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Journal articles on the topic 'Informal Labour Market'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Kuznetsova, Irina V. "INFORMALITY OF THE RUSSIAN LABOUR MARKET." Moscow State University Bulletin. Series 18. Sociology and Political Science 25, no. 2 (July 27, 2019): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24290/1029-3736-2019-25-2-116-132.

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Informal employment is one of the labour markets’ modern trends in the developed and developing countries. The author performs a review of informal economic activity researches. In particular, the concept of dual economy and its transformation are considered. The author pays attention to the K. Hart’s consepton that changed the prevalent opposition “modern-traditional” sectors of the economy to “formal-informal”. Due to Hart’s researches the informal sector was called the main source of the Third World countries’ development by ILO. Hart himself defining the essence of the informal sector based on Weber’s theory of modernization. According to it, genesis of capitalism demands development of a production and management rational organization. So informality is associated with a special degree of organization, not with a production scale or its productivity. The industrial society is characterized by formal or standard employment. In the postindustrial period other forms of employment appear under the influence of new informational technologies. The informal employment became normal and immanently inherent in the modern society. But typical doesn’t always mean positive. The wide spread of informality is the main challenge to the sustainable development of the modern countries. An informal employment growth on the national labour market is one of the main problems. The negative consequences of the informal employment practice are: on the one hand, violation of labour rights, and, on the other hand — underinvestment of the state budget. As far as a Russians’ subjective opinion on the informal status of employment is concerned, the researches didn’t find any real correlation between being informal employed and self-esteem. The difference between the formal and informal employment for a Russian employees isn’t considerable. The employed Russian population feels equal uncomfortable in the formal and informal sectors. The phenomenon indicates low quality of the formal sector’s institutions.

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2

Njoda Mathurin, Tchakounté, and MBAM Ulrich Gaetan. "Labour Force Participation of Cameroonians in Informal Sector." International Journal Of Innovation And Economic Development 2, no. 2 (2015): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.22.2005.

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In this paper, we analyze the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) of informal workers in Cameroon. We also estimate the effects of some determining factors on LFP decisions. We use data from the Cameroon National Institute of Statistics (CNIS), a three-wave panel obtained respectively in 2001, 2005 and 2010 for a sample of individuals in the labour market. The sample data of the national population is representative. All information’s on demographic, socioeconomic and employment characteristics used in this study are provided by the CNIS database. It is particularly remarkable that the LFPR in informal sector increased substantially during latest years, particularly those of young workers. This rise in the LFPR is principally explained by the significant increase in the labour-market activity of the urban younger generation which has been improved by migration. Estimating a simple model of LFP with logistic methodology, we find that poverty, age and urbanization are significantly related with LFPR of informal labour market in Cameroon.

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3

Bennett, John. "Informal Production and Labour Market Segmentation." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 167, no. 4 (2011): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/jite-2011-0009.

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4

Hillmann, Felicitas. "Ethnisierung oder Internationalisierung?" PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 30, no. 120 (September 1, 2000): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v30i120.769.

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The paper examines the intersection of migration systems and urban labour markets and focusses then empirically on the case of the Turkish ethnic economy in Berlin and the ethnic structuration of its labour market. Ethnic economies are further conceptualized as functioning also gendering revolving doors between the formal and the informal segments of the labor market.

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Szulc-Obłoza, Agnieszka. "INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS ON THE POLISH LABOUR MARKET." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 493 (2017): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.493.09.

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6

Di Porto, Edoardo, Leandro Elia, and Cristina Tealdi. "Informal work in a flexible labour market." Oxford Economic Papers 69, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpw010.

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7

Lee, Raymond M. "Redundancy, Labour Markets and Informal Relations." Sociological Review 33, no. 3 (August 1985): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1985.tb02436.x.

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As a result of its ‘slimline’ plan put into effect in May 1980, the British Steel Corporation made nearly 6,000 workers redundant from its Abbey Works in Port Talbot. The relationship between redundancies at the plant, the labour market experiences of those made redundant and the way in which the two are mediated by informal relational structures is examined. It is argued (a) that the labour market chances of those made redundant were structured by the character of the redundancy process which made certain kinds of worker vulnerable to selection for redundancy; and (b) that the operation of the labour market changed as a result of the redundancies in ways which advantaged those among the redundant who were informally linked to certain kinds of opportunities on the demand side of the labour market. Some wider implications of the patterns found are discussed.

