Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Informal Labour Market'
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Pribaz, Carlo Eduardo Alcaraz. "The informal labour market in Mexico." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433586.
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García, Gómez Pilar. "Health, informal care and labour market outcomes in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7376.
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Esta tesis contribuye a la literatura analizando los efectos causales que el estado de salud tiene sobre la participación laboral en la población en edad de trabajar. De este modo, analiza los efectos que un deterioro en el estado de salud tiene sobre la participación laboral del individuo, así como los efectos de proveer cuidados informales sobre la participación laboral femenina. El primer capítulo utiliza una aproximación empírica homogénea en nueve países europeos, lo que hace posible relacionar las diferencias encontradas con diferencias en el contexto institucional. El segundo capítulo analiza el papel que juega el estado de salud en las transiciones hacia y fuera del empleo. Los resultados muestran que el estado de salud general afecta simétricamente las entradas y salidas del empleo, mientras que cambios en el estado de salud mental sólo influyen el riesgo de abandonar el empleo. El tercer capítulo examina los efectos de varios tipos de cuidados informales en el comportamiento laboral femenino. Los resultados sugieren que los costes de oportunidad laborales aparecen en aquellas mujeres que conviven con la persona dependiente, al mismo tiempo que los efectos negativos surgen cuando se proveen cuidados informales por un período superior al año.This thesis aims to contribute to the literature with an attempt to identify the causal effects of health on labour market outcomes in the working-age population. I analyse the effects of the onset of a health shock on the individuals' labour market outcomes, and also the effects of caregiving on female labour participation. The first chapter uses a homogeneous empirical framework to estimate the first set of effects on nine European countries, which allows me to relate the empirical estimates to differences in social security arrangements across these countries. The second chapter analyses the role of health in exits out of and entries into employment and the results show that general health affects symmetrically entries into and exits out of employment, but changes in mental health status influence only the hazard of non-employment for the stock sample of workers. The third chapter examines the effects of various types of informal care on female labour behaviour and the results suggest the existence of labour opportunity costs for those women who live with the dependent person they care for, and the negative effects appear when caregiving for more than a year.
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Iosifides, Theodoros. "Recent foreign immigration and the labour market in Athens." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360526.
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This thesis presents a mainly empirical analysis of the phenomenon of recent immigration to the Athens conurbation and of the relationship of foreign workers to the Athenian lahour market. The research focuses on three of the main groups of foreign migrant workers from Third World and Eastern European countries: Albanians, Egyptians and Filipinos. After an analysis of the nature and characteristics of the Greek economy and labour market the research is built around three major topics: the differentiation of migrant groups within the context of Greek labour market segmentation; the relation between immigration and the informal, underground economy; and the impact of immigration on the spatial and social division of labour in Athens. Methodologically, the main effort of the study was a field survey of recent immigrants in Athens, undertaken over a period of seven months hetween August 1995 and February 1996. The first three chapters of the thesis contain the theoretical hackground to the empirical research. Chapter 4 contains a detailed presentation of methodological tools and approaches adopted during the field research in Athens. Chapter 5 presents the general background and profile data of 141 immigrants interviewed, including such variables as age, sex, time and means of arrival, education and training, reasons for migrating to Greece, family circumstances, remittance behaviour, and plans for the future. Chapter 6 is an extended discussion of the interactions between immigrants and the Athens labour market, based partly on a detailed analysis of the city's economy and social formation, and pattly on interview results. Chapter 7 looks more closely at the day-to-day lives of the immigrants in Athens, focusing in particular on their housing arrangements and their impact on the social geography of the city. Finally Chapter 8 concludes the thesis. It shows how the empirical findings to the different research questions are related to each other and how these findings are related to past and contemporary theories of migration. The strengths and weaknesses of the research are evaluated and suggestions for further research made.
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Berger, Michael. "IRREGULAR MIGRANTS IN THE SWEDISH SHADOW LABOUR MARKET -A study on Polish migrants working in the informal labour market in Stockholm." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21607.
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Denna studie undersöker hur illegala polska migranter lever och arbetar i Stockholm. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka varför polacker väljer illegal invandring till Stockholm som strategy. Dessutom hur strukturer i den svenska arbetsmarknaden och kontrol myndigheter påverkar dem. Studien visar att de flesta polacker hade kontakter med polska nätverk som redan var etablerade i Sverige före tanken på migration som en möjlig strategy tog form. Starka länkar kunde utskiljas mellan dessa nätverk i Stockholm och två regioner i norra Polen. Länkar kunde också utskiljas till tre regioner i södra Polen. Resultaten visar att strukturer inom den svenska arbetsmarknaden har gjort hemstädning till en niche för polacker som arbetar svart i Stockholm. Studien visar att många arbetade svart inom bygg och trädgårdsbranchen, dock inte i samma uttsträckning. Att resa genom Tyskland för att ta sig till Sverige var ett vanligt sätt att kringgå starka gränskontroller före det polska EU medlemskapet. Det svenska personnumret fungerar väl som kontrolfunktion och gör det svårt för illegala polacker att hyra lägenheter. För att kringgå detta hyr de ofta enstaka rum istället. En majoritet av polacker i studien tror inte att ett polsk EU medlemskap kommer att påverka deras arbete och leverne i Stockholm och kommer därmed fortsätta att arbeta svart.This thesis is a study on Polish irregular migrants living and working in the Stockholm metropolitan region. The aim of the paper is to find out why Poles choose irregular migration to Stockholm as a strategy, and how the Swedish labour market structure and control authorities influence them. This study shows that most Poles had contacts with Polish networks already established in Sweden before contemplating irregular migration as a strategy. Strong links could be found between these networks in Stockholm and two regions in northern Poland. Clear links were also found to three regions in southern Poland. Swedish labour market structure has helped to make domestic cleaning a niche for undocumented Poles in Stockholm although many were also working in the gardening and building/renovation sectors. Results from this paper show that strong Swedish control functions make a number of survival strategies necessary to enter and live undocumented in Sweden. Transiting through Germany was a common way for undocumented Poles to bypass strong Swedish migration controls before Poland joined the EU. Internal control functions such as the Swedish personal ID number make renting apartments difficult for undocumented Poles, which make renting rooms a better option. A majority of undocumented Poles do not believe that Poland%u2019s membership will affect their work and lives in Stockholm and they will therefore continue to work undocumented.
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Soares, Fabio Veras. "The informal labour market in Brazil : job queue, trade liberalisation and minimum wage." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446681/.
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The main concern of this thesis is to investigate several aspects of the informal sector in Brazil. First, it aims to establish and analyze in depth some stylized facts such as the increase in the size of the informal sector during the 1980's and the 1990's and the fall in the wage gap between formal and informal workers in the mid-1990's. Second, it tests whether informal sector workers queue for formal jobs. Third, it analyses the effect of policy changes on the informal sector. In this regard, it investigates the impact of the trade liberalisation process of the early 1990's on the proportion of informal workers and on the wage gap between formal and informal workers, and the impact of minimum wage hikes on the transitions to and from both the formal and informal sectors. As for the main results we find that: 1) Informal sector workers queue for formal jobs and that non-white, female, less educated, ''new entrants" and former informal workers are the groups with the lower probability of being chosen from the queue for formal jobs; 2) the fall in the wage gap between registered and non-registered workers in the manufacturing sector was affected by trade-related variables, particularly, by the import penetration ratio. However, we do not find robust evidence that trade liberalization had a substantial impact on the fall in the proportion of registered Workers; 3) there were no disemployment effects of the minimum wage in the 1980's, but there were some disemployment effects in the 1990's for both formal and informal sector workers. However, we find no strong evidence that minimum wage hikes led to transitions from formal to informal sector or to self-employment either in the 1980's or in the 1990's.
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Carneiro, Francisco Galrao. "Labour market institutions, insider power and informal employment in Brazilian wage determination : 1980-1993." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308838.
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Gendera, Sandra Social Policy Research Centre Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Tansnational Care Space Zentraleuropa. Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen von irregulär beschäftigten Migrantinnen in der häuslichen Pflege." Awarded by:Universit??t Wien. Fakult??t f??r Sozialwissenschaften, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/39281.
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Bernabe, Sabine Lucie. "Informal labour market activity : a social safety net during economic transition? : the case of Georgia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2682/.
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This thesis provides the first in depth study of formal and informal labour markets in Georgia, based on the analysis of labour force and household survey data for 1998, 1999. A conceptual framework is developed, which distinguishes informal activities from other types of untaxed, unregulated and/or unmeasured activities (illegal, underground and household activities). Despite a massive collapse in output, following the dismantlement of the former Soviet Union, open unemployment increased relatively little in Georgia. This thesis suggests that this was, in part, due to a transfer of labour into informal employment. The results show that by 1999, 52% of total (34% of non-agricultural) employment was informal. It argues that the resulting fiscal crisis squeezed social security provision and individuals could not afford to be unemployed. It also shows that there was little growth in private firms capable of absorbing labour shed from the state sector. With limited formal job creation and no adequate social benefits, labour shifted mainly into informal employment. The analysis shows that informal activities provide a social safety net. Informal employment is found to increase the risk of poverty with respect to formal employment and to lower it with respect to unemployment and inactivity ceteris paribus. Assuming that individuals are utility maximizing and that they make rational choices, this thesis concludes that, on average, individuals work informally because there is no formal alternative and because they are better off than being unemployed or inactive. However, the informal sector is also found to be contributing to deskilling the labour force, further marginalizing certain vulnerable groups, and its concentration amongst ethnic minorities and underprivileged regions could contribute to undermining Georgia's stability. The challenge for policy will be how to benefit from the informal sector's capacity to provide a social safety net, while minimizing its potentially detrimental consequences.
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Patsyurko, Nataliya. "Circumventing the state : illegal labour migration from Ukraine as a strategy within the informal economy." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115615.
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This thesis examines labour migration as an outcome of the interaction between the state and the informal economy, by considering the trends of contemporary labour migration from Ukraine to Southern Europe. It contends that in both the sending and receiving countries, migration policies either disregard or severely limit labour migration, while their informal economies facilitate the development of migration. This basic contradiction sustains migration flows over time. The main argument of the thesis is that migration develops within the system of interacting informal economies. I demonstrate the embeddedness of migration in the informal economy by using the case of Ukrainian migration to Italy.The role of the informal economy in the development of migration is examined across several dimensions. First, I argue that the recent labour migration from Ukraine emerged as a strategy of the informal economy, continuing the previous strategies of cross-border trading and short-term migration to Central Europe. These economic practices were the innovative responses of the population to the decline of the state economy and to the absence of economic reforms. Migration developed in the space between the state and the market economy.
Second, the flows of labour migration were 'invisible' to states, and developed outside state control and regulation. This thesis demonstrates that the migration policies of the Ukrainian state disregarded the process of out-migration of Ukrainian citizens. Similarly, Italian immigration policies did not recognise the existing flows of labour migration. The informal economy of the receiving state resolved the contradiction between the economic demand for migrant workers and restrictive migration policies and enabled access to the receiving economy.
