Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Informal institutions'
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Goyal, Yugank <1983>. "Institutions in Informal Markets." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7695/1/Goyal_Yugank_Tesi.pdf.
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The central questions that motivate this work, concern with understanding how do informal markets function outside the formal contract and property rights framework, and in doing so, what kinds of institutions do these markets develop. I attempt to answer these questions through case studies of three markets in India, namely, footwear cluster in Agra, coal-mines mafia in Dhanbad, and sex work (prostitution) in New Delhi. Locating the study of informal markets and institutions in broad literature of law and development, the thesis advances policy suggestions that would be useful in a general context of developing countries and their unregulated markets.
More than 90% of Indian workforce is informal, thus making it a very important economic impulse to be examined. Through primary fieldwork, I collect data in three Indian markets, and understand the micro-institutional framework that guides the functional order of transactions that lie ‘outside the law.’ In general, my findings reveal that every informal market is hinged on an intermediary, who in absorbing the otherwise high transaction costs at a price, affords stability to the market. For relevant policy interventions therefore, it is crucial that the intermediating institutions are examined carefully.
At a general level, the thesis narrates the importance of understanding local institutions in presence of global blueprints of law reforms. If law is an effective tool for development, then it has to adequately appreciate the heterogeneous institutions located within the market frameworks.
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Kepple, Rosemary. "Tracing Formal and Informal Institutions in Southern Yemen." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1111.
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The history of southern Yemen has been a unique story of various political factions aligning and realigning themselves in waves of intra-elite conflict, based on the setting of formal and informal institutions. This paper builds on existing literature about informal institutions to analyze the role that political institutions have played in promoting and preventing these conflicts since it became independent in 1967. By using a temporal analysis of historical and contemporary institutions, this paper asks how political institutions have impacted southern Yemen since it gained independence and how these institutions have changed since the start of the current civil war. It additionally looks at the statements of the Southern Transitional Council (STC) in the context of the current civil war to understand how both types of institutions are operating today. This paper will thus argue that the discrepancy between what formal state institutions claim to do and what they are able to creates the space for informal institutions to develop. Furthermore, it will argue that the dialectic between formal and informal institutions can explain periods of relative stability and instability along with the current conditions in the civil war have allowed informal institutions to prosper.
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Sun, Huojun <1983>. "Law, Informal Institutions and Trust: an Experimental Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7248/1/Sun_Huojun_tesi.pdf.
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This dissertation has studied how legal and non-legal mechanisms affect the levels of trust and trustworthiness in an economy, and whether and when subtle psychological factors are crucial for establishing trust and even for recovering trust from a breach of contract. The first Chapter has addressed the question of whether formal legal enforcement crowds out or crowds in the amount of trust in a society. We find that formal legal mechanisms, especially formal contracts backed by a powerful authority, normally undermine trust except when they are perceived as legitimate, or when there are no strong social norms of fairness (i.e. the population in a society is considerably heterogeneous), or when the environment in which repeated commercial relationships take place becomes highly uncertain. The second Chapter has examined whether the endogenous adoption of a collective punishment institution can help a society coordinate on an efficient outcome, characterized by high levels of trust and trustworthiness. The experimental results show that the endogenous introduction of collective punishment by means of a majority-voting rule does not significantly improve coordination on the efficient equilibrium. Not all subjects seem to be able to anticipate the change in behavior induced by the introduction of the mechanism, and a majority of them vote against it. The third Chapter has explored whether high-trustors adapt their behavior in response to others’ trustworthiness or untrustworthiness more quickly, which in turn supports them to maintain higher default expectations of others’ trustworthiness relative to low-trustors. Our experimental results reveal that high-trustors are better than low-trustors at predicting others’ trustworthiness because they are less susceptible to the anticipated aversive emotions aroused by the potential betrayal and thereby have a higher willingness to acquire the valuable information about their partner’s actions.
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Sun, Huojun <1983>. "Law, Informal Institutions and Trust: an Experimental Perspective." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7248/.
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This dissertation has studied how legal and non-legal mechanisms affect the levels of trust and trustworthiness in an economy, and whether and when subtle psychological factors are crucial for establishing trust and even for recovering trust from a breach of contract. The first Chapter has addressed the question of whether formal legal enforcement crowds out or crowds in the amount of trust in a society. We find that formal legal mechanisms, especially formal contracts backed by a powerful authority, normally undermine trust except when they are perceived as legitimate, or when there are no strong social norms of fairness (i.e. the population in a society is considerably heterogeneous), or when the environment in which repeated commercial relationships take place becomes highly uncertain. The second Chapter has examined whether the endogenous adoption of a collective punishment institution can help a society coordinate on an efficient outcome, characterized by high levels of trust and trustworthiness. The experimental results show that the endogenous introduction of collective punishment by means of a majority-voting rule does not significantly improve coordination on the efficient equilibrium. Not all subjects seem to be able to anticipate the change in behavior induced by the introduction of the mechanism, and a majority of them vote against it. The third Chapter has explored whether high-trustors adapt their behavior in response to others’ trustworthiness or untrustworthiness more quickly, which in turn supports them to maintain higher default expectations of others’ trustworthiness relative to low-trustors. Our experimental results reveal that high-trustors are better than low-trustors at predicting others’ trustworthiness because they are less susceptible to the anticipated aversive emotions aroused by the potential betrayal and thereby have a higher willingness to acquire the valuable information about their partner’s actions.
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Park, Ji-Yeong. "Role of institutions in nations that have improved their competitiveness." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22817.
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This study explored the role of institutions in countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period, under the framework of institutional theory. This study investigated how informal and formal institutions have evolved and interacted. The purpose of the study was to build on institutional theory by exploring the role and interaction of institutions in nations that have undergone institutional changes. A literature review was done to provide a foundation for the study. Case studies of Singapore and Finland – countries that have improved their competitiveness in a short time period – were done in this study. A number of documents in the public domain were observed: internet resources, reports, and studies on Singapore and Finland. The study concluded that countries that have improved their competitiveness achieved their goals through their own institutional mix and through interactions among institutions. Active interactions among institutions were based on broad coalition among actors and the directions of interactions in each country differed.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Nicolas, Christina. "Formal and informal institutions, bank capital ratios and lending." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0042.
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Cette thèse examine l'impact des institutions formelles et informelles sur les ratios de fonds propres et les prêts des banques. Elle est composée de trois essais empiriques. Le premier chapitre explore l'effet de la qualité juridique et institutionnelle formelle sur les ratios de fonds propres pondérés par rapport aux ratios de fonds propres non pondérés des banques dans la région du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord. Les résultats montrent que lorsque les marchés boursiers sont moins développés, les variables institutionnelles affectent de manière significative les ratios de fonds propres réglementaires pondérés par le risque, mais pas les ratios de levier. À l'inverse, lorsque les marchés boursiers sont plus développés, seuls les ratios de levier sont influencés par des facteurs institutionnels. Le deuxième chapitre parcourt la relation entre les ratios de fonds propres des banques, le cadre juridique et institutionnel et les prêts bancaires en utilisant un échantillon mondial de banques commerciales. Les résultats confirment que le développement institutionnel est un moteur important du crédit bancaire, tandis que l’effet des ratios de capital sur le crédit bancaire reste d’une importance mineure. Le troisième chapitre porte sur le rôle de la confiance dans le développement du crédit bancaire dans le monde. Les résultats confirment que la confiance Inter-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous ne connaissons pas, renforce de manière significative les prêts bancaires dans les pays dans lesquels le développement institutionnel et judiciaire est relativement moins développé. En ce qui concerne la confiance intra-groupe, la confiance envers les personnes que nous connaissons, les résultats empiriques montrent qu’elle affecte indirectement le crédit bancaire en favorisant le développement du crédit informelThis dissertation examines the impact of formal and informal institutions on bank capital ratios and lending. It comprises three empirical essays. The first chapter explores the effect of the legal and institutional quality on bank risk-weighted capital ratios versus non risk-weighted capital ratios in the Middle East and North Africa region. The findings show that when stock markets are less developed, institutional variables significantly affect risk-weighted regulatory capital ratios but not leverage ratios. Conversely, when stock markets are more developed, only leverage ratios are influenced by institutional factors. The second chapter explores the relationship between bank capital ratios, the legal and institutional framework, and bank lending using a global sample of commercial banks. The results confirm that institutional development is a significant driver of bank lending while the effect of capital ratios on bank lending remains of minor importance. The third chapter focuses on the role of trust in bank lending development around the world. It provides evidence that Out-group trust, the trust in individuals we do not know, significantly boosts bank lending in countries with relatively lower levels of institutional and judicial development. As for In-group trust, the trust in individuals we know, evidence shows that it affects bank lending indirectly by favoring the development of informal lending
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Hellebrandt, da Silva Denis. "Informal institutions and adaptive livelihoods of fisherfolk in Southern Brazil." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527636.