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8

Madan, Sonu, and Ritu Goyal. "Determinants of Informality and Monetary Outcomes of Informal Labour Market in Haryana." Journal of National Development 31, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/31/58284.

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9

Visser, M. Anne. "A floor to exploitation? Social economy organizations at the edge of a restructuring economy." Work, Employment and Society 31, no. 5 (April 1, 2016): 782–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017016638020.

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Despite research documenting social economy organizations (SEOs) as important labour market intermediaries in the informal economy, the impact of these organizations on employment outcomes experienced by workers engaged in these labour markets is relatively unknown. This article analyses the impact of day labour worker centres on employment outcomes experienced in the informal day labour economy of the United States. Using data from the National Day Labour Survey, findings indicate that these organizations improve working conditions for day labourers and suggest the potential for SEOs to regulate employment processes within the informal economy. However increasing the regulatory capacity of SEOs will require addressing larger political and socioeconomic contexts in which the informal economy is embedded.

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10

Meccheri, Nicola, and Luciano Fanti. "Informal incentive labour contracts and product market competition." Journal of Economics 111, no. 2 (November 18, 2012): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00712-012-0324-2.

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11

Cooke, FangLee. "Labour market regulations and informal employment in China." Journal of Chinese Human Resources Management 2, no. 2 (September 13, 2011): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/20408001111179159.

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12

Krugell, Waldo, and Philip F. Blaauw. "Micro-evidence on day labourers and the thickness of labour markets in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 4 (August 29, 2014): 484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i4.763.

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The South African labour market is characterised by sharp segmentation, high unemployment and apparently limited informal sector employment. Recent work has focussed on the importance of the Micro-evidence on day labourers and the thickness of labour markets in South AfricaThe South African labour market is characterised by sharp segmentation, high unemployment and apparently limited informal sector employment. Recent work has focussed on the importance of the quality of education while others have argued that the rigidity of the labour market constrains employment growth. This paper considers the spatial aspects of the day labour market and argues that the size and proximity of economic activity found in agglomerations ensure a thick labour market that allows for better matching between workers and jobs. The results indicate that the day labourers who were hired by the same employer more often received higher earnings. Once workers have a matric qualification they receive earnings above the average, as do workers who have completed vocational training. Skills, as well as factors associated with a thicker labour market are positively associated with wages. The thicker metropolitan labour market allows workers to become more specialised and receive higher earnings. This has important policy implications and calls for the development of people and places.

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13

Williams, Colin Charles, and Slavko Bezeredi. "Explaining and tackling the informal economy: a dual informal labour market approach." Employee Relations 40, no. 5 (August 6, 2018): 889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-04-2017-0085.

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Purpose To transcend the long-standing debate regarding whether workers are driven into the informal economy by either their involuntary “exclusion” or voluntary “exit” from the formal economy, the purpose of this paper is to propose and evaluate the existence of a dual informal labour market composed of an exit-driven “upper tier” and an exclusion-driven “lower-tier” of informal workers, and to explore its policy implications. Design/methodology/approach To do so, data are reported from a 2015 survey of the informal economy conducted in South-East Europe involving 6,019 face-to-face interviews in Bulgaria, Croatia and FYR Macedonia. Findings Identifying a dual informal labour market with three exit-driven informal workers for every exclusion-driven informal worker, a multinomial logit regression analysis reveals that, compared to the exclusion-driven “lower tier”, the exit-driven “upper tier” is significantly more likely to be populated by the formally employed, retired and those not struggling financially. Participation is not affected by the perceived severity of penalties and likely risks of detection, but relative to those in the exclusion-driven “lower tier”, there is a significant correlation between those doing so for exit rationales and their lack of both horizontal trust and vertical trust in formal institutions. Practical implications The outcome is a call to transcend the conventional deterrence approach of increasing the penalties and risks of detection. Instead, to tackle those driven by exit rationales, tackling both the lack of horizontal trust that other citizens are operating in a compliant manner and the lack of vertical trust in formal institutions is advocated. To tackle exclusion-driven informal workers, meanwhile, a focus upon the macro-level economic and social conditions which lead to their participation is required. Originality/value This is the first paper to empirically evaluate the existence of a dual informal labour market and to evaluate its policy implications.