However, access to the receiving labour market through the informal economy contributed to the disadvantaged incorporation of migrants and prevented their integration into the receiving society. The analysis of economic incorporation demonstrates that the informal economy channelled Ukrainian migrants to the secondary labour market with low earnings, a lack of benefits, and no possibility of professional advancement. The mode of access to the receiving economy and the resulting illegality heavily influenced the position of Ukrainian migrants in the labour market.
Finally, the analysis of Ukrainian labour migration to Italy demonstrates that alternative migration-facilitating institutions were developed in the absence of the state recognition of labour migration. These institutions paralleled the institutions of the official labour markets and allowed migrants to implement income-generating projects. In addition, migration was facilitated by the supporting institutions of the receiving society, which counteracted the restrictive immigration laws and political controls on migration. The migration-supporting institutions were predicated on the strategies of circumventing state control which developed from participation in the informal economy of the sending country. Labour migration from the former Soviet Union would not be possible without these informal practices and the culture of avoiding state control in economic activities.
The proposed analysis answers the challenge posed by the recent Ukrainian labour migration to conventional theories on migration, whose approaches usually omit references to the meso-level of migration processes, and consider either the structural-economic or the micro- determinants of migration. This thesis presents the informal economy both as a structural factor which enables migration and as a characteristic of the migrant agency that facilitates it.
By doing that, the thesis also complements the literature on migration to Southern Europe and argues that migrations are not simply encouraged by the informal economies of the receiving countries, but they emerge from, and are facilitated by, the informal economies of the sending countries. To perpetuate migration migrants creatively use the resources of the informal economy in conjunction with strategies of circumventing the state. This argument holds for a number of ex-Soviet countries, which suffered severe economic crises during the disintegration of the state-controlled socialist economies, and consequently produced significant labour migrations to Western Europe.
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Calixtre, André Bojikian 1982. "A condição informal = reflexões sobre o processo de informalidade no Brasil contemporâneo." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286363.
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Orientador: José Ricardo Barbosa GonçalvesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Pretende-se versar sobre a questão da informalidade como um modo de vida, um conceito que, em suas múltiplas manifestações, surge no debate internacional, aos fins dos 1960 e torna-se um dos elementos fundamentais para a compreensão do mercado de trabalho no Brasil contemporâneo, nos outros países subdesenvolvidos e mesmo no mundo desenvolvido. No Brasil, a ponte entre a informalidade e o desenvolvimento socioeconômico será entendida como a dinâmica histórica da formação social capitalista brasileira. Esta dinâmica pode ser condensada, no que se refere ao sentido do desenvolvimento, como a interdependência entre moderno e arcaico, manifestada ora na forma de complementaridade, ora de antagonismo aberto e insuperável, mas sempre no sentido de mutualidade mediante constante reinvenção do moderno e do arcaico no processo histórico. Por meio dessa interpretação, encontrar-se-á o espaço em que se reproduzem as relações entre um sujeito histórico específico, criador de um Estado nacional cujo funcionamento é igualmente peculiar. Enfocando a questão do trabalho, essa relação contemporaneamente se reproduz em meio a um Processo de Informalidade, ou seja, de formas dinâmicas e subordinadas de organização da produção exercidas pelo bloqueio da racionalização das relações entre esferas pública e privada. Ao capturar o sentido deste trabalhador informal e sujeito histórico, em busca de padrões de sociabilidade distintos dos espaços formais da economia é possível avançar na compreensão de sua condição informal, bem como dos limites e possibilidades transformadores para o desenvolvimento nacional
Abstract: The Informal Condition: reflections on the Informality Process in contemporary's Brazil. It is intended to board Informality as a way of life, a concept which in many ways appears in the international debate, to the end of 1960s and became one of the key elements for understanding labour markets in contemporary's Brazil and other underdeveloped countries, and recently in the developed world. In Brazil's case, the bridge between informality and socioeconomic development is based on historical dynamics of Brazilian capitalist social formation. This dynamics can be condensed, regarding to the direction of development, as the interdependence between modern and archaic social structures, sometimes manifested as complementarities, sometimes undefeatable antagonism, but always in the sense of mutuality through constant reinvention of modern and archaic in the historical process. Using this interpretation, it will be searched for the "locus" that reproduces the relationship between a specific historical subject, creator of a National State whose operation is also peculiar. The working hypothesis stands that this relationship is reproduced simultaneously in the midst of an Informality Process, ie, in dynamic forms and also subordinate organizations of production focused on blocking rationalization of relations between public and private spheres. By capturing the meaning of this informal worker and historical subject, searching for distinct patterns of sociability of the formal economy, it is possible to advance the understanding of their Informal Condition as well as the limits and possibilities for national development changing
Mestrado
Economia Social e do Trabalho
Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico
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İren, Yıldızca Bediz Büke. "Migrant Child Labour in Turkey : A critical analysis of multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour in Turkey." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, REMESO - Institutet för forskning om migration, etnicitet och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162798.
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Entering the 9th year of the Syrian Crisis, there are still more than 400 thousand school aged Syrian children considered ‘out-of-school’ in Turkey. Several previous studies as well as reports of International Organisations and Civil Society Organisations such as UNICEF and Support to Life argue that out-of-school Syrian children have formed part of the Turkish informal labour market. Restrained migration policies incorporated with the needs of global labour markets have caused precarisation of the migrant labour, and in the case of Turkey precarisation of migrant child labour as well. The aim of the current study is to critically analyse the strategies and interventions of this multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour. Hence, a qualitative research method was employed in order to answer the study’s research questions. First, document analysis was conducted to identify the multilevel institutional framework; and second, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with selected informants working for International Organisations. By facilitating Carol Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach, each actor’s strategies and interventions directed to migrant child labour are scrutinised. While each actor by definition manages to identify the causes of (migrant) child labour, the strategies and interventions are constrained by the conventional migration management approach as well as the discourses of “the best interest of the child” and “fair trade”.
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Khamis, Melanie. "An Empirical investigation of the informal labour market, minimum wages and workfare programmes at the times of growth and crisis in urban Argentina, 1992-2005." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.498176.
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Vasconcelos, Emanuelle Aléxia Santos de. "Dinâmica da informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: 1993 - 2009." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2012. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4996.
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Historically, the higher informality has been one of the structural characteristics of the Brazilian labour market. Since 1990, in a context of the labour market disruption, informality reaches its highest levels, being revisited with more emphasis on the academy. The aim of this work is to investigate the dynamics of informality in the Brazilian labour market between 1993 and 2009, from the perspective of the dynamism of economic growth. The debate on the subject does not come to a consensus, which gives the literature a controversial way to present the theme. Thus, the literature review was based on the approach of some conceptions of informality, emphasizing the great debate that surrounds the theme. The referring data for the Brazilian labour market informality was originated from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) microdata which indicated that in a context of low economic dynamism during the 90s, despite of its high proportions, the level of informality remained virtually unchanged throughout the decade, which contradicts the results presented by the national literature. In the 2000s in a context of economic recovery, informality levels showed considerable reduction. However, despite this result there still exist a huge number of informal labourers within poor working conditions, which mainly affects the poorest classes of the society, women, non-whites, individuals residing in rural area and low schooling.
Historicamente, a elevada informalidade tem sido uma das características estruturais do mercado de trabalho brasileiro. A partir dos anos 1990, em um contexto de desestruturação do mercado de trabalho, a informalidade atinge elevadas proporções, passando a ser rediscutida com mais ênfase no meio acadêmico. O objetivo desse trabalho é investigar a dinâmica da informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro entre os anos 1993 e 2009, sob a ótica do dinamismo do crescimento econômico. O debate sobre o tema não se apresenta de forma consensual, o que confere à literatura especializada uma forma controversa de apresentar o tema. Desse modo, a revisão da literatura pautou-se na abordagem de algumas concepções acerca da informalidade, ressaltando-se o grande debate que gravita em torno do tema. Os dados referentes à informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro originaram-se dos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra Domiciliar (PNAD) e indicaram que nos anos 1990, em um contexto de baixo dinamismo econômico, o nível de informalização, embora em proporções elevadas, manteve-se praticamente inalterado durante toda a década, o que contraria os resultados apresentados pela literatura nacional. Nos anos 2000, em um contexto de recuperação da economia, os níveis de informalização apresentaram considerável redução. Porém, apesar desse recuo, ainda se tem um elevado contingente de trabalhadores exercendo atividades informais, em condições precárias de trabalho, que atinge sobretudo, as classes mais pobres da sociedade, mulheres, não-brancos, indivíduos domiciliados na zona rural e com baixos níveis de escolaridade.
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Kilje, Bim. "Quests for knowledge and social mobility : Vocational and on-the-job-training as navigational tactics in the urban labour market of Sierra Leone." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-433784.
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This ethnographic study investigates the experiences of those learning tailoring and trading in Freetown, Sierra Leone via apprenticeships, other on-the-job training or Technical and Vocational Education and Training programs (TVET). I examine these forms of occupational training by investigating the practices underway, how knowledge transmission occurs, as well as why learners engage with and what they get out of these activities. I consider how the job learners utilise occupational training as a manner of increasing social, cultural and economic capital in Bourdieu's sense of those terms to navigate the urban labour market. I find that the learners aspire fundamentally to social mobility and a sense of self-worth. To achieve this, they use four main tactics: flexibility, reframing, co-operation and diligence. However, I find all tactics are developed in response to greatly circumscribed opportunities to obtain a good and stable income, and increased social status, due to structural inequality. Local political neoliberal discourse on youth unemployment emphasising diligence, belies these inequities and the limited ways in which social mobility is within the individual’s control. Hence, I argue, a focus on training without addressing structural inequality is inadequate. As the training usually does not lead to paid and reliable employment, I argue it serves more fundamentally as a form of moral education and a vehicle for personal and social development. I argue it helps develop certain personal moral traits and alleviate society's concern about immoral "idle youth". Further, that it helps develop what I term resilience capital; that is, the hard-working and stubborn disposition developed by reframing previous experiences of adversity, which may later assist the individual in acquiring other forms of capital. Although not its main focus, this study also seeks to contribute to academic scholarship through developing our understanding of knowledge transmission. I find that the process of knowledge transmission is fundamentally social and shaped by hierarchy, subjective positions of power, the inculcation of moral and ethical values, and more dependent for success on various forms of capital than it might at first appear.
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Bellache, Youghourta. "L'économie informelle en Algérie, une approche par enquête auprès des ménages : le cas de Bejaia." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593812.
