law of learning, in case of comprehensive prior information on system limitations. Thus, the major part of the learning process occurred during the first interaction with the system and support in explaining the systems abilities (e.g. by tutoring systems) should therefore primarily be given during this first stage. All processes stabilized at a relatively high level after the fifth session, which corresponds to 185 km or 3.5 hours of driving. No decline was observable with ongoing system experience. However, in line with the findings from the simulator study, limitations that are not experienced tended to disappear from the mental model if they were not activated by experience. With regard to the validation of the developed methods for assessing mental models and SA, results are encouraging. The studies show that the mental model questionnaire is able to provide insights into the construction of mental models and the development over time. Likewise, the implicit measurement approach to assess SA online in the driving simulator is sensitive to user’s awareness of potentially critical situations. In terms of content, the results of the studies prove the enduring relevance of the initial mental model for the learning process, SA, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and a realistic mental model about automation capabilities and limitations. Given the importance of the initial mental model it is recommended that studies on system trust and acceptance should include, and attempt to control, users’ initial mental model of system functionality. Although the results showed that also incorrect and incomplete initial mental models converged by experience towards a realistic appreciation of system functionality, the more cognitive effort needed to update the mental model, the lower trust and acceptance. Providing an idealised description, which omits potential problems, only leads to temporarily higher trust and acceptance in the beginning. The experience of unexpected limitations results in a steady decrease in trust and acceptance over time. A trial-and-error strategy for in-vehicle automation use, without accompanying information, is therefore considered insufficient for developing stable trust and acceptance. If the mental model matches experience, trust and acceptance grow steadily following the power law of learning – regardless of the experience of system limitations. Provided that such events are known in advance, they will not cause a decrease in trust and acceptance over time. Even over-information about potential problems lowers trust and acceptance only in the beginning, and not in the long run. Potential problems should therefore not be concealed in over-idealised system descriptions; the more information given, the better, in the long run. However, limitations that are not experienced tend to disappear from the mental model. Therefore, it is recommended that users be periodically reminded of system limitations to make sure that corresponding knowledge becomes re-activated. Intelligent tutoring systems incorporated in automated systems could provide a solution. In the driving context, periodic reminders about system limitations could be shown via the multifunction displays integrated in most modern cars. Tutoring systems could also be used to remind the driver of the presence of specific in-vehicle automation systems and reveal their benefits.:Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES I LIST OF TABLES II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV SUMMARY V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 14 2.1 BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION AND HIGHER COGNITIVE PROCESSES 14 2.2 VEHICLE AUTOMATION AND ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL 17 2.3 MENTAL MODELS 20 2.3.1 Definition 20 2.3.2 Mental model construction and update 20 2.3.3 Discussion of existing measures 21 2.3.4 Development of the mental model questionnaire 23 2.4 SITUATION AWARENESS 24 2.4.1 Definition 24 2.4.2 Relationship between mental models and Situation Awareness 26 2.4.3 Situation