Dissertations / Theses: 'Informalità urbana'

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Chien, Ker-Hsuan. "Water, informality, and hybridising urban governance in Taiwan." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/cc4780ba-760d-4d30-8440-40bb090458d8.

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In the past ten years urban adaptation in the changing climate has become a primary concern for urban governance, as cities, especially those in developing countries, are burgeoning while natural disasters escalate, Securing the human habitat in the urban areas has became central to the sustaining of the human race. Dealing with urban water, therefore, is a ceaseless struggle between nature and the human need to seek new knowledge and technology in urban water governance. Being a city in great danger of flooding, Taipei's way of taming urban water has been a long process of disaster experience, knowledge learning, policy transferral, and negotiation with local citizenry. By delineating Taipei's water taming process, not only we can understand the city and water through their co-evolving processes, but we can also re-think how urban water has been conceptualised by man, and how this conceptualisation has affected the human dwellings on the waterfront. To depict the shifting human-water relationships of Taipei, this thesis employs the Deleuzean assemblage theory, treating Taipei's urban water governance as an assembling process of natural events, knowledge learning, mobile urban policy, urban informality, and neoliberal ideology. By adopting assemblage theory in the case of Taipei's urban water governance, the interweaving of floods, water knowledge, historical incidents, human dwellings, and the conducting of neoliberal urban governance can thus be re-figured in a processual manner, as a part of the constituting of the urban assemblage. Through attending to each of the constituents of this assemblage, seeing all parts of the urban assemblage as active and significant, this thesis not only demonstrates how water and the city shape each other, but it also indicates new possibilities in negotiating with neoliberal urban governance.

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Dominguez, Moreno Jorge Andres. "Three empirical essays on urban economics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399784.

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La ciudad es el resultado de la confluencia entre firmas y trabajadores e, implícitamente, una relación entre las capacidades productivas de las firmas y la productividad de las áreas en donde están localizadas. Además, la localización residencial de los trabajadores representa las ventajas y desventajas en el mercado laboral debido a que deben asumir los costos de desplazamiento. Bogotá y Cali, las ciudades que son objeto de estudio en esta tesis doctoral, son usadas para abordar tres temas cruciales que afectan a las ciudades en los países en desarrollo: el desempleo, la informalidad y el crimen. Bogotá, como la mayoría de las grandes ciudades en América Latina, ha experimentado problemas debido al descontrolado crecimiento urbano y la segregación espacial desde 1950. Este crecimiento descontrolado ha resultado en una expansión urbana que ha incrementado la distancia entre las viviendas de los trabajadores y las áreas donde se generan oportunidades de empleo. En el Capítulo 1 estimamos el efecto del acceso al empleo en la probabilidad de ser empleado. Para esto usamos microdatos de encuestas de hogares e información de localización de empleos a nivel de Census Tract. Estimamos ecuaciones de probabilidad de empleo para analizar la desconexión entre los trabajadores y las oportunidades de empleo controlando por características de los trabajadores. Además, usamos la metodología de variables instrumentales para abordar el problema de la endogeneidad. El principal resultado es que el acceso al empleo tiene un efecto positivo y significativo en la probabilidad de que el trabajador se encuentre empleado. La evidencia empírica con respecto a temas de aglomeración y localización espacial tiene que ver con empresas formales. La literatura ha mencionado marginalmente lo que sucede con las firmas informales. En el Capítulo 2 estimamos el efecto de la aglomeración espacial en el porcentaje de firmas informales a nivel de barrio. Las firmas informales son aquellas que producen bienes y servicios legales, pero que no cumplen con la regulación oficial. Este tema es relevante porque, al igual que en otros países en desarrollo, el sector informal en Colombia emplea más del 50% de la mano de obra. En este estudio encontramos que un incremento de una desviación estándar en los niveles de aglomeración espacial el porcentaje de firmas informales se reduce en 16%. Estos resultados son consistentes con la idea de que las firmas informales se benefician menos de las economías de aglomeración debido a que las restricciones legales bloquean su relación con firmas formales. Latinoamérica domina la lista de las ciudades más violentas del mundo. La literatura señala que las altas tasas de crimen representan una pérdida significativa de bienestar. Además, las tasas de crimen no se distribuyen de manera homogénea en el área urbana. En respuesta a los riesgos que impone el crimen, las personas tienen dos opciones: votar por políticas contra el crimen o moverse a otros barrios. En 2015, la ciudad con más homicidios fue Caracas (Venezuela) con 120 por cada 100,000 personas y la ciudad de Cali (Colombia) registró 65. Sabemos que el crimen tiene un efecto en el mercado de la vivienda, por lo tanto, el objetivo del Capítulo 3 es estimar la relación entre los precios de las viviendas y las tasas de homicidio en Cali. Encontramos que un incremento de 10% en las tasas de homicidio están relacionadas con una disminución entre el 2% y el 2.5% en los precios de las viviendas.
A city is a confluence between firms and workers and, implicitly, a relationship between the productive capacities of firms and the productivity of the areas in which they are located. Moreover, the residence location of workers represents advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities in the labour market because they have to assume commuting costs. Bogotá and Cali, the urban areas that we shall study in this thesis, are used to raise the crucial concerns of cities in developing countries. In the three empirical studies that make up this thesis, the central character is the city, but the main subjects are unemployment, informality and crime. Bogotá, like the majority of large Latin American cities, has experienced urban problems due to the uncontrolled growth of peripheral neighbourhoods and the socio-spatial segregation process that began in the 1950s. The rapid uncontrolled urbanization of the city has resulted in severe urban sprawl and this phenomenon has increased the distance between workers and job opportunities. In Chapter 1 we estimate the effect of job accessibility on the probability of being employed. Data used at individual level come from household surveys, while information about job location at census tract level comes from the Urban Planning Office. We estimate employment probability equations to analyse the disconnection between workers and job opportunities including controls at individual level. Moreover, the paper focuses on the treatment of the location endogeneity problem using instrumental variables. The main result is that job accessibility has a significant positive effect on the probability of being employed. Most of the empirical findings on spatial agglomeration and localization concern firms in the formal sector, and the literature say little about the effect of agglomeration on the localization of informal firms. In Chapter 2 we estimate the effect of agglomeration on the local share of informal firms that produce legal goods but do not comply with official regulations. This issue is relevant because, like other developing countries, the informal sector in Colombia employs more than 50% of the workforce. Our results demonstrate that one standard deviation increase in agglomeration reduces the local share of informal firms by 16%. Our results are consistent with the idea that informal firms benefit less from agglomeration because of legal restrictions that block the relationship with formal firms. The literature points out that high crime rates represent a significant welfare loss, reducing expected lifespan and increasing uncertainty about the future. However, crime rates are not homogeneously distributed within an urban area. This characteristic has a strong association with neighbourhood quality. In response to crime risk, residents generally have two options: they can vote for anti-crime policies or vote with their feet. In Chapter 3 we analyse this subject. Indeed, Latin America dominates the list of the world’s most violent cities. In 2015, Cali (Colombia) registered 65 homicides per 100,000 people in a ranking headed by Caracas (Venezuela) with 120. The literature points out that the local response to crime will be observed in the housing market. The objective of the analysis is to estimate the relationship between housing prices and homicide rates in Cali. We found that a 10% increase in the homicide rate is related with a decrease of between 2% and 2.5% in housing prices.

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Bari, Arezu Imran. "Understanding urban informality : everyday life in informal urban settlements in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3320.

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Rapid urbanisation and severe housing shortages help explain why informal settlements of self-built housing are widespread in Pakistan today. Failure to ensure an adequate supply of affordable housing has led to the steady encroachment of state-owned and private vacant land for informal dwelling. Current estimates are that 67% of the urban population of Pakistan lives in unrecognised settlements (UN-Habitat, 2013). Urban informality is arguably under researched within the South Asian context, particularly Pakistan. This study considers how everyday life unfolds through various forms of extra-legal, social and discursive regulations in this context of pervasive informality. This exploration is developed for the particular case of the Siddiquia Mill Colony, Faisalabad City. A central premise is that we need to develop new theoretical analytic tools that reflect current global urban trends in order to shift the perception of informality from one of deviance and disorganisation to one of alternative functionality and complementarity. The vast majority of new housing and urban economic opportunities around the world occur in informal sectors and unregulated settings. Contrary to conventional understanding, particularly in relation to South Asian informality, the research findings highlight that informal housing and irregular settlements function as enduring modes of urban development, inadequately portrayed as symptoms of economic backwardness. The study provides concrete examples of how informality is co-produced with formal urban development, often filling the institutional, structural and administrative gaps that state-led planning practices leave behind. The empirical research draws on a mix of ethnographic data from a detailed survey of household housing characteristics, in-depth interviews and immersive observations, in a two-tier research design. The findings reinforce the notion that informality is ordinary rather than deviant. Inhabitants exhibit a sense of attachment, a recognition of alternative property rights and a perceived sense of entitlement in relation to their properties. It is noted that, while a desire to ‘own’ their property could be perceived as falling in line with neo-liberal ideals, the drivers and objectives underpinning ‘ownership’ in this context are far removed from the desire, or need, to be part of a capitalistic, neo-liberal, propertied citizenship. Rather, these aspirations are based on ideas of security and perpetuity. This is evident through a close reading of well-defined but complex webs of horizontal and vertical social relations. Social relations internally differentiate the inhabitants of Siddiquia Mill, highlighting the persistence of unequal power relations. The insights gained from this case study contribute deeper understanding in geography and planning debates by demonstrating the multiple ways that urban informality functions simultaneously as a social field of competition and cooperation. This work makes two significant contributions to scholarship. First, it explores the previously neglected context of informality in urban Pakistan, which is quite different from informality in other, more-well documented countries of South Asia. Second, it argues in favour of informality as a counter to neo-liberalist ideology.

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PENKO, TEIXEIRA CAIO. "Housing is Much More Than a Roof Over One’s Head: The Urban Politics of Immigrant Squatters’ Movements." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/356091.

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L'attuale tesi di dottorato esplora alcuni dibattiti attuali sulla precarietà abitativa esaminando la politica dei movimenti degli occupanti abusivi degli immigrati. Questa ricerca è ambientata a Torino, ma esplora una questione urbana più ampia per quanto riguarda la disuguaglianza spaziale, i gruppi sociali emarginati e l'attivismo. Basando il lavoro etnografico sul campo nell'"Occupazione ex-MOI", questa ricerca definisce un quadro per l'analisi della ricerca di immigrati per la casa e altri luoghi di abitazione in esilio. La presente ricerca affronta questo problema considerando come gli immigrati clandestini hanno appropriato spazi emarginati della città per ottenere e sostenere un certo grado di potere politico come produttori di città. In tutti i capitoli basati sugli articoli, questa analisi cerca di fare i conti con il modo in cui l'accovacciamento collettivo negli edifici vacanti l'ha fatto diventare un campo di battaglia sociale da cui può emergere una performativity sovversiva attraverso atti di solidarietà. Questa tesi avanza borsa di studio esaminando le modalità di azione collettiva attraverso i movimenti degli abusivi e invita i lettori a ripensare la condizione della loro dismissione. Offre un'analisi empiricamente fondata del ruolo dei movimenti squatting-autonomi e si schiera per gli immigrati privi di documenti, i rifugiati e le persone che chiedono asilo, e, cosa più importante, produce un resoconto teorico convincente di cui la giustizia e i diritti dovrebbero applicarsi. Le persone in movimento che vivono ai margini e le loro lotte per diventare politiche sono in ultima analisi questioni affascinanti per la politica urbana di oggi. Ci ricordano che i movimenti di base svolgono un ruolo importante nel determinare come la vita urbana è vissuta e negoziata. Inoltre, ci ricordano la centralità della casa, e che abbiamo il diritto di fare affermazioni sul nostro corpo, indipendentemente dall'immigrazione e dallo status di cittadinanza.
The present doctoral thesis explores some current debates about housing precarity by looking at the politics of immigrant squatters’ movements. This research is set in Turin but explores a wider urban question regarding spatial inequality, marginalized social groups, and activism. Drawing upon the ethnographic fieldwork in the “Ex-MOI Occupation,” this research sets out a framework for the analyses of immigrants’ search for home and other places of dwelling in exile. The present research addresses this issue considering how illegalized immigrants appropriate marginalized spaces in the city to gain access to and sustain some degree of political power as city makers. Throughout the article-based chapters, this analysis seeks to grapple with how collective squatting in vacant buildings has caused it to become a social battleground from which subversive performativity may emerge through acts of solidarity. This thesis advances scholarship by examining the modes of collective action through squatters’ movements and invites readers to rethink the condition of one’s dispossession. It offers an empirically grounded analysis of the role of squatting-autonomous movements and stands up for undocumented immigrants, refugees, and people seeking asylum, and more importantly, produces a compelling theoretical account of to whom justice and rights should apply. People on the move that live on the margins and their struggles for becoming political are ultimately fascinating matters for today’s urban politics. They remind us that grassroots movements play an important role in determining how urban life is experienced and negotiated. Moreover, they remind us of the centrality of home, and that we are entitled to make claims over our own bodies, regardless of immigration and citizenship status.

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Chagnollaud, Fanny. "La comunidad andine, du village au quartier : l’invention d’une culture andine urbaine à Ayacucho (Pérou)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100036.

