Relevant bibliographies by topics / Informal feedback

Academic literature on the topic 'Informal feedback'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Informal feedback"

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MAGGS, MF, LJ COX, GH POTTER, and MA GARNHAM. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. FEEDBACK: POST-CONTRACT INFORMATION." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, no. 3 (June 1986): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.687.

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van der Rijt, Janine, Piet Van den Bossche, and Mien S.R. Segers. "Understanding informal feedback seeking in the workplace." European Journal of Training and Development 37, no. 1 (January 18, 2013): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03090591311293293.

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Meikleham, Alexandra, and Ron Hugo. "Understanding informal feedback to improve online course design." European Journal of Engineering Education 45, no. 1 (December 31, 2018): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2018.1563051.

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van der Rijt, Janine, Piet Van den Bossche, Margje van de Wiel, Mien Segers, and Wim Gijselaers. "Informal Feedback-Seeking in the Initial Career Stage." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 15442. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.15442abstract.

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van der Rijt, Janine, Margje W. J. van de Wiel, Piet Van den Bossche, Mien S. R. Segers, and Wim H. Gijselaers. "Contextual antecedents of informal feedback in the workplace." Human Resource Development Quarterly 23, no. 2 (June 2012): 233–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21129.

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Levinsen, Karin Tweddell, and Birgitte Holm Sørensen. "Formalized Informal Learning." International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence 2, no. 1 (January 2011): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdldc.2011010102.

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Longitudinal research projects into social practices are both subject to and capture changes in society, meaning that research is conducted in a fluid context and that new research questions appear during the project’s life cycle. In the present study emerging new performances and uses of ICT are examined and the relation between network society competences, learners’ informal learning strategies and ICT in formalized school settings over time is studied. The authors find that aspects of ICT like multimodality, intuitive interaction design and instant feedback invites an informal bricoleur approach. When integrated into certain designs for teaching and learning, this allows for Formalized Informal Learning and support is found for network society competences building.
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Grote, Lidiya, Emily Dill, and Jennifer Hardin. "Tell Us What You Really Think: Implementing a Mixed-methods Approach to Library User Assessment." Journal of New Librarianship 8, no. 1 (January 22, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33011/newlibs/13/1.

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This article presents an analysis of student feedback received via formal biennial survey and informal post-it notes assessment, and advocates for the use of informal assessment methods to supplement formal methodologies. A biennial satisfaction survey and an informal post-it notes assessment were employed to collect data from library users and yielded comprehensive, timely, and actionable feedback from the students, faculty, and staff. Feedback received from the two assessment methods allowed the University Library of Columbus (ULC) to gain a greater understanding of user needs and preferences which was used to improve library spaces, resources, and services to increase user satisfaction. While each method has advantages and disadvantages, combining varied assessment methods helped the ULC to gain a more holistic understanding of its users and provided a rich set of actionable data. Furthermore, student feedback is a valuable tool for library advocacy and outreach to both the university community at large and administrators.
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Van Hootegem, Anahí, and Hans De Witte. "Qualitative Job Insecurity and Informal Learning: A Longitudinal Test of Occupational Self-Efficacy and Psychological Contract Breach as Mediators." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101847.

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Current work life has become increasingly turbulent, which has sparked employees’ concern about the loss of valued job features, coined as qualitative job insecurity. No prior research has investigated the relationship between this type of job insecurity and informal learning. However, informal learning might be particularly relevant for qualitatively job-insecure employees, as it might aid them to deal with the incessant changes in their work environment. This study examined whether qualitative job insecurity is associated with lower levels of three types of informal learning activities: information-seeking, feedback-seeking, and help-seeking behavior, and whether these relationships are mediated by a decline in occupational self-efficacy and an increase in psychological contract breach. We employed a three-wave panel design to survey 1433 Belgian employees. Results, by means of cross-lagged structural equation modelling, demonstrated that occupational self-efficacy mediates the relationship between qualitative job insecurity and information-seeking, feedback-seeking from colleagues, and feedback-seeking from one’s supervisor, while psychological contract breach only mediated the relationship between qualitative job insecurity and feedback-seeking from one’s supervisor. Both mediators were not significantly related to help-seeking behavior. This study demonstrates that qualitatively job-insecure employees are less likely to engage in informal learning via a decrease in occupational self-efficacy and an increase in psychological contract breach, thereby becoming even more vulnerable in an increasingly volatile work environment.
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Schürmann, Eva, and Simon Beausaert. "What are drivers for informal learning?" European Journal of Training and Development 40, no. 3 (April 4, 2016): 130–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejtd-06-2015-0044.