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14

McCaig, Brian, and Margaret S. McMillan. "Trade Liberalisation and Labour Market Adjustment in Botswana." Journal of African Economies 29, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 236–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jafeco/ejz027.

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Abstract We study the effects of domestic trade liberalisation on labour markets in Botswana. South Africa is the dominant member of the Southern Africa Customs Union. As such, when South Africa liberalised trade in the 1990s, this induced large and plausibly exogenous tariff reductions for the other customs union members, including Botswana. Using labour force surveys from Botswana spanning a decade, we find that trade liberalisation did not affect the relative size of industries in terms of employment. However, trade liberalisation had effects within industries. We find an increase in the prevalence of working in an informal firm and self-employment, but mixed evidence of effects on unemployment. Hours worked decreased in response to trade liberalisation, partially driven by the movement of workers to informal firms. Despite large increases in aggregate income, trade liberalisation is associated with a reduction in monthly income, but the results are imprecise. Our results also suggest that a positive export demand shock, the 2000 African Growth and Opportunities Act, is associated with a reduction in employment in informal firms in the clothing industry.

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15

Rahman, Mustafizur, Debapriya Bhattacharya, and Md Al-Hasan. "Dimensions of Informality in Bangladesh Labour Market and the Consequent Wage Penalty." South Asia Economic Journal 20, no. 2 (July 26, 2019): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1391561419850303.

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The article examines the various dimensions and underlying causes of informal employment in the Bangladesh labour market and the associated wage penalty. Based on labour force survey data for successive points, we trace the dynamics of employment in Bangladesh along the informal–formal divide over time. Given that wage differential remains a key feature concerning the two market segments, we have carried out mean and quantile decomposition exercises to estimate the wage penalty originating from informality. We find significant wage gaps between formal- and informal-paid employees, formal paid and informal day labour, and formal paid and informal self-employed. The wage gaps range between 65.0 per cent and 225.0 per cent. The gap arises from a combination of observed differences in human capital and job characteristics, and the wage premium accruing from formal employment. JEL: C21, J31

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16

Shembavnekar, Nihar. "Economic Reform, Labour Markets and Informal Sector Employment: Evidence from India." Economies 7, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7020055.

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Theory and economic intuition suggest that domestic institutions influence the employment impact of economic reform, but the evidence base is thin. This paper seeks to address this by examining the extent to which differences in regional labour market flexibility shaped the impact of unanticipated economic reforms on employment in informal (unregistered) manufacturing enterprises in India (1990–2001). It employs a difference-in-differences strategy and finds that tariff reductions are not associated with significant employment shifts in informal enterprises, a finding that may be attributable to the fact that these enterprises rarely engage in international trade. However, on average and ceteris paribus, delicensing (FDI reform) is associated with statistically significant increases (increases) in informal employment and informal enterprise numbers in inflexible (flexible) labour markets. There is some evidence that the delicensing effect is attributable to increases in product market competition in delicensed industries. However, the channel underlying the result associated with FDI reform is less clear. In light of the persistent primacy of the informal sector in India and other developing economies, these findings have substantial policy relevance.

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17

Glinskaya, M. I. "Mechanism of Regulating Informal Employment on Russian Labour Market." Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics 17, no. 4 (July 23, 2020): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2020-4-103-112.

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In conditions of globalization, computerization of work places, use of flexible forms of employment it is necessary to design new radical solution aimed at regulating and stabilizing the situation connected with the rise in informal employment of the population. The article provides author’s mechanism of regulating informal employment on Russian labour market, which covers tools being used now and those put forward by the author: a new form of individuals’ work, i. e. state-freelance partnership and a tool of regulating social and labour relations on federal, regional and municipal levels on the basis of studying international and Russian normative and legal acts in the field of employment. The key goal of the mechanism is to involve informally employed population in work based on official conditions of employment. This mechanism is not a drastic solution for struggling informal employment, it is aimed at raising the work force interest in leaving the shadow employment. In unfavorable economic conditions connected with the corona-virus infection, reducing the number of jobs, loss of work by people this mechanism can act as a program of improving the situation on Russian labour market. State support in this period can raise loyalty to measures introduced by the government, whose aim is to regulate informal employment.

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18

Mingione, Enzo. "Labour Market Segmentation and Informal Work in Southern Europe." European Urban and Regional Studies 2, no. 2 (April 1995): 121–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096977649500200203.