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Située dans les Andes sud-centrales du Pérou, la ville d’Ayacucho a connu une expansion urbaine accélérée à partir des années 1950, nourrie par l’arrivée massive de migrants andins originaires des districts ruraux de la région. Aujourd’hui peuplée de plus de 151.000 habitants, elle apparaît comme un ensemble de quartiers agglomérés autour du centre historique colonial. La très grande majorité de ces quartiers est le résultat d’une invasion collective de terrains organisée par les migrants. Ce travail analyse les processus de formation et les modalités du fonctionnement quotidien de ces quartiers. Il montre comment, pour les fonder et assurer leur pérennité, les migrants ont reproduit les structures et les mécanismes sociaux andins traditionnels en les accommodant au milieu urbain. L’objectif de cette étude est de montrer comment ces migrants ont ainsi inventé une culture andine urbaine. Ces quartiers qu’ils ont construits constituent en effet une transposition en milieu urbain de la « comunidad » andine, généralement considérée comme une institution rurale
Located in the south-central Andes of Peru, the city of Ayacucho underwent an accelerated urbanization process from the 1950’s, nourished by the massive arrival of immigrants from the Andean rural districts of the area. Peopled today with more than 151.000 inhabitants, it appears like a conglomerate of settlements gathered around the historical colonial centre of the city. A large majority of these settlements is the result of collective lands invasions organized by the immigrants. This work analyses the formation process and daily functioning of these settlements. It shows how, to found them and ensure their permanence, the immigrants reproduced the traditional Andean social structures and mechanisms, adapting them to the urban context. The objective of this study is to show that, by doing so, these immigrants invented an urban Andean culture. Those settlements they built are indeed a transposition in the urban environment of the Andean “comunidad”, generally considered a rural institution

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Cunha, Márcia Maria. "Informalidade urbana e segregação socioespacial em Bauru : o caso do Jardim Niceia /." Franca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192800.

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Orientador: Agnaldo de Sousa Barbosa
Resumo: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo compreender como o processo de informalidade urbana e segregação socioespacial impacta nas condições de vida dos moradores do assentamento informal do Bairro Jardim Niceia, no município de Bauru. Para cumprir esse propósito, as técnicas de pesquisa utilizadas foram observação participante como voluntária do projeto Voz do Niceia e membro das oficinas socioterritoriais do CRAS Jardim Europa; pesquisa documental referente aos 205 cadastros com dados socioeconômicos dos moradores do Jardim Niceia, realizados pela SEPLAN; informações oficiais com o poder público mediante solicitações de informações sobre o atendimento das famílias nas diferentes políticas públicas; e entrevistas semiestruturadas com famílias beneficiárias do BPC. A pesquisa está amparada no método de análise da ciência reflexiva, operacionalizada pelo estudo de caso ampliado. A partir da observação participante é possível considerar que para que os serviços públicos alcancem os cidadãos, é preciso buscar alternativas, pois as ofertadas hoje não atendem às necessidades das famílias. O perfil das famílias aponta para baixa escolaridade; maioria com mulheres como chefe de família; trabalhos menos remunerados e desemprego; e casal com filhos. Quanto ao acesso aos serviços públicos, o de saúde foi o único tangível a todas as entrevistadas, ainda que de difícil acesso. Quanto à situação de informalidade urbana, o impacto para a maioria das entrevistadas é a insegurança da posse, de... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This research has the goal of understanding how the process of urban informality and socio-spatial segregation affects the life condition of the residents of the informal settlement Bairro Jardim Niceia in the city of Bauru, Brazil. To fulfill that purpose, the research techniques used were: participant observation as a volunteer of the project Voz do Niceia and member of the socio-territorial workshops of the CRAS Jardim Europa; documentary research regarding the 205 registers containing socioeconomic data from the Jardim Niceia residents, performed by SEPLAN; official information from public power upon request for information on services given to the families in different public policies; and semi-structured interviews with the families that benefit from the BPC. The research is based on the reflective science analysis method, operationalized by the expanded case study. From the participant observation, it is possible to consider that in order for the public services to reach the citizens, it is necessary to find alternatives, since the ones offered today do not meet the families' needs. The family profile indicates low education levels; most have women as householders; low-paying jobs and unemployment; and couples with children. As for access to public services, healthcare was the only one accessible to all the interviewed, even if hard to access. As for the urban informality situation, the impact for the majority of the interviewed is the insecurity of ownership, since th... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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RICCHIARDI, HERNANDEZ ANA MARIA. "Mapping transitional urban forms The form of the in-formal in Sub-Saharan Africa." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2972206.

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Usman, Mohammad. "Ghanaians in the Bronx : (il)legal status and pathways to housing." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/271128.

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How does legal status shape access to housing? This research explores the housing journeys of Ghanaian migrants in the borough of the Bronx in New York City to answer that question. The aim of this research is to understand the processes by which poor documented and undocumented migrants access housing, and to uncover the hidden, informal sub-markets that they occupy. Data were collected over a 14-month period of fieldwork, through 2014 and 2015, using a mixed methods approach. Quantitative data were drawn from secondary datasets and qualitative data were obtained from in-depth interviews with migrants, housing providers, and intermediaries. This study adapts urban informality theory by adjoining it with the concepts of migrant enclaves, social capital, and survival strategies. Urban informality describes informal settlements in the Global South that arise due to suspended sovereignty, where the state allows settlements to form to facilitate rapid urbanisation at minimal institutional cost. Urban informality occurs in the Bronx differently than in the Global South: migrants do not construct housing but rather obtain units on the formal market that they then sublet on their own informal market. Complicit actors, including profit-seeking providers and indifferent public authorities, allow this informal market to form. The findings show that, surprisingly, legal status is not an organizing framework in the housing market. Rather, the strength of one's social ties to the Ghanaian migrant community strongly determines how housing is accessed. For instance, undocumented migrants report better housing outcomes (lower rents and higher satisfaction) compared to their documented counterparts because they have more robust connections to other migrants. The only migrant group that can overcome weak social network ties and still readily access affordable housing are unmarried female Ghanaian migrants, as they are desired as household labourers and potential spouses. This research further finds that documented and undocumented migrants are similar in one important respect, they resist support from public institutions: housing courts, social service agencies, and elected representatives. This stems from pervasive myths and misinformation regarding government: migrants tend to believe that public authorities seek to deport them or otherwise prohibit their families from immigrating to the U.S., and that they only truly serve Hispanics, who are in the majority in the Bronx. This results in avoidable impoverishment, particularly among documented migrants who decline to seek public benefits to which they are legally qualified and entitled. This study contributes to knowledge with its empirical findings, methodology, and theoretical developments. The findings deepen our understanding of poor migrant communities residing in the Global North, and the implications of legal status for housing access. The methodology provides a novel approach for uncovering and examining allocation processes in hidden markets. The adapted urban informality model gives new theoretical insights into the relationship between formality and informality, which has further applications in housing studies and urban economics.

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Gupte, Jaideep. "Linking urban civil violence, extralegality and informality : credibility and policing in south-central Mumbai, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.543675.

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Ehebrecht, Daniel. "Urbane Mobilität und Informalität in Subsahara-Afrika – Eine Studie zur Marktintegration der Motorrad-Taxis in Dar es Salaam." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22183.

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Im Kontext der rasanten Stadt- und Verkehrsentwicklung in Subsahara-Afrika haben Motorrad-Taxis in den vergangenen Jahren einen starken Bedeutungsgewinn erfahren. Diese sorgen für die Erreichbarkeit randstädtischer Siedlungsgebiete und erfüllen auch in innerstädtischen Gebieten wichtige Funktionen. Bisherige Studien haben vor allem Aspekte der Verkehrsunsicherheit sowie quantitative Angebotsmerkmale und Nutzerbewertungen der Dienstleistung herausgearbeitet. Auch um die Potenziale für eine Reduzierung ihrer Negativeffekte und für ihre stärkere verkehrsplanerische Einbettung abschätzen zu können, bedarf es darüber hinaus eines besseren Verständnisses ihrer Steuerungsmechanismen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Studie die Organisation und Regulierung der Motorrad-Taxis am Beispiel der tansanischen Metropole Dar es Salaam. Die Empirie stützt sich auf ein methodisch qualitatives Vorgehen, das sich am Forschungsstil der Grounded Theory und den Argumenten des Southern Urbanism orientiert. Die Analyse und Einordnung der Ergebnisse basiert auf verschiedenen theoretischen Perspektiven der Steuerung sowie auf Konzepten der soziologischen Praxistheorien. Die Arbeit zeigt, welchen Einfluss der lokale Kontext auf das Entstehen der Motorrad-Taxi-Dienstleistung hat und welche Governance-Mechanismen ihre kontinuierliche Integration in den lokalen Markt der Mobilitätsdienstleistungen ermöglichen. Dabei deckt die Studie das enge Zusammenspiel und die Bedeutung von Selbstregulierung, staatlicher Regulierung sowie Konflikten und Kooperation zwischen den beteiligten Stakeholdern auf. Damit trägt die Studie zur Überwindung einer oft unterstellten Dichotomie von ‚informellen‘ und ‚formellen‘ gesellschaftlichen Relationen bei. Darauf aufbauend liefert die Studie außerdem einen empirischen Beitrag zu aktuellen theoretischen Debatten um das Verhältnis von Strukturzwängen in den Städten Subsahara-Afrikas einerseits und den Handlungsmöglichkeiten sozialer Akteure andererseits.
In the context of rapid urbanisation and transport development in Sub-Saharan-Africa motorcycle-taxis have become an important mobility option in recent years. They increase accessibility in peri-urban settlements and provide crucial functions in inner urban areas. Previous studies have contributed to a better understanding of road safety issues and have investigated quantitative service characteristics and user perceptions. However, in order to reduce negative effects and to evaluate the potentials for their consideration in urban transport planning, it is fundamental to also understand the governance of motorcycle-taxis. Against this background, this study investigates the organisation and mode of regulation of motorcycle-taxis in the Tanzanian metropolis of Dar es Salaam. The study is based on a qualitative research design and follows a Grounded Theory approach and the arguments of Southern Urbanism. The analysis of the empirical results is informed by different governance perspectives and concepts from the field of sociological practice theory. The study shows how the emergence of motorcycle-taxis in Dar es Salaam is shaped by the local context and how particular governance mechanisms continuously enable their integration into the local market of mobility services. In that regard the study unveils how self-regulation, state regulation as well as conflicts and cooperation between stakeholders interrelate and what role they play. In that way the study contributes to overcoming the often-assumed dichotomy between ‘informal’ and ‘formal’ social relations. Moreover, based on a social-theoretical analysis the study contributes to current urban theory debates on the relation between the constraints of social structures in the cities in Sub-Saharan Africa on the one hand and the agency of social actors on the other hand.

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Manda, Mtafu Almiton Zeleza Chinguwa. "Understanding the context of informality: urban planning under different land tenure systems in Mzuzu city, Malawi." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31107.

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A key feature of urbanisation in African and many other Global South cities is the prevalence and persistence of urban informal settlements. Despite planning attempts and claims to directly address and contain informal settlements, informality nonetheless continues to be the dominant form of shelter. However, there is insufficient understanding of how and why informality persists in the African urban context and why urban planning seems unable to engage with this aspect of urban growth and change. This situation also prevails in Malawian cities. This study sought to explore and understand the role of state-society engagements in the production and proliferation of housing informality in Mzuzu City. The thesis is informed by a recognition that planning theory has predominantly relied on Global North (Western) ideologies such as Habermesian inspired collaborative and communicative planning approaches which argue that consensus can realise planning goals and visions. The appeal, and hence adoption and application of these approaches in the Global South have largely failed to deliver the kind of planning outcomes seen in the Global North for many reasons, including the different political power dynamics and colonial historical contexts within which planning operates. The state-society engagements in the Global South contexts show that the state, rather than regulating development, is implicated in the production of informality in ways similar to those of inhabitants. These contexts point to the need to develop planning concepts which have a better relevance in rapidly growing and under-resourced urban settlements in the Global South. The thesis contributes to an emerging body of knowledge that has come to be called the Global South Planning Theory Project. The scholars promoting this project argue for the importance of context in planning theory development and in this case the need to consider the contribution of the Global South to planning and understanding of the urbanisation processes. In this regard, the thesis draws on various Global South concepts such as informality as a mode of urbanisation (Roy, 2009), gray spaces (Yiftachel, 2009), conflicting rationalities (Watson 2003), quiet encroachment (Bayat, 2010), insurgency (Holston, 2008) and hidden transcripts (Scott,1990) to frame the analysis of housing informality in Mzuzu City. The case study method (Yin 2014) was used to collect and analyse data from three informal settlements of Luwinga, Salisburyline and Geisha each having developed on land of a specific tenure: customary, public and private, respectively. Interviews and discussions were held with state officials, chiefs, block leaders, clan leaders, and senior citizens as well as groups of inhabitants in form of focus group discussions. Observations, literature review and archival data supplemented the information from the interviews and discussions. The analysis of the results indicates that state-society engagement in the informal settlements is about the application of the various strategies by each side in seeking to either achieve planned orderly urban growth or the right to land and life in the city. The study also shows that these strategies manifest, from the perspective of the state, through several laws, policies, regulations, and an assortment of practices that the planning system uses as a tool of the state. Among the state strategies are threats of evictions, demolitions and organising citizens to participate in development committees. However, when the state utilises these strategies, it is not always for the achievement of planned orderly urban growth as professed, but on many occasions for revenue generation through property taxation, for land control, for vote-gaining or for personal gain. On the other hand, inhabitants use threats of court action, violence, collaboration with state actors, hidden transcripts (Scott, 1990), spatial protests ( Yakobi, 2004) and quiet encroachment (Bayat, 2010) to achieve their objectives to retain their land rights, to provide their basic need of shelter and to stay in the city. The inhabitants seeking survival strategies were also found not immune to the clientelist ambitions of local politicians. The study noted the shifting state discourses of informal settlements from a view of them as utter illegality to gradual political acceptance or regularisation of their existence. Finally, the study found many aspects of rationality conflicts, which either occurred between the state and society directly, among state actors, among citizen actors and across the two spheres. Within the state, ethical conflicts in which state officials deliberately frustrated the visioning of planned orderly urban growth were found to be rampant. State-society engagements therefore can be said to be a contributor to housing informality. In the case of Mzuzu, these engagements occur in multiple settlements regardless of land tenure situation. These engagements suggest that rationality conflicts occur within multi-layered settings, across state-society spheres as well as beyond specific project interventions implemented within single settlements.

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JABER, LEMA ABDULMUTTALEB YOUSEF. "THE ROLE OF IMAGINARIES IN SHAPING POWER RELATIONS IN URBAN PLANNING PROCESSES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/378152.