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Roth, Benjamin N. (Benjamin Nathaniel). "Essays in informal finance and market design under weak institutions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111361.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Keeping the Little Guy Down: A Debt Trap for Informal Lending -- 2. Targeting High Ability Entrepreneurs Using Community Information: Mechanism Design In The Field -- 3. Voluntary Market Design: Dominant Individual Rationality.
The essays in this thesis span two important and related themes in development economics: understanding and relaxing constraints to small scale entrepreneurship and designing markets in environments with weak institutional enforcement. Methodologically, the essays marshal both theory and field experimentation to study these issues. In joint work with Ernest Liu, Chapter 1 offers a new explanation for why microcredit and other forms of informal finance have so far failed to catalyze business growth among small scale entrepreneurs in the developing world, despite their high return to capital. We present a theory of informal lending that highlights two features of informal credit markets that cause them to operate inefficiently. First, borrowers and lenders bargain not only over division of surplus but also over contractual flexibility (the ease with which the borrower can invest to grow her business). Second, when the borrower's business becomes sufficiently large she exits the informal lending relationship and enters the formal sector - an undesirable event for her informal lender. We show that in Stationary Markov Perfect Equilibrium these two features lead to a poverty trap and study its properties. The theory facilitates reinterpretation of a number of empirical facts about microcredit: business growth resulting from microfinance is low on average but high for businesses that are already relatively large, and microlenders have experienced low demand for credit. The theory features nuanced comparative statics which provide a testable prediction and for which we establish novel empirical support. Using the Townsend Thai data and plausibly exogenous variation to the level of competition Thai money lenders face, we show that as predicted by our theory, money lenders in high competition environments impose fewer contractual restrictions on their borrowers. We discuss robustness and policy implications. In work with Reshmaan Hussam and Natalia Rigol, Chapter 2 explores a different facet of small-scale entrepreneurship. The impacts of cash grants and access to credit are known to vary widely, but progress on targeting these services to high-ability, reliable entrepreneurs is so far limited. We report on a field experiment in Maharashtra, India that assesses (1) whether community members have information about one another that can be used to identify high-ability microentrepreneurs, (2) whether organic incentives for community members to misreport their information obscure its value, and (3) whether simple techniques from mechanism design can be used to realign incentives for truthful reporting. We asked 1,380 respondents to rank their entrepreneur peers on various metrics of business profitability and growth potential. We also randomly distributed cash grants of about $100 to measure their marginal return to capital. We find that the information provided by community members is predictive of many key business and household characteristics including marginal return to capital. While on average the marginal return to capital is modest, preliminary estimates suggest that entrepreneurs given a community rank one standard deviation above the mean enjoy an 8.8% monthly marginal return to capital and those ranked two standard deviations above the mean enjoy a 13.9% monthly return. When respondents are told their reports influence the distribution of grants, we find a considerable degree of misreporting in favor of family members and close friends, which substantially diminishes the value of reports. Finally, we find that monetary incentives for accuracy, eliciting reports in public, and cross-reporting techniques motivated by implementation theory all significantly improve the accuracy of reports. In Chapter 3 I highlight an under appreciated facet of centralized market design of critical importance to developing economies with weak contract enforcement: often market designers cannot force participants to join a centralized market. I present a theory in which centralizing a market is akin to designing a mechanism to which people may voluntarily sign away their decision rights and propose a new desideratum for mechanism and market design, termed e-dominant individual rationality. Loosely, E-dominant individual rationality guarantees participation by assuring participants that each decentralized strategy is approximately dominated by a centralized strategy. I then provide two positive results about centralizing large markets. The first offers a novel justification for stable matching mechanisms and an insight to guide their design to achieve E-dominant individual rationality. The second result demonstrates that in large games, any mechanism with the property that every player wants to use it conditional on sufficiently many others using it as well can be modified to satisfy E-dominant individual rationality while preserving its behavior conditional on sufficient participation. The modification relies on a class of mechanisms we refer to as random threshold mechanisms and resembles insights from the differential privacy literature.
by Benjamin N. Roth.
Ph. D.
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Promise, Catherine Bilra. "Institutions and local government accountability in Uganda: a case study of Ntungamo district." University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7748.
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Magister Administrationis - MAdminAfter decades of seeking answers, without much success, to the development challenges facing third world countries, agencies such as the IMF and World Bank have turned increasingly in recent years to issues governance and accountability. In Africa especially, the failure of most development strategies has been attributed to governance issues such as democratic deficits, corruption and lack of political accountability among others. Uganda like several other African countries has been criticised for corruption - a sign that the country has a problem with the functioning of accountability and governance in general. In an attempt to find out whether the local government institutional mechanisms in Uganda embody possible explanations for weaknesses in political accountability, this study hypothesizes that institutional arrangements impact on downward accountability. While concentrating on the anatomy of institutions and the dimensions of accountability to which they relate, as well as on how the formal and informal institutions relate to each other, the study gives an insight into how institutions impact on downward answerability and enforceability at the local level in Uganda. Based on a thorough consideration of both the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the concept of accountability, the study develops relevance criteria upon which an assessment of both formal and informal institutions' relevance for each of the dimensions of accountability is based. In both cases, formal institutions are found to be more relevant for accountability than informal ones. Critical issues about the capabilities of informal institutions are however raised, culminating in a discussion on the relationship between formal and informal institutions in the study area. While also considering other variables that interact with institutions in affecting accountability, the study calls for a re examination in the concepts under investigation namely 'institutions' and 'accountability'. The study concludes that problems of accountability can be accounted for by weaknesses in institutional design, conceptual weaknesses in the definition of accountability, as well as contextual factors such as resource constraints. In the light of this recognition, the study offers theoretical as well as policy level recommendation
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Ushakova, Yevgeniya. "The effects of the institutional context on a foreign company´s entry strategy when entering an emerging market : A case study: Väderstad-Verken AB." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-119605.
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Background: More foreign companies expand into emerging markets and such markets differ from developed ones. Emerging markets present opportunities and challenges for foreign companies. Challenges include many environmental factors, cultural differences, economic uncertainties and weak institutions. Emerging markets are often characterized by underdeveloped formal institutions which result in the so called institutional voids. Informal institutions act as formal institutions and fill in these institutional voids. Foreign companies need to pay much attention to emerging economies institutions when selecting entry mode since the institutions affect their strategy and profitability. Aim: The purpose of my thesis is to investigate and analyze how aforeign company is affected by a host country’s institutional context when entering an emerging market. The thesis focuses on the emerging market of Russia and a case company. Conclusions: Institutions affect the steps taken in accordance with the Uppsalamodel. It is important to learn more about the institutions of a host country in choosing an entry mode. The weakness in property rights, risk of corruption, political and economic factors combined with networking were the dominant factors in choosing an entrymode. Väderstad suffers from institutional shocks in the Russian market and they affect the willingness to invest further.Bakgrund: Mer företag expanderar till tillväxtmarknader och sådana marknader är annorlunda än utvecklade marknader. Tillväxtmarknader presenterar både möjligheter och utmaningar för företagen. Utmaningarna inkluderar omgivningsfaktorer, kulturella skillnader, ekonomisk osäkerhet och svaga institutioner. Tillväxtmarknader karakteriseras ofta av underutvecklade formella institutioner som kan resultera i institutionella tomrum. Informella institutioner verkar som formella för att fylla tomrummet. Utländska företag måste ge uppmärksamhet till institutionerna i tillväxtmarknader när de väljer etableringsform eftersom institutionerna påverkar både strategi och lönsamhet. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och analysera hur ett utländskt företag påverkas av ett värdlands institutionella sammanhang när det etablerar sig på en tillväxtmarknad. Uppsatsen fokuserar på tillväxtmarknaden Ryssland och ett fallföretag. Slutsats: Institutioner påverkade stegen i enlighet med Uppsalamodellen. Det är viktigt att lära sig mer om institutionerna för värdlandet när företaget väljer etableringsstrategi. Svag äganderätt, risk för korruption, politiska och ekonomiska faktorer kombinerat med närverksbyggande var dominanta faktorer i valet av etableringsform. Väderstad påverkas av institutionella chocker i Ryssland och det påverkar viljan att investera mer
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Park, Sang-Min [Verfasser], and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Voigt. "Empirical Analysis of Informal Institutions / Sang-Min Park. Betreuer: Stefan Voigt." Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/103231284X/34.