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Purpose – The topic of informal learning at work has received increasing attention in the past years. The purpose of this study is to explore in which informal learning activities employees engage and what are the drivers for informal learning. Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews were taken from ten human resources (HR) and ten marketing employees working at a German machinery manufacturer. Findings – Employees mostly learn informally by talking or collaborating with others, searching information online, feedback giving and seeking from colleagues and supervisors and reading. Next, it was found that organizational drivers, task and job drivers, personal drivers and formal learning influenced employees’ informal learning. Background characteristics on the contrary were not found to influence informal learning. Overall, within these categories, the following drivers had the greatest influence on informal learning: commitment to learning and development, feedback as well as interactions with and support from colleagues and supervisors. Research limitations/implications – The design of this exploratory qualitative study brings some limitations. Based on the findings, suggestions for future quantitative and intervention studies are done. Practical implications – The results show how human resources development (HRD) professionals could better support employees’ engagement in informal learning and gives an overview of the determinants that could be influenced and in turn have a positive effect on employees’ informal learning. Originality/value – This study is one of the first studies unraveling informal learning as perceived by employees. It develops a comprehensive framework for categorizing drivers for informal learning.
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Pitkänen, Hanna, and Kari Lukka. "Three dimensions of formal and informal feedback in management accounting." Management Accounting Research 22, no. 2 (June 2011): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mar.2010.10.004.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Informal feedback"

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Thakar, Aniruddha. "Visualization feedback from informal specifications." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040810/.

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Baudler, Chris. "The Role of Informal Performance Feedback in Job Satisfaction." Xavier University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=xavier1510247552397143.

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Hyatt, David E. "The Informal Performance Feedback Process: A Partial Test of Larson's Predictive Model." W&M ScholarWorks, 1986. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625372.

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Jacobs, Diederik Cornelius. "The application of informal feedback intervention as a communication management tool in learning organisations." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10052005-151625.

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Thesis (Ph. D. (Communication management))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Summaries in English and Afrikaans. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 348-368). Available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.
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Atas, Sait. "Effect of Formative Feedback via Interactive Concept Maps on Informal Inferential Reasoning and Conceptual Understanding of ANOVA." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/38935.

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This study assessed the knowledge structure of undergraduate participants related to previously determined critical concepts of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by using Pathfinder networks. Three domain experts’ knowledge structures regarding the same concepts were also elicited and averaged to create a referent knowledge structure. The referent knowledge structure served as a basis for formative feedback. Then, each participant’s knowledge structure was compared with the referent structure to identify common, missing, and extraneous links between the two networks. Each participant was provided with individualized written and visual, and multi-media feedback through an online Concept Mapping tool based on the principals of formative assessment and feedback in an attempt to increase their conceptual knowledge of ANOVA. The study was conducted with 67 undergraduate participants from a mid-size university in the United States. Participants completed two data collection tools related to the critical concepts of ANOVA. Later, three different types of feedback around the critical concepts were given to participants in three stages. First, each participant was given visual feedback as a result of the comparison between their own knowledge structures and the referent knowledge structure to highlight similarities and differences between the two. Then, participants were provided with individualized written and multi-media feedback to emphasize conceptual understanding behind ANOVA procedures. This procedure was followed by the re-assessment of participants’ reasoning ability related to ANOVA and knowledge structures related to critical concepts to measure the effect of the intervention. Results suggest that participants both in control and intervention groups had the same level of statistics experience and anxiety before this study indicating that randomization of participants into two different groups was successful. Moreover, women participants reported a statistically significant higher level of statistics anxiety than men, however, it seems that this small difference did not limit their ability to perform required statistical tasks. Further, findings revealed that participants’ conceptual knowledge related to critical concepts of ANOVA increased significantly after the individualized feedback. However, the increase in the conceptual understanding did not help participants to transform this knowledge into more formal understanding related to procedures underlying ANOVA. Moreover, even though, previous similar studies suggest that participants are consistent in using a single strategy for making inferential reasoning across datasets, in the present study, qualitative data analysis revealed that statistics learners demonstrate diverse patterns of inferential reasoning strategies when they were provided with different size of datasets each with varying amount of variability. As a result, findings support the use of an extended framework for describing and measuring the development of participants’ reasoning ability regarding consideration of variation in statistics education.
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Hammitt, Chad S. "Using cognitive task analysis to capture how expert principals conduct informal classroom walk-throughs and provide feedback to teachers." Thesis, University of Southern California, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3680853.

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Informal classroom walk-throughs conducted by school principals with feedback provided to teachers has been demonstrated to improve learning achievement in kindergarten through twelfth grade (K-12) education. Principals are often trained by experts to conduct these walk-throughs. Unfortunately, research shows that experts may omit up to 70% of the critical information needed by trainees to replicate their expertise. The purpose of this study was to capture the knowledge and skills expert K-12 principals use when they conduct informal classroom walk-throughs and provide feedback to teachers. Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) semi-structured interviews were conducted with three principals who were qualified as experts using both qualitative and quantitative measures. Action and decision steps, as well as standards, equipment, and conceptual knowledge from individual subject matter experts (SMEs) were captured and aggregated into a gold standard protocol which was reviewed by a fourth expert. The study also sought to identify and quantify the number and percentage of expert knowledge and skills omissions when the principals described how they conducted classroom walk-throughs and provided feedback to teachers. Findings indicate that expert principals omitted an average of 54.76% of the action and decision steps when compared to the gold standard protocol. This study extends the potential negative effects of relying on experts for instruction and curriculum development. The expert knowledge and skills captured by CTA methods may be used to train pre-service and in-service principals in performing the complex instructional leadership task of informal walk-throughs and providing feedback to teachers, which may ultimately improve teachers' classroom instruction and student achievement.