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La croissance du secteur informel en Algérie fait de celui-ci une composante structurelle de l'économie. Les controverses, déjà anciennes, sur son rôle (dynamique, marginal, parasitaire) se poursuivent et témoignent de la complexité du phénomène. L'objet de notre thèse consiste à analyser le secteur informel en Algérie, selon la définition du BIT, afin de comprendre s'il s'agit d'un secteur dynamique ou d'un secteur de subsistance. Pour cela, nous avons réalisé une enquête représentative auprès d'un échantillon de 522 ménages dans la wilaya de Bejaia, soit près de 1000 actifs occupés. L'analyse en coupe instantanée des données de l'enquête, grâce à l'analyse factorielle des correspondances multiples et la régression logistique, a permis de cerner les caractéristiques saillantes des actifs (salariés et non salariés) du secteur informel et d'établir ainsi différentes typologies (informels purs vs. informels hybrides ; travailleuses à domicile couturières, sous-traitantes de pro duits alimentaires et prestataires de services) qui témoignent de son hétérogénéité (diversité des activités et des acteurs, degrés d'informalité variables, différenciation des revenus). L'analyse de la mobilité socioprofessionnelle des actifs informels met en évidence l'existence au sein du secteur informel d'une forte mobilité intra-sectorielle ascendante et une segmentation entre les micro-entrepreneurs non mobiles et les micro-entrepreneurs mobiles. Globalement, la faiblesse du capital humain, le faible niveau des revenus ainsi que la faiblesse des liens avec le reste de l'économie, tout en confortant la thèse de la segmentation entre les deux secteurs (formel et informel) et au sein du secteur informel lui-même, accréditent l'existence d'un secteur informel de subsistance.
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Corcoran, Su. "Leaving the street? : exploring transition experiences of street-connected children and youth in Kenya." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/leaving-the-street-exploring-transition-experiences-of-streetconnected-children-and-youth-in-kenya(6f39aa5c-7bcb-4d08-902e-789cd464b968).html.
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This exploratory study was inspired by the author’s voluntary work with streetconnected children and youth in Kenya. It develops an understanding of the experiences of young people leaving the street in two provincial Kenyan towns. Although there has been extensive research concerned with street-connectedness, there has been a limited focus on young people’s transitions away from the street. Participants were identified with the help of three organisations: fifty-three young people, aged 12 -28, participated in semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and visual methods, during two field research visits to Kenya, in 2012 and 2013. The study found that their experiences of leaving the street were influenced by their day-to-day interactions with family, friends and other members of the communities into which they transitioned. These interactions influenced how accepted the young people felt and the extent to which they believed they were supported economically, physically and psychosocially, especially with regards to their relationships with family members. The participants’ interactions with school-based peers and teachers were particularly important in schools and training centres, where they struggled to develop a sense of belonging. Being street-connected is an integral part of the identities constructed by young people after they leave the street and establish places for themselves in their families, schools, local communities, and wider society. Such street-connectedness can be a strength: the resilience and skills developed on the street are useful attributes in adapting to new situations, potentially providing income-generating opportunities later on. However, the stigmatisation and resulting marginalisation they experienced on the street can have lasting effects. Barriers to inclusion experienced on the street influence a young person’s ability to develop a sense of belonging to their new situation after leaving the street. This study makes a conceptual contribution. Street-connectedness begins when a young person first arrives on the street, and continues until what could be years after they leave it. This street-connectedness can be characterised by three liminalities. The first is associated with living in the physical space defined as being on the street: a physical embodiment of liminality. The second, describes the process of being in transition as a young person newly arrived on the street, or having recently left the street: each being a liminal phase. The third liminality is described by an identity-forming social space, associated with being, and having been, street-connected: a liminal identity. This liminal identity, associated with being street-connected, impacts upon young people (re)entering home communities and, in particular, education, and highlights a need to consider and address the effects of these impacts.
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Vega, Núñez Adriana Patricia. "Essays on informal labor markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663417.
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The dissertation deals with the analysis of informality in developing countries considering both the worker’s and the firm’s perspective. Within a context of a strong presence of this phenomenon in the majority of South and Central America countries, the main goal of this research is to explore the factors that may influence the prevalence and the consequences of informality in this region. The analysis focuses in two dimensions of the informal labor market: the firms and the workforce, divided in three main topics. The initial point of analysis intends to provide evidence of the presence of informal firms and its differences between the South and Central America countries. Therefore, we evaluate which are the cross-national factors that account for the prevalence of informality and we try to identify the reason influencing the decision to run a business in the borderlines of the formal or informal sector in this region. It is worth mentioning that with these objectives in mind, this study is the first analysis using firm-level data covering a wide sample of South and Central America countries.
In this sense, we found three main results on firms’ informality. Firstly, it sheds light on the association between informality and the characteristics of firms. In this sense, small firms, less productive firms, older firms, one proprietor firms, less technological firms and manufacturing firms are more likely to operate informally. As second result, it reveals that entrepreneurs face obstacles in their operations, such as the presence of informal competitors, financial and tax administration obstacles, which positively influence informality. Thirdly, it analyses the effect of cross-country determinants of the likelihood of being informal firm. These factors are associated with the average
GDP growth and the governance performance of the country. While the previous analysis addresses informality as a challenge issue to deal with in developing countries, the next two analyses focus their attention in Ecuador. The next tòpic explains the determinants of the job placement process in the Ecuadorian formal and informal labor market. In this regard, it seeks to answer weather being part of an informal job is a worker’s voluntary decision, or it is because there are restrictions on the number of job placements in the formal sector. In order to consider both workers’ preferences and employers’ hiring decisions, we apply a bivariate binomial probit model with partial observability since we can only observe the joint decision of both actors of the market. The study supports the presence of a restriction in the number of formal jobs in the economy and therefore existence of both, voluntary and involuntary informal employment. Nonetheless, these results lead directly to a next question, explicitly, how are the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and which paterns affected the transitions within the labor sectors. Therefore, the next topic provides an overview of the dynamics of the formal and informal sectors and some specific patterns of the transitions within the labor sectors. We specify a transition matrix and a multinomial logit model to identify the movements across the sectors and the effect of each worker’s characteristics on the probability of moving to a given a sector. The transition matrix results suggest an important dynamics not only in and out of the labor market but also across the sectors; and as well that individuals are searching for job opportunities in both formal and informal sectors.
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Becerra-Camargo, Oscar. "Effects of labor regulation on informal labor markets." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59550.
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This thesis examines the effects of labor regulation on formal (regulated) labor markets in Latin America. It is divided in three chapters, in which I analyze the effects of pension programs on formal-sector labor supply and the effects of payroll taxes on formal-sector labor demand. The first two chapters analyze how future pension benefits affect formal-sector labor supply. Since formal-sector jobs comply with labor regulation, including contributions to pension plans, formal-sector workers receive long-run benefits in the form of pensions. If workers account for such benefits when they search for formal-sector jobs, the pension system affects formal-sector labor supply before the retirement age. In Chapter 1, I estimate the causal link between future pension benefits and formal-sector labor supply by using a cohort-based reform undertaken in Colombia. I demonstrate that workers with higher pension gains are more willing to work in formal-sector jobs, rather than working in unregulated businesses or by themselves. The result is consistent with a life-cycle model of formal-sector labor supply presented in Chapter 2, where pension benefits are an amenity of working in the formal sector. The results suggest that pension reforms may have large effects on the labor market that should be taken into account in the design of pension programs. Chapter 3 analyzes the effect of payroll taxes on formal-sector labor demand in the presence of wage rigidity. In particular, I study the impact of a reduction of payroll taxes on the creation of formal-sector jobs in Colombia, where about 40 percent of formal-sector workers earn the minimum wage. Using a reform that granted tax credits to firms hiring workers younger than 28 years of age, I obtain estimates of the effect of payroll taxes on formal-sector employment and wages. I show that payroll tax incidence is borne by formal-sector employers. The reduction in payroll taxes increased formal-sector employment and had no effects on wages. Using the estimation results, I recover an estimate of the elasticity of the formal-sector labor demand of -0.44. This result implies that a 10 percent increase in the minimum wage reduces formal-sector employment by 4.4 percent.Arts, Faculty of
Vancouver School of Economics
Graduate
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Narita, R. "Essays on informal labour markets in developing countries." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1335904/.
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Labour markets of developing countries are typically characterised by low unemployment but high informality. In Latin America, about half of the workforce is informal. This includes wage workers without registration and those self employed who do not make social security contributions. Informality is an issue because it has been associated with low productivity jobs and low general human capital investment, despite being a source of employment. The first two chapters focus on extending and estimating labour market models to evaluate the impact of labour market policies on welfare, employment, informality, and wages in developing countries. The first chapter presents a model with search frictions where workers and firms decide whether to be formal or informal. The second chapter assumes firms’ sector is exogenous however allows for workers to become self employed. In common, simulations using these two different frameworks show that increasing the cost of informality has a small impact on unemployment and informality levels. Such policies reduce informal sector wages which are on average the lowest in the economy. Consequently, wage inequality increases. Nonetheless, results show that welfare may improve significantly. The first reason is the increased competition in the formal sector which may occur if firms can choose sector. The second reason is a large increase in formal labour force size because of improved rent-sharing between firms and workers since the latter can enter self employment. In either case, formal wages rise, along with all workers’ welfare. The third chapter provides an empirical test for the impact of enforcement of labour legislation on measures of workers’ welfare. Stricter enforcement increases compliance with mandated benefits (registration, social security and minimum wage). However, there are two tradeoffs, one between the provision of mandated benefits and wages, and another between mandated and important optional job benefits, such as private health.
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Sanches, Daniel Rocha. "Informality in labor market and welfare." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/196.
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Previous issue date: 2005-06-10The neoclassical growth model with two sectors in production is employed in this paper in order to investigate how a change in the tax structure affects informality and welfare. We calibrate and simulate the model and find that welfare always increases when we reduce the tax rate on the demand for labor and adjust the tax rate on the value added so that the government revenue remains constant.
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JUNQUEIRA, DANIEL HAANWINCKEL. "A COMPENSATING DIFFERENTIALS MODEL OF INFORMAL LABOR MARKETS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25494@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
FUNDAÇÃO DE APOIO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DO RIO DE JANEIRO
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de busca por emprego com trabalhadores e firmas heterogêneos, salário mínimo e benefícios trabalhistas. Em equilíbrio, as firmas informais são menores, menos produtivas e empregam menos trabalhadores qualificados devido a um efeito de seleção. Trabalhadores informais geralmente recebem salários maiores para compensar a falta de benefícios trabalhistas, mas uma simples comparação de salários médios entre setores mostra um prêmio salarial para a formalidade devido a um efeito de composição. Além disto, o salário mínimo pode quebrar a relação de diferenciais compensatórios, de forma que haja um prêmio de formalidade para trabalhadores pouco qualificados mesmo após controlar para produtividade individual. O modelo é calibrado usando dados do Brasil e utilizado para explicar a evolução do mercado de trabalho neste país de 2003 até 2012. Os resultados sugerem que o aumento da escolaridade média foi o fator mais importante por trás da reversão da tendência de informalidade no Brasil, que ainda é um fato não plenamente explicado na literatura acadêmica. Também mostra-se que, no modelo calibrado, impostos progressivos sobre folha salarial poderiam levar a uma redução tanto do desemprego quanto da informalidade sem comprometer as receitas do governo.
