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KATURIC, IVANA. "Informal housing in the framework of housing and welfare systems in post-communist croatia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/133497.
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The object of this thesis is informal construction in South-East European countries during the post-communist transition, in particular the analysis of the metropolitan area of the city of Split. We will approach the issue of informal construction as a complex path-dependent phenomenon that cannot be separated from the social conditions, which generated it, nor from the institutional context in which it is embedded.
In this thesis, we first discuss the transition of the welfare model in post-communist countries and highlight the specific characteristics of Croatia. Attention is paid to the different ways in which the diverse housing systems, as part of wider welfare systems, influence the phenomena of informal construction. The analysis is conducted at the city level in order to define informal construction in relation to the housing provision.
Secondly, we address the problem of the definition of informal construction by looking at the following variable: ownership over land, the relation to the land use regulation, legality of the built object and its expansion, the current use of the object, permanency of the residence and as the last feature, whether it is built through the self promotion. A typology of informal construction is built and is tested in a survey of different neighborhood of the city of Split.
Thirdly, a survey is carried out on the different typologies of informal construction. The focus of the survey is on the ways in which different social groups in the society benefit or are damaged by the phenomenon of informal construction and on the different possibilities and paths to the legalization process. An additional outcome is a refinement of the typology for further research on the topic of informal construction.
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Pendleton, Glen Brian Jameson. "The Informal Leader's Role on Construction Sites: A comparative analysis of formal and informal leadership structures within the construction industry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33013.
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There are numerous causes of delays in productivity and efficiency on construction job sites, many of which stem from inadequate understandings of leadership characteristics and jobsite relationships. The focus of this study is to determine who construction personnel naturally seek advice from on a construction site when confronted with a situation that requires it. Additionally, this study seeks to establish a classification procedure for locating individuals towards whom those in need of leadership are naturally drawn. Four construction sites have been observed with the permission of each relative construction company. First the researcher attempted to collect observations of the frequency with which advice is sought. Each time advice was required on a construction site the researcher attempted to collect observations determining from whom the advice was asked and who asked the question. This was later revised into a one-on-one interview format. After substantial data for these variables were collected, characteristics of all participants were evaluated to form a system of classification for informal leadership. The characteristics that were examined include proximity, job title, experience, education, and age. It was expected that advice would be sought more often from those with various job titles who are older, have more experience, are close in proximity, and have higher education related to construction. This often appeared to be the case, except both higher titled formal leaders and informal leader had less formal education and more hands-on experience. Once the leadership structure of each jobsite had been evaluated, a comparison of the productivity of each of the companies associated with their respective jobsite was illustrated to determine whether informal or formal leadership structures were more effective in terms of the current status of product (determined by looking at the budget and schedule). Findings suggest informal leaders may be less efficient due to the lack of authority to make quick decisions. It was also determined that leaders are more effective when they are in a formal position of authority. The process developed assists in the discovery of where leadership truly lies on construction sites, allowing one to use this information to improve productivity and efficiency by maintaining relationships and promoting where necessary.Master of Science
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Marone, Vittorio. "Constructing Meanings by Designing Worlds: Digital Games as Participatory Platforms for Interest-Driven Learning and Creativity." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423639.
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This study emerges from the observation of an increasing divide between generations: a lack of a shared ground that carries profound social, cultural, and educational implications. In particular, the broadening differences between academic and “grassroots” approaches to learning and creativity are transforming formal and informal enterprises into seemingly incommunicable realms. This clash between different (and distant) practices, inside and outside of school, is inhibiting the construction of a common language between teachers and students, and, more broadly, between generations, thus hindering the development of any educational discourse.
In this study I inquired into an online participatory space in order to advance our understanding on how its participants, driven by their interest for gaming and game design, discursively constructed learning and creativity. In particular, I looked into a community dedicated to designing, sharing, and critiquing digital game levels (i.e. “mini-games”) created with LittleBigPlanet (a digital game and creative tool for the PlayStation 3 game console) and discussed in the “Forum” section of the LittleBigPlanet Central website (www.lbpcentral.com).
In this qualitative study I applied a hybrid intertextual methodology based on discourse analysis, studio critique, and design process analysis to analyze discursive texts (threads/posts in the discussion forum), interactive artifacts (user-generated game levels), and constructive practices (deigning, sharing, and critiquing game levels).
The findings of this study show that participants socially construct and negotiate learning and creativity by enacting specific discursive functions that entail the use of humor and specialist language and the negotiation of effort and self-appreciation. By engaging in multimodal and intertextual practices in an attentive and competent community, users create a safe social space that fosters reciprocal trust, togetherness, participation, planning, and reflectivity.