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Ledeneva, Alena V. "Formal institutions and informal networks in Russia : a study of blat." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286427.
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Johansson, Sandra. "The informal sector and the potential role of microfinance institutions in Ethiopia." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, SV, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11165.
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In Ethiopia, the economic dilemmas facing the country have had various effects on the society at large. Given this situation, the high rates of urbanization and uneployment has resulted in that more and more people end up in small-scale activities within the informal economy. Although the informal sector has become increasingly noticeable in Addis Ababa, it is commonly neglected and separated from the formal economy. In light of the contemporary Ethiopian society, this study has nonetheless argued that the wide range of economic activities found within the informal sector is indispensable and should be integrated with the formal economy. Instead of perceiving the informal economy as an economic malfunction, this study has aimed to explore its future potential through the help of microfinance institutions. It has also looked into how the informal sector can be defined and its main characteristics. To gain an increased understanding of how informal workers perceive their own life situation, semi-structured interviews have been carried out with informal workers from the Meklit Microfinance Institution. The theoretical framework of Friedmann's 'Whole Economy Model' and 'Disempowerment Model' was moreover applied in recognizing the role of the household as well as to which extent MFIs could be said to have increased the social power of the informal sector. The main conclusions of this essay are that there are highly diverse features of informal workers and their businesses, which accordingly implies that MFIs need to reflect this diversity in their general operations. Although MFIs were recognized as carrying a strong potential for the development of informal activities, there were some identified obstacles in for example their organizational structure which consequently affected the profitability of their clients' businesses. The role of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) was also recognized as having the possibility to develop into a new type of labout union as to empower the informal sector and gradually lead to a natural continuation of the formal economy.
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Steer, Liesbet. "Informal institutions in transition : a study of private sector development in Vietnam." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427142.
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Takahashi, Midori. "Toward enhanced learning of science an educational scheme for informal science institutions." Saarbrücken VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987727109/04.
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GRIDNEV, Aleksei. "Impact of formal and informal authoritarian institutions on the rule of law." Doctoral thesis, Scuola Normale Superiore, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11384/86215.
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Malaki, Akhil. "Informal Finance and Microfinance in Jamaica and Trinidad & Tobago : An Institutional Study." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis : Almqvist & Wiksell International [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-766.
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McTigue, Judy K. "The political and economic institutions of informal commerce : a comparative analysis of Mexico City and Budapest /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC IP addresses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9828979.
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Wells-Dang, Andrew. "Informal pathbreakers : civil society networks in china and vietnam." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1631/.
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This thesis re-conceptualises civil society as a process of cross-sectoral networking and alliance building among individual activists and organisations. Civil society networks are built on personal connections and develop into flexible, often informal structures that engage in path-breaking advocacy with authorities and elites. In the challenging political contexts of China and Vietnam, civil society networks have brought about significant social change. The findings of extensive fieldwork in both countries demonstrate a wider range of advocacy techniques and strategies than previously documented in one-party authoritarian political systems. Four in-depth qualitative case studies are presented to illustrate a range of network structures, histories and advocacy strategies: the Bright Future Group of people with disabilities (Vietnam), Women’s Network against AIDS (China), the Reunification Park public space network (Vietnam), and the China Rivers Network. Research questions concern how civil society networks form, how they operate, and what strategies they select to influence and interact with state actors and other stakeholders, as well as how network members evaluate the effectiveness of their actions. The thesis concludes with comparative evaluations of the case studies and recommendations for donors and international partners to support networks that form organically.
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Luttrell, Cecilia. "An institutional approach to livelihood resilience in Vietnam." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368186.
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Jackson, Kenneth. "Culture and government : an analysis of the interaction between formal and informal institutions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27094.
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Institutions are the key to economic development. While the community of development
economists appear to have converged on this assessment, our understanding of the
specific role of institutions remains extremely limited. In particular, economists have
avoided the question of how government institutions interact with cultural factors that
vary around the world. The three papers in this thesis address this question with respect
to ethnic identity and social norms.
Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the role of ethnic diversity in determining the effectiveness
of governance in Sub-Saharan Africa. The existing literature has demonstrated a
tenuous link between diversity and ineffective governance, but many questions remain.
Chapter 2 demonstrates that ethnic diversity has a significant negative effect on the
provision of piped drinking water and electricity across a large sample of countries from
Sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, it is demonstrated that the geographic scale of diversity
measurement is critical to the analysis. Local diversity is negatively associated with
an inherently local good, piped water, whereas regional diversity is negatively associated
with a good provided regionally, electricity. This link between the scale of provision and
the measurement of diversity is a key finding that should inform future work on diversity.
Chapter 3 extends this analysis to consider why ethnic diversity matters for the provision
of public goods. Including the two mechanisms suggested in the literature within
a single model demonstrates that the key difference between them is the distribution of
household access across ethnic groups. The empirical section of the chapter then provides
evidence that ineffective governing institutions are the critical factor connecting
local ethnic diversity to low levels of piped drinking water across Sub-Saharan Africa.
Finally, chapter 4 focuses on the dynamic interaction between government institutions
and social norms of honesty. While government institutions can be effective in
promoting social capital development, there exists a social capital trap. For countries
with social capital below this level, advances in government institutions will not improve
the social environment. Further, social divisions caused by ethnic heterogeneity
or economic inequality may increase the minimum level of social capital necessary to
escape this institutional trap.
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Sun, Huojun [Verfasser], and Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Faure. "Law, Informal Institutions and Trust - An Experimental Perspective / Huojun Sun ; Betreuer: Michael Faure." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1128820501/34.
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Jagminaite, Evelina. "Informal institutions and their consequences for market transactions in the Lithuanian dairy sector." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0010834.
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Ėnchzajaa, Čuluunbaataryn. "Impact of institutions on lending informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitats-Verlag, 2006. https://www.lib.umn.edu/slog.phtml?url=http://www.myilibrary.com?id=134342.
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Enkhzaya, Chuluunbaatar. "Impact of institutions on lending : informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Dt. Univ.-Verl, 2006. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/484943944.pdf.
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Carneiro, Francisco Galrao. "Labour market institutions, insider power and informal employment in Brazilian wage determination : 1980-1993." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308838.
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Kugonza, Sylvester. "Influence of formal and informal institutions on outsourcing of public construction projects in Uganda." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1045/.
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This thesis examines how the process of outsourcing of public construction (OPC) projects is influenced by institutions and why. Extant literature focuses on explaining how outsourcing through competition improves efficiency with limited treatment of how institutions actually influence the OPC projects. The thesis develops an analytical framework for process-tracing that integrates institutional and social capital (SC) theories to examine what have hitherto been disparately employed to study their influence in policy reform implementation. By deploying this integrated framework, actors’ decision making in outsourcing process is analysed based on plural rationality at central (CG) and local government (LG) contexts. The thesis argues that actors in OPC simultaneously pursue material gains and SC investments while trying to minimise their transaction costs, in the process engaging in ‘forum shopping’ between formal and informal institutions. Depending on degree of social embeddedness, the process of outsourcing will incline to formality or informality. In the case of Uganda, findings indicate that the informal institutional regime dominates and no major difference in informal practices for both CG and LG levels exist although at CG level it may appear like formal institutions dominate in decision making. The thesis proposes that public policies should take cognisance of informal institutions as well as social structure in their design.