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Hallgrímsson, Bóas. "Turn and face the strange: : the role of communication, encouragement and feedback during technological changes in an educational setting." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-359367.

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In 2008 a new educational initiative termed “School without segregation” was implemented in Iceland. Its goal was to ensure that all children would be provided with education suited to individual variations in social and educational needs. Coinciding with this policy initiative a new technology strategy was implemented in the municipality of Kópavogur, Iceland´s second largest city, with the aim to equip children to deal with the fundamental technological changes in modern society and integrate technology in their education. As an integral part of this strategy all students in Kópavogur, from the fifth to the tenth grade were given iPads in 2015. The affected population was approximately 4.700 students and over 450 teachers. A significant body of research has examined how students fare when technology is integrated into their education. However, this thesis aims to examine how the implementation of this tablet-centric initiative affected the working environment of the municipality´s teachers, a subject that has been researched to a much lesser extent. With the aid of personal interviews communication between stakeholders of the initiative, strategies to motivate and encourage teachers in dealing with the change in their working environment and support afforded during the process was examined. Special focus was placed on the extent of involvement and participation of teachers during the implementation and the question of whether teachers´ opinions had an impact throughout the process. The thesis analysis is based on 18 semi-formal interviews with teachers from all of the city´s nine schools. Additionally, the team in charge of leading the implementation was interviewed to further broaden the scope. In brief, the thesis highlights that contention surrounded various aspects of the implementation. Many of the teachers felt overwhelmed and hesitant and described feeling that their concerns went unnoticed. Today, however, three years down the road, the iPads seem to have become an integral part of the everyday working environment of teachers and students alike and none of the teachers want to go back to teaching without iPads.
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Quitadamo, Angela E. "Social-Emotional Climate in the Community College Classroom: An Action Research Study Investigating the Impact of Real-Time Student Feedback to Instructors." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1601131113860628.

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Grudéus, Anna, and Emilia Norlander. "Feedback-relationen mellan chef och medarbetare : Chefers avsikt med och medarbetares uppfattning av feedback." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-275791.

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Tidigare forskning inom ekonomistyrning har i stor utsträckning fokuserat på att studera vilken effekt feedback har på medarbetare. Att få effekt av feedback förutsätter dock att feedbacken når fram. Vidare finns forskning på chefers avsikt med feedback samt vad som påverkar hur medarbetare uppfattar feedback, dock identifieras en brist på forskning som jämför chefers avsikt med medarbetares uppfattning. Denna studie syftar därmed till att utforska chefers avsikt med och medarbetares uppfattning av formell och informell feedback samt att jämföra dessa för att vidare utvärdera befintlig feedback-relation. En inledande genomgång av befintlig litteratur gav teoretiska förväntningar på vilka faktorer chefer avser att påverka med feedback samt vad som påverkar medarbetares uppfattning av feedback. Då avsikt med och uppfattning av feedback inte var känd på förhand genomfördes en kvalitativ intervjustudie baserad på respondenter från två team inom ett företag. Resultatet visar skillnader, dels i synen på vad som räknas som feedback, dels i chefers avsikt med och medarbetares uppfattning av feedback. Inkongruens mellan avsikt med och uppfattning av feedback leder till en bristfällig feedback-relation.
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Tucker, Beatrice M. "The student voice: Using student feedback to inform quality in higher education." Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2158.

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This thesis presents a scholarly synthesis of a series of original published works providing evidence that student feedback, collected and analysed using valid and defensible methods, is effective in improving the quality of teaching and learning in higher education. The key factors underpinning the effective use of student feedback for quality improvement of teaching and learning in higher education are revealed. Students’ perceptions of their experience in achieving learning outcomes are reported.
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Books on the topic "Informal feedback"

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Prescott, David S., Cynthia L. Maeschalck, and Scott D. Miller, eds. Feedback-informed treatment in clinical practice: Reaching for excellence. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000039-000.

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Zepeda, Sally J. Informal Classroom Observations on the Go: Feedback, Discussion and Reflection. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Zepeda, Sally J. Informal Classroom Observations on the Go: Feedback, Discussion and Reflection. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Zepeda, Sally J. Informal Classroom Observations on the Go: Feedback, Discussion and Reflection. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Zepeda, Sally J. Informal Classroom Observations on the Go: Feedback, Discussion and Reflection. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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Kinefuchi, Etsuko. Perceptions on informal performance feedback in Japanese subsidiary organizations: Japanese supervisors and U. S. subordinates. 1994.