By furthering our understanding of a situated interest world, this research advances our knowledge on informal participatory spaces in which learning and creativity emerge as intertwined phenomena that develop through social-constructive endeavors that spur from people’s interests and passions.Questa ricerca nasce dalla constatazione di un crescente divario tra generazioni: una mancanza di terreno comune che comporta profonde implicazioni sociali, culturali ed educative. In particolare, le differenze tra approcci formali e informali all’apprendimento e alla creatività sembrano inibire la costruzione di un linguaggio condiviso tra docenti e studenti, e, più in generale, tra generazioni, ostacolando così lo sviluppo di qualsiasi discorso educativo. In questa ricerca qualitativa ho analizzato le interazioni in uno spazio on-line informale i cui partecipanti, guidati dal loro interesse per i videogiochi e il game design, progettano, condividono, e commentano livelli di gioco digitali (cioè “mini-giochi”) creati con LittleBigPlanet (un videogioco e uno strumento creativo per la PlayStation 3) e discussi nella sezione “Forum” del sito LittleBigPlanet Central (www.lbpcentral.com). In questo studio ho utilizzato una metodologia intertestuale ibrida basata sull’analisi del discorso, sulla “studio critique”, e sull’analisi di processo nel campo del design, per analizzare i testi discorsivi (i thread/post nel forum), gli artefatti interattivi (i livelli di gioco creati dagli utenti) e le pratiche costruttive (progettare, condividere e commentare i livelli di gioco). I risultati di questa ricerca dimostrano che i partecipanti del forum costruiscono socialmente l’apprendimento e la creatività attraverso specifiche funzioni discorsive che comportano l’impiego di humor e linguaggio specialistico e la negoziazione sociale di impegno e auto-apprezzamento. Gli utenti del forum, immersi in una comunità attenta e competente, cimentandosi in pratiche multimodali e intertestuali, creano uno spazio sociale che favorisce lo sviluppo di fiducia reciproca, unità, partecipazione, pianificazione, e riflettività. Questa ricerca amplia la nostra comprensione degli spazi partecipativi informali in cui l’apprendimento e la creatività emergono come fenomeni interconnessi che si sviluppano attraverso pratiche socio-costruttive che scaturiscono dagli interessi e dalle passioni delle persone.
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Black, Benjamin. "Physics, construction, experience : an architecture environment for informal science education." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64532.
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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1996.Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-107).
While contemporary informal science education facilities (to include science centers, natural history museums, aquariums and zoos) have dramatically evolved from the 17th century room of curiosity cabinets to the modern-day container of interactive exhibits, very little has been done to incorporate architectural experience into a pedagogical mission. This thesis investigates how architectural experiences can be constructed as integral components of an informal science learning environment. While the building serves as a container of the facility, it also serves as a device to consciously establish territories of direct interaction with the behavior of natural phenomena. Grounded primarily on scientific concepts related physics, the mission of this particular science center relies substantially on the experimentation, participation, and critical inquiry of citizens to construct their own knowledge. It is located in Seattle on a prominent urban site associated with existing and developing cultural infrastructure.
by Benjamin Black.
M.Arch.
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Ruiters, Astrid. "Proficiency enhancement in the workplace through informal learning." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4514.
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Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS)The study examines three emerging salient themes. Firstly, it highlights the current perception of informal learning in the workplace which has multiple definitions and descriptions. The second theme draws attention to the sociocultural structures and the impact on individual engagement in workplace learning. The last theme illustrates the potential of informal learning and how individuals and their learning environment at work cannot function independently. Employees no longer have time for the inefficiencies of the past, old-style training they want to be co-participants in learning not simply receivers (Cross, 2007).By diagnosing the current status of informal workplace learning, the research examines the employee engagement, the perceived factors that affect learning engagement and explores the links between informal workplace learning and the performance of the organisation. Against the background of informal learning in the workplace, a learning organisation has been characterised, as an organisation that has development in place that supports learning and recognises the value of learning and extends itself towards the enhancement of employee’s proficiency and transfer of learning to others (Berg & Chyung, 2008).
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Thakar, Aniruddha. "Visualization feedback from informal specifications." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040810/.
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Stankovic, Filip. "The impact of post-socialism on informal settlements in Belgrade." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276974.
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After the fall of communism in Eastern and Southeastern Europe in 1989 the countries that had been under socialist rule underwent a process of political, economical and social reforms and changes. These changes also had a major impact on the process of urban planning; creating a disruption in previously held planning ideas and patterns and causing a brake with the former planning system. In this context new approaches to planning arose, as did new challenges and problems, such as the phenomenon of informal and unplanned settlements. This study seeks to give some answers to the origins and causes of the development of informal settlements in Belgrade as well as inquiring how planning authorities are currently dealing with the problem in light of the large-scale new construction project Belgrade Waterfront. The data was collected using an inductive, qualitative approach through interviews, observations and by examining secondary sources on the topic. The results indicate a city still struggling with finding a functional planning system, scarred by wars, sanctions and an ongoing refugee crisis and with a government that too often prioritizes grand building projects over meeting the needs of its citizens.
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Banda, Ian Nzali. "Institutional mechanisms for water supply to informal settlements in Zambia a grounded theory approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5071.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
Effective provision of water services to informal settlements in Zambia has, andcontinues to challenge policy makers and those mandated to provide this service.Despite effecting widespread reforms for the sector in the mid to late 1990’s witha prime intent of rapidly reinvigorating the sector, problems still remain as vastnumbers of the informal settlement populace continue to live without adequateand sustained access to clean water. The complex nature of these informalsettlements has been cited as one of the key factors responsible for this situationin that the housing units are constructed devoid of any municipal planning andcontrol; are poorly constructed; and, not laid out in a systematic geometric arraywhich is essential for effective provision of modern water reticulationinfrastructure. Other factors include challenges by the service providers tomobilise resources required to install the network infrastructure and also theirinability to fully meet and recover their operational costs. The literature reviewquestioned whether other actors should be willingly allowed to participate in orderto augment service provision and also whether provision of incentives to theservice providers would serve to eradicate this condition of poor service delivery.The research was undertaken using a grounded theory approach within thesocial constructivist paradigm which is most suited where there is an absence oftheory to underpin the research area, or where the existent knowledge base inthe particular area is devoid of any theoretical foundation. The methods of datacollection included focus group discussions and in-depth semi-structuredinterviews. The research revealed that existing service delivery approaches tothese areas needs to be remodelled primarily through overhaul of the existentpolicy framework, if they are to fully cater for the various operational impedimentsinherent in informal settlements. Other findings included the requirement ofoperational incentives to entice the service providers to service these areas andthe formation of ‘quad partnerships’ through which to render services. Thetheoretical propositions (key cornerstones) for informal settlement water supplystated in this research were derived and assembled from these key findings.