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Khan, Adeeba Aziz. "Electoral institutions in Bangladesh : a study of conflicts between the formal and the informal." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2015. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23587/.
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This thesis studies formal institutions, which are expected to ensure good electoral governance in Bangladesh, such as the Election Commission, the Judiciary and Parliament. The thesis shows how these constitutionally mandated bodies of accountability contribute to the weakening of the electoral regime through partisan law making and unequal rule application with an end to giving undue advantage to the executive of the day. The study relies on traditional theories of informal institutions such as patronage and clientelism to explain the weaknesses in formal institutions. Given the difficulties of democratic consolidation faced by Bangladesh, the thesis contends that the operative framework for studying elections and electoral institutions in Bangladesh must go beyond the sole study of the regulatory framework or of electoral corruption, to include informal institutions and processes within formal institutions. To understand the puzzle of weak electoral institutions and failing democratic consolidation in Bangladesh, and answer questions such as whose interests formal institutions are representing, what channels of influence are being used and why these channels exist, it is necessary to understand the actual existing social and power relations. This research presents specific case studies to illustrate the consequences of phenomena including clientelism, patronage, corruption, dynastic politics, politicization and other informal behavior within formal institutions (along with formal regulatory weaknesses). The case studies demonstrate how these informal patterns weaken formal electoral institutions, resulting in partisan and personalized electoral laws and application of these laws. Partisan electoral laws and unequal application of the laws by different arms of the state in turn lead to political violence, which has serious consequences for democratic consolidation. The study is ethnographic and relies strongly on knowledge gained in the field. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between formal law and informal institutions in Bangladesh.
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Enchzajaa, Culuunbaataryn. "Impact of institutions on lending informal constraints and enforcement of bank regulation in Mongolia /." Wiesbaden : Deutscher Universitäts-Verlag, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8350-9007-1.
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Ezeanah, Uyi. "The delivery of quality housing in Benin City : the influence of formal and informal institutions." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19805/.
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Hysa, Ardit. "Institutions matter : A qualitative case study analysis of the institutional capacities of Albania in relation to the utilization of the EU funds." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk historia och internationella relationer, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-193923.
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This dissertation is a case study of Albania regarding the influence institutions have over the utilization of the EU financial aid, more specifically, the Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance II (IPA II) for the period of 2014-2020. Albania has been struggling with EU accession despite the allocation of numerous funds in the form of development programs for several years. The study attempts to identify the endogenous obstacles to development and the utilization of funds due to both formal and informal institutions. The reviewed literature shows a clear correlation between economic growth and good quality institutions. Besides, it indicates that informal institutions play a major role in the development process. Therefore the role of the Kanun in Albania is examined. As defined by mainly Douglas North, the New Institutional Economics theory is used to dive into Albania’s formal and informal institutions and discover how those determine the politico-economic and social structures. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine key participants who work in IPA II projects at the local level across the country. The country was divided into three regions in order to identify variations in the role of IPA II funds, institutions, and degree of development. Before the analysis is done and the results are presented, the historical background of the three key historical periods of the country, Ottoman, Communist and Democracy, is provided to set the base of the origin of present institutions. The results from the interviews and the macro-economic indicators of the three regions show a correlation between good defined formal institutions and economic growth and strong informal institutions and stagnation, as the theory suggested.
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Bandick, Sako, and Fabakary Sanneh. "Foreign market entry strategies : Evidence from a developed and an emerging market." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-35437.
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Background - The positive impacts of globalization have been widely discussed, whereas many researchers argue that national borders are of less importance. However, as national borders are argued to be of less importance, some researchers miss to point out that the institutional differences remain and they are challenging to change. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the entry strategies of three Swedish firms entering both a developed and an emerging market with a focus on the different institutional contexts. Method - This study has applied a qualitative method with an abductive approach and an instrumental case study strategy, whereas 3 semistructured interviews with 3 different firms having experience from both a developed and an emerging country were conducted. Conclusion - When firms enter a developed country with few institutional differences, they commit more resources and do not feel the urge to use a local partner. Entering an emerging country, the firms choose a more cost-efficient entry with less resource commitment and prefer to use a local partner with local knowledge.Bakgrund - Globaliseringen och dess effekter har diskuterats flitigt under de senaste decennierna och en centralpunkt i debatten är att nationella gränser minskat i betydelse. Trots att många hävdar att vi rör oss mot en alltmer gränslös värld förbises institutionella skillnader som generar stora utmaningar. Syfte - Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka och jämföra tre svenska företags etableringsstrategier i både ett utvecklat och ett utvecklingsland med fokus på de olika institutionella förhållandena. Metod - Denna studie har använt sig av en kvalitativ metod med en abduktiv ansats och en instrumental case studiestrategi. Studien har använt sig av 3 semi-strukturerade intervjuer med 3 olika bolag, där bolagen haft erfarenhet av etablering i ett utvecklat och ett utvecklingsland. Slutsatser - I ett utvecklat land där de institutionella skillnaderna är små, väljer bolagen att lägga ner mer resurser på sin etablering och känner ett mindre behov av att ha en lokal partner. I ett utvecklingsland med större institutionella skillnader väljer bolag en mindre resurskrävande och mer kostnadseffektiv etablering, där behovet av att ha en lokal partner med lokal kännedom är stort.
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OSEI-ASSIBEY, Eric. "Microfinance in Ghana : A Comparative Study of Performance of the Formal versus Informal Rural Financial Institutions." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14548.
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Ball, Lois A. "Member Perceptions of Informal Science Institutions Graduate Certificate Program: Case Study of a Community of Practice." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3967.
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Abstract
This research attempted to understand the experiences of a cohort of informal and formal science educators and informal science institution (ISI) community representatives during and after completion of a pilot graduate certificate program. Informal science educators (ISEs) find limited opportunities for professional development and support which influence their contributions to America's science literacy and school science education. This emergent design nested case study described how an innovative program provided professional development and enabled growth in participants' abilities to contribute to science literacy. Data were collected through interviews, participant observations, and class artifacts. The program by design and constituency was the overarching entity that accounted for members' experiences. Three principal aspects of the ISI certificate program and cohort which influenced perceptions and reported positive outcomes were (1) the cohort's composition and their collaborative activities which established a vigorous community of practice and fostered community building, mentoring, and networking, (2) long term program design and implementation which promoted experiential learning in a generative classroom, and (3) ability of some members who were able to be independent or autonomous learners to embrace science education reform strategies for greater self-efficacy and career advancement.
This research extends the limited literature base for professional development of informal science educators and may benefit informal science institutions, informal and formal science educators, science education reform efforts, and public education and science-technology-society understanding. The study may raise awareness of the need to establish more professional development opportunities for ISEs and to fund professional development. Further, recognizing and appreciating informal science educators as a diverse committed community of professionals who positively influence science education for everyone is essential.
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Boampong, Owusu. "Market imperfections and the effectiveness of subcontracting and informal institutions in export market transactions in Ghana." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1105/.