Awareness as comprehension process 27 2.4.4 Discussion of existing measures 27 2.4.5 Development of the Situation Awareness measurement technique 29 2.5 LEARNING, ACCEPTANCE AND TRUST IN AUTOMATION 30 2.5.1 Power law of learning 30 2.5.2 Acceptance 31 2.5.3 Trust in automation 31 2.5.4 Related research on learning, acceptance and trust in ACC 32 3 OVERALL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 34 4 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 35 4.1 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDIES AND ON-ROAD TESTS 35 4.2 DATABASE-FRAMEWORK FOR DATA STORAGE AND ANALYSIS 37 5 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 42 5.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 42 5.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 43 5.2.1 Sampling and participants 43 5.2.2 Research design and procedure 44 5.2.3 Facilities and driving simulator track 45 5.2.4 Secondary task SURT 46 5.2.5 System description 46 5.2.6 Dependent variables trust, acceptance and mental model 47 5.2.7 Contrast analysis 48 5.3 RESULTS 49 5.3.1 Mental model 49 5.3.2 Trust and acceptance 51 5.3.3 Situation Awareness 52 5.4 DISCUSSION 56 6 ON-ROAD STUDY 59 6.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 59 6.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 59 6.2.1 Research design and procedure 59 6.2.2 Sampling and participants 60 6.2.3 Facilities and apparatus 60 6.2.4 Dependent variables mental model, trust, acceptance, learning and ACC usage 62 6.3 RESULTS 63 6.3.1 ACC usage 63 6.3.2 Trust and acceptance 64 6.3.3 Learning 65 6.3.4 Mental model 67 6.4 DISCUSSION 68 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 70 7.1 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 70 7.2 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 71 7.3 LIMITATIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 74 8 REFERENCES 76 9 APPENDIX 88 9.1 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 88 9.1.1 Original German version 88 9.1.2 English translation 91 9.2 ACC DESCRIPTIONS USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 94 9.2.1 Correct description 94 9.2.2 Incomplete description 95 9.2.3 Incorrect description 96 9.3 SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW OF THE DRIVING SIMULATOR TRACK 97 9.4 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE ON-ROAD STUDY 99 9.4.1 Original German version 99 9.4.2 English translation 103 9.5 SEMINAR PROGRAMME: DATABASES AS ANALYSIS TOOL IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 107 9.6 CURRICULUM VITAE AND PUBLICATIONS 109
Viele Aufgaben, die ehemals von Menschen ausgeführt wurden, werden heute von Maschinen übernommen. Dieser Prozess der Automatisierung betrifft viele Lebensbereiche von Arbeit, Wohnen, Kommunikation bis hin zur Mobilität. Im Bereich des Individualverkehrs wird die Automatisierung von Fahrzeugen als Möglichkeit gesehen, zukünftigen Herausforderungen wirtschaftlicher, gesellschaftlicher und umweltpolitischer Art zu begegnen. Allerdings verändert Automatisierung die Fahraufgabe und die Mensch-Technik Interaktion im Fahrzeug. Daher können beispielsweise erwartete Sicherheitsgewinne automatisch agierender Assistenzsysteme durch Veränderungen im Verhalten des Fahrers geschmälert werden, was als Verhaltensanpassung (behavioural adaptation) bezeichnet wird. Dieses Dissertationsprojekt untersucht motivationale und höhere kognitive Prozesse, die Verhaltensanpassungen im Umgang mit automatisierten Fahrerassistenzsystemen zugrunde liegen. Motivationale Prozesse beinhalten die Entwicklung von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen in das System, unter höheren kognitiven Prozessen werden Lernprozesse sowie die Entwicklung von mentalen Modellen des Systems und Situationsbewusstsein (Situation Awareness) verstanden. Im Fokus der Untersuchungen steht das Fahrerassistenzsystem Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) als ein Beispiel für Automatisierung im Fahrzeug. ACC regelt automatisch die Geschwindigkeit des Fahrzeugs, indem bei freier Fahrbahn eine eingestellte Wunschgeschwindigkeit und bei einem