This work develops a search and matching model of informality with heterogeneous workers and firms, minimum wages, and mandated benefits. In equilibrium, informal firms are smaller, less productive and employ fewer skilled workers as a result of self-selection. Informal workers are generally compensated for the lack of mandated benefits by receiving higher wages, but a simple comparison of average earnings between sectors shows a formality wage premium because of compositional effects. In addition, a binding minimum wage can break the equalizing differentials relation, so that there might be a formality wage premium among low wage workers even after controlling for individual productivity. The model is calibrated using Brazilian data and used to explain the evolution of labor market outcomes in that country from 2003 to 2012. The results suggest that rising schooling was the most important factor behind the reversal of the informality trend in Brazil, which remains a puzzle in the current literature. It is also shown that, for the calibrated model, a progressive payroll tax would lead to a decrease in both unemployment and informality without compromising tax revenues.
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Broman, Erik, and Tim Flodin. "Att investera i en karriär : Övergången mellan studier och arbete för studenter med utländsk bakgrund vid Växjö universitet." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5038.
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Numerous studies raise the topic of highly educated immigrants whose education and list of qualifications devalue in the context of the Swedish labour market. However, little is known of those with foreign background who enter into higher education in Sweden. Our study attempts to shed some light onto the value of higher education relative to that of a person’s ethnic background. The background material features nine in-depth interviews of foreign background academics, as well as data extracted from an extensive survey study previously carried out at Växjö University.
Initially, the quantitative data showed that students with foreign background, including Swedish-born children of immigrants, had not managed to find qualified work upon completion of studies to the same extent as their Swedish background counterparts. The individual stories given in interviews support the assumption that social capital, in the form of access to networks or membership thereof, may decide the physical location of individual careers. Those who stayed in the region were either brought up locally or had established themselves through work practice. In some respects, those who left can be considered outsiders, whose chances of finding work largely depended on their establishing themselves elsewhere. Some had managed to find qualified work beyond their own acquaintances, but only through a long period of unemployment or doing unqualified work.
When it comes to the ethnic backgrounds of the interviewed, positive and negative aspects were brought up by some, while others did not consider it relevant with respect to their own careers. However, their stories provide examples of how ethnicity works as a deciding factor on the labour market in much the same way as, for instance, class and gender. In turn, this is an indication of underlying mechanisms on the labour market that rest on social ties.
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Aspilaire, Roseman. "Économie informelle en Haïti, marché du travail et pauvreté : analyses quantitatives." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC0122/document.
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La prédominance de l’informel dans l’économie d’Haïti, où plus de 80% de la population vit en dessous du seuil de la pauvreté et plus de 35% au chômage, laisse entrevoir des liens étroits entre l’économie informelle, la pauvreté et le marché du travail. Faire ressortir ces interrelations, exige une évaluation de cette économie informelle qui fait l’objet des quatre chapitres de notre thèse traitant successivement l’évolution de la situation macroéconomique, le capital humain, les gains des travailleurs informels, et la segmentation du marché du travail.Le premier chapitre fait un diagnostic du phénomène selon l’état des lieux des théories élaborées et l’évolution du cadre macro-économique d’Haïti de 1980 à 2010 et propose une évaluation macroéconomique de l’informel à partir d’un modèle PLS (Partial Least Squares) en pourcentage du PIB.Le chapitre deux établit les relations entre l’évolution de l’économie informelle, dérégulation et politiques néolibérales grâce à un modèle LISREL (Linear Structural Relations). Nous examinons les incidences des politiques fiscales, budgétaires et monétaires des 30 dernières années sur l’économie informelle. Nous réévaluons aussi les causes de l’évolution de l’informel généralement évoquées par les études empiriques (taxes, sécurité sociale).Au chapitre trois, nous analysons la dimension micro-réelle de l’informel grâce à un modèle des gains à la Mincer estimé par les équations logit à partir des données d’une enquête nationale sur l’emploi et l’économie informelle (EEEI) de 2007. Nous analysons les déterminants des gains informels au regard de la position des travailleurs sur le marché (salariés, entrepreneurs et indépendants) ; et les revenus (formels et informels) et les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des travailleurs pauvres et non-pauvres par rapport au seuil de pauvreté.Au chapitre quatre, nous testons d’abord la compétitivité et la segmentation du marché de l’emploi en faisant usage de modèle de Roy et du modèle de Roy élargi à travers une estimation d’un modèle Tobit. Nous utilisons un modèle de Processus de Dirichlet : d’abord analyser la segmentation et la compétitivité éventuelle du marché du travail informel ainsi que ses déterminants, selon les données de l’EEEI-2007 ; ensuite, pour distinguer les caractéristiques fondamentales des informels involontaires (exclus du marché du travail formel) de celles des informels volontaires qui en retirent des avantages comparatifsThe predominance of the informal sector in the economy of Haiti, where more than 80% of the population lives below the threshold of poverty and more than 35% unemployed, suggests links between the informal economy, poverty and the labour market. Highlight these interrelationships, requires an assessment of the informal economy, which is the subject of the four chapters of this thesis, dealing successively with the evolution of the macroeconomic situation, human capital, the informal earnings of workers, and the segmentation of the labour market.The first chapter made a diagnosis of the phenomenon according to the State of affairs of the developed theories and the evolution of the macroeconomic framework of Haiti from 1980 to 2010. And then offers a macroeconomic assessment of the informal sector as a percentage of GDP from a PLS (Partial Least Squares).Chapter two sets out the relationship between the evolution of the informal economy, deregulation and neo-liberal policies through a LISREL (Linear Structural Relations) model. We look at the impact of the budgetary, fiscal and monetary policies of the past 30 years on the informal economy. We also reassess the causes of the evolution of the informal economy generally evoked by the empirical studies (taxes, social security).In the chapter three, we analyse the micro-real dimension of the informal economy through a model of the Mincer earnings estimated by the equations logit from data in a national survey on employment and the informal economy (EEEI) in 2007. We analyse the determinants of informal gains in terms of the position of the market workers (employees, entrepreneurs and self-employed); and revenues (formal and informal) and the socio-economic characteristics of the working poor and non-poor compared to the poverty line.In chapter four, we first test the competitiveness and the segmentation of the labour market by making use of model of Roy and the expanded Roy model through an estimate a model Tobit. We use a model of Dirichlet process: first analyse the segmentation and possible informal work and market competitiveness as its determinants, according to data from the EEEI 2007; then, to distinguish the fundamental characteristics of the involuntary informal (excluded from the formal labour market) than the voluntary informal who gain comparative advantages
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Kharbanda, Varun. "Three essays on the labor market." Diss., University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4662.
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Using a three-essay approach, I focus on two issues related to the labor market: the effect of changes in regulatory costs on informal sector employment, and the role of endogeneity in the relationship between education and earnings.
In the first essay, I analyze the implications of regulatory costs on skill-based wage differences and informal sector employment. I use a two sector matching model with exogenous skill types for workers where firms have sector-specific costs and workers have sector-specific bargaining power. In general, there are multiple equilibria possible for this model. I focus on the equilibrium that best resembles the situation in the developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia. My results show that government policies which reduce regulatory costs decrease unemployment, earnings inequality, and the fraction of skilled workers in the informal sector. The different types of regulatory costs affect the skill premium differently and non-monotonically.
In the second essay, I test the hypothesis of linearity in returns to education in the Mincer regression with endogenous schooling and earnings. I estimate the marginal rate of return to education using a polynomial model and a semiparametric partial linear model based on the standard Mincer regression. To perform the analysis, I use a control function approach for IV estimation with spousal and parental education as instruments. Results suggest that estimates not accounting for endogeneity understate returns at the tails of the education spectrum and overstate returns for education levels between middle-school and college.
In the third essay, I empirically test the claim of Mookherjee and Ray (2010), based on a theoretical model of skill complexity, that "the return to human capital is endogenously nonconcave." I estimate the functional form of returns to education for India using a semiparametric partial linear model based on the standard Mincer regression. Marginal returns are estimated to test the nonconcavity of the functional form under both exogenous and endogenous schooling assumptions. My results show that the marginal rate of return declines during primary education and increases until high school, followed by stable returns for college and higher studies. However, the test of robustness of the functional form based on uniform confidence bands fails to reject the presence of nonconcavity in returns to education for India. This lends support to the claim of Mookherjee and Ray (2010).
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Koike, Quintanar Sayuri Adriana. "Urban structure, labor market, informal employment and gender in Mexico City." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/323361.