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19

Westin, Kerstin, and Katarina Haugen. "From pragmatism to meritocracy? Views on in-house family ties on the Swedish labour market." Fennia - International Journal of Geography 197, no. 2 (November 15, 2019): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11143/fennia.73001.

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In-house family ties within workplaces are a non-negligible phenomenon on the labour market. Drawing on organizational and geographical perspectives and based on thematic analysis of 40 interviews with human resource managers, we analyse how family ties are viewed and managed in organizations on the Swedish labour market. Based on the empirical analysis, we suggest that there are two different logics of human resource management concerning in-house family ties: a traditional, pragmatic and informal logic which expresses an accepting view; and a modern, meritocratic and formal logic associated with a disapproving view. Moreover, the informal logic seems to be increasingly challenged by formalization of human resource processes in both urban and rural settings. However, the analysis indicates that in smaller labour markets this shift is somewhat restrained by the limited supply of labour and socially tight knit local communities. Also, it seems that the change often meets resistance from supporters of the informal logic, and there is dissonance across different professional groups across and within organizations.

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20

Harsl⊘f, Ivan. "THE IMPACT OF WELFARE AND LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONS ON INFORMAL RECRUITMENT IN EUROPEAN YOUTH LABOUR MARKETS." European Societies 8, no. 4 (December 2006): 555–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616690601002616.

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21

Ghebremeskel, Fitsum Ghebregiorgis, and Habteab Tekie Mihreteab. "An Empirical Investigation of the Factors Influencing Formal and Informal Employment in the City of Asmara." Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 1, no. 2 (April 29, 2018): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/jems.v1n2p21.

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This study investigates the factors influencing formal and informal labour market in Asmara, the capital city of Eritrea. The findings reveal that variables such as age, gender, education and birth place influence formal and informal labor market of the city. The chances for young people getting jobs in formal are low relative to older people. Higher educational level is related to securing jobs in the formal sector. Regarding gender males have more chances in the formal sector than females. People from Maekel/Central Region (townships surrounding Asmara) have higher chances to engage in self-employment. Generally, the results reveal that the labor market in Asmara show varied characteristics.

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22

Ghayur, Sabur. "Developing Labour Market Information System for Informal Sector in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 33, no. 4II (December 1, 1994): 1357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i4iipp.1357-1370.

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The informal sector (IFS) is seen as having the potential to adequately respond to the growing unemployment problem in Pakistan. Easy access, and low skill and investment requirements of a variety of activities in this sector correspond well with the stock and annual additions to the labour force and the available financial resources. This sector is still absorbing a large proportion of the labour force in rural and urban areas. It is also contributing significantly towards developing the skill base of the labour force.1 (see Annex Tables I-III.) Bu~ the fact remains that its development is rather haphazard with the result that the potential which this sector offers remains poorly utilised. Firstly, adequate dis aggregated information on this l sector is stilllackillg. This often results in the undertaking of activities, but, without taking cognisance of market conditions and availability of adequate consumer demand. A number of -such activities, hence, face the risk of failure at the outset.. Secondly, there is a lack of disaggregated information on the stock of the labour force and annual additions to it, and also on employment patterns. This affects support activities, if any, as adequate feedback is not forthcoming on market con,ditions, new entrants into the labour market and the unemployed. Availability of disaggregated information is necessary for undertaking support and development activities for this sector.

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23

Pederzini, Carla. "Mexican labour market performance and emigration." Migration Letters 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v9i1.204.

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During the last three decades, the Mexican economy has not generated enough jobs for the expanding labour force. Unemployment rate in Mexico is low, but almost one third of the labour force works in the informal sector. Migration flows from Mexico to the US have been significant in the last decade. Even though the number of Mexicans in the US has remained stable, Mexican immigration to the US dropped from 2006 to 2009. Emigration is a key employment channel for the enlarged working-age Mexican population. A reduced migratory flow may pose a major challenge for the Mexican labour market.

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24

KUMAR, NOMITA P. "Changing Dynamics of Formal- Informal Labour Market in Uttar Pradesh." PRODUCTIVITY 60, no. 3 (November 23, 2019): 326–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/prod.2019.60.03.10.

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25

Harati, Rawaa. "Heterogeneity in the Egyptian informal labour market: choice or obligation?" Revue d'économie politique 123, no. 4 (2013): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/redp.234.0623.