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Questa ricerca ha l'obiettivo di esplorare il ruolo degli immaginari sociali in un contesto urbano con un obiettivo strategico per contribuire alla teoria della pianificazione urbana, specialmente con i suoi attuali sforzi dedicati ad affrontare le sfide urbane esistenti. Il significato delle relazioni di potere nel processo di pianificazione, che sono ancora ambigue, è un elemento chiave quando si interpreta l'impatto dei processi di pianificazione urbana. Si sostiene che il luogo in cui un processo di pianificazione viene attuato sia un potente fattore di stabilizzazione per quanto riguarda le pratiche sociali e l'identità del luogo. Quindi, i luoghi non sono volumi fisici; essi portano caratteristiche intangibili attraverso la stabilizzazione dell'identità e dell'attività sociale. In altre parole, hanno un immaginario collettivo. L'urbanistica si occupa del luogo come oggetto di pianificazione escludendo alcune delle sue caratteristiche particolari come le sue specifiche, il suo tipo, la sua identità, le pratiche sociali che si svolgono in un luogo e i suoi regolamenti. Questa ricerca mira a mappare e comprendere gli immaginari sottostanti di un luogo sottoposto a un processo di pianificazione urbana nel contesto urbano del Sud globale. Sostiene che un fenomeno come quello dei venditori ambulanti può essere meglio spiegato e analizzato quando gli immaginari del luogo sono in gioco per spiegare i cambiamenti nelle relazioni di potere.
This research has an objective of exploring the role of social imaginaries in an urban context with a strategic goal to contribute to the urban planning theory especially with its current dedicated efforts to facing the existing urban challenges. The significance of power relations in the planning process, which are still ambiguous is a key element when interpreting the impact of urban planning processes. The place where a planning process is implemented is claimed to be a powerful stabilizing factor with regards to social practices and place identity. Therefore, places are not physical volumes; they carry intangible characteristics through stabilizing the identity and social activity. In other words, they have collective imaginary. Urban planning deals with place as a planning object excluding some of its particular characteristics such as its specifications, its type, its identity, the social practices that are held in a place and its regulations. This research aims for mapping and understanding the underlying imaginaries of a place undergoing an urban planning process in the Global South urban context. It argues that a phenomenon such as street vending can be better explained and analyzed when place imaginaries are at play to explain the changes in power relations.

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VIEDA, MARTINEZ SERGIO ANDRES. "Housing Informality beyond The Urban Poor: Spatialities, Public Institutions, and Social Injustice in Rich Settlements of Bogotá." Doctoral thesis, Gran Sasso Science Institute, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12571/22502.

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Informality has been profoundly depicted and characterized in academic literature, nevertheless, it does not count with a single universally accepted definition. Decades after the formulation of this concept, and despite extensive research on diverse backgrounds and countries worldwide, informality is still strongly bonded to specific settings and locations: the urban poor in the Global South. This document challenges the persistent and often pervasive notion of poverty as a cause of informality and aims to understand the nature of informal housing of the rich. For this purpose, the spread of informal luxury villas in the eastern hills of Bogotá (Colombia) is explored as a case study through a wide range of qualitative methods. This study provides different perspectives on the phenomenology of housing informality of the rich by highlighting its underlying features such as the urban form, the role of public agents and the presence of informal institutions. Some of these features have been previously explored in other contexts worldwide, however, they remain scarcely investigated on informal housing of upper-income groups. Finally, this thesis offers a complete picture of the structural reasons that lie behind this type of informality and how they can influence the dynamics of planning law and processes.

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El, Kahlaoui Soraya. "Posséder. Construction de l'Etat et résistances aux mécanismes de dépossession dans le Maroc post-2011." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH202.

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En partant de deux enquêtes ethnographiques, l’une portant sur un quartier d’habitations informelles en cours de construction (2012-2013), et l’autre sur la résistance des membres de la tribu Guich Oudaya expulsés de leurs terres situées en plein Rabat (2014-2016), cette thèse vient interroger la manière dont les groupes sociaux marginalisés parviennent à revendiquer leurs droits dans le Maroc post-2011. Plus spécifiquement, ce travail vise à éclairer un aspect des reconfigurations politiques qui ont suivies les différentes protestations du mouvement du 20 février 2011, en mettant en lumière la dynamique des conflits et des rapports de force qui s’instituent dans l’affrontement entre un Etat régissant l’ordre urbain et des populations vivant dans le monde de l’informel en lutte pour leur droit au logement. Ces luttes du « peuple de l’informel » s’inscrivent dans un long processus historique engendré par le colonialisme. En urbanisant le Maroc, l’arrivée du pouvoir colonial a en effet profondément déstructuré les modes de gestion du territoire. Cette urbanisation, rendue possible grâce à l’instauration de mécanismes de dépossession, a provoqué une ségrégation spatiale fondée sur une séparation entre espace moderne et espace informel. En effet, avec l’avènement des villes coloniales/modernes, le manque de travail et de logement a abouti à la création de bidonvilles en périphérie des centres urbains et à l’émergence d’une économie informelle. Dans ces zones de marginalité urbaine, les populations se retrouvent dans la situation de contester l’Etat à partir d’une position de semi-légalité. Si cette situation structure leurs luttes et modèle leurs formes d’organisation, elle vient également les placer en opposition directe avec l’une des principales prérogatives de l’Etat moderne : celle de définir les contours du droit de propriété
Through two ethnographic studies - one about an informal housing neighbourhood under construction (2012-2013), the other one about the resistance of the Guich Oudaya tribe, expelled from their land at the heart of Rabat (2014-2016), this thesis aims at questioning the practices that marginalized social groups use to claim their right in post-2011 Morocco. Particularly, this study aims at revealing an aspect of the political reconfigurations which followed the various protests of the 20 February movement in 2011 by shedding lights on the dynamics of the conflicts and the power balance established in the confrontation between the State as administrator of the urban order and a population living in the informal world and struggling for their right to housing. The struggles of this « informal people » are rooted in a long historical process engendered by colonialism. The colonial power extensively destroyed the modes of territorial management through the urbanisation of Morocco. This urbanisation process, based on mechanisms of dispossession, caused a spatial segregation built on the separation between the modern and the informal spaces. Indeed, with the establishment of the colonial/modern cities, the lack of work and of state housing has led to the development of « shanty towns » in the periphery of urban areas and the creation of an informal economy. In these zones of urban marginality and always from a situation of semi-legality, these populations were obliged to contest the state. If this situation of semi-legality structures their fights and shapes their forms of organization, it also places these populations in direct confrontation with one of the main privileges of the modern State: that to define the outlines of the property right

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Kirby, Benjamin James. "Muslim mobilisation, urban informality, and the politics of development in Tanzania : an ethnography of the Kariakoo market district." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18483/.

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This study stages an illuminating analysis of religious politics in Dar es Salaam and Tanzania from below. At its heart is an original account of Muslim political mobilisation in Tanzania that foregrounds the everyday lives of urban actors in Kariakoo, a super-dense market district at the centre of Dar es Salaam. Under British colonial rule, Kariakoo was Dar es Salaam‟s principal African residential neighbourhood; the beating heart of the city's lively cultural scene and the cradle of Tanganyika‟s African nationalist movement. Today, Kariakoo has grown into one of the most important commercial districts in the East African region. In 2012 and 2013, it was also the site of episodes of Muslim mobilisation which led to clashes with state police and armed forces. Drawing on rich data derived from fifteen months of ethnographic fieldwork in the neighbourhood, I ask what the everyday life of Kariakoo reveals about religious politics in Tanzania. More specifically, I use it to investigate the intersections between Muslim mobilisation, informal livelihood practices developed by urban users in response to escalating conditions of economic precarity, and popular discontent concerning entrenched inequalities and uneven development along religious lines. By drawing together several innovative research trajectories in the fields of religious and urban studies, I am able to hold together the notions of the religious and the urban in a manner that spotlights just how integral religion is to Kariakoo as an urban ecology. The subsequent discussion reveals the remarkable dynamism of Muslim social practices and modes of affiliation when considered as numbering among the everyday livelihood practices that are employed by urban users in Kariakoo. This study brings a more nuanced explanatory frame to bear on the contemporary realities of Muslim activism and religious politics in Tanzania and beyond than those that prevail in much academic and media commentary.

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Simon, Runsten. "Energy Provision and Informality in South African Informal Urban Settlements : A Multi-Criteria Sustainability Assessment of Energy Access Alternatives." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175150.

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Due to urbanization and governmental incapacity to cope with the consequent increase in demand for housing in cities, more than 10 % of the South African population is living in informal settlements. This group is also growing at high rates, causing settlements in cities to be established in ever less suitable conditions (Gaunt et al. 2012; Wolpe & Reddy 2010). Informal households in locations considered unsuitable for habitation are not sufficiently addressed by current national policies aimed at relieving energy poverty. These households instead resort to buying electricity from their neighbors or stealing from the grid, posing issues of revenue losses, network reliability, safety and affordability, and they also continue to rely on unclean use of fuel for cooking and lighting (Franks & Prasad 2014; Tait 2013). At the same time, alternative ways of providing energy services, such as Solar Home Systems and LPG being tested in such contexts need further examination. This thesis explores how access to basic energy services can be sustainably provided to informal households that are ineligible for grid electrification, by comparing current and alternative ways of accessing energy services and identifying some barriers and opportunities related to these. The sustainability of the access alternatives is studied using a multi-criteria sustainability assessment (MCSA). This approach incorporates a case study in the Western Cape Province, focused on Cape Town, using semi-structured interviews to explore views and knowledge of stakeholders and experts. The MCSA identifies notable trade-offs of various access alternatives and suggests that off-grid electricity alternatives may provide a short or medium-term solution if provided along with gas for cooking accessed at local convenience stores. The case study further shows that barriers for electrification can be overcome in most cases, providing that there is political will at the local level to do so. At the same time, it is shown that the current focus on electricity is limited in its success of providing access to basic energy services. It is suggested that sustainable implementation of alternatives to grid electricity is likely to depend on a range of factors, including political will, policy framework, funding and allocation of subsidies, the model of service provision, as well as social dynamics. The case study also indicate that non-government initiatives may be necessary in some cases, both to overcome political inertia and to gain social acceptance among households. In conclusion, this study supports the suggestion that governmental efforts aimed at access to energy services, as opposed to supply of electricity, may be more effective in meeting basic needs. It also suggests that close cooperation between various government levels, as well as non-government actors and the local community is crucial to sustainably meeting these needs. As this work was limited both in time and scope, further studies should apply and/or study possible models of providing access to basic energy services, using findings from this study as a starting point.
Till följd av urbanisering och regeringens oförmåga att hantera åtföljande ökade efterfrågan på bostäder i städer lever mer än 10 % av den Sydafrikanska befolkningen i informella bosättningar eller slumområden. Denna grupp växer också kraftigt vilket leder till att bosättningar etableras på allt sämre lämpade platser (Gaunt et al. 2012; Wolpe & Reddy 2010). Informella hushåll på platser som anses olämpliga för boende nås inte av nuvarande nationella policyer inriktade på att bekämpa energifattigdom. Dessa hushåll lämnas således åt att köpa elektricitet från sina grannar eller att stjäla från elnätet, vilket orsakar problem med intäktsförluster, elnätets pålitlighet, säkerhet och betalningssvårigheter, och de får också fortsätta att förlita sig på oren användning av bränslen för matlagning och belysning (Franks & Prasad 2014; Tait 2013). Samtidigt behöver alternativa sätt att tillhandahålla energitjänster, så som Solar Home Systems och gasol, som testas i sådana sammanhang undersökas ytterligare. Denna uppsats undersöker hur tillgång till grundläggande energitjänster kan förmedlas på ett hållbart sätt till informella hushåll som inte är berättigade till elnätsanslutning, genom att jämföra nuvarande och alternativa sätt att få tillgång till energitjänster, samt genom att identifiera vissa hinder och möjligheter i samband med dessa. Hållbarheten hos försörjningsalternativen studeras genom en multi-kriteriell hållbarhetsbedömning (MCSA). Detta tillvägagångssätt inbegriper en fallstudie i Västra Kapprovinsen med fokus på Kapstaden och använder semistrukturerade intervjuer för att utforska åsikter och kunskap hos intressegrupper och experter. Med MCSA identifieras betydande avvägningar mellan olika försörjningsalternativ och det föreslås att icke nätbaserade alternativ kan utgöra möjliga lösningar på kort eller meddelång sikt, ifall de tillhandahålls tillsammans med gas för matlagning genom lokala närbutiker. Fallstudien visar vidare att hinder för elektrifiering kan övervinnas i de flesta fall, förutsatt att det finns politisk vilja på lokal nivå för detta. Samtidigt visas att den nuvarande fokusen på elnätsanslutning är begränsad i dess förmåga att tillhandahålla grundläggande energitjänster. Det föreslås att hållbarheten i genomförande av alternativ till elnätsanslutningar i kontexten sannolikt beror på en rad faktorer, bland annat politisk vilja, politiska ramverk, finansiering och fördelning av styrmedel, modellen för tillhandahållande av tjänster, samt social dynamik. Fallstudien visar också att icke-statliga insatser kan vara nödvändiga i vissa fall, både för att övervinna politisk tröghet samt att vinna social acceptans bland hushållen. Sammanfattningsvis stöder denna studie förslaget att statliga ansatser som syftar till att tillgång till energitjänster, i motsats till elförsörjning, kan vara mer effektiva när det gäller att tillgodose grundläggande behov. Studien föreslår också att ett nära samarbete och interaktion mellan olika förvaltningsnivåer, samt icke-statliga aktörer och lokalsamhället är avgörande för att på ett hållbart sätt möta dessa behov. Vidare studier bör tillämpa och/eller studera möjliga modeller för tillhandahållande av grundläggande energitjänster, med resultaten från denna studie som utgångspunkt.