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Hu, Yang. "Constructions of children's needs in informal kinship care in rural China." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61885/1/Yang_Hu_Thesis.pdf.
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Kinship care is the oldest form of alternative child care in the world. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the number of children being placed in kinship care across Western countries. However, in contrast to rapid knowledge advances about formal kinship care, far less is known about the needs of children in informal kinship care, especially in Asian contexts. This thesis and the study upon which it is formed sought to redress this knowledge gap. Qualitative approach was adopted to explore social constructions of children in informal kinship care in rural China.
Parents in China seeking work in cities have left behind around 58 million rural children, mostly with relatives and without the involvement of the state. The present study examined caregivers’ and school personnel’s understandings of these school-age children’s needs through semi-structured interviews with 23 kin caregivers and five school personnel in Shijiapu Town, Jilin Province, China. The central question that guided the whole study is: What are the needs of children in informal kinship care in rural Jilin Province, China? Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to categorise and interpret the qualitative data. Based on participants’ constructions, this study developed a need model with eight themes. They are: (1) emotional needs and mental health, (2) relationships, (3) empowerment and agency, (4) safety, (5) education, (6) basic care, (7) physical health, and (8) personal development. These needs are grounded in the Chinese context, and therefore a good understanding of Chinese culture is essential to address them. The first four needs particularly capture children’s separations from their parents, and the rest are more general, and can be applied to most Chinese children. To meet the most important need for children left behind, namely education, these caregivers determined that others needs sometimes have to be compromised.
Children left behind are a vulnerable group in contemporary rural China, and their diverse needs are attended to by several groups. This study found that as children’s closest kin while their parents are away, caregivers play a vital role in salving the children’s emotional loss. Caregivers’ love and familial obligations strongly motivate them to care for these children, and sensitivity to social stigma makes them strive to show their love and care to compensate for perceived differences between these children and their peers. Caregivers’ efforts to make children happy, however, were sometimes criticised by some school personnel, who see this as spoiling. The conflicting viewpoint between caregivers and school personnel indicate their different roles and perceptions in children’s lives, and the latter influence these children in a more authoritative way.
Informal kinship care has several advantages of addressing children’s needs, especially their needs for emotional bonds with family. Community-based kin networks provide children with both emotional and material support. However, these advantages sometimes are restricted by caregivers’ child rearing capacity. Having developed a model of the needs of children left behind in China, this study suggests that caregivers, school personnel and government social services work in harmony to be child-centred and meet these children’s diverse needs. The unmet needs of children left behind mainly result from unbalanced development between urban and rural China, therefore, it is imperative to enhance state policies and programs that improve wellbeing for this growing part of China’s people.
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Mlinga, Ramadhan S. "Collaboration between the formal and informal construction sectors : towards a new national policy for Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5067.
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Hiscock, Julia. "Informal interactions about health : connectedness, surveillance and the construction of a moral identity." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/informal-interactions-about-health-connectedness-surveillance-and-the-construction-of-a-moral-identity(c2a7d269-920d-4cab-b324-d6f693bb6a54).html.
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This thesis is about the informal interactions about health that take place between friends and family. An important distinction of this study is that these connections are conceptualised as interactions rather than as helping, caring or support and so, as well as larger scale help, the study is also concerned with conversations about health and small-scale, fleeting or incidental interactions about health. It is argued that only by combining all of these types of interactions is it possible to begin to understand broader issues of sociological importance about the ways that people relate to one another, and how a seemingly personal task such as managing and maintaining one‟s health becomes enmeshed with the input from and connections with other people.Drawing on literature from both the sociology of health and illness and the sociology of personal life, the thesis analyses the way that people present moral narratives of their informal interactions about health and engage with the moral meaning of these health interactions, whether as part of a moral project of the self, an obligation to follow moral norms or out of a sense of moral emotion. It engages theoretically with the individualization and connectedness theses and asks whether health interactions challenge the individualization thesis.An interpretive approach was taken and 25 qualitative interviews were conducted with a sample of people with either heart disease or mild to moderate mental health problems.Examples of a range of health interactions were identified, which included practical, emotional and advice giving interactions. These were often gendered, not always welcomed or positive, and often involved monitoring, surveillance or governmentality. Health interactions were found to be more than a simple transfer of assistance, and relational dynamics going on within the interactions were discovered and discussed.Moral narratives were also identified, where people used health interactions in a number of different ways to construct a moral identity and as part of a moral project of the self. However, the data do not entirely support the notion that health interactions were moral narratives or served the function of identity building, as there were also clear examples of people engaging in health interactions out of a sense of genuine care and because it mattered to them to do so. This moral concern or moral emotion influenced and underpinned many of the health interactions explored in this thesis.
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Karuppuswamy, Niveda. "SUYAMBOOR, self-constructed city." Thesis, KTH, Stadsbyggnad, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297408.
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Informal settlements are a natural and necessary part of urbanization. Occupied by victims of unsuccessful migration and viewed by the city dweller as a dystopia, these are incredibly self-sustaining parts of the city. Inhabited by the socially marginalised, informal settlements have been neglected in terms of infrastructure and public processes by the formal sectors. Recent efforts to deal with these settlements, like forced evictions, show evidence of social and spatial injustices inflicted on the inhabitants. By 2050, more than two-thirds of the global population will live in cities. Of those, one-third will live in sub-par informal settlements without their own right to the city. With this reality, is it time to reassess how we talk about informal forms of urbanization?