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26

Drinkwater, Stephen. "Informal Caring and Labour Market Outcomes Within England and Wales." Regional Studies 49, no. 2 (March 2013): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.766320.

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27

Vega Núñez, Adriana Patricia. "Analysis of formal-informal transitions in the Ecuadorian labour market." CEPAL Review 2017, no. 123 (September 23, 2018): 78–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/5f68db3e-en.

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28

NARAPARAJU, KARTHIKEYA. "Impediments to contract enforcement in day labour markets: a perspective from India." Journal of Institutional Economics 12, no. 3 (November 4, 2015): 651–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137415000442.

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AbstractIn developing countries, lack of formal contract enforcement mechanisms is compensated by informal governance enforced through trust, kinship, reputation, etc. This paper focuses on one such setting in India's urban informal economy: the ‘day labour’ market for casual labour. We survey seven such markets in Navi Mumbai (a city on the outskirts of Mumbai), and find considerable incidence of contract enforcement problems in the form of employers reneging on wage payments to labourers. We find that payments to labourers with access to social networks and a record of work done are less likely to be reneged. Further, consistent with the literature on the limits of informal enforcement, we find that labourers in large markets, with greater linguistic and caste-based diversity, are more likely to be reneged. We argue that interventions aimed at facilitating access to formal mechanisms might help overcome some of the limitations with informal enforcement.

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Mbatha, Nhlanhla Cyril, and Joan Roodt. "Recent internal migration and labour market outcomes: Exploring the 2008 and 2010 national income dynamics study (NIDS) panel data in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 17, no. 5 (November 28, 2014): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v17i5.515.

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We began with the premise that South African recent migrants from rural to urban areas experience relatively lower rates of participation in formal labour markets compared to local residents in urban communities, and that these migrants are overrepresented in the informal labour market and in the unemployment sector. This means that rural to urban migrants are less likely than locals to be found in formal employment and more likely to be found in informal employment and among the unemployed. Using perspectives from Development Economics we explore the South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) panel datasets of 2008 and 2010, which only provide a perspective on what has happened between 2008 and 2010. We find that while migrants in general experience positive outcomes in informal labour markets, they also experience positive outcomes in formal markets, which is contrary to expectations. We also find that there are strong links between other indicators of performance in the labour market. Earned incomes are closely associated with migration decisions and educational qualifications (e.g. a matric certificate) for respondents between the ages of 30 and 60 years. The youth (15 to 30 years old) and senior respondents (over the age of 60) are the most disadvantaged in the labour market. The disadvantage is further reflected in lower earned incomes. This is the case even though the youth are most likely to migrate. We conclude that migration is motivated by both push (to seek employment) and pull (existing networks or marriage at destination) factors. For public policy, the emerging patterns – indicative and established – are important for informing strategies aimed at creating employment and developing skills for the unemployed, migrants and especially the youth. Similar policy strategies are embodied in the National Development Plan (NDP), the National Skills Development Strategy (NSDS), etc.

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30

Akorsu, Angela. "Labour standards application in the informal economy of Ghana: The patterns and pressures." Ekonomski anali 58, no. 196 (2013): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1396157a.

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In spite of the rapid growth and importance of informal employment in Ghana, few studies have investigated the extent of coverage of labour standards application, as a form of labour market regulation. This paper investigates the extent of labour standards application in shaping the employment relations and conditions within the informal economy. The study focuses on 30 manufacturing firms in Ghana?s informal economy. Data were obtained through interviews with 43 entrepreneurs and their workers, as well as with key informants from the social partners of industrial relations. The study shows that labour standards are generally not applied among informal economy operators due to factors such as a lack of coverage of the existing labour legislation, ineffective enforcement, ignorance, peculiarities of work organisation, and the dynamics of the apprenticeship system. It is therefore concluded that informal economy workers, who constitute the majority of the workforce in Ghana, lack social protection and must be targeted for intervention.

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Roy, Shantanu De, and Mampi Bose. "COVID-19 Crisis and Some Contours of the Rural Labour Market in India." Indian Economic Journal 69, no. 3 (June 3, 2021): 479–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211023833.