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Kurtz, Suzanne M., and Lara J. Cooke. Learner-centred communication training. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0011.

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This chapter provides an overview of core principles and key strategies for teaching communication skills using a learner-centred approach. Goals of communication teaching are summarized. Attitudes are important to be developed as a foundation to the masterful use of skills crossing several different communication issues. Communication should focus on mutual understanding. Effective strategies for teaching communication include experiential, learner-centred small-group work that uses observation, feedback, and repeated practice. The Calgary–Cambridge Model is used as an example of a skills-based approach to teaching communication. Following on, agenda-led outcome-based analysis (ALOBA) is presented as a model to for giving feedback and facilitating experiential, learner-centred, problem-based sessions. The authors close with commentary on modelling and the informal curriculum.
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Prescott, David S., Scott D. Miller, and Cynthia L. Maeschalck. Feedback-Informed Treatment in Clinical Practice: Reaching for Excellence. American Psychological Association, 2017.

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Belgrad, Daniel. Improvisation, Democracy, and Feedback. Edited by George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.013.003.

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In the 1960s and 1970s, improvisational artists explored the use of feedback, both as a creative method and a model of the self in relation to its social and physical environment. As an alternative to centralized authority structures, feedback loops could be used to organize decentralized events or activities. The result would be a self-informing system, or autopoiesis. This idea informed the new field of cybernetics and the social philosophy of Paul Goodman and Gregory Bateson. Max Neuhaus’s realization of John Cage’s composition,Fontana Mix—Feed, made use of this structure, as did his later broadcast works,Public SupplyandRadio Net, and the dance form of “contact improvisation” developed by Steve Paxton. In these works, attention to the dynamics of interaction (“deutero-learning”) fostered an improvisational style based on a heightened environmental awareness rather than an exteriorization of the internal psyche, thus pioneering the postmodern, networked self.
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Chidester, Thomas R. Creating a Culture of Safety. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199366149.003.0008.

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Safety culture focuses on who is responsible in what ways for patient safety, ranging from individuals and teams performing critical duties on the front lines to the context within which work takes place, and high-level organizational priorities. Though it is a recent concept, it represents growth in the understanding of accident causation, and offers additional and potentially more broadly effective preventive actions. Key concepts include organizational commitment, operational interactions, formal and informal safety indicators, and safety behaviors and outcomes. Measurement can be accomplished through benchmarked surveys, case analysis, field observation, and examination of procedures, manuals, newsletters, brochures, and performance evaluation criteria for their safety focus. Intervening to improve safety culture requires assessing an organization’s current state, communicating safety and minimizing patient risk as a core value in a methodical and sustained manner, deploying and monitoring standardized procedures by workgroup, establishing feedback systems, and reporting progress in safety alongside economic progress.
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Book chapters on the topic "Informal feedback"

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Lu, Jia. "Eliciting Gestural Feedback in Chinese and Swedish Informal Interactions." In Intelligent Virtual Agents, 480–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33197-8_52.

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Lee, Chia-Jung, and W. Bruce Croft. "Cross-Language Pseudo-Relevance Feedback Techniques for Informal Text." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 260–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06028-6_22.

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Thomas, Bronwen. "“Stand Out from the Crowd!”: Literary Advice in Online Writing Communities." In New Directions in Book History, 153–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53614-5_6.

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AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed analysis of the different levels of advice online writing communities offer aspiring writers, from the overt provision of “writing tips” and guidelines, to the role of authoritative intermediaries such as moderators and beta readers, and the peer-to-peer feedback provided by way of ongoing informal comments. Case studies will be taken from bespoke writing platforms such as Wattpad, but will also consider the role of fan communities and the kinds of support structures they offer. Analysis will focus on the extent to which advice is predicated on the traditional formal features of the writing (dialogue, characterization) or on reader engagement and self-promotion. It will also explore whether such advice is prescriptive and reflective of practices and norms inherited from traditional cultural gatekeepers, and the degree to which the work produced within these communities can ever be described as experimental, playful, or subversive.
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Press, Robyn. "Student Feedback-Informed, Validated Education." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 820–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95870-5_83.

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Press, Robyn. "Student Feedback-Informed, Validated Education." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69902-8_83-1.

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Dobud, Will W., and Stephan Natynczuk. "Implementing Feedback-Informed Treatment Outdoors." In Solution-Focused Practice in Outdoor Therapy, 183–201. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003217558-12.

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Robinson, Bill. "Feedback-informed treatment with couples." In Feedback-informed treatment in clinical practice: Reaching for excellence., 211–30. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000039-011.

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Bargmann, Susanne. "Achieving excellence through feedback-informed supervision." In Feedback-informed treatment in clinical practice: Reaching for excellence., 79–100. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000039-005.