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English, Penelope Jane. "An assessment of current conditions in the informal construction labour sector and whether these conditions accommodate training." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5069.
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Kugonza, Sylvester. "Influence of formal and informal institutions on outsourcing of public construction projects in Uganda." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2010. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1045/.
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This thesis examines how the process of outsourcing of public construction (OPC) projects is influenced by institutions and why. Extant literature focuses on explaining how outsourcing through competition improves efficiency with limited treatment of how institutions actually influence the OPC projects. The thesis develops an analytical framework for process-tracing that integrates institutional and social capital (SC) theories to examine what have hitherto been disparately employed to study their influence in policy reform implementation. By deploying this integrated framework, actors’ decision making in outsourcing process is analysed based on plural rationality at central (CG) and local government (LG) contexts. The thesis argues that actors in OPC simultaneously pursue material gains and SC investments while trying to minimise their transaction costs, in the process engaging in ‘forum shopping’ between formal and informal institutions. Depending on degree of social embeddedness, the process of outsourcing will incline to formality or informality. In the case of Uganda, findings indicate that the informal institutional regime dominates and no major difference in informal practices for both CG and LG levels exist although at CG level it may appear like formal institutions dominate in decision making. The thesis proposes that public policies should take cognisance of informal institutions as well as social structure in their design.
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Wachira, Isabella Njeri. "An investigation into the training of labour in the informal construction sector in Kenya." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5064.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 202-221).
The training of craftsmen in Kenya is the responsibility of their traditional employer the contractor. However, over the last 20 years, the contractors’ motivation to train has been eroded by increased casualisation. Concurrently, there was growth of the informal procurement system propagated by private sector clients, who have no incentive to train because they are ad hoc consumers of construction services. Together these phenomena led to the collapse of the formal craft training and growth of informal skilling. Currently however, there is a lack of knowledge and understanding of the nature of informal craft training. The intent of this research was to redress this by identifying the types of skills informally employed craftsmen are acquiring, how these skills are acquired and how training delivery can be enhanced. The hypotheses of the research were that the skills and skilling methods in the informal sector do not differ significantly from those in the formal sector and that the nature of training in the informal construction sector is clearly understood.
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Ayuso, Margañón Sonia. "Valoración enfermera en atención domiciliaria: un instrumento de evaluación de sobrecarga del cuidador informal." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667623.
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OBJETIVO: El objetivo de esta investigación fue generar y validar un instrumento de medida de la sobrecarga del cuidador informal, basado en predictores y síntomas de sobrecarga del cuidador que pueden ser medidos durante el proceso de valoración enfermera.
METODOLOGÍA: El estudio responde a una modalidad de investigación empírico- descriptiva y el diseño atiende a una metodología de tipo mixta. La muestra de estudio la componían 14 enfermeras/os de tres Centros de Atención Primaria del área de L’Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona) y 296 cuidadores. Las variables de análisis fueron los síntomas y predictores de sobrecarga asociados al cuidador y al paciente. Primero se llevó a cabo la recogida de datos a través de una revisión bibliográfica y 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas elaboradas ad hoc dirigidas a profesionales sanitarios y cuidadores. Seguidamente, se procedió a la construcción del instrumento utilizando un modelo de análisis principalmente inductivo y fue sometido a pruebas de validación.
RESULTADOS: El instrumento, conocido como CESC (Cuestionario de Evaluación de la sobrecarga del cuidador), quedó constituido por 16 ítems que miden la carga objetiva y subjetivamente. En la validez de contenido, mediante el método de Agregados Individuales, se obtuvo un porcentaje total de concordancia entre expertos del 83%. La factibilidad se evaluó por medio de una encuesta de opinión y satisfacción administrada a los profesionales. Cabe destacar unas puntuaciones medias altas en general, siendo los elementos mejor valorados los referentes al contenido y al diseño del cuestionario. En cuanto a la validez criterial, ambos test (CESC y el de referencia Zarit) presentaron una relación lineal positiva, con un valor de correlación de Pearson de 0.79, lo cual permite hablar de una correlación considerable. En lo que respecta a la fiabilidad, el análisis de los ítems aplicando el cálculo del KR-20 al CESC reveló un nivel aceptable de confiabilidad con los 16 ítems del instrumento, obteniendo un valor de 0.72 (correlación positiva). Finalmente, respecto a la validez del constructo, se comprobó que la matriz de los datos era adecuada para el análisis factorial (KMO=0.744). Asimismo, la prueba de
esfericidad de Bartlett arrojó un valor significativo (χ² (105) = 857.233; p = 0.000). Al ser inferior a p<0.05 indica que el análisis factorial era adecuado, ya que se considera que las variables están los suficientemente interrelacionadas para realizarlo. En el análisis de la diagonal de la matriz anti-imagen, se observó que los ítems presentaron buenos niveles de adecuación con valores en general superiores a 0.60, siendo éste un indicador positivo de la matriz de datos. El análisis factorial reveló 5 factores y la solución explicó el 58.99% de la varianza. La regla de Kaiser-Guttman permitió identificar estos cinco factores con raíces latentes o autovalores mayores que 1. En concreto, el factor 1, “expresión emocional”, incluye aspectos psicológicos, el factor 2, "calidad vida”, se refiere a problemas físicos, así como a aspectos convivenciales; el factor 3, “deterioro funcional y cognitivo”, describe el nivel de dependencia del paciente y su deterioro cognitivo; el factor 4, “red de apoyo”, se refiere a recursos de soporte social y familiar; por último, el factor 5, “desarrollo social”, incluye los aspectos socioeconómicos. Posteriormente se construyó un modelo de regresión logística multinomial incorporando como variable dependiente el nivel de sobrecarga del cuidador, y como variables independientes los síntomas y predictores de sobrecarga que componen cada uno de los cinco factores.
CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados confirman la importancia que tienen los diversos síntomas y factores predictores en el nivel de sobrecarga del cuidador destacando la preeminencia del factor emocional por encima del resto de variables relacionadas con la sobrecarga. El estudio de regresión logística multinomial revela que las variables predictoras y síntomas de sobrecarga utilizados en el CESC se corresponden con los manejados habitualmente en la valoración enfermera del paciente domiciliario y su cuidador, permitiendo su empleo sistemático en la práctica asistencial. Las principales aportaciones del estudio consisten en superar algunas de las deficiencias que presentan otros instrumentos, ya que el CESC se caracteriza por su brevedad, facilidad de uso y satisfacción, además de aumentar el detalle en el nivel de sobrecarga. Estos resultados permitirán un cambio en la evaluación de sobrecarga del cuidador, más ajustada al marco de la atención y valoración enfermera.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to generate and validate an instrument for measuring informal caregiver overload, based on predictors and caregiver overload symptoms that can be measured during the nursing assessment process. METHODOLOGY: The study responds to a modality of empirical-descriptive research and the design attends to a mixed type methodology. The study sample consisted of 14 nurses from three Primary Care Centers in the L'Hospitalet de Llobregat area (Barcelona) and 296 caregivers. The variables of analysis were the symptoms and predictors of overload associated with the caregiver and the patient. First, data collection was carried out through a bibliographic review and 18 semi-structured interviews prepared ad hoc for healthcare professionals and caregivers. Next, the instrument was constructed using a mainly inductive analysis model and subjected to validation tests. RESULTS: The instrument, known as CESC (Caregiver Overload Assessment Questionnaire), consisted of 16 items that measured the load objectively and subjectively. In the validity of content, by means of the Individual aggregates method, a total percentage of agreement among experts of 83% was obtained. Feasibility was evaluated through an opinion and satisfaction survey administered to professionals. In general, it is important to highlight the high average scores, the elements that were best evaluated being those referring to the content and design of the questionnaire. In terms of criteria validity, both tests (CESC and Zarit) presented a positive linear relationship, with a Pearson correlation value of 0.79, which allows us to speak of a considerable correlation. Regarding reliability, the analysis of the items applying the KR-20 calculation to the CESC revealed an acceptable level of reliability with the 16 items of the instrument, obtaining a value of 0.72 (positive correlation). Finally, regarding the validity of the construct, it was found that the matrix of the data was adequate for the factorial analysis (KMO = 0.744). Also, Bartlett's sphericity test yielded a significant value (χ² (105) = 857.233, p = 0.000). Being less than p <0.05 indicates that the factorial analysis was adequate, since it is considered that the variables are sufficiently interrelated to perform it. In the analysis of the diagonal of the anti-image matrix, it was observed that the items presented good levels of adequacy with values in general higher than 0.60, this being a positive indicator of the data matrix. The factor analysis revealed 5 factors and the solution explained 58.99% of the variance. The Kaiser-Guttman rule allowed to identify these five factors with latent roots or eigenvalues greater than one. Specifically, factor 1, "emotional expression", includes psychological aspects, factor 2, "quality of life", refers to physical problems, as well as convivial aspects; factor 3, "functional and cognitive impairment", describes the patient's level of dependence and cognitive impairment; factor 4, "support network", refers to social and family support resources; finally, factor 5, "social development", includes socioeconomic aspects. Subsequently, a multinomial logistic regression model was constructed, incorporating as a dependent variable the level of caregiver overload, and as independent variables the symptoms and predictors of overload that compose each of the five factors. CONCLUSION: The results confirm the importance of the various symptoms and predictor factors in the level of caregiver overload, highlighting the preeminence of the emotional factor over the rest of the variables related to overload. The study of multinomial logistic regression reveals that the predictor variables and symptoms of overload used in the CESC correspond to those usually handled in the nurse assessment of the home patient and his/her caregiver, allowing their systematic use in the care practice. The main contributions of the study consist in overcoming some of the deficiencies presented by other instruments, since the CESC is characterized by its brevity, ease of use and satisfaction, in addition to increasing the detail in the level of overload. These results will allow for a change in the caregiver overload assessment, more in line with the nursing care and assessment framework.
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Yang, Shuyi. "Constructing informal diagnostic reading assessment instruments for lower-level Chinese as second language readers." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6343.
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Reading in a second language (L2) is a complex process that poses formidable obstacles for readers, especially those in the initial stages of learning. The challenge is particularly daunting for lower-level Chinese L2 readers with an alphabetic first language (L1) background. Chinese is a logographic, deep orthography with unique linguistic features that necessitate specific reading processes and skills. The development of Chinese L2 reading competence is heavily dependent upon instruction. Effective instruction requires accurate diagnoses of the learners’ reading problems and appropriate selection of instructional materials. Compared with standardized proficiency tests that provide little diagnostic information, and formal diagnostic assessments that are inconvenient to use in daily instruction for diagnostic purposes, informal diagnostic assessment tools enable language teachers to better accommodate the instructional needs of learners to identify reading weaknesses and select suitable materials. However, thus far, instruction-informative, diagnostically rich, and flexible informal diagnostic reading assessment for Chinese L2 reading is lacking.