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Existe una amplia literatura que identifica cómo la estructura urbana afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral a través de dos factores. El primero es la desconexión espacial entre trabajadores y las oportunidades laborales y, el segundo es la segregación residencial. Actualmente, es común que las personas vivan lejos de sus lugares de trabajo. Asimismo, es conocido que los individuos con similares características socioeconómicas tienden a vivir en el mismo vecindario. Por tanto, la segregación residencial y la desconexión espacial entre el trabajo y la residencia de los individuos podrían tener influencia sobre sus resultados en el mercado de trabajo, así como en la tasa de empleo, en la informalidad y en el ingreso. Además, si lo anterior es cierto, los patrones geográficos de estos resultados son menos aleatorios, lo que podría implicar la presencia de efectos derrame. La existencia de estos efectos significaría que la desconexión espacial y la segregación residencial tendrían un rol clave en la determinación de los resultados antes mencionados. En otras palabras la concentración de ventajas o desventajas socioeconómicas ocasionaría efectos derrame sobre los individuos y los vecindarios donde viven. Bajo esta perspectiva, la Ciudad de México es un caso de estudio interesante como se discute extensivamente. La evidencia empírica apunta a que esta ciudad sufre de desconexión espacial y segregación residencial, lo que afecta los resultados en el mercado laboral de sus residentes. Es a partir de esta idea central en la cual se construye la presente tesis. La tesis tiene dos objetivos principales. El primer objetivo es analizar la relación entre la estructura urbana (desconexión espacial y segregación residencial) y los resultados en el mercado laboral en la Ciudad de México en 2010. El segundo objetivo es estudiar los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral de 1990 a 2010. Estudiar estas cuestiones es relevante, pues la elección residencial de los individuos afecta sus resultados laborales a través del acceso a los puestos de trabajo, la segregación residencial o los efectos vecindario. El espacio es un factor económico importante al incrementar los efectos positivos o negativos de la concentración espacial de las ventajas o desventajas, respectivamente. La tesis contribuye a la literatura estudiando los efectos que tiene el acceso a puestos de trabajo informales sobre el empleo. Para probar esta relación estimamos un modelo de probabilidad de estar empleado incluyendo diversos índices de accesibilidad por nivel educativo (básico y post-básico) y estatus laboral (formal e informal). Asimismo, estimamos el parámetro de este índice, el cual toma diferentes valores dependiendo del modo de transporte y del estatus laboral. Esto indica que la accesibilidad por estatus laboral podría afectar la probabilidad de estar empleado de forma distinta. Los resultados indican que los más afectados por la cercanía a las oportunidades laborales son las mujeres, los trabajadores menos educados y los trabajadores informales. Otra contribución es la identificación del impacto distinto que tiene la estructura urbana sobre las oportunidades laborales de acuerdo al género de los trabajadores. Encontramos que la segregación residencial afecta negativamente la participación de las mujeres en la fuerza laboral, en tanto vivir en un vecindario rezagado decrece la probabilidad de ser trabajador formal en los hombres. Finalmente, estudiamos los patrones espaciales de tres resultados en el mercado laboral (la tasa de no empleo, la tasa de informalidad laboral y los salarios). Utilizamos diferentes modelos econométricos para explicar los patrones espaciales de dichas variables, identificando los efectos endógenos y contextuales (o los efectos derrame globales y locales, respectivamente). La mayor contribución fue analizar estos resultados por género, extendiendo el análisis a otros resultados laborales además de la tasa de desempleo.There is a significant portion of the literature that identifies the way the urban structure can affect labor market outcomes by means of two factors. The former is the spatial disconnection between workers and job opportunities, and the latter is residential segregation. At present, it is common for people to live far away from the place they work. Additionally, it is well known that individuals with similar socioeconomic characteristics, such as income, tend to reside in the same neighborhood. Hence, residential segregation and the spatial disconnection between jobs’ location and individuals’ residence may have an influence on the labor market outcomes of individuals, and producing an impact on as the rate of employment, informal employment, and the level of wages. Moreover, if so, the geographic patterns of those labor market outcomes become less random and, then, involving the presence of spillover effects. The existence of spillovers means that spatial disconnection and residential segregation have a key role in determining the previous outcomes. In other words, the spatial concentration of either socio-economic disadvantages or advantages entails spillover effects both for individuals and for the neighborhoods in which they live. Under this perspective, Mexico City is an interesting case study, as we discuss extensively in this dissertation. Empirical evidence witnesses that this city suffers from spatial disconnection and residential segregation that affects the labor market outcomes of its residents. This is the core idea in which the discussion of this thesis will be built around. This dissertation targets two main objectives. The former is to analyze the relationship between urban structure, such as spatial disconnection and residential segregation, and labor market outcomes in Mexico City in 2010. The latter is to study the observed spatial patterns of selected labor marker outcomes from 1990 to 2010. Addressing these research questions is relevant because the residential choices of individuals affect an individual’s labor market outcomes through access to jobs, residential segregation, or neighborhood effects. Space turns to be an important economic factor. It can heighten either positive or negative effects of the spatial concentration of advantageous or disadvantageous opportunities, respectively. The dissertation contributes to the literature by studying the effects of access to informal jobs on employment. In order to prove this relationship, we estimate a probability model of being employed, including different types of job accessibility indices by level of education (basic and post-basic education) and labor status (formal and informal). We also estimate the decay parameter of the accessibility index. This decay parameter takes different values depending on the mode of transport and labor status. This condition indicates that job accessibility by labor status could affect the probability of being employed differently. Our results assess that the most affected by closest job opportunities were women, less educated workers and informal workers. Other contribution of this dissertation is to identify to which extent the effects of the urban structure impact on job opportunities according to the workers’ gender. We found that residential segregation has negative effects on labor-force participation for married women and that living in a deprived neighborhood decreases the probability of being a formal worker for men. Finally, we study the spatial patterns of three labor markets outcomes, namely non-employment rates, informal employment rates, and wages. We use different spatial econometric models to explain the spatial patterns of those variables, identifying endogenous and contextual effects (or global and local spillover effects, respectively). The major contribution of our analysis is studying the different kinds of labor market outcomes by gender, instead of limiting the scope to unemployment only.
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Gonzalez, Briseno Alfredo. "Informal employment in Mexico an analysis of returns in the formal and informal labor markets /." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4411.
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El-Bakly, Ahmed Abdel-Aziz. "The informal sector and urban labour markets in Egypt : a life path approach." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369019.
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Julià, Pérez Mireia 1981. "Precarització de les condicions d'ocupació a la Unió Europea: Precarietat, informalitat, i associació amb la salut." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/406084.
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Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu principal descriure la precarització del mercat laboral tal com es manifesta en diferents tipus de contracte (permanent, temporal i informal) i explorar l’associació de la precarietat laboral amb la salut dels treballadors. A través de diferents metodologies s’han realitzat tres estudis quantitatius amb dades de diferents enquestes i dues revisions diferents de la literatura. Els resultats confirmen la precarització de les condicions d’ocupació com a conseqüència de les polítiques del mercat de treball i l’augment del poder dels empresaris. La precarietat laboral està present en tots els tipus de contracte estudiats, tant en els treballadors permanents com en els temporals i informals, i segueix un gradient entre elles. També s’ha demostrat que el treball informal, una de les condicions d’ocupació menys estudiades des del punt de vista de la salut pública, es troba present a la Unió Europea. Aquests treballadors tenen pitjors condicions de treball i nivells més elevats de precarietat laboral comparats amb els treballadors permanents i temporals; però això no es reflexa en un pitjor estat de salut. Els nostres resultats confirmen la importància d’estudiar la precarietat laboral mitjançant una mesura multidimensional. Incloure en els sistemes de vigilància epidemiològica la mesura tant de la precarietat laboral com del treball informal seria de gran importància per tal de constatar-ne l’evolució i permetre el disseny de polítiques públiques orientades a millorar la salut dels treballadors i reduir les desigualtats en salut existents entre ells.The main aim of this dissertation was to describe the precaritzation of the labour market as it manifests itself in different types of contract (permanent, temporary and informal) as a proxy of employment conditions and to explore the association of precarious employment with workers’ health. Adopting different methodologies, three quantitative studies were performed using data from different surveys as well as two different types of literature reviews. Results confirm the precaritzation of employment conditions as a consequence of the labour market policies and an increase of the employers’ power. Employment precariousness is present in all types of contract studied, both in permanent employees and in temporary and informal employees, and a gradient exists between them. It has also shown that informal employment, one of the least studied employment condition from a public health stand point, is present in the European Union. These workers have worse working conditions and higher levels of precarious employment compared with permanent and temporary workers; but this is not reflected as having worse health. Our results confirm the importance of studying precarious employment through multidimensional measure. Including both measures of precarious and informal employment in epidemiological surveillance systems is of great importance in order to verify their evolution and allow for the design of public policies oriented to improve workers’ health and reduce existing health inequalities among them.
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Ferraz, Deise Luiza da Silva. "Desemprego, exército de reserva, mercado formal-informal : rediscutindo categorias." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22741.
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Há uma relação recíproca entre um dos objetivos das ciências administrativas – aumentar a produtividade do trabalho – e o crescimento do desemprego. Contudo, este tema é pouco explorado nessa área do conhecimento. Estudos que tratam direta ou indiretamente desta problemática costumam considerar que os desempregados ou são agentes empreendedores ou estão excluídos das relações de trabalho. Intentamos abordar este tema superando essas abordagens duais. Defendemos a tese de que os desempregados compõem um estrato populacional denominado exército de reserva (ER) e que este pode cumprir, no atual estágio de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas, um duplo papel, qual seja: regulador do preço da força de trabalho e agente contestatório do sociometabolismo do capital. Fundamentados, principalmente, nos estudos de Marx, Oliveira e Iasi, analisamos o mercado de trabalho tal como representado por instituições de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais e os dados coletados junto aos integrantes de um movimentos social formado por desempregados, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Desempregados (MTD). O método dialético permitiu reconstituir o movimento dos múltiplos determinantes que sintetizaram a possibilidade de alterações qualitativas em parte do contingente em questão. Concluímos que o ER cumpre função estrutural econômica e ideológica de regular o preço da força de trabalho devido a, basicamente, dois fatores: 1) como superpopulação fluente, é uma reserva de força de trabalho que tende a deprimir o preço desta mercadoria à níveis crescentemente inferiores; 2) enquanto força de trabalho não utilizada diretamente pelo capitalista no processo de produção, os membros do ER, em sua manifestação como superpopulação estagnada, tendem a efetuarem trabalhos, seja na considerada economia informal seja na economia doméstica ou ainda na economia subterrânea, que satisfazem necessidades dos membros do exército ativo (EA) e do exército de reserva em sua manifestação fluente. Ao oferecerem produtos e serviços à baixo custo ao EA e ao próprio exército de reserva, a superpopulação estagnada colabora para o rebaixamento do valor da mercadoria força de trabalho, tendo em vista que esta, segundo a lei do valor, deve equivaler ao valor dos produtos necessários a sua reprodução. Defendemos, portanto, que no atual modo de produção capitalista em países periféricos opera-se, gradativamente, uma mudança qualitativa na consciência de classe desta parcela da classe trabalhadora que, sobretudo após o advento da reestruturação produtiva, apresenta tendência crescente de reposição contínua, isto é, mudança quantitativa que tem sido oportunizada, dentre outros fatores, pelo desenvolvimento do conhecimento administrativo.There is a mutual relation between one of the administrative sciences objectives – increase labor productivity and unemployment growth. However, this theme is little exploited in this knowledge field. Studies which deal direct or indirectly with this problematic usually consider that unemployed people can be enterprising agents or are excluded from labor relations. We intended to address this theme overcoming these dual approaches. We defend the thesis that unemployed people are part of a population extract known as reserve army (RA) which can have, in the current stage of production forces, a double role, namely: regulator of the labor force price and oppositional agent of the capital’s social metabolism. Based, mainly, on the studies of Marx, Oliveira and Iasi, we analyze the labor market as it is represented by national and international research institutions and through collected data among the members of a social movement formed of unemployed people, the Unemployed Workers Movement (MTD). The dialectical method allowed us to reconstitute the movement of multiple determinants that synthesized the possibility of qualitative changes in part of the mentioned contingent. We have concluded that the RA performs an economic and ideological structural function of regulating the labor force price basically due to two factors: 1) as a fluent super population, it is a reserve of labor force, which depresses the price of this merchandise to levels increasingly inferiors; 2) as a labor force not directly used by the capitalist in the production process, the members of the RA, on their expression as a stagnant super population, tend to make works, whether in the so called informal economy, whether in the domestic economy or even in the underground economy, that satisfy needs of both the active army (AA) and the reserve army on its fluent manifestation. When offering products and services with low cost to the AA and even for the reserve army, the stagnant super population contributes to depreciate the value of the labor force merchandise, taking into consideration that according to the value law, this must be equivalent to the value of the products needed for its reproduction. The reserve army can play the role of oppositional subject whereas the concrete conditions of its pauperism tension the movement of formation and the construction of struggle organizational forms, enabling the constitution of a class consciousness process mediated by moments of denial and consent to the capital‟s social metabolism. We defend, therefore, that in the current capitalist way of production in peripheral countries a qualitative change gradually occurs in class consciousness of this portion of class-of-labor that shows, especially after the advent of productive restructuring, an increasing tendency of continuous replacement, that is, quantitative change which have been possible, among other factors, by the development of the administrative knowledge.
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Elmhorn, Camilla. "Brussels : a reflexive world city." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Ekonomisk-historiska institutionen, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-48228.