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Svensdotter, Anna Olivia Nicolina. "Border nomads: An architectural investigation of transient public urban place." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/213193/1/Anna_Svensdotter_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis examined the socio-spatial border phenomenon of transient public urban places (TPUPs) in Brisbane, Australia. The research highlighted the significance of TPUPs and their crucial qualities of spatially just UPPs. The research outcome is a theoretical model that outlines the affordances of the TPUP environment to be considered by designers wanting to produce more spatially just UPPs. The value and impact of the model lie in its application by designers, with implications for spatial design, urban planning, and design philosophy. The model promotes advocacy for disadvantaged urban citizens, fostering equity in both turbulent and peaceful times.

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Olowosegun, Adebola. "Stakeholders' perceptions on informal public transport : an exploration of impacts of urban growth on quality of service in Ibadan, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2018. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/edff0cd9-eea6-48f9-b173-2680082b6d34.

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Informal public transport (IPT) has emerged as an adaptive alternative to formal public transport in developing countries. The informal public transport service has both positive and negative impacts on the wellbeing of urban dwellers. As such, there are varying discourses on whether IPT should be considered an urban resource or a problem. The impact of urban growth in terms of population increase and urban spatial sprawl creates public transport challenges in developing countries. It is against this backdrop that this study explored the perceptions of informal public transport stakeholders on the quality of service (QoS) experienced in the City of Ibadan, Nigeria. A pragmatist philosophical approach is adopted in this study in order to explore the stakeholders' perceptions of the QoS of IPT in Ibadan. A convergent mixed methods research design was employed to explore the set objectives seeking to understand how the impact of urban growth in Ibadan has developed a demand for public transport, more so against the backdrop of the diminished public investment in transport services and infrastructure. The study seeks to identify and explore stakeholders' perceptions on the established IPT in Ibadan. The study developed a multi-criteria evaluation model to explore and analyse such perceptions on QoS on identified three Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Ibadan. The identified issues are discussed using culture sensitisation of governance in the context of Ibadan and reflecting such perceptions against the ideals for individuals and public. Findings from the study reveal mixed stakeholders' perceptions. The descriptive analysis and narratives of the stakeholders reveal that some of the criteria are positively perceived. The application of the Kruskal Wallis Analysis for variability across the three studied local authorities reveal that there is insignificant influence of the socioeconomic characteristics of the users on perceptions of IPT. However, an analysis of individual criteria established in the multi-criteria evaluation model reveals a low users' perceptions of the QoS provided by IPT users. The study concludes that the positive perceptions attributed by users of the IPT, despite its otherwise poor QoS, is explained by the fact that the use of IPT in Ibadan is not out of public choice but a necessity given that there is no other alternative mode of public transport. Consequently, the study concludes that perceptions of informal public transport relate to the impact on individuals and public wellbeing. This is alternative thought from discourses that perceive urban growth in terms of population growth and physical spatial sprawl to the shift towards explaining the impact of urban growth and need for transport in terms of public wellbeing. Following on to this, the study draws a recommendation for a transport policy and practice developed from the nexus of the regulatory state, the informal transport sector and the users of informal transport driven by the view that informal transport is a key contributor to public wellbeing in cities of the developing world. Thus, the IPT should be sensitised as a permanent and 'formal' element for the City of Ibadan and not perceived as illegal and targeted for withdrawal from the urban.

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Nahiduzzaman, Kh Md. "HOUSING THE URBAN POOR: AN INTEGRATED GOVERNANCE PERSPECTIVE : The Case of Dhaka, Bangladesh." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90297.

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It is claimed that low-income people in Dhaka city do not have the financial ability to enjoy adecent housing environment. There is a clear lack of knowledge on how low-income people,drawing upon both their available income together and support from formal financial institutions,would be able to afford housing. It is commonly considered a fact that their access to formalfinancial means is largely hindered by their poor financial status, along with the absence of anyform of land tenure security. The case of this study demonstrates, on the contrary, the adequatefinancial ability of the urban poor when it comes to meeting rent and payments for other necessaryservices. This study therefore primarily responds to the critical issue of whether the government isunaware of informal housing practices, or is simply ignorant of low-income housing provision.In this study, perspectives on change are analyzed in order to comprehend the obstacles andchallenges embedded within the housing organizations of Dhaka city. Within the local governanceparadigm, the concepts of deliberative dialogue and partnership are explored with the aim toreveal both the resources rooted in ‘informal’ low-income housing practices, and the resources atstake for the ‘formal’ housing gatekeepers. Different land tenure security options are explored inorder to understand their compatibility with the informal nature of low-income housing. Thetheory of social business is critically reviewed, and used to examine whether low-incomeaffordable housing could be seen as a product resulting from partnerships between vested actors,for whom the low-income community could be considered to be both a beneficiary and a partner.This study suggests that outside the boundary of ‘formal’ housing, there is an unexplored andfunctional ‘informal’ housing market where de facto owners purchase ‘business tenure security’from the slum lords, while de facto tenants buy ‘house rental tenure security’ in exchange forregular rental payments. Within this informality, an innovative financial organization (the JhilparCooperative) has emerged as a creative platform for business investment. This study reveals thatJhilpar’s inhabitants pay more than 30 percent of their monthly income for housing. As anabsolute value, this is more than what is being paid by middle-class – and even many high-income– people. The slum inhabitants also pay more for a limited supply of basic services, such aselectricity.This study concludes that the formal housing gatekeepers lack a complete knowledge of‘informality’ – a notion reflected in, for example, the actual financial ability of the urban poor; thestrength and potentials of systematic community-based cooperative business; and housing relocationdecisions (employment-housing nexus). This fundamental lack of knowledge precludesthe housing gatekeepers from taking the right decisions to achieve affordable low-incomehousing. These deficiencies have led to low-income housing projects that have barely benefitedthe urban poor, benefiting other income groups instead. Low-income housing projects utilizingland title provision, sites and services schemes, and relocation to other places (amongst otherstrategies) disregard the nature, strength, and potentials of housing ‘informality’ in the slums inthe most pronounced manner. This identified knowledge gap also rules out private and publichousing gatekeepers employing their resources as enablers or providers. To improve this impassewith regard to affordable low-income housing, this study advocates a ‘social business model forlow-income housing’ as the most effective option for the Jhilpar community, wherebypartnerships would be built on an ‘investment’ mindset, through a shift away from conventional‘give away’ practices.
QC 20120221

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Boström, Frida. "Papaquara : From Favela to Urban Field House." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-80682.

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The project consists of developing new housing for the residents of Papaquara, 191 people who lived in a favela until early2011, when they were evicted and had their houses demolished by the local government while their settlement was severely flooded. This new housing project, which is firmly grounded in real circumstances, builds upon research on irregular autoconstructed settlements, their architectural characteristics and specifically the temporal aspect of how spatial qualities are constructed in such areas. The architecture presented in the final proposal is an upgraded version of a favela house core that facilitates incremental add-ons, in a typology called urban field house.

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Silva, Ric?lia Maria Marinho da. "Setor terci?rio: formalidade e informalidade: algumas especificidades da (re)produ??o do espa?o urbano de Bayeux-PB." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18973.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RiceliaMMS.pdf: 3321311 bytes, checksum: de96c9c9d291e6ef67ae29f9db780343 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-04
This work has as study object the tertiary sector and (the re)production of the urban space of Bayeux-PB. For in such a way, one became necessary to the construction of a theoretical boarding that context the national reality, to be able itself to understand the reality local. This way to construct allowed an opening of the field of vision how much to the relevance of if ahead studying the tertiary sector and its weight of the current configuration of the society in a country as Brazil, e especially in a city of a State northeastern, as it is the case of Bayeux. The theoretical boarding had as base the two circuits of the urban economy, the productive reorganization and the transformations in the world of the work, as well as, the space organization and the distinction between the economic and social space of the tertiary activities, from the logic of functioning of the establishments: the regulation. Besides working with referring official data to the tertiary sector, the empirical study it had as reference one hundred and sixty and establishments tertiary, located in four axles of circulation of the city of Bayeux - PB, which are: Av. Liberdade, Av. Engenheiro de Carvalho, Av. Francisco Marques da Fonseca and Av. Marechal Rondon, that they had appeared in such a way stimulated for the processes of urbanization and industrialization lived deeply from years 70 in the "Great Jo?o Pessoa" how much, in the countries of the underdeveloped capitalist world, as Brazil. Being thus, the objective of the work was to study the tertiary sector and its relation with (the re)production of the urban space, standing out the functioning logic
Esta disserta??o tem como objeto de estudo o setor terci?rio e a (re)produ??o do espa?o urbano de Bayeux-PB. Para tanto, fez-se necess?rio ? constru??o de uma abordagem te?rica que contextualizasse a realidade nacional, para se poder entender a realidade local. Essa maneira de construir permitiu uma abertura do campo de vis?o quanto ? relev?ncia de se estudar o setor terci?rio e seu peso diante da atual configura??o da sociedade num pa?s como o Brasil, e especialmente em um munic?pio de um Estado nordestino, como ? o caso de Bayeux. A abordagem te?rica teve como base os dois circuitos da economia urbana, a reestrutura??o produtiva e as transforma??es no mundo do trabalho, bem como, a organiza??o espacial e a distin??o entre o espa?o econ?mico e social das atividades terci?rias, a partir da l?gica de funcionamento dos estabelecimentos: a regulamenta??o. Al?m de trabalhar com dados oficiais referentes ao setor terci?rio, o estudo emp?rico teve como refer?ncia cento e sessenta e um estabelecimentos terci?rios, localizados em quatro eixos de circula??o do munic?pio de Bayeux PB, quais sejam: Av. Liberdade, Av. Engenheiro de Carvalho, Av. Francisco Marques da Fonseca e Av. Marechal Rondon, que surgiram impulsionadas pelos processos de urbaniza??o e industrializa??o vivenciados a partir dos anos 70 tanto na Grande Jo?o Pessoa quanto, nos pa?ses do mundo capitalista subdesenvolvido, como o Brasil. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar o setor terci?rio e sua rela??o com a (re)produ??o do espa?o urbano, ressaltando a l?gica de funcionamento

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Skinner, J. Branson. "Fashioning Waste: Considering the Global and Local Impacts of the Secondhand Clothing Trade in Accra, Ghana and Charting an Inclusive Path Forward." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553613566277155.

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Kelkar, Unmesh Shrikant. "Reinterpreting the generic: A study of the threshold between static and temporary." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1553618430376827.

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Ehebrecht, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Urbane Mobilität und Informalität in Subsahara-Afrika – Eine Studie zur Marktintegration der Motorrad-Taxis in Dar es Salaam / Daniel Ehebrecht." Berlin : Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1222973316/34.

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Elkekli, Fuzia Taher. "The Identity Of The Medina, Tripoli, Libya: Conservation And Urban Planning From The Nineteenth Century To The Present." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/338903.

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The Medina of Tripoli, Libya, is a very ancient walled city that has a history of change, development, deterioration, conservation, and preservation to its fabric. Influenced by various foreign groups (Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Muslims, Spanish, Ottomans, Karamanlis), its architectural styles include ancient and traditional structures, as well as modern Western style or acculturation architecture. The purpose of the Medina as a place of habitation has changed over the years because of many factors including residents moving out of the Medina, fluctuating preservation, the changes in government policy when each new ruling entity had its particular laws and regulations, and some distortion of the economy due to the oil revenues. The place has no long-term plan or vision applied to it--either from within or from without. This study, the first of its kind in North Africa to collect information by using surveys and mental maps, convert the information into geographic information system (GIS) data, and come to definite conclusions about the Medina's situation. The entire research focused on four areas (the Islamic buildings, common routes of transportation, areas of deterioration, and population densities within Tripoli's Medina), but this document focused on the deterioration in the city while analyzing its urban informality, the residents' rights to live in the city, and property categories. This study helped to clarify the current situation and provide input to planners in post-uprising Libya.

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Corbett, David Ian Bedford. "Alternative forms of citymaking: Insights and implications from South Africa and Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208153/1/David%20Ian%20Bedford_Corbett_Thesis.pdf.

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This study employed a comparative urbanism methodology to explore the interrelationship between formal approaches to urban governance and urban informality in Logan, Australia and Cape Town, South Africa. Through in-depth interviews, observations and a co-design workshop, the study investigates points of disconnection in the margins and ties these to issues of power, inclusion and the notion of a 'good' city. It proposes avenues for conducting comparative urban research across Global North and South cities. The thesis furthers knowledge of co-productive research with vulnerable participants, articulates the role of intermediaries in inclusive alternative citymaking, and challenges negative assumptions of urban informality.

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Farmer, Eilunid. "Negotiating the edge : resolving the conflicts and potentials between endogenous and exogenous environments in peri-urban settlement by creating a condition for a narrative between the two extremes." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45279.

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In Mabopane’s core, designers have, in an idealistic, static and utopian fashion, created environments for a society that does not exist, which has resulted in a tension between formal environments and informal activities. Because of the nature of formal institutions, informality (which is the backbone of identity of place) is suffering and being encroached upon by formal developments. In reality, in all formality lies some informality, and vice versa. The intention is not to formalise the informal or informalise the formal, but rather to create a hybrid space where the two extremes (which are dependent on each other for survival) can co-exist and form a symbiotic relationship. How does one create this landscape of co-dependence? The answer is firstly sought in a programmatic approach . An apprenticeship workshop inherits current site activities and forges a new relationship between the two extremes by sourcing the by-products of retail from the formal structure (i.e. the shopping centre) and utilising the evident resource effi ciency of the community in order to solve a series of urban problems. The programme consists of two branches: the larger product manufacturing (where a current modular housing system with added recycled insulation is produced); and the smaller workshops (where fi ner crafts are practised, such as sewing and mending). These spaces are aimed at creating social, economic and knowledge-exchange environments. The programme is used as a vessel to illustrate the concept that three types of spaces are required: the necessary, the optional and the spontaneous. The programme is designed in such a way that it compliments existing activities, introduces new ones where necessary and capitalises on established networks. The built form is thus required to create a hybrid landscape of exchange. In order to create this landscape, a visual language is extracted from the context, deciphered and applied to the proposed site and activities. The designer is only capable of creating the formal and not in control of the informal, but one can learn from the fabric by deciphering some of the visible patterns on how to create successful space. This understanding of “anonymous architecture” aims to stimulate the narrative between the two extremes. By examining the context, understanding what works and why it works in that specifi c way, a decision on what formal intervention is needed, could be supported to compliment and refl ect the dynamic properties of the context. This familiarity of form is used to create an architecture that is region specifi c in its message and use.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

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KACANI, Artan. "Valutazione F.I.S.I.A e l'impatto territoriale. Misurare e confrontare l'efficienza e l'efficacia dell'Agenda Urbana sulle aree informali nella Regione di Tirana e Durazzo." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2478781.