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Indian labour markets are segmented based on caste, gender groups, region, types of workers and types of contractual arrangements. An important feature of the labour markets in India, notwithstanding intersectionalities across segments, is greater access to high-quality work with social security benefits to the privileged sections of the society as compared to the socially oppressed sections, including women. The latter dominate in low-quality, less stable and insecure work in the informal sector.The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown measures have increased the vulnerability of the informal workers, including the migrant workers. The article analyses the features of rural and urban labour markets, prior to the outbreak of the pandemic, that had contributed to vulnerability of the workforce. The analysis was based on the National Statistical Office ( NSO, 2020 )—Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) database of 2018–2019, NSSO (2014)—Report of the Situation of Agricultural Households in India, NSSO (2014)—Employment and Unemployment Survey, Labour Bureau, and the Economic Survey of India. It also analyses the impacts of the pandemic on the rural labour market based on the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) database. Our analysis reveals that the rural labour market in India was more adversely affected by the lockdown measures than the urban counterpart. In the rural areas, there was collapse of non-farm employment and increased participation in agricultural work was largely an outcome of distress. Furthermore, reverse migration of workers had led to sharp decline in remittances, particularly in the eastern Indian states that are largely agrarian and poor. The article advocates policy initiatives that include expansion of the rural employment programmes for providing relief to the poor and working population in India.

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32

Williams, Colin C., Ioana Alexandra Horodnic, and Jan Windebank. "Evaluating the internal dualism of the informal sector: evidence from the European Union." Journal of Economic Studies 44, no. 4 (September 11, 2017): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-07-2016-0144.

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Purpose To transcend the current debates about whether participation in the informal sector is a result of informal workers “exclusion” or their voluntary “exit” from the formal sector, the purpose of this paper is to propose and evaluate the existence of a dual informal labour market composed of an exit-driven “upper tier” and exclusion-driven “lower-tier” of informal workers. Design/methodology/approach To do this, data from a 2013 Eurobarometer survey involving 27,563 face-to-face interviews across the European Union is reported. Findings The finding is that in the European Union, there is a dual informal labour market with those participating in the informal sector due to their exclusion from the formal sector being half the number of those doing so to voluntarily exit the formal sector. Using a logistic regression analysis, the exclusion-driven “lower tier” is identified as significantly more likely to be populated by the unemployed and those living in East-Central Europe and the exit-driven “upper tier” by those with few financial difficulties and living in Nordic nations. Research limitations/implications The results reveal the need not only to transcend either/or debates about whether participants in the informal sector are universally exclusion-or exit-driven, and to adopt a both/and approach that recognises a dual informal labour market composed of an exit-driven upper tier and exclusion-driven lower tier, but also for wider research on the relative sizes of these two tiers in individual countries and other global regions, along with which groups populate these tiers. Originality/value This is the first evaluation of the internal dualism of the informal sector in the European Union.

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33

Flórez, Luz A. "Informal sector under saving: A positive analysis of labour market policies." Labour Economics 44 (January 2017): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.10.003.

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34

Cross, John C., and Bruce D. Johnson. "Expading dual labour market theory: crack dealers and the informal sector." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 20, no. 1/2 (February 2000): 96–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330010789098.

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35

heintz, james, and dorrit posel. "REVISITING INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT AND SEGMENTATION IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR MARKET." South African Journal of Economics 76, no. 1 (March 2008): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2008.00153.x.

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Visser, M. Anne. "Reshaping Migrant Labour Market Geographies: Local Regularisations and the Informal Economy." Population, Space and Place 23, no. 7 (April 26, 2016): e2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/psp.2025.

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Carneiro, Francisco. "The Changing Informal Labour Market in Brazil: Cyclicality versus Excessive Intervention." Labour 11, no. 1 (April 1997): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9914.00027.

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Rüber, Ina Elisabeth, and Thijs Bol. "Informal Learning and Labour Market Returns. Evidence from German Panel Data." European Sociological Review 33, no. 6 (November 6, 2017): 765–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcx075.

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Meliciani, Valentina, and Debora Radicchia. "Informal networks, spatial mobility and overeducation in the Italian labour market." Annals of Regional Science 56, no. 2 (March 2016): 513–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0752-y.

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Taksaorn Phuchongpravech and Thanee Chaiwat. "Barriers to Prisoners’ Re-Entry into Formal and Informal Labour Market." International Journal of Business and Society 22, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 479–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3190.2021.