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The study set out to explore how small exporting firms coordinate production functions and the extent to which the chosen path of institutional arrangements enable them to reduce market imperfections, access resources, meet export market requirements and succeed in the export market. The literature posits that in the absence of effective state institutions, informal and private institutional arrangements tend to govern market transactions. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these arrangements in supporting distant and expanding trade transactions, especially, in Africa. Using the Ghanaian craft export sector as a case, the study showed that the small-scale exporters rely predominantly on informal institutions and subcontracting ties in their export transactions. Yet these informal and subcontractual relations remain inadequate coordination mechanisms for engendering greater export success. Under conditions of market imperfections and endemic opportunism, the informal trade arrangements and loose arm’s length subcontracting relations only enable the small firms to achieve imperfect results even in modestly complex and expanding trade transactions. Notwithstanding, informal subcontractual ties potentially offer the platform for the small enterprises to succeed in the export market given improvements in the socio-cultural and the microeconomic environments. The emergence of “in-house contracting” in the industry is linked to the move by some of the exporters to reduce transaction costs and meet quality standards. By this arrangement, the entrepreneur has some level of control (albeit less rigid) necessary to reduce transaction costs, meet quality requirements, and flexibly adjust to fluctuations in export market demands. The in-house exporter maintains multiple informal and trust building relationships with segmented buyers and subcontractors to keep the production system operational.
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Valdivia-Machuca, Arnulfo. "State and business groups in Mexico : the role of informal institutions in the process of industrialisation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619699.
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Tillman, Linda Carole. "Mentoring African American faculty in predominantly white institutions : an investigation of assigned and informal mentoring relationships." Connect to resource, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1230740094.
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Lake, Jeremy Paul. "Evaluating a Graduate Professional Development Program for Informal Science Educators." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6722.
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This study is an examination and evaluation of the outcomes of a series of courses that I helped build to create a graduate certificate. Specifically, I wanted to evaluate whether or not the online iteration of the Informal Science Institutions Environmental Education Graduate Certificate Program truly provided the long term professional development needed to enhance the skills of the formal and informal educators participating so that they could contribute meaningfully to the improvement of science literacy in their respective communities.
My role as an internal evaluator provided an extraordinary opportunity to know the intent of the learning opportunities and why they were constructed in a particular fashion. Through the combination of my skills, personal experiences both within the certificate’s predecessor and as an educator, I was uniquely qualified to explore the outcomes of this program and evaluate its effectiveness in providing a long-term professional development for participants.
After conducting a literature review that emphasized a need for greater scientific literacy in communities across America, it was evident that the formal education enterprise needs the support of informal educators working on the ground in myriad different settings in ways that provide science as both content and process, learning science facts and doing real science. Through a bridging of informal science educators with formal teachers, it was thought each could learn the culture of the other, making each more fluent in accessing community resources to help make these educators more collaborative and able to bridge the classroom with the outside world. This bridge promotes ongoing, lifelong learning, which in turn can help the national goal of greater scientific literacy.
This study provided insight into the thinking involved in the learners’ growth as they converted theory presented in course materials into practice. Through an iterative process of reviewing the course generated content, I was able to piece through the many layers of this two year long program to examine the growth of these individuals over time.
While all participants showed growth completing the certificate program, those who could fully invest themselves in the experiences seemed to have gained the most. These cases indicate the Informal Science Institutions Environmental Education Graduate Certificate Program was effective at enhancing the careers of formal and informal science educators. Additionally, it suggests informal science educators, although busy with their professional obligations and personal lives, can be successful in a formal graduate program designed to meet ISE needs as explicated in Learning Science in Informal Environments: People, Places, and Pursuits (Bell, Lewenstein, Shouse, & Feder, 2009). The emergent model indicating connections among a person’s personal life, professional life, and graduate study may also have implications for other professionals desiring to enroll in graduate school. For example, science teachers in university graduate programs may also benefit from applying this model to their lives.
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Rodríguez, Liliana Narváez. "Why do some illiberal democracies fall into conflict while others do not? : evaluating formal and informal mechanisms of distribution through elite bargaining." Thesis, Brunel University, 2018. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/17242.
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Civil conflict is a complex multi-layered event. As an outcome it represents a product of both the structural framework in place and decision-making between the different elite groups. From a historical neoinstitutionalist perspective, this dissertation will provide an answer as to why some illiberal democracies fall into civil conflict while others do not. It argues that horizontally unequal elites bargain for (re)distribution of political participation, economic assets and social services through formal and informal institutions in order to expand the shares of the goods distributed. The presence of cleavages and grievances amongst groups are enhanced when exclusion through inefficient redistribution takes place; therefore, a bargain failure with the potential to activate violent means, implies a disagreement amongst the elites over the allocation of resources to different societal groups. Bargain failures occur in the presence of non-credible commitments and information asymmetries. Inefficiency in the distribution can also be captured through informal institutions in the form of patronage networks, a side of the transaction spectrum which has been understudied. The contribution of this thesis to the general debate stems from this acknowledgement and alleviates this by incorporating the full spectrum of institutions which operate effectively within illiberal democratic regimes. Patronage networks despite being a fundamental part of how politics is conducted in illiberal democratic regimes have surprisingly been neglected in the contemporary study of conflict onset. By conducting two-level fsQCA along a selection of 21 cases of illiberal democracy across 1980-2012 including cases of ethnic conflict onset, the analysis will show that distribution through patronage networks does play a role in triggering conflict or in aiding to control violence depending on the efficiency of the distribution across grieved groups. Further comparative analysis of a most likely and least likely case for cases of conflict (Thailand and India Bodo conflict) and peace (Namibia and Bolivia) reveals that the effect of the patronage mechanisms when redistributive, plays a larger role as an instrument of preventing violent disputes across horizontally unequal ethnic groups.
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SALINAS, ALDO. "Understanding the relationship between institutions and formal and informal entrepreneurial activity: The case of Latin American countries." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422796.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the influence of formal and informal institutions on the level of formal and informal entrepreneurial activity in Latin America countries. This was done using two panels. The first panel covered the period 2004-2015 with a dataset containing 180 observations in 18 Latin America countries, while the second panel covered the period 2006-2015 with a dataset containing 134 observations in 14 Latin America countries. Also, we have used the Latinobarómetro dataset, which has not been extensively used by scholars in the field of entrepreneurship and which could be useful for longitudinal research on entrepreneurial activity in Latin American countries.
In summary, using the percentage of the adult population identified as own-account workers as a proxy of informal entrepreneurial activity, the results suggest that informal entrepreneurial activity is more abundant in Latin American countries that have weak property rights, higher business regulation, and lower tax morale. However, stricter labor market regulation is associated with a less informal entrepreneurial activity rate. Regarding formal entrepreneurial activity, the impact of institutional variables depends on the definition employed: productive or legal. In the case of the productive definition, the results suggest that formal entrepreneurial activity is more substantial in Latin American countries that have weak property rights and lower tax morale. Conversely, from a legal definition, formal entrepreneurial activity is more significant in Latin American countries that have most secure property rights and fewer labor regulations. These contradictory results suggest that the legal definition of formal entrepreneurship, but not the productive definition, seems to be associated with the type of entrepreneurial activity that promotes economic growth and development. The results were maintained after controlling for some socio-economic factors, such as GDP per capita, the population growth rate, GDP growth rate, agricultural population, and education level.Lo scopo di questa tesi è esaminare l'influenza delle istituzioni formali e informali sul livello di attività imprenditoriale formale e informale nei paesi dell'America Latina. Questo è stato fatto usando due pannelli. Il primo panel copriva il periodo 2004-2015 con un set di dati contenente 180 osservazioni in 18 paesi dell'America Latina, mentre il secondo gruppo copriva il periodo 2006-2015 con un set di dati contenente 134 osservazioni in 14 paesi dell'America Latina. Inoltre, abbiamo utilizzato il set di dati Latinobarómetro, che non è stato ampiamente utilizzato dagli studiosi nel campo dell'imprenditoria e che potrebbe essere utile per la ricerca longitudinale sull'attività imprenditoriale nei paesi dell'America Latina. In sintesi, utilizzando la percentuale della popolazione adulta identificata come lavoratore in conto proprio come proxy dell'attività imprenditoriale informale, i risultati suggeriscono che l'attività imprenditoriale informale è più abbondante nei paesi dell'America Latina che hanno diritti di proprietà deboli, maggiore regolamentazione aziendale e minori morale fiscale. Tuttavia, una regolamentazione più severa del mercato del lavoro è associata a un tasso di attività imprenditoriale meno informale. Per quanto riguarda l'attività imprenditoriale formale, l'impatto delle variabili istituzionali dipende dalla definizione utilizzata: produttiva o legale. Nel caso della definizione produttiva, i risultati suggeriscono che l'attività imprenditoriale formale è più consistente nei paesi latinoamericani che hanno diritti di proprietà deboli e morale fiscale inferiore. Al contrario, da una definizione legale, l'attività imprenditoriale formale è più significativa nei paesi dell'America latina che hanno i diritti di proprietà più sicuri e meno norme sul lavoro. Questi risultati contraddittori suggeriscono che la definizione legale di imprenditorialità formale, ma non la definizione produttiva, sembra essere associata al tipo di attività imprenditoriale che promuove la crescita e lo sviluppo economico. I risultati sono stati mantenuti dopo aver controllato alcuni fattori socio-economici, come il PIL pro capite, il tasso di crescita della popolazione, il tasso di crescita del PIL, la popolazione agricola e il livello di istruzione.