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Powell, J. C. "Testing as Feedback to Inform Teaching." In Learning and Instruction in the Digital Age, 25–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1551-1_3.

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Maeschalck, Cynthia L., and Leslie R. Barfknecht. "Using client feedback to inform treatment." In Feedback-informed treatment in clinical practice: Reaching for excellence., 53–77. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000039-004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Informal feedback"

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Phamduy, Paul, Catherine Milne, Mary Leou, and Maurizio Porfiri. "Deployment of a Robotic Fish Platform in Informal Science Learning." In ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2015-9751.

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Interactive robotics-based exhibits for informal science learning are becoming increasingly popular, as they offer the novelty of a robot to visitors and they allow them to reflect on their actions through instant feedback from remote control elements. This study explores the deployment of one such platform featuring a robotic fish at informal science learning events and venues. We examine the usage of three control modes, varying in their degree of interactivity, implemented through an iDevice application for maneuvering a robotic fish. Specifically, we evaluate the time spent by visitors on three control modes of the platform at informal science learning event and venues, and the distribution of the demographics of the users. This preliminary study is conducted to assess the user interest among the control modes.
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Dennerlein, Jack Tigh, Paul A. Millman, and Robert D. Howe. "Vibrotactile Feedback for Industrial Telemanipulators." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0396.

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Abstract Industrial applications of haptic feedback systems that add dexterity to telemanipulators have been limited due to their complexity, low reliability, and high cost. A promising and attractive alternative technology for industry is vibrotactile feedback. These systems are simple and can be added at low cost to existing telerobotic systems to provide robust contact information. We have developed a single channel prototype vibrotactile sensor and display system for a high capacity deep sea remote manipulator, the Schilling Robotic Systems TITAN-II. The vibration sensor consists of a pair of steel plates machined to fit inside the gripper jaws. Embedded between the plates are piezoelectric film strips molded into a rugged silicone rubber layer. Impact and frequency response tests indicate the sensor is durable to the extreme loading and sensitive to a large range of vibration frequencies of the industrial setting. Tests of the prototype system on the TITAN-II again proved the sensor to be rugged and durable while also being sensitive. In informal tests, operators found the system enhanced operation of the robot.
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Kwan, Jennifer, Jennifer Hong, Krupa Samani, Sophie Mullins, Aashima Saibudeen, Matthew Stuttard, and Elizabeth Anderson. "0226 Initiatives To Enhance Interprofessional Learning And Team Behaviours Through Student-to-student Feedback And Assessment In An Informal Environment." In Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcare Annual Conference 11–13 November 2014 Abstracts. The Association for Simulated Practice in Healthcare, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjstel-2014-000002.201.

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Bowler, Leanne, and Manuela Aronofsky. "Teen engagements with data in an after-school data literacy programme at the public library." In ISIC: the Information Behaviour Conference. University of Borås, Borås, Sweden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47989/irisic2015.

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Introduction. The study presents a preliminary model of teen engagement with data in the context of data literacy activities at the public library. The model contributes to knowledge in the area of human data interaction, specifically as relates to the affective domain, to data literacy, and to the special context of informal learning at the public library. Method. The study takes a critical data literacy stance and is framed by theory about interest and engagement drawn from the field of informal learning. Analysis. Data analysis was inductive and iterative, proceeding through multiple stages. Open coding of feedback forms and the observation notes from twenty-seven data literacy workshops for teens revealed facets of teen engagement with data in the public library. Results. Feedback forms completed by teen participants suggest high interest and engagement with data during the data literacy activities. Themes derived from analysis help to tell the story of youth engagement with data literacy at the public library, including: personal connections to data, embodied learning, interactions with data through facilitation techniques (analogy as one such example), opportunities for inquiry and discovery, social arrangements that encourage interaction, and adopting a playful attitude to learning. Conclusions. Future research in youth data literacy programmes at the public library should further explore the variables of engagement identified in this study.
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Malgorzata Ali, Irena. "Doing the Organizational Tango: Symbiotic Relationship between Formal and Informal Organizational Structures for an Agile Organization." In InSITE 2016: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Lithuania. Informing Science Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3441.

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[This paper is published in the Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, Volume 11.] This paper reports on research with a broad objective to examine the relationship between two organizational entities, the formally structured organization and informal organizational structures, in a changing operational environment, more specifically during military deployments. The paper draws on organizational and complexity paradigms; based on empirical evidence obtained through qualitative techniques, it describes mechanisms that enable a symbiotic relationship between these two organizational structures in a complex operational landscape. Substantive findings provide insights into the dynamics of the interactions between these structures and illuminate the relationship between three enabling factors – accountability, responsible autonomy, and command and control arrangements – that need to be considered to fully exploit the strengths inherent in both formal and informal structures. Based on these findings, a model for enhancement of organizational agility in response to changes in a complex operational environment is described. The model is predicated on feedback and mutual adjustment of the organization, institution and individual through sensemaking; it illustrates the dynamic nature of interactions that are required for such a response.
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Elliott, Joanne, and Chie Adachi. "Creating presence, currency and connection in digital learning with video blogs." In ASCILITE 2021: Back to the Future – ASCILITE ‘21. University of New England, Armidale, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14742/ascilite2021.0121.