Vorausfahrer automatisch ein eingestellter Abstand eingehalten wird. Allerdings kann ACC aufgrund von Einschränkungen der Sensorik nicht jede Situation bewältigen, weshalb der Fahrer übernehmen muss. Für diesen Interaktionsprozess spielen Vertrauen, Akzeptanz und das mentale Modell der Systemfunktionalität eine Schlüsselrolle, um einen sicheren Umgang mit dem System und ein adäquates Situationsbewusstsein zu entwickeln. Zur systematischen Erforschung dieser motivationalen und kognitiven Prozesse wurden eine Fahrsimulatorstudie und ein Versuch im Realverkehr durchgeführt. Beide Studien wurden im Messwiederholungsdesign angelegt, um dem Prozesscharakter gerecht werden und Veränderungen über die Zeit erfassen zu können. Die Entwicklung von Vertrauen, Akzeptanz und mentalem Modell in der Interaktion mit ACC war zentraler Forschungsgegenstand beider Studien. Bislang gibt es wenige Studien, die kognitive Prozesse im Kontext der Fahrzeugführung untersucht haben, unter anderem auch wegen methodischer Schwierigkeiten in diesem dynamischen Umfeld. Daher war es ebenfalls Teil dieses Dissertationsprojekts, neue Methoden zur Erfassung höherer kognitiver Prozesse in dieser Domäne zu entwickeln, mit Fokus auf mentalen Modellen und Situationsbewusstsein. Darüber hinaus wurde auch ein neuer Ansatz für die Analyse großer und heterogener Datenmengen im sozialwissenschaftlichen Bereich entwickelt, basierend auf dem Einsatz relationaler Datenbanken. Ziel der der Fahrsimulatorstudie war die systematische Erforschung des Effekts von unterschiedlich korrekten initialen mentalen Modellen von ACC auf die weitere Entwicklung des mentalen Modells, Vertrauen und Akzeptanz des Systems. Eine Stichprobe von insgesamt 51 Probanden nahm an der Studie teil; der Versuch wurde als zweifaktorielles (3x3) gemischtes Messwiederholungsdesign konzipiert. Die 3 parallelisierten Versuchsgruppen zu je 17 Personen erhielten (1) eine korrekte Beschreibung des ACC, (2) eine idealisierte Beschreibung unter Auslassung auftretender Systemprobleme und (3) eine überkritische Beschreibung mit zusätzlichen Hinweisen auf Systemprobleme, die nie auftraten. Alle Teilnehmer befuhren insgesamt dreimal im Zeitraum von sechs Wochen dieselbe 56 km lange Autobahnstrecke im Fahrsimulator mit identischem ACC-System. Mit zunehmendem Einsatz des ACC zeigte sich im anfänglich divergierenden mentalen Modell zwischen den Gruppen eine Entwicklung hin zum mentalen Modell der korrekt informierten Gruppe. Nicht erfahrene Systemprobleme tendierten dazu, im mentalen Modell zu verblassen, wenn sie nicht durch Erfahrung reaktiviert wurden. Vertrauen und Akzeptanz stiegen stetig in der korrekt informierten Gruppe. Dieselbe Entwicklung zeigte sich auch in der überkritisch informierten Gruppe, wobei Vertrauen und Akzeptanz anfänglich niedriger waren als in der Bedingung mit korrekter Information. Verschwiegene Systemprobleme führten zu einer konstanten Abnahme von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen ohne Erholung in der Gruppe mit idealisierter Beschreibung. Diese Resultate lassen darauf schließen, dass Probleme automatisierter Systeme sich nicht zwingend negativ auf Vertrauen und Akzeptanz auswirken, sofern sie vorab bekannt sind. Bei jeder Fahrt führten die Versuchsteilnehmer zudem kontinuierlich eine visuell beanspruchende Zweitaufgabe aus, die Surrogate Reference Task (SURT). Die Frequenz der Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung diente als objektives Echtzeitmaß für das Situationsbewusstsein, basierend auf dem Ansatz, dass situationsbewusste Fahrer die Zuwendung zur Zweitaufgabe reduzieren wenn sie potentiell kritische Situationen erwarten. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die korrekt informierten Fahrer sich potentiell kritischer Situationen mit möglichen Systemproblemen bewusst waren und schon im Vorfeld der Entstehung die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung reduzierten. Teilnehmer ohne Informationen zu auftretenden Systemproblemen wurden sich solcher Situationen erst nach dem ersten Auftreten bewusst und reduzierten in entsprechenden Szenarien der Folgefahrten die Zweitaufgabenbearbeitung. Allerdings sanken Vertrauen und Akzeptanz des Systems aufgrund der unerwarteten Probleme. Erwartete, aber nicht auftretende Systemprobleme tendierten dazu, im mentalen Modell des Systems zu verblassen und resultierten in vermindertem Situationsbewusstsein bereits in der zweiten Fahrt. Im Versuch unter Realbedingungen wurden der Lernprozesses sowie die Entwicklung des mentalen Modells, Vertrauen und Akzeptanz von ACC im Realverkehr erforscht. Ziele waren die statistisch/mathematische Modellierung des Lernprozesses, die Bestimmung von Zeitpunkten der Stabilisierung dieser Prozesse und wie sich reale Systemerfahrung auf das mentale Modell von ACC auswirkt. 15 Versuchsteilnehmer ohne ACC-Erfahrung fuhren ein Serienfahrzeug mit ACC insgesamt 10-mal auf der gleichen Strecke in einem Zeitraum von 2 Monaten. Im Unterschied zur Fahrsimulatorstudie waren alle Teilnehmer korrekt über die ACC-Funktionen und Funktionsgrenzen informiert durch Lesen der entsprechenden Abschnitte im Fahrzeughandbuch am Beginn der Studie. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass der Lernprozess sowie die Entwicklung von Akzeptanz und Vertrauen einer klassischen Lernkurve folgen – unter der Bedingung umfassender vorheriger Information zu Systemgrenzen. Der größte Lernfortschritt ist am Beginn der Interaktion mit dem System sichtbar und daher sollten Hilfen (z.B. durch intelligente Tutorsysteme) in erster Linie zu diesem Zeitpunkt gegeben werden. Eine Stabilisierung aller Prozesse zeigte sich nach der fünften Fahrt, was einer Fahrstrecke von rund 185 km oder 3,5 Stunden Fahrzeit entspricht. Es zeigten sich keine Einbrüche in Akzeptanz, Vertrauen bzw. dem Lernprozess durch die gemachten Erfahrungen im Straßenverkehr. Allerdings zeigte sich – analog zur Fahrsimulatorstudie – auch in der Realfahrstudie ein Verblassen von nicht erfahrenen Systemgrenzen im mentalen Modell, wenn diese nicht durch Erfahrungen aktiviert wurden. Im Hinblick auf die Validierung der neu entwickelten Methoden zur Erfassung von mentalen Modellen und Situationsbewusstsein sind die Resultate vielversprechend. Die Studien zeigen, dass mit dem entwickelten Fragebogenansatz zur Quantifizierung des mentalen Modells Einblicke in Aufbau und Entwicklung mentaler Modelle gegeben werden können. Der implizite Echtzeit-Messansatz für Situationsbewusstsein im Fahrsimulator zeigt sich ebenfalls sensitiv in der Erfassung des Bewusstseins von Fahrern für potentiell kritische Situationen. Inhaltlich zeigen die Studien die nachhaltige Relevanz des initialen mentalen Modells für den Lernprozess sowie die Entwicklung von Situationsbewusstsein, Akzeptanz, Vertrauen und die weitere Ausformung eines realistischen mentalen Modells der Möglichkeiten und Grenzen automatisierter Systeme. Aufgrund dieser Relevanz wird die Einbindung und Kontrolle des initialen mentalen Modells in Studien zu automatisierten Systemen unbedingt empfohlen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zwar, dass sich auch unvollständige bzw. falsche mentale Modelle durch Erfahrungslernen hin zu einer realistischen Einschätzung der Systemmöglichkeiten und -grenzen verändern, allerdings um den Preis sinkenden Vertrauens und abnehmender Akzeptanz. Idealisierte Systembeschreibungen ohne Hinweise auf mögliche Systemprobleme bringen nur anfänglich etwas höheres Vertrauen und Akzeptanz. Das Erleben unerwarteter Probleme führt zu einem stetigen Abfall dieser motivationalen Faktoren über die Zeit. Ein alleiniges Versuchs-Irrtums-Lernen für den Umgang mit automatisierter Assistenz im Fahrzeug ohne zusätzliche Information wird daher als nicht ausreichend für die Entwicklung stabilen Vertrauens und stabiler Akzeptanz betrachtet. Wenn das initiale mentale Modell den Erfahrungen entspricht, entwickeln sich Akzeptanz und Vertrauen gemäß einer klassischen Lernkurve – trotz erlebter Systemgrenzen. Sind diese potentiellen Probleme vorher bekannt, führen sie nicht zwingend zu einer Reduktion von Vertrauen und Akzeptanz. Auch zusätzliche überkritische Information vermindert Vertrauen und Akzeptanz nur am