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Vin, Pheakdey. "Institutions and Development : Analysis of the Effects of Institutional Environment on Agricultural Performance in Cambodia." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO22004/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de découvrir si l’environnement institutionnel affecte la performance agricole dans le cas du Cambodge et comment le premier influe sur la dernière. Pour répondre à cet objectif, trois hypothèses sont formulées : (1) l’environnement institutionnel joue un rôle important dans la protection des droits de propriété foncière ; (2) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés augmentent la productivité agricole par la stimulation des incitations d’investissement des agriculteurs ; (3) les droits de propriété foncière sécurisés accroissent la productivité agricole par la facilitation de l’accès au crédit formel. Méthodologiquement, la recherche est basée sur les différentes théories de la Nouvelle Economie Institutionnelle, qui expliquent que les institutions déterminent la structure des incitations des acteurs économiques dans une société. Spécifiquement, les institutions politiques déterminent les institutions économiques, c’est-à-dire les droits de propriété, qui à leur tour affectent la performance économique en général et la performance agricole en particulier. La recherche est également basée sur les données venant de diverses sources, telles que des agences gouvernementales, des instituts de recherche locaux, des organisations non-gouvernementales et des organisations internationales, qui sont susceptibles de servir de base pour des analyses empiriques. En outre, le cas de l’Afrique subsaharienne est également étudié à titre de comparaison. Le résultat de la thèse confirme fortement les deux premières hypothèses, mais peu la dernière. Le résultat indique que l’impact de l’environnement institutionnel sur la productivité agricole via la protection des droits de propriété foncière est lié au contexte particulier parce qu’il devrait être complété par un environnement économique favorable, tel que l’infrastructure physique et la technologie agricole améliorées et les institutions du marché développées. De plus, on apprend que les résultats désirés ne sont pas obtenus si les institutions formelles (c’est-à-dire, l’enregistrement formel des terres) sont imposées via l’approche top-down dans les régions où les institutions informelles existantes sont fortement encastréesThe purpose of this dissertation is to find out if the institutional environment affects agricultural performance in the case of Cambodia and how the former exerts an influence on the latter. To respond to this purpose, three hypotheses are formulated: (1) the institutional environment plays an important role in protecting property rights in land; (2) secure property rights in land increase agricultural productivity through the stimulation of farmers’ investment incentives; (3) secure property rights in land raise agricultural productivity through the facilitation of access to formal credit. Methodologically, the research is based on different theories of New Institutional Economics, which explain that institutions determine the incentive structure of economic actors in society. Specifically, political institutions shape economic institutions, i.e. property rights, which in turn affect economic performance in general and agricultural performance in particular. The research is also based on the data from various sources, such as government agencies, local research institutes, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations, which can serve as a basis for empirical analyses. In addition, the case of Sub-Saharan Africa is also studied for comparison. The result of the dissertation confirms strongly the first two hypotheses but slightly the last one. The result indicates that the impact of institutional environment on agricultural productivity through the protection of property rights in land is context-specific because it should be complemented by a favorable economic environment, such as improved physical infrastructure and agricultural technology and developed market institutions. Furthermore, it is learned that, in developing countries, the desired outcomes will not be obtained if formal institutions (i.e., formal land registration) are imposed through a top-down approach in areas where the existing informal institutions are strongly embedded
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Arsyad, Lincolin, and arsy0002@flinders edu au. "AN ASSESSMENT OF PERFORMANCE AND SUSTAINABILITY OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS: A Case Study of Village Credit Institutions in Gianyar, Bali, Indonesia." Flinders University. Development Studies, 2006. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20060621.142512.
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Microfinance institutions have evolved as an economic development tool intended to benefit low-income people. The benefit, however, can only be achieved if the institutions have a good financial and outreach performance. This study has three objectives. The first objective is to assess the influences of informal and formal institutions and their interrelationships on the practical operational arrangement of Village Credit Institutions of Bali (Lembaga Perkreditan Desa or LPD). Second, to evaluate the financial performance and outreach indicators of the institutions and to assess the influence of informal and formal institution on the sustainability of the institutions, which has received little attention from previous studies. Finally, to outline some elements of a strategic business plan for two selected village credit institutions (LPDs) in Gianyar district, LPD Mas and LPD Kerta.
By using a case study approach, this study finds that the informal institutions (such as social values, norms, and sanctions) have significant influences on the practical arrangements of the LPDs, including the organisation, recruitment procedure, delivery mechanism, and remuneration system. Along with the influence of informal institutions, the formal institutions have also had some direct influences on the practical operational arrangements of the LPDs that are reflected in the supervision and guidance system of LPDs, an obligation to apply prudential principles of banking, and the remuneration system. The findings also show that the local government regulations (formal institutions) concerning the LPDs have accommodated the informal institutions of the Balinese in the background of their establishment, status and ownership, and organisation of the LPDs.
Based on the performance indicators - portfolio quality, leverage, capital adequacy ratio (CAR), productivity, efficiency, profitability, self-sufficiency, and outreach � the LPDs in Gianyar district could be considered as success microfinance institutions. The success is influenced by some important factors. First, the use of local people in managing the LPDs and the application of character-based lending system in screening the clients. This has resulted in a high clients� sense of belonging and moral obligation to support the development of the LPD Second, the use of social (custom) sanctions in the contractual enforcement has forced the borrowers to comply with their credit contract in a timely fashion. Third, the use of local community personnel whose remuneration is based on performance and low transaction costs has resulted in the high efficiency of LPDs. Fourth, a growing economy and supporting government policy at all levels through provision of a legal basis for the LPDs and the Central Bank regulation (formal institutions) have also contributed to the success of the LPDs. Thus, based on the necessary conditions of sustainable microfinance institution proposed by some scholars(Yaron 1994; Christen 1998), it can be concluded that the Gianyar district LPDs have been sustainable, and by that implication they have positive net social benefits for their clients.
Any attempt, however, to replicate the achievements of the LPDs by imitating its mode of operations should be conducted with great caution. A mechanism that works well in one socioeconomic environment (in this instance, in Bali) will not necessarily work in another, where the social system including social norms and values are different. But, the experience of the LPDs is a valuable thing since it has highlighted some critical issues that should be considered when handling the complex issue providing financial services to rural people.
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Eze, Nonyelum Lina. "Informal institutions and their influences on the family, the family business, and ethnic group: A macro-, meso-, and micro- context investigation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671126.