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Aside from academics suggesting that low-physical-attractive prisoners may face difficulty reentering the labour market: permitting employers to access criminal history records aggravates the situation. The current study aims to alleviate this discrimination by generating more beauty premiums to prisoners through cosmetic surgery. The choice experiments (CEs) on hypothetical cosmetic surgery faces of 18 Thai male prisoners were conducted. In which every choice set, the respondents were required to make a tradeoff between beauty and criminal history records. The results show that cosmetic surgery generates beauty premiums to prisoners in both the formal and informal sectors with the odds ratio or increase of the utility of 1.75 and 1.754, respectively. Contrarily, the criminal history records result in discrimination to prisoners’ employments: decreasing job opportunities by 82.8% and 51% in the formal and informal sectors, respectively. The MWTP values show an additional salary to the cosmetic surgery groups for 2,600 baht approximately in both sectors. Besides contributing to the literature, the current study sheds light on the importance of physical appearance and criminal history records as one of the main barriers to prisoners’ re-entry. The findings could serve as new knowledge for policymakers to improve the success rate of prisoners’ reintegration.

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Erdoğan, Emre, and Pınar Uyan Semerci. "Illegality in the informal labour market: findings from pilot research on child labour in Istanbul." Research and Policy on Turkey 3, no. 2 (July 3, 2018): 138–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23760818.2018.1517448.

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Mahapatro, Sandhya. "Female employment in India: determinants of choice of sector of activity." Journal of Economic Studies 46, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 748–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2017-0108.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the choice of employment sector for women is driven by the structure of the labour market or determined by the household socioeconomic condition. Design/methodology/approach Data for the study were drawn from the National Sample Survey 68th round (2011–2012). The sector of employment was assessed through females’ participation as an unpaid labour, employer/own account worker, informal wage worker, formal wage worker and unemployed. A multinomial logit model was used to examine the factors that determine the sector of employment. Findings Although education increases formal employment among women, most of them are unemployed or entering into informal employment. It indicates that the labour market has not been able to integrate educated women into formal employment. Research limitations/implications Increase in female education accompanied by a slow growth of employment creates the challenge to accommodate the educated and skilled women in formal employment. Originality/value This study examines the factors determining the sectoral participation of employment to assess the responses of the current labour market for the females, especially educated females who have not been adequately addressed. The findings of the study have significant implications for formulating appropriate labour market policies for the educated female labour force.

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Christian, Zamo-akono. "Disability and Labour Force Participation in Cameroon." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 3, no. 2 (May 9, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v3i2.3497.

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This paper examines the effect of disability on labour force participation using the Cameroon 2007 Household Survey. Statistical and econometric tests indicate that disability represents a barrier to employment in the Cameroon labour market. For instance, disability status reduces men’s probability of getting into the labour market by 0.8% for the public sector, 0.05% for the formal private sector and by 2.9% for the informal sector. Other noteworthy results are the fact that women face greater constraints in entering the labour market and investments in general and specific human capital increase the probability of getting a job in the Cameroon.

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Ivlevs, Artjoms. "Remittances and informal work." International Journal of Manpower 37, no. 7 (October 3, 2016): 1172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0117.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the effect of remittances on informal employment in the migrants’ countries of origin, looking both at the remittance-receiving and non-migrant households. Design/methodology/approach Using data from a large survey conducted in six transition economies of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the determinants of three labour market outcomes – not working, working formally and working informally – are estimated in a multinomial probit model. The endogeneity of remittances is dealt with instrumental variables following the two-stage residual inclusion technique. To assess possible impact of remittances on non-migrant households, conditional correlations between the labour market outcomes of non-migrant households and the region-level share of remittance receivers are obtained. Findings Both correlational and instrumental variable analyses suggest that that receiving remittances increases the likelihood of working informally. At the regional level, high prevalence of remittances is associated with a higher likelihood of informal work among the non-migrant households. Migration and remittances may thus be contributing to informal employment in migration-sending countries. Research limitations/implications The empirical analysis is based on cross-sectional data, which do not allow isolating the effects of unobserved respondent heterogeneity. To deal with this issue, future research could use panel data. Originality/value The study explicitly considers the effects of remittances on formal and informal employment of remittances receivers as well as people who do not receive remittances. It advances the understanding of what drives informality in developing and transition economies.

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Parakrama Badullahewage, Bharatha Prabath, and Shohani Upeksha Badullahewage. "Wage Difference Between Formal Sector and Informal Sector Jobs; With Special Reference to the Labour Market in Sri Lanka." International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 7, no. 3 (August 2021): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.73.2001.