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This dissertation analyses the consequences of seemingly placeless processes like the European integration and the increasing economic globalisation on Brussels and the people living there. The study shows that Brussels has become one of our time's most important international political capitals and a leading business node in Europe. European institutions, international organisations, headquarters and subsidiaries of transnational corporations are increasingly locating themselves in Brussels. Simultaneously there has been an influx of transnational professionals working in the international sector. This research shows that with the internationalisation of Brussels there has been concomitant economic restructuring with the emergence of an advanced service economy. The labour market has become polarised between those who have jobs and those who do not. Brussels has also experienced a spatial and socio-economic polarisation along ethnic lines. The thesis explores the connections between these changes and Brussels' international role. Drawing on the world / global city thesis of Saskia Sassen and John Friedmann, a theoretical framework is developed to analyse this. One of the important results of this study is that the world / global city thesis needs to be complemented with a thorough analysis of the place: the political and historical context, and also the role of the local agents, to enable an explanation of the observed development. The interplay between global and local processes needs to be clarified. It is also argued that to properly understand cities with an international role like Brussels, we need to know why international agents locate there. Michael Storper's concepts of 'economic reflexivity' and 'territorial specificities' are used to analyse the rise of Brussels into a reflexive world city - a city vibrating with specific knowledge, produced through inter alia social interaction and critical reflection, that some transnational agents find extremely vital to tap into.
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Haven, Philippa. "Minimum Wage & the Informal Sector: Evidence from a Day Labor Center." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1018.
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Much debate surrounds the effect the minimum wage has on employment. Economic theory suggests that the minimum wage acts as a price floor in the labor market and thus leads to disemployment. However, empirical evidence from a variety of industries, states, and age groups suggests that the minimum wage has negative, negligible, and even positive effect on employment. This Economics/Public Policy Analysis thesis is the first study to analyze the effect the minimum wage has on employment in the informal sector. I apply four OLS regressions with various levels of specifications on five dependent variables: hourly wage, log hourly wages, hours worked, log daily income, and percentage working. My results suggest that economic theory holds true in the informal sector with regards to the California minimum wage mandate of 2016: the minimum wage had a positive and statistically significant effect on hourly wage, with average hourly wages increasing by $1.88; the minimum wage had a negative and statistically significant effect on percentage working, with average number of workers dispatched to jobs decreasing by 15%.
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Krstic, Gorana. "An empirical analysis of the formal and informal labour markets in FR Yugoslavia (1995-2000)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248016.
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Do, Young Kyung Norton Edward C. "Effects of informal care on caregivers' labor market outcomes and health in South Korea." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1996.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health." Discipline: Health Policy and Management; Department/School: Public Health.
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Garda, Paula. "Essays on the macroeconomics of labor markets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/119820.
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This thesis sheds light on several macroeconomic aspects of labor markets. The first chapter focuses on the impact of dual labor markets on human capital investment. Using a large dataset of the Spanish Social Security the wage losses of permanent and fixed term workers after displacement are analyzed. Results indicate that workers under permanent contracts accumulate a higher share of firm specific human capital than workers under fixed term contracts. The impact on aggregate productivity is analyzed using a calibrated model `a la Mortensen and Pissarides (1994) with endogenous investment in human capital and dual labor markets. The second chapter develops a model in order to explain cross countries differences in the cyclical fluctuations of informal employment for developing countries. The explanation can be found in institutional differences between the formal and informal sector. The third chapter proposes a model that uses the flows into and out of unemployment to forecast the unemployment rate. It shows why this model should outperform standard time series models, and quantifies empirically this contribution for several OECD countries.Esta tesis arroja luz sobre varios aspectos macroeconómicos de los mercados laborales. El primer capítulo se centra en el impacto de los mercados duales de trabajo sobre la inversión en capital humano. Usando una base de datos de la Seguridad Social española, se analizan las pérdidas salariales de los trabajadores permanentes y a plazo fijo tras cambiar de empleo. Los resultados indican que los trabajadores con contratos permanentes acumulan una mayor proporción de capital humano específico a la firma, que los trabajadores con contratos de duración determinada. El impacto sobre la productividad es analizado calibrando un modelo `a la Mortensen y Pissarides (1994) con inversión endógena en capital humano y mercado de trabajo dual. El segundo capítulo desarrolla un modelo para explicar las diferencias en las fluctuaciones cíclicas del empleo informal en los países en desarrollo. La explicación se basa en diferencias institucionales entre el sector formal e informal. En el tercer capítulo se propone un modelo que utiliza flujos de entrada y salida del desempleo para pronosticar la tasa de desempleo. Se analizan cuáles son las condiciones bajo las cuales este modelo tiene una performance superior a los modelos estándar de series de tiempo, y cuantifica empíricamente esta contribución para varios países de la OCDE
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Kan, Elif Oznur. "Essays On Informality In The Turkish Labor Market." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614491/index.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the nature, extent and dynamics of informal employment in the Turkish labor market using 2006-2009 Turkish Income and Living Conditions Survey. It is mainly a collection of three essays. In the first essay, an attempt is made to analyze the relevance and implications of three alternative characterizations of informality which include an enterprise-based definition associating informality with small firms, an extended enterprise-based definition incorporating social security protection, and a definition based exclusively on social security coverage. Using probit analysis, we show that social security criterion is the best measure given its ability to capture key relationships between individual characteristics and informality. In the second essay, we compute Markov transition probabilities of individuals moving across six labor market states, then estimate multinomial logit regressions to identify underlying dynamics of variant mobility patterns. Confirming traditional theory which sees formal employment as the ultimate desirable state, we find that formal-salaried individuals are the most reluctant to move and that the probability of transition from informal-salaried state to formal-salaried state is five times that of reverse transition. In the third essay, we examine formal/informal employment earnings differentials. OLS estimation of standard Mincerian equations reveals an informal penalty, half of which can be explained by observable characteristics. Moreover, applying fixed effects regressions, we show that unobserved individual fixed effects when combined with controls for observable individual and employment characteristics explain the pay differentials entirely.
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Santos, Márcia dos. "Setor informal: uma categoria imprecisa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9370.
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Previous issue date: 2009-04-15Due to the hegemony of capitalism system that globalization has set, regional and global markets have suffered many deep changes and some categories and businesses have vanished while others have been created. Among the new ones, the informal sector has arisen strongly and this study is exactly about this issue based on the following title: informal sector an unclear category . This study aims to codify the different concepts of informality and its subsystems in order to have a better understanding of this relevant and meaningful economic sector for Brazilian market, consistently aiming to subsidize initiatives in the subsystems supported by the public sector. Methodologically, this study brings for discussion the dynamics and standards of Brazilian labor market since the 90 s by thoroughly and critically describing the customs opening and its consequences to national productive sectors, denationalization, informal sector, informal activities, regionalisms, informal work characteristics and its categories. It discusses the concept of informality, residual concept and informality consequences, cost and the informal concept segmentation
Com a hegemonia do sistema capitalista configurado pela globalização, os mercados regionais e mundial sofreram várias e profundas modificações extinguindo categorias e setores e gerando outras. Dentre esses setores, surgiu de forma impactante o setor informal e é sobre ele que esta pesquisa discute tomando como base o seguinte título: setor informal: uma categoria imprecisa. Tem como objetivo sistematizar os diferentes conceitos de informalidade e de seus respectivos subsistemas a fim de entender de forma mais consistente esse setor econômico de expressiva significação no mercado brasileiro com o propósito de subsidiar iniciativas localizadas nos subsistemas de forma mais consistente com respaldo do setor público. Metodologicamente, traz à discussão as dinâmicas e configurações do mercado de trabalho brasileiro desde os anos 1990 descrevendo pormenorizado e criticamente a abertura alfandegária e suas respectivas conseqüências para os setores produtivos nacionais, a desestatização, o setor informal, as atividades informais, as regionalidades, as características do trabalho informal e suas categorias. Discute o conceito de informalidade, conceito residual, e as conseqüências da informalidade, o custo da informalidade e as segmentações do conceito informal
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Basak, Zeynep. "Explaining Informalization Via Labor Market Segmentation Theory: Evidence From Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606551/index.pdf.
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The primary aim of the thesis is to explain informality with the help of labor market segmentation theory in the case of Turkey. In so doing, the informalization process in Turkey is discussed with reference to not only the definitional confusions in different conceptualizations of the informal sector in the literature, but also trade liberalization, privatization, subcontracting relationships and the notion of &ldquoflexible firm&rdquo
, as well. In order to find an answer to the question of &ldquo
how the dimensions of informality fit into the perception about labor market segmentation theory&rdquo
, the field surveys conducted by different authors are analyzed. The findings of these field surveys confirm a possible explanation of informalization via labor market segmentation theory in Turkey.
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Weiss, Carsten. "Auf der Suche nach Schwarzarbeit : explorative Verfahren zur Erfassung devianten Verhaltens am Arbeitsmarkt /." Baden-Baden Nomos, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990355292/04.
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Yilmaz, Emek. "How Does The State Promote Informal Employment: The Case Of A Kilim Workshop." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608087/index.pdf.
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This thesis argues the interaction between the Turkish state and informal employment. Literature review on informal sector, flexibilization of the labor market and feminist approach are the bases of this argument. On the other hand, the role of the state in economy is discussed in relation to Bretton Woods Institutions. Taking into consideration the state and informal employment arguments, this study illustrates with a study of a Kilim Weaving Workshop in a town of Ankara how informal work is connected with the state institution Public Education Center. For this study, I conducted participant observation and semi-structured interviews with 10 people out of 30 in research area.
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Ahlinder, Isak. "The impact of labor market insecurity on mental health among immigrants in Europe." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-139991.
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The impact of labor market insecurity on immigrants’ mental health is understudied. This current study investigated whether labor market insecurity, as measured by different employment arrangements, has detrimental impact on immigrants’ depression, and if so, how it compares to the role of unemployment. Furthermore, this study investigated whether labor market insecurity had more detrimental impact on immigrants than non-immigrants. To do so, data from seventh wave of European Social Survey (2014/2015) was divided into three separate immigrant groups; first-generation immigrants, second-generation immigrants and non-immigrants. The results shows that labor market insecurity among immigrants had detrimental impact on mental health. The effects were not restricted to the first- generation immigrants’ mental health, they could also be observed in the second-generation immigrants and among non-immigrants. The results presented in this thesis show that not only unemployment, but also insecure employment arrangement have negative impact on mental health, both among immigrants and non-immigrants.
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Duspivová, Kateřina. "Systém statistických informací o trhu práce." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-200015.