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La prima volta che L'Agenda Urbana sulla legalizzazione, l'urbanizzazione e l'integrazione delle aree e degli insediamenti informali è stata istituita è stato nell'anno 2006. Dal 2006 ad oggi, molte leggi e regolamenti hanno cambiato e influenzato quest'agenda urbana. Per capire le prime fasi, di costrutire in maniera informale, bisogna avere un quadro generale riguardo la condizione politica ed economica che passava il paese in quei anni. Il vuoto istituzionale per affrontare le aree rurali al di fuori della linea gialla, che definiva il limite dell'area urbana,creava una situazione poco chiara su chi è responsabile, vedi (Aliaj, Shutina e Dhamo, 2010). Nello stesso periodo (2009) è stata tolta la risorsa cognitiva che i Municipi avevano per ottenere e gestire i dati cartografici. L'agenzia regionale ha assunto tutte queste competenze, comprese le risorse economiche - in aperta violazione all'articolo 13 della Costituzione Albanese e sull'Autonomia Locale. La risorsa politica che un tempo era del Consiglio Municipale, per definire le aree informali e il quadro normativo, è andata a livelli amministrativi più elevati e centralizzati, come ad esempio A.L.U.I.Z.N.I (agenzia regionale) e K.K.T (Consigli degli Ministri). Nel 2014 sono state introdotte nuove tariffe riguardola destinazione d'uso del suolo. Piccoli negozi informali hanno chiuso le loro attività, e solo i grandi investimenti hanno avuto la possibilità di pagare una tariffa più elevata di quella abitativa, come alberghi, fabbriche e resort. Affrontando questa condizione dinamica e repressiva riguardo gli insediamenti informali e la loro vulnerabilitàabitativa, la ricerca mira a una "fase zero" di valutazione e analisi sui diritti, attori, leggi e regolamenti. Tre teorie sulla valutazione delle politiche sono state utilizzate in una, denominata Responsive Focused Evaluation. La novità di R.F.E è che valuta il contenuto della policy dalle risorse che gli attori hanno, con focus su una specifica risorsa, in questo caso quello economica. A differenza della classica valutazione su risultati e outputs, R.F.E suggerisce di vedere una seconda teoria - quella focalizzata sulle abilità degli attori di usare queste risorse, chiamata Empowerment Evaluation. Concentrandosi sulle risorse economiche, la fase di implementazione di R.F.E suggerisce di esaminare i casi probabilistici di fallimento, o in regola per ottenerela piena legalizzazione dell'insediamento informale. Nella tesi vengono identificati quattro fattori di blocco e più di dodici fattori sull'impatto territoriale, sulla frammentazione del suolo e sulla densificazione. I primi quattro fattori di bloccosono stati valutati in un'unica formula, denominata F.I.S.I.A, con l'obiettivo della legalizzazione includendo i costi di urbanizzazione, e cosi di garantire un agenda urbana efficiente ed efficace. Invece, l'impatto territoriale è uno strumento analitico per le aree informali per capire l'impatto della frammentarizzazione e densificazione del suolo. La domanda di ricerca è rivolta alla seconda parte, Emporwerment Evaluatio, che si concentra sulle risorse economiche. Di quanto ammontano gli obiettivi espressi dell'Agenda Urbana per la legalizzazione, urbanizzazione includendo i fattori di blocco? I risultati danno diversi livelli di efficienza ed efficacia. Più alto è il gradiente di efficienza più alto sarà il costo di urbanizzazione e quindi la necessità di chiamare risorse politiche in azione, o risorse esogene - e viceversa. Questo può variare dalle dimensioni dell'area informale e dalla morfologia urbana. Più alto sarà il gradiente di efficacia più alto saranno i fattori e i costi che ne impediscono, e quindi la necessità di chiamare risorse cognitive e attori indipendenti nell'agenda urbana per le risorse endogene. La separazione di questi due indicatori, efficienza ed efficacia è essenziale per ottenere un processo decisionale più sensibile e resposabile.
The first time that the U.A on Legalization, Urbanization, and Integration of the informal areas and Settlement was introduced is in 2006. From 2006 to nowadays many laws and regulations have shaped the U.A. On the early stages it is essential to understand the political and economic condition - the institutional vacuum to deal with the rural areas outside the yellow line was an unclear situation on who is responsible, see (Aliaj, Shutina, & Dhamo, 2010). At the same period (2009) the cognitive resource of the municipalities to get the cartographic data was taken off. The regional agency took over all these competencies and including the economic resources - in open violation to article 13 on the Albanian constitution and local autonomy. The political resource that once was of the municipalities, to define the informal areas and the regulatory frame, went to higher and centralized administrative levels, such as A.L.U.I.Z.N.I (regional agency). In 2014, new different fees were introduced regarding the settlements raised for economic function and use. Many small informal markets closed their activities, and only big investments had the possibility to pay a higher fee than housing purposes, such as hotels, factories, and resorts. Facing this dynamic and repressive condition to vulnerable housing tenure the research proposes a "phase zero" of assessment and analysis. Three theories of policy evaluation have been used in one, called Responsive Focused Evaluation. The novelty of R.F.E is that evaluates the policy content from resources focused, differently from the classic evaluation on outcomes and outputs. By focusing on the economic resources, the implementation step of R.F.E suggests to look at probabilistic cases of failure or regular process of legalization. Four hindering factors are identified, and more than twelve factors on territorial impact, land fragmentation, and densification. The first four hindering factors can be assessed in one single formula called F.I.S.I.A, with the legalization revenues and urbanization costs to give the policy efficiency and effectiveness. Instead, the territorial impact gives variations on an analytical tool for the informal areas. The research question is addressed to the second part, policy implementation, which focuses on economic resources. How much are the costs of the objectives set by the UA, legalization, urbanization and the hindering factors? The results give different levels of efficiency and effectiveness ratio. Higher the efficiency gradient is, higher will be the urbanization cost and so the need to call political resources in action, or exogenous resources - and vice versa. This can vary from the size of the informal area and the urban morphology. Higher the effectiveness gradient is, higher will be the hindering factors and cost, and so the need to call cognitive resources and independent actors in the U.A for the endogenous resources. The separation of these two indicators, efficiency, and effectiveness is essential to get a more responsive and sensitive policy decision process on revenue's reversibility and future investments.

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Grabalov, Pavel. "Dacha Sweet Dacha: Place Attachment in the Urban Allotment Gardens of Kaliningrad, Russia." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21315.

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Official planning documents and strategies often look at cities from above neglecting people’s experiences and practices. Meanwhile cities as meaningful places are constructed though citizens’ practices, memories and ties with their surroundings. The purpose of this phenomenological study is to discover people’s bonds with their urban allotment gardens – dachas – in the Russian city of Kaliningrad and to explore the significance of these bonds for city development. The phenomenon of the dacha has a long history in Russia. Similar to urban allotment gardens in other countries, dachas are an essential part of the city landscape in many post-socialist countries but differ by their large scale. Recent decades have brought diversity into the urban dacha areas of Russia and express a shift away from their primary function of recreational horticulture towards a greater variety in usage, including housing. Due to multiple legal frameworks these areas have become special enclaves with haphazard development, inadequate levels of infrastructure and low quality of self-build houses. Urban dachas can be examined as an example of both post-socialist suburbanization and informal settlement. In this thesis the concept of place attachment, derived from the works of human geographers and environmental psychologists, is used as both the theoretical and methodological lens to look at people-place relations in urban dacha areas. The empirical evidence for this study was gathered through interviews and observations in Kaliningrad where urban dachas comprise 11% of the city’s territory. To capture the different aspects of place attachment in these areas the data was categorised according to common themes.The findings of this study show the complexity of the bonds between people and their urban allotment gardens. Despite all the hardships, these places provide their residents an opportunity for independence and self-realization. The respondents demonstrated an energy and aspiration to achieve increased well-being for themselves and their families, however the lack of resources and institutions hinders the development of place attachment in urban dacha areas. The identified features of people’s bonds with their dachas should not only be preconditions for urban planning but also an integral part of the planning and development process. This study also tests the application of the concept of place attachment for urban studies.

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Couto, Eduardo Castro. ""No próximo, desce!": o transporte clandestino na zona sul de São Paulo (1989-2004)." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13173.

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This work examines how social relations among workers identified as perueiros involved with informality work in the public transport in the south region of São Paulo from 1989 to 2004 were constituted. Besides, this study tries to understand if the phenomenon of legal transport has contributed to the transformation of the urban space from this area of the city. The south area of São Paulo is one of the most populous areas in the district. The neighborhoods that are part of this region present a series of striking contrasts in the life of its inhabitants which are generally marked by the absence total or partial of social rights for the poor population. On the other hand, there are neighborhoods for the most privileged classes (medium and upper middle class) with housing and luxury condominiums and in some situations delimiting a fragile line with poverty and misery that live nearby. The period proposed for this research is characterized by the advancement of neoliberalism, deregulation of world economies and the growth of informality in the labor market. In order to understand how relationships of dispute and power for the right to circulation and the tensions resulting from the phenomenon of informality in this region sources such as the narratives of the informal workers that took part in this experience, the production of scholars about public transport and public politics for the transport in São Paulo were used
Este trabalho aborda como foram constituídas as relações sociais vividas entre os trabalhadores identificados como perueiros envolvidos com a informalidade no transporte coletivo na região sul em São Paulo entre o período de 1989 a 2004. Além disso, este estudo procura compreender se o fenômeno do transporte ilegal contribuiu para as transformações do espaço urbano desta área da cidade. A zona sul de São Paulo é uma das áreas mais populosas do município. Os bairros que fazem parte desta região apresentam uma série de contrastes marcantes na vida de seus habitantes. São geralmente marcados pela ausência, total ou parcial, dos direitos sociais para a população mais pobre. Em contrapartida, há bairros voltados para as classes mais favorecidas (média e média alta), com bolsões habitacionais e condomínios de luxo e, em algumas situações, delimitando uma frágil linha com a pobreza e miséria vizinhas. O período proposto para esta pesquisa é caracterizado pelo avanço do neoliberalismo, da desregulamentação das economias mundiais e o crescimento da informalidade no mercado de trabalho. Para perceber como se estabeleceram as relações de disputa e poder pelo direito à circulação na cidade e as tensões advindas com o fenômeno da informalidade nesta região da cidade, foram analisadas fontes como as narrativas de trabalhadores informais participantes desta experiência, a produção de estudiosos do transporte sobre o tema e as políticas públicas para o transporte em São Paulo

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Siddabathuni, Deepti Prasad. "Unfolding Smart City Development in India." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27393.

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Amid the speedy uptake of ‘smart cities’ worldwide, there is a lack of research focused on the South, which is concerning, considering the rate of urbanisation and the proliferation of smart cities in the Global South. In order to address this gap, this research focuses on the development of smart cities in India (home to one-fourth of the Global South population), with an ambitious plan to develop 100 smart cities through the Smart Cities Mission (SCM) introduced by the Government of India. By examining how policies influence the development of smart cities, and by focusing on the critical perspectives utilised in the implementation of smart cities in different contexts, the thesis demonstrates how smart city development is unfolding in India; not only conceptually, but also empirically, in terms of how, where and for whom are smart cities implemented from governance, planning, and urban design perspectives. The key findings demonstrate how the unfolding of smart city development in India contributes to the international theorisation of the smart city, especially in the Global South. This outlook of smart cities recognises the need to understand the mainstream and overlooked challenge of ‘informality’ in the cities of the Global South. The approach taken here confirms the implications of the current smart city initiatives on urban informality to display the socio-spatialities of the smart city development; thus, adding theoretical and empirical nuances to existing work primarily based on the one-size-fits-all smart city concept or digital technology in smart city implementation. Mixed methods, consisting of critical policy analysis of smart city documents and fieldwork case study investigation, including semi-structured interviews with diverse smart city stakeholders and site visits, draw out crucial distinctions between the imaginary and the ‘actually’ existing smart city and highlight the theoretical and empirical ‘uniqueness’ of smart cities in the Global South.