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Les influències de les institucions informals sobre la família, les empreses familiars i els grups ètnics són immenses a causa de la integració d'aquestes organitzacions en el seu context local, que és on s'originen la majoria de les institucions informals. Malgrat això, quan les institucions funcionen de manera eficaç, sovint suposem que són les regles formals les que condueixen els comportaments dels actors. Tot i això, les normes informals subjacents poden complementar, substituir o acomodar les institucions formals, o també competir-hi. Els estudis previs sobre institucions informals estan dispersos i fragmentats, i presenten les institucions informals com a ambigües. Aquesta tesi aporta llum sobre les institucions informals que configuren la família, les empreses familiars i els grups ètnics d'un país en vies de desenvolupament per produir resultats emprenedors. Una revisió sistemàtica dels materials publicats és un punt de partida vital, ja que permet comprendre i conciliar els estudis existents, i subratllar àrees en les quals falta investigació. La revisió dels materials publicats va seguida de dues investigacions qualitatives. El primer estudi qualitatiu se centra en la religió i les tradicions —institucions informals substitutives— per entendre com transmeten trets familiars i pràctiques empresarials que fomenten o dificulten l'emprenedoria transgeneracional. El segon estudi qualitatiu explora el procés mitjançant el qual un grup ètnic s'ancora en un sistema d'aprenentatge informal —una institució informal en competència— per fomentar la creació de valor intergeneracional i, el que és més important, la propagació de l'emprenedoria. En fer-ho, aquest treball ofereix diverses contribucions que amplien la comprensió teòrica en els contextos de l'empresa familiar, l'emprenedoria i un grup ètnic en un país en vies de desenvolupament. Els seus descobriments poden orientar els professionals i els responsables polítics.Las influencias de las instituciones informales en la familia, las empresas de gestión familiar y el grupo étnico son inmensas debido al arraigo de estas organizaciones dentro de su contexto local, que es donde se originan la mayoría de dichas instituciones informales. A pesar de ello, cuando estas instituciones funcionan de manera eficaz, solemos asumir que son las reglas formales las que impulsan el comportamiento de los distintos protagonistas. Sin embargo, las normas informales subyacentes pueden complementar, sustituir, acomodar o competir con las instituciones formales. Los estudios anteriores sobre las instituciones informales están dispersos y fragmentados, y presentan a las instituciones informales con un carácter ambiguo. Esta tesis arroja luz sobre las instituciones informales que dan forma a la familia, las empresas de gestión familiar y el grupo étnico en un país en desarrollo a fin de producir resultados empresariales. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura existente es un punto de partida fundamental, ya que permite comprender y conciliar los estudios previos y subrayar las áreas en las que es necesaria una mayor investigación. A la revisión de esta literatura le siguen dos trabajos de investigación cualitativa. El primer estudio cualitativo se centra en la religión y las tradiciones (instituciones informales sustitutivas), para comprender cómo infunden aspectos familiares y prácticas comerciales que fomentan o dificultan el espíritu empresarial transgeneracional. El segundo estudio cualitativo explora el proceso por el cual un grupo étnico queda anclado a un sistema de aprendizaje informal (una institución informal competitiva) para fomentar la creación de valor intergeneracional y, lo que es más importante, la propagación del espíritu empresarial. Gracias a ello, este trabajo ofrece diversas contribuciones que amplían la comprensión teórica en los contextos de las empresas de gestión familiar, el espíritu empresarial y un grupo étnico determinado en un país en desarrollo. Sus conclusiones pueden servir de guía a profesionales y legisladores.
The influences of informal institutions on the family, family businesses, and the ethnic group are immense due to these organizations' embeddedness within their local context, which is where most informal institutions originate. Despite that, when institutions function effectively, we often assume that it is the formal rules that drive actors' behaviors. Yet the underlying informal norms may complement, substitute, accommodate, or compete with formal institutions. Previous studies on informal institutions are scattered and fragmented, and present informal institutions as ambiguous. This thesis sheds light on the informal institutions that shape the family, family businesses, and the ethnic group in a developing country to yield entrepreneurial outcomes. A systematic literature review is a vital starting point as it allows for understanding and reconciliation of existing studies and underscoring areas where research is lacking. The literature review is followed by two qualitative research pieces. The first qualitative study focuses on religion and traditions—substitutive informal institutions—to understand how they imbue family features and business practices that foster or hinder transgenerational entrepreneurship. The second qualitative study explores the process through which an ethnic group anchors on an informal apprenticeship system—a competing informal institution—to foster intergenerational value creation and, more importantly, entrepreneurship propagation. By doing so, this work offers several contributions that extend theoretical understanding in the contexts of the family business, entrepreneurship, and an ethnic group in a developing country. Its findings can guide practitioners and policymakers.
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Record, Richard. "Why do firms invest in an unstable business environment? : investigating formal and informal investment climate institutions in Vietnam." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/why-do-firms-invest-in-an-unstable-business-environment-investigating-formal-and-informal-investment-climate-institutions-in-vietnam(bbec31b1-9881-48e5-86b5-b1438ac93112).html.
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The mainstream investment climate literature often fails to take account the methods that firms in developing countries adopt in order to mitigate the effects of a poor investment climate. A better understanding of these informal “coping strategies” may add to the body of knowledge on what is important, and what isn’t, when it comes to prioritising investment climate reforms in developing and transitional economies. Original research from Vietnam, a country which is growing rapidly and in the midst of its transition from plan to market, shows how firms have been able to adapt their business operations given an unstable and partially reformed institutional enabling environment. By comparing the behaviour of manufacturing enterprises across a number of differing local jurisdictions, we are able to discern just how firm level coping strategies adapt. We find evidence that entrepreneurs are able to use a variety of informal institutional mechanisms to invest and operate in an inhospitable business environment where private property rights are not well protected and develop “second best” response mechanisms. These mechanisms include establishing formal and informal networks and linkages, seeking patronage and protection, and by sharing ownership with potential expropriators. We also find evidence that in the face of weak property rights protection, firms adopt approaches to reduce the costs to the original investors if third party expropriation is attempted and are less likely to reinvest retained earnings. Where they do invest, it is principally in dissolvable and/or movable assets, and adopting a higher discount rate or risk adjusted time value of money for capital investments. Similarly, we find evidence of linkages between measures of firm confidence in the local investment climate, and the extent to which firms are willing to employ outside salaried management. Thus, the thesis provides a contribution to the growing literature reviewing the development of formal and informal investment climate institutions in transitional and developing economies. The principle research finding, namely that the establishment and use of informal or second best institutional arrangements can offset some of the costs and risks associated with an otherwise weak and unstable business environment, has important implications for policymakers when it comes to the prioritization of investment climate reforms in developing countries.
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Paciotti, Brian Michael. "Cultural evolutionary theory and informal social control institutions : the Sungusungu of Tanzania and honor in the American South /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Mooya, Manya Mainza. "Real estate markets and poverty alleviation in Namibia's urban informal settlements : an institutional approach." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04022009-125446.