This study aims to fill a gap in the Chinese L2 reading assessment field by exploring the applicability of three tasks as informal reading diagnostic assessment tools to measure comprehension performance, detect reading problems, and determine instructional material difficulty levels for lower-level Chinese L2 readers. These three assessment instruments are: oral word reading, word segmentation, and oral passage reading. This study is a necessary step towards constructing diagnostic Chinese reading assessment instruments that can be used by classroom teachers. It also contributes to the Chinese L2 reading field theoretically because it examines whether an L1 English reading theory can be applied to explain L2 Chinese reading. The participants in this study were 70 lower-level English-speaking learners of Chinese from several universities in the United States and China.
The results showed that all three of the informal diagnostic instruments effectively predict reading comprehension, with oral passage reading emerging as the strongest indicator. One shared construct, oral reading fluency, underlies the three diagnostic instruments. Oral reading fluency strongly predicts comprehension, suggesting that there is commonality in reading across languages, and theories designed for L1 alphabetic language reading can be well applied to Chinese L2 reading. Chinese orthographic characteristics also exert influence on reading, as manifested in the stronger role of fluency in predicting comprehension and the word segmenting processes in reading. The informal diagnostic instruments can also be used to evaluate instructional material difficulty. Two of the three textbook-equivalent texts examined in this study fit the learners’ reading level, while most learners felt one of the texts was too difficult to read. L2 readers have diverse profiles and they develop their componential skills in different ways, whereas the crucial role of word-level processing in reading remains stable across reader patterns. Generally speaking, the three diagnostic instruments were moderately difficult for the participants in this study, and the two oral reading tasks were more challenging than the word segmentation. The quantity and quality of learners’ errors when completing these three diagnostic instruments reveal rich information about their reading processes and problems. The findings offered strong support for the three instruments as effective tools for diagnostic purposes in Chinese lower-level L2 reading instruction and indicated the importance of developing reading fluency and training word-level processing skills.
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Shaboodien, Azher. "Project implementation profile tool applied to upgrading informal settlements programme projects." Master's thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31787.
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Purpose: This research reviews the Project Implementation Profile (PIP) and explores its relevance to Upgrading Informal Settlements Programme (UISP) type projects in Cape Town. The research aims to: • Identify the most common PIP Critical Success Factors (CSF) for UISP projects, • Compare the common PIP Critical Success Factors (CSF) for UISP projects to the Construction Sector CSF • Evaluate if the PIP tool is applicable to UISP projects. • Determine if there any other critical success factors that need to be added to the CSF list that is critical to the UISP Project success Approach: A literature review was conducted to assist in identifying the common CSF in the Constructions Sector. A survey questionnaire was sent out to relevant UISP Project Managers. The survey questionnaire was based on the PIP questionnaire with additional questions regarding to the effectiveness of the PIP tool on UISP projects. The intent of the survey questionnaire is firstly to establish the common CSF for UISP projects and then evaluate the PIP effectiveness on UISP projects. Findings: Based on the research results, it was found that the high scoring CSF for UISP projects were Project Mission, Client Consultation, Technical Tasks, Monitoring and Feedback, Personal. When the high scoring CSF was compared to the Literature Based Construction Sector CSF, the following common CSF was established: Monitoring and Feedback, Client Consultation and Technical Tasks. Practical Implications: This research will give an indication of the high and low scoring CSF relevant to UISP projects, which project managers and Managers in the Human Settlements industry can use to evaluate their UISP or Breaking New Ground (BNG) housing projects. Furthermore, the PIP tool may be utilised more frequently as a project quality success assurance tool in the organisation. The PIP tool has been tested and verified in a number of different industries in previous studies but never in its application to UISP or BNG projects.
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Frank, Kristal L. "A sensemaking exploration of work-eldercare crisis and the co-construction of informal work-eldercare policies." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Management, c2013, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3388.
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This study will contribute to existing work–family research by bringing a rich emic
understanding of caregivers’ experience with work-eldercare crisis. I adopted Weick’s
theory of organizational sensemaking (1995) as method and methodology for this
research. I collected data via open-ended, semi-structured interviews with employees who
balance full-time employment with caregiving for an elderly person; then I subjected the
transcribed texts to a detailed thematic analysis. This analysis helped me identify three
main themes that reflect the processes participants use to ‘make sense’ of their
experiences. The results of this study suggest that caregivers enact the work environment
to attempt creating balance—and to enlist support and assistance—by strategically
engaging in interpersonal interactions with others at work about their eldercare activities.
They combine past experience with the knowledge obtained from these interactions to
develop heuristic scripts, and then use them to enable understanding and guide future
behaviour and actions.
This study demonstrates that sensemaking is a useful analytical framework through
which to examine employees’ experience of the work-family interface. The findings of
this research offer insight into the processes involved in the social construction of
informal organizational policies; the implications provide a foundation to develop better
models of organizational response towards employees’ work-eldercare needsxi, 171 leaves ; 29 cm
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Busso, Mariana. "Travailleurs informels en Argentine: de la construction d'identités collectivesà la constitution d'organisations ?" Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00177794.
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Cette thèse étudie le rapport entre les identifications sociales et les formes d`organisation de travailleurs des marchés de fruits et légumes, d'artisanat, et de vêtements et de produits divers à la ville de La Plata , Argentine, au début du XXIème siècle. La thèse décrit le réseau de dépendance où ces travailleurs s'insèrent; elle explicite les référentiels identitaires à partir desquels les individus se positionnent face à "autrui"; elle démontre que dans chaque type de marché prédominent des référentiels identitaires qui renvoient à des différents sphères qui s'articulent dans les marchés. Elle consigne les différentes formes d'organisation développées par les travailleurs. Elle démontre, à la fin, que les organisations qui sont porteuses de formes identitaires où les référentiels proviennent des sphères non strictement professionnelle sont celles qui ont obtenu la plus grande implication de la part des travailleurs.