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There is a substantial body of work arguing that sense of belonging, connection and interaction is a critical element for students to persist and succeed in learning online. However online students frequently report feeling isolated and disconnected from teachers, peers, and the institution. This paper explores the use of regular, informal video messages to facilitate these connections in a fully online course We argue that such videos can build teacher presence, provide opportunities for sharing feedback, guidance, emerging developments and professional insights, and contribute to a dynamic and engaging learning environment. We share preliminary feedback and reflections on the use of such videos and discuss the next steps in measuring the impact of these videos on student learning and satisfaction.
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Vuokko, Riikka, and Pia Berg. "Experimenting with extreme Teaching Method - Assessing Students’ and Teachers’ Experiences." In InSITE 2007: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3133.

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During the course Implementation of Information Systems in Organizational Context we experimented with a reflexive and participative teaching method called eXtreme Teaching. This method proposes a consideration for values, such as respect, communication, feedback, courage, and simplicity, in teaching. We wanted to experiment with an informal teaching method to gain more interaction. During the course, an openly discursive atmosphere was achieved through careful planning and spontaneous performance. In this article, we propose an approach that successful learning experiences are not achieved only by the efforts of teachers but also by students’ active participation and interests towards the course issues.
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McSorley, Grant, Greg Huet, and Cle´ment Fortin. "In-Service Information for Aeroengine Designers: A Survey." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28988.

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One of the primordial aspects of the integrated product service paradigm is efficient flow and sharing of information between the stakeholders during the entire life of a product. This paper presents an improved understanding of the nature of the product in-use information required by aircraft design engineers. The findings are based on a vast survey which expands on a previous qualitative study reported in the literature. The results presented here are therefore a much needed quantitative measure of the in-service information requirements at the aircraft design stage. The survey has helped the authors to depict a system of in-service information feedback to designers which can be qualified as informal in nature, producing inefficient or frustrating results. Indeed, the feedback process is established mainly through personal contacts and does not necessarily ensure that appropriate, complete information is systematically available in a timely manner for designers. On the bright side, the responses from the participants consolidate the belief that the required information does exist within heterogeneous databases and that designers recognize the importance of in-service information to their work. A formalized in-service information feedback process is therefore seen as one of the strategic mechanisms that needs to be implemented to ensure proper product development and service integration.
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Banks, David. "Reflections on Interpretivist Teaching with Positivist Students." In 2001 Informing Science Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2388.

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This paper reflects upon the teaching of two final year undergraduate subjects, Information Systems Policy and E Commerce, in a Management Information Systems degree program that is located in a School of Accounting and Information Systems. Both of the subjects were taught from an ‘interpretive’ standpoint, an approach that some students found to be challenging given that they were more familiar with the highly structured and positivist approach used in most of their previous subjects. Student feedback gained from informal conversations with the lecturer, an electronic meeting and through paper questionnaires as part of the normal formal evaluation process, is used to explore some of their reactions to a ‘soft’ approach and to provide a basis for consideration of future delivery patterns for the subjects.
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Wilson, Vicky. "Lessons in Reality: Teaching Project Management, Professionalism and Ethics to Third Year IT Students." In 2002 Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/2588.

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It is widely accepted amongst tertiary educators that IT students need first hand experience of working in teams and in managing projects if they are to be effective in the workplace. In 2001 the School of Computer and Information Science at Edith Cowan University undertook a major restructure of its courses that resulted in the development of eight ‘core’ units that are taught in a range of courses across the School. One of these was a third-year unit called ‘Project Management, Professionalism and Ethics’. This case study documents the research that was undertaken to determine the unit content and its subsequent development and delivery. It discusses the formal and informal feedback received from students and staff after its delivery in semester 2, 2001 and what will be done to develop the unit into a fully integrated online ‘situated learning’ experience.
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Reports on the topic "Informal feedback"

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Mai Phuong, Nguyen, Hanna North, Duong Minh Tuan, and Nguyen Manh Cuong. Assessment of women’s benefits and constraints in participating in agroforestry exemplar landscapes. World Agroforestry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp21015.pdf.