Beginn, aber nicht langfristig. Daher sollen potentielle Probleme in automatisierten Systemen nicht in idealisierten Beschreibungen verschwiegen werden – je präzisere Information gegeben wird, desto besser im langfristigen Verlauf. Allerdings tendieren nicht erfahrene Systemgrenzen zum Verblassen im mentalen Modell. Daher wird empfohlen, Nutzer regelmäßig an diese Systemgrenzen zu erinnern um die entsprechenden Facetten des mentalen Modells zu reaktivieren. In automatisierten Systemen integrierte intelligente Tutorsysteme könnten dafür eine Lösung bieten. Im Fahrzeugbereich könnten solche periodischen Erinnerungen an Systemgrenzen in Multifunktionsdisplays angezeigt werden, die mittlerweile in vielen modernen Fahrzeugen integriert sind. Diese Tutorsysteme können darüber hinaus auch auf die Präsenz eingebauter automatisierter Systeme hinweisen und deren Vorteile aufzeigen.:Table of contents LIST OF FIGURES I LIST OF TABLES II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV SUMMARY V ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 12 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 14 2.1 BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION AND HIGHER COGNITIVE PROCESSES 14 2.2 VEHICLE AUTOMATION AND ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL 17 2.3 MENTAL MODELS 20 2.3.1 Definition 20 2.3.2 Mental model construction and update 20 2.3.3 Discussion of existing measures 21 2.3.4 Development of the mental model questionnaire 23 2.4 SITUATION AWARENESS 24 2.4.1 Definition 24 2.4.2 Relationship between mental models and Situation Awareness 26 2.4.3 Situation Awareness as comprehension process 27 2.4.4 Discussion of existing measures 27 2.4.5 Development of the Situation Awareness measurement technique 29 2.5 LEARNING, ACCEPTANCE AND TRUST IN AUTOMATION 30 2.5.1 Power law of learning 30 2.5.2 Acceptance 31 2.5.3 Trust in automation 31 2.5.4 Related research on learning, acceptance and trust in ACC 32 3 OVERALL RESEARCH QUESTIONS 34 4 OVERALL METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 35 4.1 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDIES AND ON-ROAD TESTS 35 4.2 DATABASE-FRAMEWORK FOR DATA STORAGE AND ANALYSIS 37 5 DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 42 5.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 42 5.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 43 5.2.1 Sampling and participants 43 5.2.2 Research design and procedure 44 5.2.3 Facilities and driving simulator track 45 5.2.4 Secondary task SURT 46 5.2.5 System description 46 5.2.6 Dependent variables trust, acceptance and mental model 47 5.2.7 Contrast analysis 48 5.3 RESULTS 49 5.3.1 Mental model 49 5.3.2 Trust and acceptance 51 5.3.3 Situation Awareness 52 5.4 DISCUSSION 56 6 ON-ROAD STUDY 59 6.1 AIMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 59 6.2 METHOD AND MATERIAL 59 6.2.1 Research design and procedure 59 6.2.2 Sampling and participants 60 6.2.3 Facilities and apparatus 60 6.2.4 Dependent variables mental model, trust, acceptance, learning and ACC usage 62 6.3 RESULTS 63 6.3.1 ACC usage 63 6.3.2 Trust and acceptance 64 6.3.3 Learning 65 6.3.4 Mental model 67 6.4 DISCUSSION 68 7 GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 70 7.1 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 70 7.2 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 71 7.3 LIMITATIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 74 8 REFERENCES 76 9 APPENDIX 88 9.1 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 88 9.1.1 Original German version 88 9.1.2 English translation 91 9.2 ACC DESCRIPTIONS USED IN THE DRIVING SIMULATOR STUDY 94 9.2.1 Correct description 94 9.2.2 Incomplete description 95 9.2.3 Incorrect description 96 9.3 SCHEMATIC OVERVIEW OF THE DRIVING SIMULATOR TRACK 97 9.4 QUESTIONNAIRES USED IN THE ON-ROAD STUDY 99 9.4.1 Original German version 99 9.4.2 English translation 103 9.5 SEMINAR PROGRAMME: DATABASES AS ANALYSIS TOOL IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 107 9.6 CURRICULUM VITAE AND PUBLICATIONS 109
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