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Marques, Leonardo Albuquerque. "Direito e nova economia institucional: um estudo sobre a regulação dos serviços de praticagem a partir da eficiência adaptativa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7061.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-10This study investigates the limits of the possibilities of an efficient design for legal institutions, focusing its analysis on the structure of pilotage services market. It is carried out a critique over the neoclassical concept of efficiency, which, from a historical perspective, is not a concept a priori. From approach adopted in this study, the traditional concept of static efficiency (in its allocative and productive dimensions) is a cultural construction, subject to biases, judgments and perspectivisms, and is therefore susceptible to a great variety of criticisms, where the state has a naturally limited role in solving social conflicts that arise through time. This being said, it is argued that the study of efficiency must focus on the structure of institutions (legal or not), to allow a reduction of transaction costs and the possibility of the various stakeholders in interaction situations through transactions (on the market or outside it) to have the opportunity to develop standards of conduct for themselves through trial, error and learning. And this trial, error and learning, in order to spread its improving prospects to the maximum, must lead to the maximization of communication exchanges possibilities and to allow variation and selection of new ideas. That is, it is argued that law should aspire to maximize the possibilities of institutional adaptation through trial, error and learning by expanding communication exchanges. With these assumptions, we try to study the structure of pilotage services market, pointing out the errors of a cycle of public hearings conducted by CNAP (object chosen for case study). In this regard, it is understood that there is an ideological lock-in problem that prevents the upcoming of a sustainable cycle of creative destruction under the pilotage services, which inhibits the improvement of available technologies and institutions. From the development done in the theoretical exposition of this thesis, some proposals for the structure of pilotage services that facilitate this adaptive efficiency are presented, not only for the stakeholders directly related to the market (service providers and buyers) as well as for others who may be affected by negative externalities provided by the risk of the activity
O presente trabalho procura investigar quais são os limites da possibilidade de um desenho eficiente para instituições jurídicas, focando a sua análise na estruturação dos mercados de serviços de praticagem. Realiza-se uma crítica ao conceito neoclássico de eficiência, o qual, a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, não é um dado a priori. Na perspectiva aqui adotada, o conceito de eficiência estática tradicional, nas dimensões alocativa e produtiva, é uma construção cultural, sujeitas a vieses, arbítrios e perspectivismos, sendo, portanto, suscetível a uma imensidão de críticas, e onde o Estado tem um papel naturalmente limitado na resolução dos conflitos sociais que surgem no devir. Isso colocado, defende-se que o estudo da eficiência deve se voltar para a estruturação das instituições (jurídicas ou não), de modo a permitir a diminuição dos custos de transação e a possibilidade de que os diversos stakeholders em situação de interação por meio de transações (no mercado ou fora dele) tenham a perspectiva de desenvolver padrões de condutas próprios por meio de tentativa, erro e aprendizado. E a maximização das chances dessa tentativa, erro e aprendizado deve pressupor a maximização das possibilidades de trocas de comunicações para permitir a variação e seleção de novas ideias. Isto é, defende-se que o Direito deve aspirar a maximizar as possibilidades de adaptação das instituições por meio tentativa, erro e aprendizagem por meio da ampliação das trocas de comunicações. Com essas premissas, procura-se estudar a estrutura de mercado dos serviços de praticagem, apontando os erros de um ciclo de consultas públicas conduzida pela CNAP (objeto escolhido para estudo de caso). Nesse particular, entende-se que há um problema de lock-in ideológico que impede o surgimento de um ciclo sustentável de destruição criativa no âmbito dos serviços de praticagem, o que inibe o aprimoramento das tecnologias e das instituições disponíveis. A partir do desenvolvimento realizado na exposição teórica da presente tese, são apresentadas algumas propostas para a estruturação dos serviços da praticagem que facilitem essa eficiência adaptativa, não só para os stakeholders diretamente relacionados ao mercado (prestadores e tomadores de serviços) como também para os demais que possam ser afetados pelas externalidades negativas propiciadas pelo risco da atividade
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Vu, Thanh Thuy. "The dynamics of informality and its implications for a new economic political order." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100104/document.
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La présente thèse explore la dynamique des institutions informelles dans la gouvernance nationale et mondiale et l'ajustement de l'ordre politico-économique, dans un pays en transition et à l'échelle mondiale dans un contexte de crise financière internationale, en utilisant l'approche institutionnelle comparative. Elle adopte le point de vue de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle (New Institutional Economics - NIE) afin d'étudier comment différentes formes de gouvernance, notamment les mécanismes de gouvernance informels, émergent et fonctionnent dans diverses circonstances. Le chapitre deux fournit la preuve de la prédominance des relations accommodante et concurrente entre les systèmes de fourniture de services publics et d'ordre public, qui sont formellement et informellement décentralisés dans soixante-quatre provinces vietnamiennes. Notre analyse de l’«informalité» dans le chapitre trois soutient l'argument selon lequel les mécanismes formels ne sont pas suffisants pour inciter les acteurs publics à assumer leur pleine responsabilité, mais doivent être accompagnés de ceux informels pour combler les déficits de responsabilité du système formel. L'analyse empirique de quarante-cinq pays développés et en développement dans le chapitre quatre découvre que la non-congruence institutionnelle, en général, a un effet complémentaire sur la taille de l'économie informelle, mais agit comme un substitut dans les pays qui ont un faible niveau de non-congruence, une bonne gouvernance de la corruption, ou une grande pro-activité dans la prise d'initiatives visant à réduire l'écart de perception de la légitimité des activités économiques informellesThis dissertation explores the dynamics of informal institutions in national and global governance and the adjustment of the economic political order in a transition country as well as on the global scale after two recent global financial crises, using the comparative institutional approach. It adopts the perspective of the New Institutional Economics (NIE) to study how alternative forms of governance, particularly, informal mechanisms of governance, emerge and work in various circumstances. Chapter two provides evidence to the prevalence of the accommodating and competing relationships between the formally and informally decentralized systems of providing public services and public order in 64 provinces in Vietnam. Our “informality” analysis in chapter three has supported the argument that formal mechanisms alone are not sufficient to create incentives for public actors to make private efforts to full accountability, but needs accompanying with other informal ones to fill in accountability deficits of the formal system. The empirical analysis of 45 developed and developing countries in chapter four finds that institutional incongruence, in general, has a complementary effect on the size of the informal economy, but acts as a substitute in those countries that have a low level of incongruence, good governance of corruption, or high proactivity in taking initiatives to minimize the perception gap about the legitimacy of informal economic activities
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Katsijev, Zelimkhan, and Sabo Krcic. "An exploratory study of the internationalization process of Swedish multinationals to the Russian market : The role of informal institutions in the process of internationalization." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-75956.
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Due to the moderately small market of Sweden, firms expand and conducts business on an international level in order to find new opportunities and increase the profits. Many Swedish multinationals expand to the Russian market, due to its size regarding customer base and landmass. Thus, the aim of this study is to provide a greater understanding of how informal institutions in Russia are influencing Swedish multinationals’ establishment and development in the Russian market. Appropriate aspects of informal institutions have been acknowledged and identified with a further analysis in relation to internationalization, culture, and network. A qualitative research method was implemented in this study with the aim to obtain a greater understanding of informal institutions and the way it affects the Swedish firms in Russia. Furthermore, this study used abduction as a research approach, since the authors of this thesis switched between theory and empirical data to make adjustments during the process that enabled the authors to be flexible while gathering the data. The literature review that is presented in this study has a link to internationalization, culture, network and lastly informal institutions. Through combining the presented literature review, the authors developed a conceptual framework that further was used when analyzing the empirical data, collected from multi-case studies of Swedish multinationals. The analysis section discusses both similarities and dissimilarities between the theory and the empirical findings. These analyses are designed in relation to the conceptual framework. The final chapter of this thesis will contain conclusions that were derived from the material in the analysis chapter. Furthermore, the theoretical implications and a revised theoretical model will be presented. Additionally, the managerial implications will be presented along with limitations of the study and the study will be concluded with suggestions for further research. The main theoretical implications that have been developed during this thesis, contains reducing the research gap and continuing with a demonstration of how Russian informal institutions influence Swedish multinational’s establishment and development in the Russian market. The main practical implication of this study is to aid the business procedures of Swedish companies in the Russian market. Moreover, this study can be of practical use to Swedish firms that are in the process of or planning to internationalize to the Russian market.
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Dodlova, Marina. "Political Accountability and Organization of Government." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100149.
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La bureaucratie joue un rôle-clé dans l'arène politique. Le pouvoir de l'administration publique a néanmoins souvent été sous-estimé, tandis que sa structure comme sa croissance constante restent mal compris. Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude approfondie des principales caractéristiques de l'administration publique et plus particulièrement à son avantage informationnel dans la prise de décisions politiques. Dans une perspective normative, la thèse explore les questions de délégation dans une hiérarchie à trois niveaux, et de répartition de rente informationnelle en 'common agency' avec plusieurs mandataires politiques. Ceci me permet d'entrevoir ce que renferme la boîte noire de la structure organisationnelle composite du gouvernement. D'un point de vue positif, l'approche comparative me permet d'analyser et d'expliquer la croissance des administrations publiques dans les démocraties sur le plan de l'emploi de fonctionnaires d'ÉtatBureaucracy is a key player in political game. However, its power has been often underestimated as well as the questions of its structure and constant growth remain not properly understood. This thesis represents a detailed study of the major features of the government bureaucracy by focusing on its information leverage in policy making. Normatively, the thesis explores the issues of delegation in a three-tier hierarchy and information rent distribution in common agency with several political principals, and thus contributes to opening a black box of the composite organizational structure of government. Positively, the comparative approach helps to explain the growth of government bureaucracies in democracies in terms of government administration employment