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Participating in the exemplar landscapes of the Developing and Promoting Market-Based Agroforestry and Forest Rehabilitation Options for Northwest Vietnam project has had positive impacts on ethnic women, such as increasing their networks and decision-making and public speaking skills. However, the rate of female farmers accessing and using project extension material or participating in project nurseries and applying agroforestry techniques was limited. This requires understanding of the real needs and interests grounded in the socio-cultural contexts of the ethnic groups living in the Northern Mountain Region in Viet Nam, who have unique social and cultural norms and values. The case studies show that agricultural activities are highly gendered: men and women play specific roles and have different, particular constraints and interests. Women are highly constrained by gender norms, access to resources, decision-making power and a prevailing positive-feedback loop of time poverty, especially in the Hmong community. A holistic, timesaving approach to addressing women’s daily activities could reduce the effects of time poverty and increase project participation. As women were highly willing to share project information, the project’s impacts would be more successful with increased participation by women through utilizing informal channels of communication and knowledge dissemination. Extension material designed for ethnic women should have less text and more visuals. Access to information is a critical constraint that perpetuates the norm that men are decision-makers, thereby, enhancing their perceived ownership, whereas women have limited access to information and so leave final decisions to men, especially in Hmong families. Older Hmong women have a Vietnamese (Kinh) language barrier, which further prevents them from accessing the project’s material. Further research into an adaptive framework that can be applied in a variety of contexts is recommended. This framework should prioritize time-saving activities for women and include material highlighting key considerations to maintain accountability among the project’s support staff.
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Knight, Ruth, and Kylie Kingston. Gaining feedback from children in The Love of Learning Program. Queensland University of Technology, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.206154.

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This report details both the process undertaken to develop an evaluation instrument that can collect feedback from children in the Love of Learning program and feedback the children have provided. A total of 178 children who are beneficiaries of the program completed the survey, and 91% confirmed the program was positively supporting them. They provided their feedback using a 20-question survey which measured four protective factors that previous research suggests supports children to engage with and enjoy learning, helping them to thrive in school and life. The protective factors are known to foster social, emotional, and academic development and success. There is a strong positive association between these factors, and the results of the survey suggest the Love of Learning program is influencing children's attitude towards learning and school. This report highlights some of the design challenges and complexities when engaging children in participatory evaluation. Importantly, to ensure children are given an opportunity to provide feedback, they must be supported by their foster carer who need to also feel informed and confident to be part of the evaluation process and empower children to speak up. Further research will now be conducted to implement the evaluation process more widely and ascertain if the protective factors improve a child’s health, educational engagement, and performance.
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Modlo, Yevhenii O., Serhiy O. Semerikov, Stanislav L. Bondarevskyi, Stanislav T. Tolmachev, Oksana M. Markova, and Pavlo P. Nechypurenko. Methods of using mobile Internet devices in the formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects. [б. в.], February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3677.

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An analysis of the experience of professional training bachelors of electromechanics in Ukraine and abroad made it possible to determine that one of the leading trends in its modernization is the synergistic integration of various engineering branches (mechanical, electrical, electronic engineering and automation) in mechatronics for the purpose of design, manufacture, operation and maintenance electromechanical equipment. Teaching mechatronics provides for the meaningful integration of various disciplines of professional and practical training bachelors of electromechanics based on the concept of modeling and technological integration of various organizational forms and teaching methods based on the concept of mobility. Within this approach, the leading learning tools of bachelors of electromechanics are mobile Internet devices (MID) – a multimedia mobile devices that provide wireless access to information and communication Internet services for collecting, organizing, storing, processing, transmitting, presenting all kinds of messages and data. The authors reveals the main possibilities of using MID in learning to ensure equal access to education, personalized learning, instant feedback and evaluating learning outcomes, mobile learning, productive use of time spent in classrooms, creating mobile learning communities, support situated learning, development of continuous seamless learning, ensuring the gap between formal and informal learning, minimize educational disruption in conflict and disaster areas, assist learners with disabilities, improve the quality of the communication and the management of institution, and maximize the cost-efficiency. Bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects is a personal and vocational ability, which includes a system of knowledge, skills, experience in learning and research activities on modeling mechatronic systems and a positive value attitude towards it; bachelor of electromechanics should be ready and able to use methods and software/hardware modeling tools for processes analyzes, systems synthesis, evaluating their reliability and effectiveness for solving practical problems in professional field. The competency structure of the bachelor of electromechanics in the modeling of technical objects is reflected in three groups of competencies: general scientific, general professional and specialized professional. The implementation of the technique of using MID in learning bachelors of electromechanics in modeling of technical objects is the appropriate methodic of using, the component of which is partial methods for using MID in the formation of the general scientific component of the bachelor of electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects, are disclosed by example academic disciplines “Higher mathematics”, “Computers and programming”, “Engineering mechanics”, “Electrical machines”. The leading tools of formation of the general scientific component of bachelor in electromechanics competency in modeling of technical objects are augmented reality mobile tools (to visualize the objects’ structure and modeling results), mobile computer mathematical systems (universal tools used at all stages of modeling learning), cloud based spreadsheets (as modeling tools) and text editors (to make the program description of model), mobile computer-aided design systems (to create and view the physical properties of models of technical objects) and mobile communication tools (to organize a joint activity in modeling).
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Ruiz, Pati, Eleanor Richard, Carly Chillmon, Zohal Shah, Adam Kurth, Andy Fekete, Kip Glazer, et al. Emerging Technology Adoption Framework: For PK-12 Education. Digital Promise, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51388/20.500.12265/161.