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ANILE, LORENA HELENA DOS SANTOS S. "TO FORMALIZE THE LAND? ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACTS OF THE LAND REGULARIZATION PROGRAMS IN THE RIO DE JANEIRO FAVELAS AND THEIR INTERFACE WITH URBAN INFORMALITY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=34882@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
A população moradora das favelas cria estratégias para sua manutenção nesses locais. Longe de afirmar que a informalidade seria uma solução para todos os problemas da favela, a presente dissertação compreende esta prática como funcional. Contrapondo a isto, a Regularização Fundiária é entendida como a legalização das propriedades das áreas informais. Entretanto, o que se vê, na maioria das favelas cariocas que receberam estes projetos, é a entrega de um título fragilizado, que não garante a permanência da população, isto quando há efetivamente a entrega do título. O tema proposto por esta dissertação é a Regularização Fundiária em contraste com a informalidade urbana encontrada nas favelas cariocas. Analisamos a informalidade urbana como um ordenamento diferenciado no meio urbano, portanto, ela não deve ser encarada como um problema que pode ser solucionado pela Regularização Fundiária. Para compreender a inserção da Regularização Fundiária como Programa governamental nas favelas cariocas, destacamos três favelas como campo de pesquisa: Rocinha, Cantagalo e Acari (Vila Rica e Vila Esperança), todas com inserção governamental e desfechos distintos. Assim, para alcançar o objetivo central desta dissertação, buscamos o aprofundamento nos temas principais por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica, do levantamento documental sobre os programas de regularização fundiária e a realização de entrevistas com lideranças comunitárias, gestores dos programas locais de regularização fundiária e agentes governamentais. Buscamos aprofundar a temática da Regularização Fundiária e as suas variadas vertentes, observando os desafios enfrentados para garantir à população moradora das favelas o direito à cidade.
The slum leaving population create strategies for their maintenance in these environments. Far from stating that informality would be a solution to all slum problems, the present dissertation understands it as a functional practice. Contrary to it, land regularization is understood as of the properties legalization from informal areas. However, what is seen in most slums in Rio de Janeiro that received these projects, is a fragile deed delivered that does not guarantee the population permanence, when, in fact, there is an actual delivery. The theme proposed by this dissertation is Land Regularization in contrast to the urban informality found in the Rio de Janeiro slums. It has been analyzed urban informality as a differentiated urban planning, therefore, it should not be seen as a problem that can be solved by land regularization. In order to understand the inclusion of land regularization as a government program in Rio de Janeiro slums, three slums were studied as field of research: Rocinha, Cantagalo and Acari (Vila Rica and Vila Esperança), all with governmental insertion and different outcomes. Thus, in order to reach the main objective, we seek to deepen the main themes through bibliographical research, documentary survey of land regularization programs and interviews with community leaders, managers of local land regularization programs and government agents. We aim to deepen the theme of land regularization and its various aspects, observing the challenges faced to guarantee the population living in the slums the right to the city.

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Batista, Amanda Barros. "ROTATIVO SÃO LUÍS: Dinâmica de classificação dos guardadores de carro." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2007. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/603.

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Analysis of discourses related to the process of classification and identification of flanelinhas who work in the public (and pay) system of rotative parking in São Luís Centre named Rotativo São Luís . The proposal of this research was to discuss what I call dynamic of classification of car guards, understood as the construction, by representatives of Car Guards Union, of classification and differentiation criteria between flanelinhas of the referred system, as well as the reasons and ways of employment of such criteria. I considered the process of classifying as capability of identify differentiations between individual and social groups, resulting, among other things, in unequal treatments or demands of behavior. In the interpretation of Pierre Bourdieu (1996, p. 110), this process would convert to what he calls social magic, once it would give existence to the nominated thing, establishing its borders and delimiting its limits.
Análises de discursos relativos aos processos de classificação e identificação de flanelinhas que trabalham no sistema público (e pago) de estacionamento rotativo, denominado Rotativo São Luís , no Centro da cidade de São Luís do Maranhão. A proposta da pesquisa foi discutir o que chamo de dinâmica de classificação dos guardadores de carro , entendida como a elaboração, por representantes do Sindicato dos Guardadores de Carro, de critérios de classificação e diferenciação entre flanelinhas do referido sistema, assim como quais as razões e formas de emprego de tais critérios. Considerei o processo de categorização como capacidade de identificar diferenciações entre indivíduos e grupos sociais, resultando, dentre outras coisas, em tratamentos desiguais ou exigências de comportamento. Na interpretação de Pierre Bourdieu (1996, p. 110), esse processo se converteria no que chama de magia social, vez que daria existência à coisa nomeada, estabelecendo fronteiras e delimitando limites.

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Pinto, Matheus Rosa. "AS METAMORFOSES DO TRABALHO URBANO: O CASO DOS COMERCIANTES INFORMAIS DE SANTA MARIA RS (1980-2011)." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9669.

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The work aims to elucidate relevant points about the evolution of informal trade in the Santa Maria streets, with the time frame the years 1980 and 2011, covering the period from the effective development of informal trade on the main streets of the city, through the foundation Camelódromo Municipal in 1991, addressing its consequences, to the construction of Shopping Independence in 2010, as its first activity times. Within this crop chosen will address the relationships between those involved in the process, the government positioning, issues related to urban growth and economic situation of the city. In addition to the above, the work has to develop his notes about the history of the city of Santa Maria, the current economic scenario analysis in Brazil in crop research, reflections on the methodology employed and discussions on the concept of informality. The research was CAPES funding.
O trabalho desenvolvido visa elucidar pontos relevantes sobre a evolução do comércio informal nas ruas de Santa Maria, tendo como recorte temporal os anos de 1980 e 2011, contemplando o período do desenvolvimento efetivo do comércio informal nas principais ruas da cidade, passando pela fundação do Camelódromo Municipal, em 1991, abordando seus desdobramentos, até a construção do Shopping Independência, em 2010, tal como seus primeiros tempos de atividades. Dentro deste recorte escolhido serão abordadas as relações entre os envolvidos no processo, o posicionamento governamental, questões relacionadas ao crescimento urbano e situação econômica da cidade. Além do mencionado, o trabalho tem em seu desenvolver apontamentos sobre a história da cidade de Santa Maria, análise do quadro econômico vigente no Brasil no recorte da pesquisa, reflexões sobre a metodologia empregada e discussões sobre o conceito de informalidade. A pesquisa contou com financiamento CAPES.

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Soriano, Aura Keziah. "Investigating the Gap between Informal Urbanization and Formal Planning and Governance Practices in Metro Manila, Philippines." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298486.

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Metro Manila, Philippines is one of the densest and fastest growing metropolitan regions in the world, of which informal urbanization is a significant contributor. This rapid informal urbanization is a dynamic yet uncoordinated force shaping the city-region, in conflict with the vision of a modern, globally-competitive city-region painted in formal planning instruments. Despite manifold efforts, urban planning and housing mechanisms have been unable to adequately address the issue of informal settlements in the metropolis. In this degree project, I investigate how formal planning policy and housing governance practices in Metro Manila can better engage with urban informality towards sustainable and just urban development.While informality is a complex phenomenon that still eludes definition, theories suggest that it is a mode of urbanization that works between the gaps of formality in the production of the city. As they are recreated through the same structural conditions, it is possible to use informality as a lens to critically analyze urban formality and the direction of urban development. Building on this, I examine the generative context, social construction, and interactions of structure and human agency that shape formal and informal urbanization in Metro Manila through interviews and document review.Through this study, I propose three points to consider in the urban development of Metro Manila. First, I posit that urban planning based on land use regulation cannot enhance spatial justice when property is inaccessible to the urban poor. In a market-led property setting, land use planning becomes an instrument for gentrification. Second, I problematize the concept of property ownership being the basis of ‘formality’ in Philippine policy and consequently the perceived solution to the issues of informal settlements. Reconsidering informality as a way of claiming the right to the city, I argue that spatial justice entails addressing access to housing tenure, employment, welfare and social networks rather than ‘formalizing the informal’. Finally, I question the ability of current processes of democratic governance in securing the common good within a context of unequal power relations. Instead, I propose that political will should be constructed from the grassroots to redefine the desired direction of urban development.

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Kelling, Emily [Verfasser], Martina [Akademischer Betreuer] Löw, Arnold [Akademischer Betreuer] Windeler, Jorge [Akademischer Betreuer] Fiori, Colin [Akademischer Betreuer] Marx, Martina [Gutachter] Löw, Jorge [Gutachter] Fiori, and Arnold [Gutachter] Windeler. "Urban informality: space, power and legitimacy in addressing London's housing need / Emily Kelling ; Gutachter: Martina Löw, Jorge Fiori, Arnold Windeler ; Martina Löw, Arnold Windeler, Jorge Fiori, Colin Marx." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238141838/34.

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Kwarteng, Ishmael Adinya. "OUR EXISTENCE MATTER : EXPERIENCES AND BELONGING OF URBAN SPACE FROM STREET HAWKERS PERSPECTIVE-A CASE STUDY OF LA-NKWANTANANG MADINA MUNICIPAL AREA." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182439.

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The study examines the experiences of street hawkers and contributes to the current but less represented debate on hawkers’ ways of appropriating the urban space through space modification and codification that serve greatly their capitalist purposes and how those daily activities influence their sense of belonging to the urban public space. The hawkers in the study area; La- Nkwantanang-Madina Area, Ghana show some social concerns in their informal day-to-day street activities that account for some of the relocation issues that render the repressive measures of city authorities futile. In understanding the space appropriation and sense of belonging from the hawker’s perspective, the study introduces the concept of “right to the city” for which the purpose of this study conceptualizes it as “the right to the street” so it can better attend to the experiences of place and sense of belonging by the hawkers, the informality concept and the urban citizenship. The study uses qualitative approach which included methods; participant observation, in-depth interviews and Focus group discussion to help unearth some of the issues that contribute to the debate. The research finds that although the space contestations between the street hawkers and city officials still lingers on, the hawkers are able to successfully reproduce their belonging to the urban streets through exchange value of space and the diversification of urban streets which forms part of the urban fabric without dominating the streets to obstruct the use value for other urban dwellers.

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Almeida, Larissa Christinne Melo de. "Habitabilidade na cidade sobre as ?guas: desafios da implanta??o de infra-estrutura de saneamento nas palafitas do Igarap? do Quarenta bairro Japiim Manaus/AM." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2005. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12423.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The present research if inserts in the subject of the habitation of social interest and its relation with the sanitation infra-structure questions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). Having as study universe the narrow river of the Forty , situated one in the city of Manaus, capital of Amazon, approaches questions that if present between the necessities of housing and the especificidades of the natural environment, whose characteristics evidence limits for the implantation of adequate habitations. The objective is to analyze the possibilities and the limits of the urban?stica regularization in the palafitas of the narrow rivers of Manaus, in view of the factors of habitability and ambient protection, expresses for the sanitation system - sanitary exhaustion, water supply, urban draining and garbage collection. The work approaches initially relative the conceptual aspects to the subject of social habitation in the country and its relation with the habitability factors, also focusing the question of the housing and the processes of urban informality in the city of Manaus. It deals with the process of constitution of the palafitas in the space of the city and its relation with the habitacionais politics, presenting the analysis of the implantation of the palafitas in relation to the sanitation infra-structure conditions (sewer, water, draining and garbage). As conclusion, it identifies to the possibilities and limits of urban?stica regularization of the palafitas implanted to the long one of the narrow river of the Forty , taking in consideration the systems of the sanitation infrastructure
A presente pesquisa se insere no tema da habita??o de interesse social e sua rela??o com as quest?es de infra-estrutura de saneamento (esgoto, ?gua, drenagem e lixo). Tendo como universo de estudo o Igarap? do Quarenta, situado na cidade de Manaus, capital do Amazonas, aborda quest?es que se apresentam entre as necessidades de moradia e as especificidades do meio f?sico natural, cujas caracter?sticas evidenciam limites para a implanta??o de habita??es adequadas. O objetivo ? analisar as possibilidades e os limites da regulariza??o urban?stica nas palafitas dos Igarap?s de Manaus, tendo em vista os fatores de habitabilidade e prote??o ambiental, expressos pelo sistema de saneamento esgotamento sanit?rio, abastecimento de ?gua, drenagem urbana e coleta de lixo. O trabalho aborda inicialmente os aspectos conceituais relativos ao tema de habita??o social no pa?s e sua rela??o com os fatores de habitabilidade, enfocando tamb?m a quest?o da moradia e os processos de informalidade urbana na cidade de Manaus. Trata do processo de constitui??o das palafitas no espa?o da cidade e sua rela??o com as pol?ticas habitacionais, apresentando a an?lise da implanta??o das palafitas em rela??o ?s condi??es de infra-estrutura de saneamento (esgoto, ?gua, drenagem e lixo). Como conclus?o, identifica as possibilidades e limites de regulariza??o urban?stica das palafitas implantadas ao longo do Igarap? do Quarenta, levando-se em considera??o os sistemas da infra-estrutura de saneamento

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Dahdah, Assaf. "Habiter la ville sans droits : les travailleurs migrants dans les marges de Beyrouth (Liban)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3093/document.

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Cette thèse de géographie sociale et radicale traite des rapports de domination à Beyrouth à travers l’habiter des travailleurs migrants dans les marges urbaines. Population aux ressources faibles et stigmatisée dans une ville fragmentée, les migrants originaires d’Afrique et d’Asie tentent malgré tout de prendre place dans la capitale libanaise. L’approche micro et croisée de lieux – Bourj Hammoud, Karm al-Zeitoun, Sabra et le camp palestinien de Mar Elias – et de leurs habitants montre l’imbrication des temps longs et courts des migrations, les frottements entre les logiques communautaires et mercantiles des établis et celles plus chaotiques des nouveaux venus. Si les marges beyrouthines constituent des « sas » d’insertion où s’enchevêtrent des dynamiques multi-scalaires, elles n’en restent pas moins des espaces d’exclusion et de pauvreté animées et fragilisées par les injustices sociales et les inégalités citoyennes. À travers l’étude des mobilités, du système locatif et de l’accès au logement, et du dispositif commercial ethnique, ce travail, basé sur une enquête qui mobilise l’observation des espaces, les entretiens réalisés avec les différents acteurs et l’outil vidéo, met en exergue les réalités complexes de ces marges urbaines. Il expose leurs transformations contemporaines, mais également les tensions locales générées par une crise socio-politique libanaise et moyen-orientale, révélées ici via le prisme de la mondialisation migratoire. In fine, cette thèse interroge de manière à la fois décentrée, et ordinaire un ordre urbain généralement apprécié sous l’angle du confessionnalisme politique et questionne en miroir la nature du régime politique libanais
This thesis of social and radical geography focuses on power relations in Beirut through an analysis of the housing of migrant workers in the outskirts of the city. As a population with few resources and subject to stigmatization, African and Asian migrant workers nevertheless try to find lodgings within the capital. Taking a micro and intersected approach to the study of specific neighbourhoods (Bourj Hammoud, Karm al-Zeitoun, Sabra and the Palestinian camp of Mar Elias) and their inhabitants reveals the interweaving of long- and short-term migrant groups and frictions between the commercial interests of the existing community and those, admittedly more chaotic, of newcomers. While the outskirts of Beirut have now become a transition zone, spaces in which new plural dynamics are emerging at various levels, they are also spaces of exclusion and poverty, where the coexistence of these communities is constantly being challenged and weakened by instances of social injustice and civil inequality. This study of mobility, rental accommodation, access to housing and the ethnic economy draws on observations of spaces, interviews with actors and video films and provides insights into the complex realities within a marginal urban population. It also highlights contemporary transformations and local tensions caused by the social, economic and political crisis in Lebanon and the Middle East through the prism of international migration. In fine, this thesis takes a decentralized and ordinary approach to analysing an urban structure usually observed from the perspective of confessional politics and, at the same time, questions the overall Lebanese political regime

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Ha, Noa Kerstin [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Herrle, and Alexa [Akademischer Betreuer] Färber. "Handel(n) und Wandel(n) : urbane Informalität, städtische Repräsentation und migrantische Existenzsicherung in Berlin am Beispiel des mobilen Straßenhandel [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Noa Kerstin Ha. Gutachter: Peter Herrle ; Alexa Färber. Betreuer: Peter Herrle." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069159700/34.