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The main aim of this dissertation thesis is to present a new system of statistical information concerning the labour market in the Czech Republic with respect to the theoretical background as well as to latest trends in the labour market statistics. The structure of the thesis is as follows. In the first chapter, there is a theoretical framework of the labour market introduced. This framework interlinks relations among employees and employers and is neutral with respect to all the economic schools of thought. Besides, I describe an actual state of the labour market statistics in the Czech Republic and evaluate its compliance with the theoretical research. The second chapter is focused on the state of the art concerning labour market statistics from the point of view of both data integration and comprehensive systems of labour market indicators. In the first part of the third chapter, there is a proposal of the new system of statistical information concerning the labour market that complies with both the economic theory and latest trends in the labour market statistics. The most likely advantage of the new system is the fact that all the key aspects of the labour market (i.e. employment as well as remuneration) are surveyed and evaluated together. In addition to the generally known indicators of both economic activity and remuneration, I propose new indicators of job creation, job destruction, hires, separations, job reallocation and worker reallocation. In the second part of the third chapter, there is a proposal of the integrated data source that will allow us to quantify all indicators provided that there are no legal restrictions concerning data integration in the Czech Republic. In last two parts of the third chapter, there are discussed both the main issues concerning the implementation of the system and the pros and cons of the system. There have never been quantified the indicators concerning job and employee flows using the linked employer-employee data in the Czech Republic, so the pilot results are introduced in the fourth chapter. It is obvious that using the new system, we could prove some hypotheses that were impossible to prove using standard set of indicators. In the last part of the fourth chapter, there are worker and job flows balanced with respect to the stock information concerning labour market in the Czech Republic. In the fifth chapter, I investigate the possibility of a wider use of the new system in order to be able to identify and analyse an array of labour market phenomena in more detail. The thesis brings a new insight to the dynamics of the labour market compared to the generally known basic set of labour market indicators. The systematic approach, based on a wider use of linked employer-employee microdata combined with new indicators, has the advantages of a higher information capability as well as of complying with the requirements of the academics.
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SOARES, Marco Antônio Tavares. "Trabalho informal: da funcionalidade à subsunção ao capital." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2003. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1699.
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Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender as causas da formação e expansão do trabalho informal no capitalismo, bem como analisar as relações de trabalho informal com o capital na contemporaneidade. Quanto ao objeto de estudo, o trabalho constitui-se de uma revisão bibliográfica a qual busca entender as diversas teorias que tratam das questões relacionadas ao mercado de trabalho e sua segmentação. A pesquisa teórica revelou controvérsias entre as diferentes escolas — clássica, neoclássica e marxiana — sobre o trabalho informal, no que se refere a sua definição e papel no modo de produção capitalista. Contrariando a visão hegemônica, partindo de uma análise histórica, descritiva e crítica, constatou-se que o germe do trabalho informal se faz presente desde a gênese do capitalismo. Apesar disso, verifica-se que o debate sobre o trabalho informal, deixa subentendido ser ele um fenômeno novo (surge por volta da década de 1970). A insustentabilidade teórica das análises que constroem suas fundamentações, com base nas escolas clássicas e neoclássicas sobre o (desemprego da força de trabalho, deve-se ao fato delas não conseguirem ir além do aparente que dissimula as mediações que existem entre o trabalho informal e o capital. Ao analisar as teorias e a realidade, constatou-se a necessidade de ampliar o conceito de trabalho informal, entendendo ser este constituído pelas atividades que compõem o "setor informal" (atividades de sobrevivência) e por trabalho produtivo e improdutivo. Ao tratar do trabalho informal produtivo, mesmo quando a aparência nega a relação capital/trabalho, apreende-se que não só o trabalho informal pode ser funcional e subordinado, como também pode se encontrar subsumido ao capital, sendo este processo de subsunção intensificado pelas crises do capitalismo.
This study has the objective of understanding the causes of the emergence and expansion of informal labor in capitalism, as well as to analyze contemporary relations between informal labor and capital. We start with a review of the literature on informal labor trying to understand the various theories dealing with questions related to labor market and its segmentation. The theoretical research revealed controversies among different schools of thought - Classical, Neoclassical and Marxian - about informal labor, relating to its definition and role in the capitalist mode of production. Contrary to the hegemonic view, we start with a historical, descriptive and criticai analysis to show that the seeds of informal labor were present since the génesis of capitalism. Despite this, it was verified that the debate about informal labor presents it as something new (emerging around the 1970s). The theoretical unsustainability of analyses about unemployment of the labor force, having its foundations on the Classical and Neoclassical schools is due to its incapacity to go beyond the appearance that dissimulates the mediations between informal labor and capital. As we analyzed the theories and reality we noticed the need to amplify the concept of informal labor, to include both the activities of the "informal sector" (survival activities) as well as productive and unproductive labor. When dealing with informal productive labor, even when the appearance denies the relation capital/labor, we verified that not only informal labor can be functional and subordinate, as it can be subsumed to capital, being this process intensified by the crisis of capitalism.
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Widjaja, Muliadi. "Designing Pension Programs to Strengthen Formal Labor Markets in Developing Countries: The Case of Indonesia." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/econ_diss/50.
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Despite abundant studies of the application of pension systems in developed countries, little work has been done on how to apply a sustainable pension system in developing countries. The set-up of pension systems in developed countries and developing countries are expected to be different because in developing countries, labor is concentrated in the informal production sectors, while labor in developed countries is concentrated in the formal production sectors. Informal production sectors are sectors where the government, either central or local government, has little access to implement fiscal policies (taxes and subsidies) on firms and labor. This research develops a comprehensive system on how to set-up pension policies generally in developing countries and specifically in Indonesia. The basic set-up of the pension system suggested in this dissertation is as follows: a short run consumption tax policy to finance a defined benefit plan to support minimum physical needs of the older population, a medium run labor income tax policy to finance individuals' defined contribution fully funded savings plan, and a long run skilled labor creation through university education so that individuals are able to self-finance their own pension savings through the fully funded savings plan. The defined benefit plan is important because it can serve as a societal redistribution tool, while the defined contribution plan serves as a household savings tool. In addition, the skilled labor creation serves as a supporting tool so that the pension program is sustained in the long run. A theoretical model is developed from Auerbach and Kotlikoff overlapping generation (OLG) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and specified for the Indonesian economy by introducing heterogeneity in households, where skilled and unskilled labor exist. In writing the model in terms of computer language, we apply an approach named mathematical programming system for general equilibrium analysis (MPSGE), developed by Thomas Rutherford. Some parameters used in the model are estimated by using econometric methods. The OLG-CGE model is applied in order to analyze the impact of consumption taxes and pension taxes on labor supply and also to calculate the equivalent variation of the distribution of consumption taxes burden across generations. Meanwhile, the impact of skilled labor creation on economic growth is calculated by applying linear algebra. The main macroeconomy data is taken from the Indonesian social accounting matrix (SAM) year 2000. Meanwhile, labor data are taken from the Indonesian labor conditions 1998-2003. The findings in this dissertation are as follows: for the equivalent variations, the consumption taxes for USD 1, USD 2, and USD 3 cash transfers per day person gave more benefit to the skilled labor than to the unskilled ones. In the meantime, the consumption taxes for USD 1 cash transfer gave incentives to the highest amount of labor, both skilled and unskilled labor, to work in the formal sector. The amount of labor after the consumption taxes for USD 1 cash transfer is higher than the initial condition. Increasing the consumption taxes for the USD 2 cash transfer only decreased the amount of labor work in the formal sector, with the amount of skilled labor decreased more than the unskilled labor. In addition, increasing the consumption taxes for the USD 3 cash transfer would also decrease the amount of labor work in the formal sector, with the amount of unskilled labor decreased more than skilled labor. We also find that the elasticity of government education expenditures on skilled labor creation is roughly 0.3. This means that if the Indonesian central government would like to eliminate the informal sector by 25 percent within 20 years, or an average 1.25 percent annually, they should increase the government education expenditures to 8 percent of total annual government budget. Other findings are that the increase of skilled labor would contribute positively to Indonesian economic growth, while the consumption taxes and the fully funded pension taxes would be likely to reduce current economic growth but increase the future one. Finally, these are the theoretical contributions to public finance literature: first, given dual formal and informal labor sectors present in an economy, where the latter is dominant, taxation of expenditures is preferred to taxation of income because the first may induce labor to work in the formal sector; second, given dual formal and informal labor sectors present in an economy, where the latter is dominant, there exists an optimal rate of consumption taxes that provides incentives for the highest amount of labor, skilled and unskilled labor, to work in the formal sector.
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Ko, Wai Wai. "Developing knowledge resources through bridging information asymmetries in network-based informal labour markets : a study of privately-owned manufacturing firms in China." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/0c49fb42-25bc-7a55-2d64-a3ee3bd6a96d/8/.
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The purpose of knowledge resource development is considered to be to generate and acquire the necessary knowledge for developing a firm's specific capability. In this research, I explore the patterns of knowledge resource development practice among privately-owned Chinese SME manufacturers in the informal network-based labour market. More specifically, this research focuses on exploring how privately-owned Chinese SME manufacturers attain skilled workers by bridging information asymmetries to improve both employers and employees' awareness of the skill availability in the informal labour markets that can usually be viewed as complex networked systems in the Chinese context. Through conducting an in- depth, qualitative study of 86 Chinese engineers, I identify three key aspects that explain the pattern of this phenomenon: (1) the informal rules existing within the social networks; (2) the employer's ability and strategy for acquiring skilled workers from the social networks; and (3) the skilled worker's (employee's) use of social networks to enhance employability and eventually contribute to the firm's knowledge resources. I develop an organizing framework for the process of knowledge resource development through social networks in the Chinese context to connect these three aspects. I found that, in Chinese society, the owner, senior managers and employees use guanxi (social capital in the Chinese context) to identify the individual workers, in their social network, who possess the specific skills, and encourage them to share their expertise and manpower with each other and the firm. The key contributions of this thesis are: (l) extending the current understanding of social networks by examining their application in the privately-owned Chinese manufacturing sector by providing a comprehensive picture of the way in which they develop knowledge resources through bridging information asymmetries in the network-based informal labour market; (2) identifying seven specific informal rules (namely, "anonymity", "huibao", "lun", "liyi", "mianzi", "renqing", and "integrated" rules) that have been widely used in guiding this labour matching process in the privately-owned Chinese SME manufacturing sector; (3) exploring how the owners and senior managers of privately-owned Chinese SME manufacturers use different dimensions of guanxi to gain advantages when engaging in recruitment practices through social networks to acquire skilled workers; (4) exploring the influences of different dimensions of guanxi with regard to job searching, job matching and compensation negotiating activities; and (5) extending the current understanding about connecting social capital and guanxi by providing a more detailed discussion of the connection between social capital and guanxi; developing guanxi specifications that link to specific dimensions of social capital, and using these connections to interpret the data. In general, this thesis explores Chinese firms' strategies for using social networks to attain skilled workers who contribute towards their knowledge of the resource development process. It also offers managerial insights for entrepreneurs who wish to enter the industry. 3
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Cavalcante, Sandra RÃgia Costa. "Uma anÃlise dos determinantes da participaÃÃo dos trabalhadores cearenses no mercado informal." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5105.