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Robson, Jane. "The social construction of gender in informal care : a discourse analytic approach to investigating community care practitioners' talk." Thesis, Abertay University, 2006. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/94a91514-6db2-4905-becf-f496b29ed04e.
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The world of informal care has become a fruitful ground for investigation particularly in relation to establishing the contextual variables of the population of carers and the recipients of care. Research has highlighted that significantly more women than men are engaged in the informal delivery of physical and personal care. A common assertion is that caring is seen predominantly as women’s work and that much of the decision making in community care is based upon such assumptions. Many empirical studies in the field of informal care rely on traditional approaches, which confine the focus of study to uncovering such assumptions and in so doing adopt a realistic perspective on responses. However, such studies prove problematic in that they treat language as a transparent and neutral medium for transmitting information and fail to acknowledge that responses are situationally specific, variable and deployed for particular purposes. Instead this thesis investigates the range of discourses that formal service providers use when talking about informal caregivers. It demonstrates how these discourses attribute a range of characteristics to informal care, which serves to pathologise it as a gendered activity. Six social care managers and six district nurses were interviewed to discuss the nature of informal care and the method of discursive psychology was used, which draws on the tradition of conversation analysis as well as Bakhtinian and Foucauldian ideas. Instead of viewing language as a transparent medium, this study sees the interplay between language and social processes and demonstrates how it both reflects and shapes informal care. This study reveals the range of cultural, historical and professional resources drawn upon to characterise and therefore constitute informal caregiving. It demonstrates how the informants produce versions of informal care, which draws heavily on a prior carer identity. The research reveals among other things how informal care by women is constructed as normative and informal care delivered by men as potentially deviant. The research offers a fresh insight into the social construction of gender within social institutions and makes an important contribution to the existing corpus in gender studies. In addition the findings have important implications for policy and practice in informal care and significant issues have relevance to social work, nurse education and continuing professional development.
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Kim, Han Na. "Do formal para o informal: executivos em trabalhos flexíveis." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/2528.
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Previous issue date: 2008-02-26T00:00:00ZQuando observamos o mundo do trabalho atual, percebemos que, há um movimento em direção à maior flexibilidade, tanto em relação aos empregados formais quanto aos trabalhadores que passam a atuar por meio de formas flexíveis de contrato de trabalho. O contrato de emprego flexível refere-se àquele que não segue o modelo formal de contrato de trabalho, regido por CLT (Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho), e, vem sendo estudado ultimamente como um resultado das mudanças na organização do trabalho, em geral, associado à busca por trabalhadores mais produtivos e de menor custo. Devido à amplitude dos fenômenos envolvidos nestas transformações, delimitamos o tema e o público a ser estudado: adotando a idéia de construção social da realidade, de Berger e Luckmann (1966/2002), analisamos os processos de “migração” de 30 executivos, residentes no município de São Paulo, ex-empregados de grandes corporações, que tiveram experiências em cargos de gerência média e alta em organizações nacionais e multinacionais, e, que atualmente, trabalham no mercado sob regime de contratos flexíveis. Para nosso estudo, entendemos os executivos como trabalhadores formais que ocupam posições de alta e média gerência na hierarquia organizacional e detêm posições de poder e prestígio. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever o sentido atribuído por executivos, ao processo de “migração” para formas mais flexíveis de trabalho e à nova realidade vivida no trabalho. A pesquisa segue uma abordagem qualitativa, utilizando-se de entrevista em profundidade semi-estruturada, para a coleta de dados; para a análise das entrevistas realizadas, usamos, como base, as idéias de práticas discursivas e produção de sentidos, de Spink e Medrado (1999/2004). A abordagem construcionista permitiu verificar que os executivos em trabalhos flexíveis possuem alto nível de autoconfiança, uma visão missionária sobre o seu trabalho, e diversos motivos diferentes para a “migração”. Por meio de seus relatos, pode-se observar as estratégias para a sobrevivência e obtenção de sucesso como um trabalhador flexível; a percepções dos entrevistados sobre o mercado brasileiro; a mudança de relacionamento com os clientes, a família e a rede de contatos. Apesar dos problemas enfrentados para se estabilizar, a maioria demonstra a vontade de permanecer no trabalho flexível, contrariando grande número de estudo que enxergam a flexibilização de contratos de trabalho como precarização para os trabalhadores. Para os executivos em regime flexível, a vida como trabalhador CLT parece fazer parte do passado: agora, eles precisam se mostrar competentes a qualquer custo, planejar-se para as “entressafras”, buscar melhorar a rede de contatos, aumentar o conhecimento e passar um tempo com a sua família. Os motivos de permanência são diversos, mas possuem um ponto de conversão: a sensação de deter o domínio sobre a sua vida, seu tempo, seu dinheiro, seu conhecimento, seu futuro. Talvez, o cotidiano apresente muitas situações de submissão à vontade do cliente e de dedicação maior do que na época de empregado formal; mas, na “realidade cotidiana”, a sensação é de ser o “dono” da sua vida.