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It is globally understood that wage-based employment structure and wages are a central aspects of the labour force at work. The informal sector is ranging to a broader concept that is difficult to define. The formal–informal wage gap is crucial to understand labour market informality, especially in developing countries with the large informal sectors. The basic model is taken from Mincer (1974), and the study is primarily based on secondary data. The new dummy variable of Job_type and an interactive term were incorporated into the Mincer earning function to analyse wage differences between formal sector and informal sector jobs. The study concludes that there is a wage gap between the a formal and informal sector. Moreover, if a person engages in formal sector job with good education qualification and good working experience, he will be entitled for a higher wage rate. Policies that promote education and equal opportunities for workers in both formal and informal sectors would improve earnings for many workers by increasing productivity and incomes.

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Zahra, Kanwal, Tasneem Zafar, and Mahmood Khalid. "E-government, Economic Growth and Trade: A Simultaneous Equation Approach." Pakistan Development Review 55, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2016): 521–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.521-540.

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Labour has always been considered as major source of income and livelihood, and the labour market of Pakistan which provides an important source to alleviate poverty and raise the standard of living. The characteristics of labour i.e. age, gender, location, caste and religion makes labour market highly segmented. And these factors often make buyer bias which indeed causes a discrimination and exclusion in labour market. This study tries to investigate the issue of social exclusion which has been faced by marginalised class in labour force participation. While analysing trends of marginalised labour force participation, the role of social networks also take into account. The marginalised labour force has been selected based on religion and gender (minorities, women, transgender) which is the part of formal and informal labour market of the city Lahore, Pakistan. The study use logit modelling to analyse the role of social exclusion and other determinants in labour force participation of marginalised class and also evaluate the role of labour force participation in the poverty status of marginalised households. Results show a strong effect of social exclusion on labour force participation and poverty. Keywords: Social Exclusion, Labour Market Segmentation, Social Network

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Zarkovic-Rakic, Jelena, Sasa Randjelovic, and Marko Vladisavljevic. "Labour market effects of social security contributions reform in Serbia." Ekonomski anali 61, no. 208 (2016): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1608073z.

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In Serbia the inactivity rate of the working-age population is close to 40%, among the highest in Europe. The country also faces a high informal employment rate of 24%. Previous research has argued that high levels of informality and inactivity are mostly due to a high effective tax wedge at low wage levels caused by a minimum base for calculation of social security contributions (SSC), sudden withdrawal of means-tested benefits once formal income is earned, and low progressivity of income tax. This paper evaluates the impact of the minimum SSC base reform scenarios on labour supply and employment formalization using tax and benefit micro-simulation models together with the structural discrete choice labour supply model based on the Survey on Income and Living Conditions Data. Although we do not find positive employment effects of the reform, it would be premature to deduce that abolishment of the minimum SSC base is not needed. At this stage in our research, until alternative labour-supply modelling is applied, with both sector and hours of work choice alternatives, it is only safe to conclude that the proposed reform will not significantly contribute to the transformation of informal full-time to formal full-time jobs.

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Athanasou, James. "Job Finding in Australia." Australian Journal of Career Development 3, no. 3 (December 1994): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841629400300313.

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Although studies of the labour market have concentrated on employment and unemployment, there have been few Australian studies of job-search experiences. This report documents the methods used by people to obtain jobs in 1982, 1986 and 1990. It considers the proposition that informal job-seeking methods are more likely to lead to employment and that most jobs are obtained without prior knowledge of the vacancy. The data for this report were derived from the Australian Bureau of Statistics monthly labour force survey of households (published and unpublished data) in 1982, 1986 and 1990. Around 1.8 million individuals had started in a new job and at least 35 per cent of jobs resulted from approaches made without prior knowledge that the job was available. Friends and relatives accounted for some 17 per cent of placements and in 25 per cent of cases, the employer approached the job seeker, bringing the proportion of informal methods to at least 77 per cent. Results confirm the views of experienced career counsellors that there is a large and informal labour market.

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Volchik, Vyacheslav, and Elena Maslyukova. "Entrepreneurshp at the labour market: a case of precariat and informal employment." Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 6, no. 4 (June 1, 2019): 2095–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2019.6.4(38).

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Salem, Mélika Ben, and Isabelle Bensidoun. "The heterogeneity of informal employment and segmentation in the Turkish labour market." Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 17, no. 4 (November 2012): 578–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2012.724546.

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