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nÃo hÃO objetivo deste trabalho à estimar a probabilidade de um trabalhador estar empregado no setor informal, condicionadas as suas caracterÃsticas produtivas, considerando a possibilidade de viÃs de seleÃÃo amostral. A amostra se restringe ao CearÃ, e utiliza a Pesquisa Nacional de Amostras por DomicÃlio (PNAD) 2008 para classificar os trabalhadores em formais e informais. De acordo com a hipÃtese da dualidade, os postos de trabalho no setor formal sÃo efetivamente melhores em vÃrias dimensÃes, e a existÃncia de informalidade ocorre porque o nÃmero destes postos à limitado. Se de fato hà segmentaÃÃo no mercado de trabalho e racionamento dos postos de trabalho formais, à importante saber como ocorre à alocaÃÃo de trabalhadores entre os dois setores. Para tanto, à considerada a possibilidade de viÃs de seleÃÃo na escolha entre os setores formal e informal. O viÃs de seleÃÃo ocorre quando uma sÃrie de caracterÃsticas nÃo observÃveis dos indivÃduos pode fazer com que eles acabem trabalhando, por opÃÃo ou necessidade, no setor informal da economia. Ou seja, caracterÃsticas nÃo observÃveis dos indivÃduos, como habilidade, forÃa de vontade, determinaÃÃo, criatividade etc., podem estar determinando a escolha entre trabalhar no mercado formal ou informal.
The aim of this study to estimate the probability of a worker being employed in the informal sector conditioned their productive characteristics, considering the possibility of sample selection bias. The sample is restricted to CearÃ, and uses the National Survey of Household Sample Survey (PNAD) in 2008 to classify workers in formal and informal. According to the dual hypothesis, the jobs in the formal sector are indeed better in many dimensions, and the existence of informality is because the number of these jobs is limited. If indeed there is segmentation in the labor market and rationing of formal jobs, it is important to know how the allocation of workers between the two sectors. For this is considered the possibility of selection bias in the choice between formal and informal sectors. The selection bias occurs when a number of unobservable characteristics of individuals can make them end up working, by choice or necessity, in the informal economy. That is, unobservable characteristics of individuals such as skill, willpower, determination, creativity etc., it may be influencing the choice between working in the formal or informal.
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LINDÔSO, Raquel Oliveira. "A inserção da força de trabalho feminina no mercado de trabalho nordestino: uma análise sobre o Município de Toritama – PE." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2011. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/17109.
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FACEPE
O presente trabalho analisa o período recente da economia brasileira, dando ênfase na região nordestina, com suas transformações ocorridas nas formas de gestão da produção e organização do trabalho (terceirização, produção flexível, redução das hierarquias funcionais, novas tecnologias e a subcontratação). Nesse contexto, observou-se o surgimento de novos relacionamentos diretos entre a unidade capitalista e as formas de ocupação não capitalista, com destaque para as modalidades de trabalho irregular, parcial e em domicílio. Nesse novo padrão de acumulação capitalista, apoiado na globalização e na flexibilização das relações de trabalho, é notório o significativo crescimento da inserção e da precarização do uso da força de trabalho feminina. Nesse sentido, a temática das relações de trabalho e relações de gênero tem recebido uma atenção relevante de pesquisadoras, na medida em que a inserção da mulher no mundo do trabalho na contemporaneidade acontece predominante na ponta da cadeia produtiva, com efetiva precariedade do trabalho que se manifesta em baixas remunerações, instabilidade e desproteção social. Estas indicações nos levaram à experiência produtiva do município de Toritama, um dos principais produtores de confecções de Pernambuco, cujo passado econômico foi marcado pela pecuária à qual se associou uma produção calçadista predominantemente artesanal, antes da consolidação da produção de jeans, nicho específico que lhe caracteriza como arranjo produtivo local – APL . Evidenciamos na nossa investigação que a produção de confecções no município de Toritama desperta atenção por sua dinâmica produtiva baseada em um uso intensivo de trabalho, (pois o segmento é de baixa tecnologia), pela clara segregação por gênero nas atividades desenvolvidas e, sobretudo, nas relações de trabalho que se revelam tão flexíveis e precárias que sequer são entendidas como parte da cadeia produtiva. O município é indicado como exemplo de uma cultura empreendedora nata, fortemente apoiada em uma hipotética cultura empreendedora vista como vocação local.
This paper analyzes a recent period of Brazilian Economy with emphasis on the Northeast area within some transformations towards the management production as well as in its work organization (outsourcing, flexible production, reduction of functional hierarchies, new technologies and subcontracting). It was observed, in this context, an emergence of new direct relationships between the capitalist unit and the non-capitalist forms of occupation highlighting the procedures of working without an employment contract, part-timers or housekeepers. In this new pattern of capitalist accumulation supported by the Globalization and by the flexibility of labor relations, it is notorious the meaningful growth either towards the insertion or towards the use of female labor forces. In this sense, the theme of labor and gender relationship has received significant attention from researchers as the inclusion of women in the contemporary world predominantly takes place on the edge of the supply chain with effective job insecurity that has its manifestation in low wages, instability and lack of social rights. These indications have led us to the productive experience of a city named Toritama well known as a leading producer of clothing in Pernambuco which was marked by an economic past based on the livestock production that after joined mainly the handmade shoes production before the consolidation of the jeans production in that city which is the specific niche that characterizes this city as an LPS (Local Productive System). We have evidenced in our research that the production of clothing in the city of Toritama draws the attention because of its dynamic production based on an intensive use of labor (once it is a low-tech section of market) throughout the clear segregation by gender towards work activities and especially in labor relations that reveal themselves so flexible and precarious so that these relations are not so conceived as a part of the production chain. The city is known as an example of a cream of an entrepreneurial culture, strongly supported by a hypothetical entrepreneurial culture conceived as local professional calling.
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Atatimur, Neslihan. "Reasons And Consequences Of International Labor Migration Of Women Into Turkey: Ankara Case." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610109/index.pdf.
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The aim of the thesis is to analyze the reasons and consequences of
international labor migration of women workers into Turkey. With the
process of new global restructuring, transformations in production
structure and labor organization, and rise of informal economy widen the
gap between different geographies and generate a tied demand and supply
relation between female labor and service sector. Today millions of
women who suffer from poverty leave their countries in order to sell their
labor in another country. Turkey has been a popular destination for women
from post-Soviet countries since the 1980s. Many of them enter Turkey
legally in accordance with Turkish visa requirements but become illegal
by overstaying and working in country. Service sectors absorb this female
labor, and many of them are employed as live-in domestic workers.
This study aims to investigate how macro factors of international
migration like global restructuring and transformations in the informal
economy affects meso and micro structures. In this context, this study
focuses on the formation of intermediary agencies and particularly
individual migratory experiences of post-Soviet women in Ankara.
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Hernández-Luna, Yezid. "International trade and labor markets : empirical and theoretical evidence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0547.
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La thèse est composée de trois articles: le premier constate pour la Colombie, que la quantité des travailleurs qualifiés et le commerce international entraînent un changement technique biaisé vers les qualifiés, augmentant l’inégalité des salaires, bien que cet effet soit compensé par l’emploi temporaire. Le deuxième analyse un modèle des entreprises hétérogènes formelles et informelles, avec plein emploi, montrant qu’une politique d’ouverture augmente la quantité des entreprises informelles et réduit sa productivité moyenne, diminuant le bien-être. Cependant, forcer les informelles à devenir formelles augmente les salaires moyens et le bien-être. Les estimations Diff in Diff dans le troisième article, présentent l'impact du boom pétrolier 2003-2013 sur les pays touchés et non touchés par la maladie hollandaise. Pour les premières, les flux commerciaux internationaux augmentent bien que l'agriculture dans une moindre mesure, alors que le chômage et le travail informel diminuentI study the relationship between international trade and labor markets in three papers. In the first one, I find for the Colombian case, that together, the sector skill intensity and the international trade bring about more skill-biased technical change, increasing wage inequality, though such an effect is offset using temporary workers. In the second one, the analysis of a trade model with formal and informal heterogeneous firms, under full employment, shows that an openness policy decreases the average productivity of informal firms while makes formal to become informal, worsening welfare. However, forcing informal firms to become formal, increases average wages and raises welfare. In the third one, Diff in Diff estimates presents the impact of the 2003-2013 oil prices boom, on countries affected and not affected by the Dutch disease. In the former group, international trade flow increases although agriculture at a lower magnitude, while unemployment and informal labor decrease
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Windisch, Hendrickje Catriona [Verfasser]. "Recognising refugees' nonformally and informally acquired vocational skills for use in Germany's labour market / Hendrickje Catriona Windisch ; Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung, University of Oxford." Bonn : Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1225815517/34.
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Oliveira, Marcio André Araújo de. "Trabalho informal e redes sociais: os camelôs da Praça da Matriz no centro de Manaus." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2009. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/3374.
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This research is guided by three directional landmarks: the first one of them says respect to the knowledge of the reality that surrounds the social actors of the Square of the Matriz, in Manaus, whose main half of life it is extracted of informal occupations; as a second directional landmark is in the attempt to understand the institution of this space as rational choice and that it takes the knit of strong and weak bows between the proper individuals and the groups that if they form, the segment private and your representative organizations and the regulation of the public power on this configuration; finally, the third landmark inhabits in the identification, inside of the process of interaction of the actors, of we who appear forming a specific network and producing new dimensions for the theoretical boarding and in the práxis of a context of precarious and contradictory integration. To attempt as application the sketch the main theoretical arguments of the methodology of the analysis of social networks that we follow as landmark methodology of this research. Our focus is occupation developed for peddlers and all the unfolding of its interaction with other occupations that if configure in the scene of this camp of research. The possibility to argue with other segments of the society that the use of the public space for these occupations promotes of certain forms a disfigurament and confusion of the urban space will not be discarded. Finally, we brought for the critical and debate the figure of the microentrepreneur of the Square of the Matriz, in Manaus, and its social network while configuration of a knit of precariousness can very be reference by a discussion on its modus operanti of social inclusion in the social context establishment of modernity in the Brazilian society.
Esta investigação é norteada por três marcos direcionais: o primeiro deles diz respeito ao conhecimento da realidade que cerca os atores sociais do entorno da Praça da Matriz, em Manaus, cujo principal meio de vida é extraído de ocupações informais; um segundo marco direcional está na tentativa de entender a instituição deste espaço como escolha racional e que leva a tessitura de laços fortes e fracos entre os próprios indivíduos e os grupos que se formam, as organizações privadas e representativas e a regulação do poder público sobre esta configuração; finalmente, o terceiro marco reside na identificação, dentro do processo de interação dos atores, dos nós que surgem formando uma rede específica e produzindo novas dimensões para a abordagem teórica e da práxis de um contexto de integração precária e contraditória. De outro modo, temos a intensão esboçar os principais argumentos teóricos da metodologia da análise de redes sociais que seguimos como marco metodológico desta investigação. Nosso foco é ocupação desenvolvida por camelôs e todos os desdobramentos de sua interação com outras ocupações que se configuram no cenário desta pesquisa. A possibilidade de discutir com outros segmentos da sociedade que o uso da via pública por essas ocupações promove de certa forma uma desfiguração e desordenamento do espaço urbano não será descartada. Finalmente, trouxemos para o debate e a crítica a situação do microemprecário da Praça da Matriz e de sua rede social enquanto configuração de uma tessitura de precariedades pode muito bem ser referenciada por uma discussão sobre o seu modus operanti de inclusão social no contexto da construção da modernidade na sociedade brasileira.