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Aoustin, Milly. "L’informalité dans le quartier de la Goutte d’Or à Paris : économie immigrante, africanité et politiques urbaines." Thesis, Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100125.

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Les travaux sur l’informel dans les grandes villes du Nord et du Sud ne manquent pas. Tel secteur y est détaillé, tel groupe social y est étudié ou telle pratique y est décryptée mais aucun n’a, jusqu’à présent, traité l’informel dans sa globalité. La recherche concerne la Goutte d’Or à Paris, un quartier populaire à habitat social, classé Zone Urbaine Sensible (ZUS), historiquement investi par les migrants et où la gentrification est à l’œuvre. Dans ce territoire où l’activité bat son plein, deux formes de commerce coexistent : le commerce ayant pignon sur rue, tenu par des immigrants et la vente à la sauvette, pratiquée par des immigrants également. Cette coexistence dans la capitale française a suscité d’emblée une question centrale : quels sont la place, le rôle et l’avenir de ces formes de commerce dans une ville en pleine mutation ? La succession des vagues migratoires a abouti à une profonde recomposition sociale. Terre d’accueil des provinciaux, cet espace passe progressivement d’une enclave maghrébine vers un hub africain, d’où une forte identité immigrante, appelée africanité. Ce travail a pour objectif de restituer l’informalité de la Goutte d’Or dans son intégralité, d’en analyser les modalités sociétales et économiques pour en révéler les impacts et les enjeux territoriaux et politiques
Works on the informal economy in the big cities in the North and in the South do not miss. Such sector is detailed, such social group is studied or such practice is analyzed but none has, until now, treated the abstract one in its globality. This research relates to the Goutte d’Or’s neighborhood in Paris, popular district with social housing, classified as disadvantaged urban area (called ZUS in France), historically invested by the migrants and where the gentrification is on progress. In this territory where the activity beats full sound, two forms of trade coexist: well-established shops, held by immigrants and the sale on the run, practiced by immigrants also. This coexistence in the French capital caused from the start a key question: which are the place, the role and the future of these forms of trade in a city in full change? The succession of the migratory waves ended in a profound social reorganization. Land of welcome of the provincial, this space passes gradually of an enclave from a North-african enclave towards an African hub, characterized by a strong immigrant identity, called africaness. This work has for objective to restore informality of Goutte d’Or’s neighborhood in its entirety, to analyze the societal and economic modalities to reveal the impacts and the territorial and political stakes

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Koike, Quintanar Sayuri Adriana. "Urban structure, labor market, informal employment and gender in Mexico City." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323361.

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Existe una amplia literatura que identifica cómo la estructura urbana afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral a través de dos factores. El primero es la desconexión espacial entre trabajadores y las oportunidades laborales y, el segundo es la segregación residencial. Actualmente, es común que las personas vivan lejos de sus lugares de trabajo. Asimismo, es conocido que los individuos con similares características socioeconómicas tienden a vivir en el mismo vecindario. Por tanto, la segregación residencial y la desconexión espacial entre el trabajo y la residencia de los individuos podrían tener influencia sobre sus resultados en el mercado de trabajo, así como en la tasa de empleo, en la informalidad y en el ingreso. Además, si lo anterior es cierto, los patrones geográficos de estos resultados son menos aleatorios, lo que podría implicar la presencia de efectos derrame. La existencia de estos efectos significaría que la desconexión espacial y la segregación residencial tendrían un rol clave en la determinación de los resultados antes mencionados. En otras palabras la concentración de ventajas o desventajas socioeconómicas ocasionaría efectos derrame sobre los individuos y los vecindarios donde viven. Bajo esta perspectiva, la Ciudad de México es un caso de estudio interesante como se discute extensivamente. La evidencia empírica apunta a que esta ciudad sufre de desconexión espacial y segregación residencial, lo que afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral de sus residentes. Es a partir de esta idea central en la cual se construye la presente tesis. La tesis tiene dos objetivos principales. El primer objetivo es analizar la relación entre la estructura urbana (desconexión espacial y segregación residencial) y los resultados en el mercado laboral en la Ciudad de México en 2010. El segundo objetivo es estudiar los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral de 1990 a 2010. Estudiar estas cuestiones es relevante, pues la elección residencial de los individuos afecta sus resultados laborales a través del acceso a los puestos de trabajo, la segregación residencial o los efectos vecindario. El espacio es un factor económico importante al incrementar los efectos positivos o negativos de la concentración espacial de las ventajas o desventajas, respectivamente. La tesis contribuye a la literatura estudiando los efectos que tiene el acceso a puestos de trabajo informales sobre el empleo. Para probar esta relación estimamos un modelo de probabilidad de estar empleado incluyendo diversos índices de accesibilidad por nivel educativo (básico y post-básico) y estatus laboral (formal e informal). Asimismo, estimamos el parámetro de este índice, el cual toma diferentes valores dependiendo del modo de transporte y del estatus laboral. Esto indica que la accesibilidad por estatus laboral podría afectar la probabilidad de estar empleado de forma distinta. Los resultados indican que los más afectados por la cercanía a las oportunidades laborales son las mujeres, los trabajadores menos educados y los trabajadores informales. Otra contribución es la identificación del impacto distinto que tiene la estructura urbana sobre las oportunidades laborales de acuerdo al género de los trabajadores. Encontramos que la segregación residencial afecta negativamente la participación de las mujeres en la fuerza laboral, en tanto vivir en un vecindario rezagado decrece la probabilidad de ser trabajador formal en los hombres. Finalmente, estudiamos los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral (la tasa de no empleo, la tasa de informalidad laboral y los salarios). Utilizamos diferentes modelos econométricos para explicar los patrones espaciales de dichas variables, identificando los efectos endógenos y contextuales (o los efectos derrame globales y locales, respectivamente). La mayor contribución fue analizar estos resultados por género, extendiendo el análisis a otros resultados laborales además de la tasa de desempleo.
There is a significant portion of the literature that identifies the way the urban structure can affect labor market outcomes by means of two factors. The former is the spatial disconnection between workers and job opportunities, and the latter is residential segregation. At present, it is common for people to live far away from the place they work. Additionally, it is well known that individuals with similar socioeconomic characteristics, such as income, tend to reside in the same neighborhood. Hence, residential segregation and the spatial disconnection between jobs’ location and individuals’ residence may have an influence on the labor market outcomes of individuals, and producing an impact on as the rate of employment, informal employment, and the level of wages. Moreover, if so, the geographic patterns of those labor market outcomes become less random and, then, involving the presence of spillover effects. The existence of spillovers means that spatial disconnection and residential segregation have a key role in determining the previous outcomes. In other words, the spatial concentration of either socio-economic disadvantages or advantages entails spillover effects both for individuals and for the neighborhoods in which they live. Under this perspective, Mexico City is an interesting case study, as we discuss extensively in this dissertation. Empirical evidence witnesses that this city suffers from spatial disconnection and residential segregation that affects the labor market outcomes of its residents. This is the core idea in which the discussion of this thesis will be built around. This dissertation targets two main objectives. The former is to analyze the relationship between urban structure, such as spatial disconnection and residential segregation, and labor market outcomes in Mexico City in 2010. The latter is to study the observed spatial patterns of selected labor marker outcomes from 1990 to 2010. Addressing these research questions is relevant because the residential choices of individuals affect an individual’s labor market outcomes through access to jobs, residential segregation, or neighborhood effects. Space turns to be an important economic factor. It can heighten either positive or negative effects of the spatial concentration of advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities, respectively. The dissertation contributes to the literature by studying the effects of access to informal jobs on employment. In order to prove this relationship, we estimate a probability model of being employed, including different types of job accessibility indices by level of education (basic and post-basic education) and labor status (formal and informal). We also estimate the decay parameter of the accessibility index. This decay parameter takes different values depending on the mode of transport and labor status. This condition indicates that job accessibility by labor status could affect the probability of being employed differently. Our results assess that the most affected by closest job opportunities were women, less educated workers and informal workers. Other contribution of this dissertation is to identify to which extent the effects of the urban structure impact on job opportunities according to the workers’ gender. We found that residential segregation has negative effects on labor-force participation for married women and that living in a deprived neighborhood decreases the probability of being a formal worker for men. Finally, we study the spatial patterns of three labor markets outcomes, namely non-employment rates, informal employment rates, and wages. We use different spatial econometric models to explain the spatial patterns of those variables, identifying endogenous and contextual effects (or global and local spillover effects, respectively). The major contribution of our analysis is studying the different kinds of labor market outcomes by gender, instead of limiting the scope to unemployment only.

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Bongiovanni, Elena. "Gestione dei rifiuti in Bolivia: tecnologie appropriate e sviluppo imprenditoriale." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23429/.

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La tesi indaga sulla possibilità di sviluppare attività imprenditoriali nel settore dei rifiuti solidi urbani della Bolivia attraverso l’introduzione di tecnologie appropriate. L’attuale sistema di gestione dei rifiuti in Bolivia non è adeguatamente normato e controllato e favorisce lo sviluppo di pratiche di smaltimento scorrette e pericolose sia per l’ambiente che per la salute umana. Agendo già a livello di gestione dei rifiuti solidi urbani, favorendo l’introduzione di sistemi integrati, è possibile introdurre i principi dell’economia circolare che permetterebbero di migliorare le condizioni economiche, ambientali e sociali e di favorirne uno sviluppo sostenibile. Introdurre un sistema integrato di gestione dei rifiuti solidi urbani darebbe la possibilità di creare nuovi posti di lavoro e accrescere i flussi di rifiuti solidi urbani per categoria merceologica, i quali, costituirebbero importanti flussi di materie prime per le filiere del riciclo e della produzione di beni da materia prima seconda. Lo studio analizza l’attuale gestione dei rifiuti solidi urbani in Bolivia per verificare la possibilità di avviare attività imprenditoriali nel settore che permetterebbero di salvaguardare l’ambiente, favorire lo sviluppo economico e migliorare la condizione sociale dei raccoglitori informali.

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Gama, Stefano Herkenhoff e. "Garimpeiros Urbanos: a valorização do "lixo" e a desvalorização do trabalho (um estudo de caso com catadores de materiais recicláveis de Salvador, Bahia)." Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, 2015. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/18994.

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CAPES
A reciclagem está organizada no Brasil através de uma dinâmica produtiva fracionada, em que agentes econômicos distintos executam determinadas etapas que apenas em cadeia permitem a fabricação do material reciclado. Parte da literatura acadêmica conceitua essa dinâmica como cadeia produtiva da reciclagem. O referente trabalho tem por objetivo investigar os impactos que a dinâmica dessa cadeia produtiva pode acarretar para as condições de trabalho de catadores de materiais recicláveis da Região Metropolitana de Salvador (RMS), Bahia (BA). Tem como base empírica uma pesquisa de campo realizada entre março e julho de 2014 com catadores de rua e trabalhadores assalariados de uma empresa de coleta e triagem de materiais recicláveis de Salvador, BA. Além disso, aproveita oito entrevistas com catadores de quatro cooperativas da RMS, realizadas no ano de 2009 (JESUS, 2010). É uma pesquisa qualitativa, baseada em instrumentos metodológicos como a entrevista, a observação direta do ambiente de trabalho e o registro em diário de campo. O estudo permitiu confirmar nossa hipótese: os dados primários demonstram que a cadeia produtiva da reciclagem da RMS impõe impactos negativos as condições de trabalho dos catadores observados. Evidencia que essa cadeia, marcada pela informalidade, é interligada através de relações comerciais verticais e assimétricas, em que os agentes mais "poderosos", de acordo com a hierarquia produtiva, têm a capacidade de conferir exigências de preço, qualidade e quantidade aos agentes menos "poderosos". Tais mecanismos induzem o trabalho dos catadores observados a consequências perversas, entre as quais podemos citar: dificuldade de acesso a direitos trabalhistas; intensificação da jornada de trabalho; risco de adoecimento e de acidentes de trabalho; entre outras. Concluímos que a reciclagem da RMS está organizada a partir de uma "cascata de terceirizações": transmissão, em sequência, de parte das atividades necessárias à reciclagem e dos riscos que acarretam, para agentes econômicos inferiorizados pela hierarquia produtiva. Esses mecanismos, somados a carência de regulamentações e investimentos públicos e privados sobre as etapas iniciais e intermediárias da reciclagem, permitem a organização do que definimos como "cadeia de precarização".Brazil's recycling is organized through a fractional productive dynamics, in which distinct economic agents perform determined steps, that only if executed in chain allows the manufacture of recycled material. Part of the academic literature conceptualizes this dynamic as supply chain recycling. The referent study aims to investigate the impacts that the dynamics of this supply chain can lead to the working conditions of recyclable-material pickers in the metropolitan area of Salvador (MAS), Bahia (BA). It has as empirical basis a field research conducted between March and July in the year of 2014, with street-pickers and recyclable-material pickers employed by a company of collection and sorting of recyclable materials, located in Salvador, BA. In addition, it is based on eight interviews held with recyclable-material pickers associated with four cooperatives from the MAS, performed in 2009 (JESUS, 2010). This is a qualitative research, based on methodological tools such as interviews, direct observation of the work environment and registration in field journal. This study allowed us to confirm our hypothesis: the primary data demonstrate that the MAS supply chain recycling imposes negative impacts on the working conditions of the observed recyclable-material pickers. It evidences that this chain, characterized by informality, is connected by vertical and asymmetric business relationships, in which the "most-powerful" agents, according to the production hierarchy, has the capacity to determine price requirements, quality and quantity to the "less-powerful" agents. These mechanisms lead to perverse consequences to the recyclable-material pickers, including: difficult access to labor rights; intensification of working hours; risk of illness and workplace accidents; among others. We conclude that the recycling of MAS is organized by an "outsourcing cascade": The sequenced transmission of part of the activities necessary for recycling and consequently of the risks that can affect the economic agents, inferiorized by the production hierarchy. These mechanisms, plus the lack of regulations and public and private investments over the initial and intermediate stages of recycling, allow the organization of what we define as "precariousness chain".