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The Emerging Technology Adoption Framework was created with education community members to help ensure that educational leaders, technology specialists, teachers, students, and families are all part of the evaluation and adoption process for placing emerging technologies in PK-12 classrooms. We engaged an Emerging Technology Advisory Board through Educator CIRCLS based out of The Center for Integrative Research in Computing and Learning Sciences (CIRCLS) and gathered additional feedback from researchers, policy experts, the edtech community, educators, and families to ground our work through a community of experts. This framework is specifically designed to include community members in the process of making informed evaluation and procurement decisions and outlines the important criteria to consider during three stages of emerging technology implementation: (1) initial evaluation, (2) adoption, and (3) post-adoption. Each criterion has specific questions that can be asked of decision makers, district leaders, technology researchers and developers, educators, and students and families, as well as resources and people who might serve as resources when answering these questions.
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Herbert, Sian. Covid-19, Conflict, and Governance Evidence Summary No.30. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.028.

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This fortnightly Covid-19 (C19), Conflict, and Governance Evidence Summary aims to signpost the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and other UK government departments to the latest evidence and opinions on C19, to inform and support their responses. Based on the feedback given in a recent survey, and analysis by the Xcept project, this summary is now focussing more on C19 policy responses. This summary features resources on: how youth empowerment programmes have reduced violence against girls during C19 (in Bolivia); why we need to embrace incertitude in disease preparedness responses; and how Latin American countries have been addressing widening gender inequality during C19. It also includes papers on other important themes: the role of female leadership during C19; and understanding policy responses in Africa to C19 The summary uses two main sections – (1) literature: – this includes policy papers, academic articles, and long-form articles that go deeper than the typical blog; and (2) blogs & news articles. It is the result of one day of work, and is thus indicative but not comprehensive of all issues or publications.
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Herbert, Sian. Covid-19, Conflict, and Governance Evidence Summary No.29. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.020.

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This fortnightly Covid-19, Conflict, and Governance Evidence Summary aims to signpost the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and other UK government departments to the latest evidence and opinions on Covid-19 (C19), to inform and support their responses. Based on feedback from the recent survey, and analysis by the Xcept project, this edition, as a trial, focusses less on the challenges that C19 poses, and more on more on the policy responses to these challenges. The below summary features resources on legislative leadership during the C19 crisis; and the heightening of risks emanating from C19’s indirect impacts – including non-C19 healthcare, economy and food security, and women and girls and unrest and instability. Many of the core C19 themes continue to be covered this week, including anti-corruption approaches; and whether and how C19 is shaping conflict dynamics (this time with articles focussing on Northwestern Nigeria, Myanmar’s Rakhine State, and the Middle East). The summary uses two main sections – (1) literature: – this includes policy papers, academic articles, and long-form articles that go deeper than the typical blog; and (2) blogs & news articles. It is the result of one day of work and is thus indicative but not comprehensive of all issues or publications.
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Tulloch, Olivia, Tamara Roldan de Jong, and Kevin Bardosh. Data Synthesis: COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Social and Behavioural Science Data, March 2020-April 2021. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2028.

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Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Tulloch, Olivia, Tamara Roldan de Jong, and Kevin Bardosh. Data Synthesis: COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions in Africa: Social and Behavioural Science Data, March 2020-March 2021. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.030.

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Safe and effective vaccines against COVID-19 are seen as a critical path to ending the pandemic. This synthesis brings together data related to public perceptions about COVID-19 vaccines collected between March 2020 and March 2021 in 22 countries in Africa. It provides an overview of the data (primarily from cross-sectional perception surveys), identifies knowledge and research gaps and presents some limitations of translating the available evidence to inform local operational decisions. The synthesis is intended for those designing and delivering vaccination programmes and COVID-19 risk communication and community engagement (RCCE). 5 large-scale surveys are included with over 12 million respondents in 22 central, eastern, western and southern African countries (note: one major study accounts for more than 10 million participants); data from 14 peer-reviewed questionnaire surveys in 8 countries with n=9,600 participants and 15 social media monitoring, qualitative and community feedback studies. Sample sizes are provided in the first reference for each study and in Table 13 at the end of this document. The data largely predates vaccination campaigns that generally started in the first quarter of 2021. Perceptions will change and further syntheses, that represent the whole continent including North Africa, are planned. This review is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on COVID-19 vaccines. It was developed for SSHAP by Anthrologica. It was written by Kevin Bardosh (University of Washington), Tamara Roldan de Jong and Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica), it was reviewed by colleagues from PERC, LSHTM, IRD, and UNICEF (see acknowledgments) and received coordination support from the RCCE Collective Service. It is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.

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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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