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Alves, Pedro. "A informalidade, uma resposta do projeto societário capitalista à questão social desemprego: o caso dos ex-bancários do Banestado em Cascavel." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2005. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2276.

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This essay is the result of a study of choices among the alternatives that ex-bank workers of Banco do Estado do Paraná Banestado in Cascavel, who were laid off from this financial institution between 1995 and 2001. By delimiting the object within the realm of a case study, our research was delineated around understanding and analyzing, with the help of quantitative and qualitative methodological-theoretical elements based on a macro-societal, Marxian and of Marxist tradition reference content, highlighting the work The Delayed Capitalism by Ernest Mandel. The objective of this study is to understand and analyze the conditions in which these workers are today, by focusing specifically on those that are inserted in the informality realm, in the so-called autonomous or self sufficient and informal small business owner sub-sectors. At the same time, we supported these fundaments with specific literature, thus allowing us, by means of a Marxist orthodoxy, to rebuild the object in question, which made us understand that the worker, be it at the formal or informal realm, is subordinated to the capitalistic way of production, selling its merchandise work force and keeping the regime afloat. On the other hand, the informal workers who originated from the bank worker s class, find themselves in precarious conditions as far as the social, political and economic points of view are concerned, when compared with the prior working bond in the financial sector. Thus, we have identified in our research that the teleological project of the bank s ex-workers have been altered, although it did no alter the negation degree in their objective and subjective relations.
O trabalho dissertativo que ora apresentamos é resultado do estudo da escolha, entre alternativas, de trabalhadores ex-bancários do Banco do Estado do Paraná Banestado em Cascavel, desligados desta instituição financeira no período compreendido entre 1995 e 2001. Delimitado o objeto na esfera de um estudo de caso, nossa pesquisa pautou-se em compreender e analisar com elementos teórico-metodológicos quantitativos e qualitativos, fundamentados em conteúdos de referência macrossocietária, marxiana e da tradição marxista, com destaque à obra O Capitalismo Tardio, de Ernest Mandel. O estudo tem como objetivo compreender e analisar as condições atuais destes trabalhadores, com enfoque específico para aqueles que estão inseridos no universo da informalidade, nos subsetores autônomo ou por conta própria e pequeno proprietário informal . Ao mesmo tempo subsidiamos esse fundamento com literatura direcionada, permitindo-nos, por meio da ortodoxia marxista, reconstruir o objeto em questão, o que nos levou a compreender que o trabalhador, na esfera informal, assim como no trabalho formal, é subordinado ao modo capitalista de produção, vendendo sua mercadoria força de trabalho e mantendo o regime em vigência. Portanto, os trabalhadores informais, oriundos da categoria trabalhadora bancária, encontram-se atualmente em condições precárias do ponto de vista social, político e econômico, em comparação ao vínculo anterior de trabalho no setor financeiro. No entanto, identificamos em nossa pesquisa que os projetos teleológicos dos trabalhadores ex-bancários foram alterados, porquanto, não alterou o grau de negação em suas relações objetivas e subjetivas.

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Miller, Rebecca. "Made in Grønland : How can a designer facilitate the activation of a community in the face of top-down regeneration?" Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-198117.

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Cities are highly unequal systems and rapid, top-down development is increasingly causing segregation between people of different socio-economic statuses through gentrification. In response, a bottom-up, more community centred approach is often proposed, yet this method also not without significant issues. In this thesis I investigate the role of the designer as a mediator, facilitator and translator between the top-down and bottom-up approaches to urban development. Using Grønland, Oslo as a case study, I start by gathering high-level research in order to understand the large-scale strategies that the municipality and private developers have for the area. In the second section, I undertake on-the-ground research in order to understand the everyday issues that people who live in, or use, the area face. In the final section I propose a research laboratory and makerspace that can activate the local community, providing the resources in order for everyday people to be able to have a positive impact on their city, in addition to gathering long-term, in-depth research on the area in order to influence the future of Grønland. This thesis is written as a working document that can, and should, be used by a wide range of people, from the municipality to local residents, and is designed to be added to as the project develops.

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Moura, Júnior Cosme Oliveira. "ECONOMIA, COTIDIANO E SOCIABILIDADE NO COMÉRCIO DE RUA:o caso de São Luís." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2007. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/607.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:02:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 COSME OLIVEIRA MOURA JUNIOR.pdf: 2197815 bytes, checksum: a5e7b619f94ca8cf4864707088922529 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-23
This paper discuss about the street trade on São Luís downtown as a popular socioeconomic practice with especific logics and linked to the processes that are lately happening at the post-fordist society. It was emphasized the study of the socioecomic aspects and the implications in the urban daily of this practice. So that it was discussed about the street commerce relations with the informal work, the local organizational system and the working division, besides the daily shapes and sociabilities. This dissertation is based on field work combined to theoric-methodological discussions, this way a construction with a socio-antropological perspective. The elementary subject of this research was the attempt to understand the street trade as a complex social practice which articulates a social working system, human relations of intimate association, customization and economy.
Este trabalho discorre sobre o comércio de rua no centro de São Luís como prática socioeconômica popular com lógicas específicas e sintonizadas com os processos que vêm acontecendo na sociedade pós-fordista. Foi destaque o estudo dos aspectos socioeconômicos e das implicações no cotidiano urbano desta prática. Para tanto se discutiu as relações do comércio de rua com o trabalho informal, o sistema organizacional local e divisão do trabalho, além de formas e sociabilidades cotidianas. Esta dissertação ancorou-se no trabalho de campo conjugado a discussões teórico-metodológicas, sendo assim uma construção com uma perspectiva sócio-antropológica. A questão elementar desta pesquisa foi a tentativa de compreender o comércio de rua como uma prática social complexa que articula um sistema social de trabalho, relações humanas de coesão, clientelização e economia.

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Falco, Paolo. "Occupational choices and their outcomes in African labour markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5df582c5-99f1-4987-b88c-db66829eb49d.

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This thesis is an investigation into the microeconomic mechanisms that govern some of the occupational choices faced by workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, and into the monetary and non-monetary returns to their decisions. Chapter 1 begins by exploring the decision process that leads workers to allocate themselves to different occupations within the economy. In particular, I investigate the role of risk-aversion in the allocation of workers between formal and informal jobs in Ghana, hence attempting to explain a fundamental dimension of duality through an investigation into workers' preferences. In my model of sectoral allocation risk-averse workers can opt between entering the free-entry informal sector and queuing for formal occupations. Conditional on identifying the riskier option, the model yields testable implications on the relationship between risk-aversion and workers' allocation. My testing strategy proceeds in two steps. First, using the first three waves of the Ghana Household Urban Panel Survey (GHUPS) dataset, I estimate expected income uncertainty and find it considerably higher in the informal sector than in formal employment. Second, using experimental data to elicit risk-attitudes I estimate the effect of risk-aversion on occupational choices and I find that, in line with the first result, more risk-averse workers are more likely to queue for formal jobs and less likely to be in the informal sector. The conclusion of the first chapter is that attitudes to risk should feature more prominently in models of sector allocation and in the design of labour market policies, in particular when those policies aim to impact workers' vulnerability to risk and uncertainty. Chapter 2 focuses on the largest occupational category in the Developing world, self-employed workers with small productive activities, and it tries to estimate the returns to different productive assets, namely physical capital, labour and human capital. These are the workers that form most of the informal sector analysed in chapter 1, which allows me to draw a direct link with the analysis so far. The chapter begins by specifying a model for the income-generating process grounded in the literature on firms' production and hence abridging the gap between the analysis of individual earnings and the study of firms' value added. Identification in the empirics is achieved by means of panel estimators that are suitable to address the endogeneity of input choices, which derives from both time-varying and time-invariant unobservable heterogeneity. The use of these estimators is made feasible by the length of the Ghanaian Household Urban Panel Survey dataset at CSAE. I also explore issues of endogeneity in the selection of different technologies, defined by their relative capital and labour intensity. Finally, I analyse the shape of returns to capital, with the aim to detect potential non-convexities in technology. The results show that capital and work-experience play the strongest role in income-generation, while the shares of value added attributed to labour and to formal schooling are low. Marginal returns to investment are high at low capital levels and they decrease very rapidly, pointing against the existence of non-convexities due to minimum scale requirements, but implying that real income gains resulting form micro-investment are modest. Chapter 3 returns to the issue of earnings uncertainty and risk-aversion explored in Chapter 1, but it now takes the allocation choice as given and explores the direct welfare implications of income uncertainty for worker's well-being. Namely, the chapter explores the relationship between income and welfare, with a particular attention on the link between income vulnerability and happiness. Using unique longitudinal data on life-satisfaction and labour market outcomes, I estimate an individual measure of vulnerability (defined as the probability of falling below a low-income threshold) and investigate its effect on well-being. After controlling for unobservable individual fixed effects, work-satisfaction, relative income and other relevant worker characteristics, I find a sizable impact of vulnerability, over and above the income effect. When I explore the mechanisms behind my results, I find that aspiration adaptation to current income may result in a transitory income effect. Moreover, using my direct measure of attitudes to risk from field-experiments (already used in chapter 1), I can test directly the hypothesis that more risk-averse agents suffer more heavily from a given increase in income vulnerability. Overall, my findings support policy interventions that aim to reduce vulnerability, as I expect such policies to have a 'direct' impact on agents' happiness given the prevailing attitudes to risk and uncertainty in the population. Finally, from the point of view of overall social welfare, my results suggest that non-Rawlsian growth models, whereby 'someone may be left behind', may fail to enhance general welfare, for high enough levels of risk-aversion in the population, if the risk of falling behind is sufficiently widespread.

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Bleeker, Jate. "An Impossible Profession: How To Plan the Unplanned?" Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-200830.

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A short film about how to design informality in the city. By comparing the chaotic Lagos with the orderly Stockholm the film rethinks the role of the designer and shows that planning as a sphere of building consistently destroys lived space. It illuminates the tension between the orderly and the chaotic, the ideal and reality.

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Estrada, Federico. "Pouvoirs publics, commerce informel et marché du travail : étude de cas sur les transformations du centre historique à Guatemala-Ville." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0098.

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Le but de cette étude sur les commerçants informels du centre historique de Guatemala-Ville a été de comprendre leur organisation sociale et politique. La thèse aborde trois axes : la structure administrative municipale et son influence sur le phénomène, les logiques d´organisation et les expressions politiques des commerçants. Cette recherche qualitative s´est déroulée entre 2006 et 2011. Les principaux informateurs sont les représentants des commerçants et les fonctionnaires de la mairie de Guatemala-Ville. Les analyses nous conduisent à affirmer que les politiques publiques de la mairie instrumentalisent l´espace public afin de confronter les groupes qui occupent cette zone. Les modalités de ce commerce effacent peu à peu les frontières entre l´informel et le formel, créant ainsi une articulation dérégulée mais stable. Dans ce milieu, les logiques locales établissent la fragmentation de l´espace et le type de revendications ; la force du mouvement politique est encore en consolidation et dépend de la structure municipale. En étudiant les représentations sociales, on démontre que la catégorie du « travail » diversifie son contenu et par ce biais, la forme et le sens du travail deviennent flexibles. À la fin de cette thèse, seront identifiées trois questions majeures qui réorientent la recherche sur les secteurs informels : dans le cadre d´un État guatémaltèque faible, de quelles capacités d´intervention dispose encore la sphère publique ? Quels sont les effets produits sur le marché du travail à partir de la fusion entre le formel et l´informel ? Quel type de société peut être structuré à partir des nouvelles logiques de régulation locale ? Quels critères politiques seront à la base du renouvellement urbain ?
This doctoral study of informal merchants of the historical zone of Guatemala City was intended to comprehend their social and political organization. The analyses were achieved from three different perspectives: the public administration and its influence over the phenomenon; the social organizational logics and the political expressions being produced. It is a qualitative thesis accomplished between 2006 and 2011. The main informants represent two different groups: merchants and employees from the Guatemala City municipality. The analysis revealed that public policies from the municipality are strategically modifying the public space in order to confront the groups that occupy the zone. This type of commerce is erasing the borders of informal and formal, creating a non regular but stable activity. Local and traditional logics are fractioning the space and the political claims. The political movement is still structuring itself and it depends on the municipality. Analyzing the social representations, we prove the modifications of contents given to the category “labor”, herby the flexibility attached to the shape and sense of labor. At the conclusions, three mayor questions arise for continuing the research on informal sectors: Given a frame of a weak Guatemalan State, which are the remaining capacities of the public sphere to intervene the social orders? What are the upcoming effects of the fusing between formal and informal sectors? What type of society could it be created from these emerging new local regulations? And what are the political criteria of the urban renewal project?

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Informalità urbana'

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