When we observe the present work in the world, we can notice a move towards the direction of greater flexibility in regards to formal employees and workers that act through flexible forms of labor contracts. The flexible employment contract refers to the contract that does not follow the formal model of labor contract, governed by CLT (Consolidation of the Labor Laws), and, has been studied lately as a result of changes in the workplace organization, usually associated with the search of more productive and cheaper workers. Due to the enlargement of the involved phenomena of these transformations, we delimited the subject and the public to be studied: adopting the idea of social construction of reality, from Berger and Luckmann (1966/2002), we analyzed the "migration" processes of 30 executives, residents of São Paulo city, ex-employees of large corporations, that had experiences in high and middle management at multinational and national organizations, and, at present, work in the markets under flexible labor contracts. For our study, we understand that the executives are formal workers that occupy positions of high and middle management in the organizational hierarch and have the power of decision and prestige. Being so, the objective of this study is to describe the sense attributed by executives, to the "migration" process to more flexible forms of work and to the new reality lived in the workplace. The research follows a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews to gather the information; for the interview analysis, we used, as the basis, the ideas of speeches practices from Spink and Medrado (1999/2004). The constructionist perspective permitted to verify that executives in flexible workplaces possessed high level of selfconfidence, a missionary vision of his/her work, and different motives for the "migration". Through their statements we can observe the survival strategies and how to become successful as a flexible worker; the interviewees perceptions of the Brazilian market; the change in customer relationships, the family and the personal network. Despite the problems faced to settle in, the majority want to continue with flexible work, even though a large number of studies have shown that flexible labor contracts as a factor that make workers’ lives more precarious. For the executives in flexible employment, life as a formal CLT worker is a thing of the past: now, they need to show themselves as competent at any cost, plan themselves for the "dry spells" improve their network, increase their knowledge and to spend time with their family. The motives to stay are diverse, but all possesses a conversion point: the sensation that they dominate their own lives, time, money, knowledge, and future. Perhaps, many situations will present themselves in daily life to give in to the customer and greater dedication than a formal employee; but, in the "everyday reality", the sensation is that they are the "owner" of their lives.
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Correia, Pedro Maria Pires Monteiro Vicente. "Redesenhar e Requalificar o Lugar Informal – O Bairro na Cidade." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12116.
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Dissertação Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.O trabalho aqui desenvolvido tem como objetivo fazer uma análise da evolução do fenómeno clandestino na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, desde o seu início até à reconversão para Áreas Urbanas de Génese Ilegal (AUGI). A investigação tem como preocupação conhecer mais profundamente os mecanismos e as características de crescimento urbano destas áreas denominadas marginais. Áreas estas que têm vindo, contrariamente ao suposto, a acentuarem-se, tomando novos aspetos urbanísticos, sociais e económicos. Isto reflete-se diretamente nos sistemas de produção de habitação e no processo urbano em geral. Esta investigação está ligada a uma legislação que tem vindo a acompanhar este fenómeno e a sofrer alterações por parte da Administração Central e Local, de forma a dar resposta à Reconversão e Requalificação destas áreas denominadas AUGI. Durante esta investigação, notámos um défice na gestão territorial e jurídica, derivado de uma comunicação fraca entre os principais atores. Propusemo-nos então a apresentar um processo de reconversão e requalificação no Bairro do Barruncho, localizado no Município de Odivelas, dando uma nova perspetiva de integração urbanística nas suas várias vertentes e soluções alternativas, tendo sempre em conta a interligação entre o projetista e a comunidade, a vivência, a sustentabilidade e a integração do Bairro na Cidade.
ABSTRACT: This work aims to analyze the evolution of the clandestine construction phenomenon in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon, from its inception until its conversion to Urban Areas of Illegal Genesis (UAIG). The research has as its central focus a concern for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and characteristics of urban growth of these so-called marginal areas, which have, contrary to what was expected, been developing - taking new urban, social and economic aspects and which is directly reflected the in production of housing and urban processes in general. This research has a close link to the legislation process which has constantly adapted as a way for the Central and Local Government to try to control the requalification and reconversion of the UAIG. During this investigation a weak communication between urban planning and legal framework was found. We present a proposal for the reconversion process of the Barruncho District, located in the Municipality of Odivelas, giving a new perspective on urban integration in its various aspects and alternatives, taking into account the interconnection between the designer and the community, the living experience, sustainability and the integration of the district in the City .
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Sheftel, Anna. "The construction of formal and informal historical narratives of violence in north-western Bosnia, World War II until present." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669877.
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Janickova, Marketa. "Culture de risque dans des compagnies multinationales : Cas d’étude d’une Multinationale dans le secteur de l’ingénierie et de la construction." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2018PSLED082.
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Cette thèse étudie la culture du risque dans le contexte des compagnies multinationales. Une explication des concepts majeurs de la culture organisationnelle et du risque nous aide à définir notre sujet de recherche qui est encore peu connue dans la monde de recherche et qui a des difficultés de trouver sa place à cause de multiples ambiguïtés. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous nous appuyions sur les théories de organisations qui divisent deux aspects organisationnels : les aspect formels et informels. Nous approchons donc la culture du risque en étudiant ses aspects formels et informels de même que sa gestion. Nous adoptons une méthodologie basée sur une étude de cas unique afin de pouvoir répondre de manière détaillée à nos questions de recherche. La thèse est donc basée sur une étude de cas dans une multinationale de secteur de la construction au Canada. Nous avons passé 18 mois sur le terrain au siège sociale de l’entreprise et nous avons effectué 45 entretiens auprès de Présidents, de Vice-Présidents et de Directeurs. Nous avons aussi conduit des observations directes et nous avons collaboré avec quelques directeurs de fonctions liées à la gestion des risques. Nos résultats démontrent que la culture du risque nécessite un équilibre entre les aspects formels et informels. Nous démontrons notamment deux façons par lesquelles des gestionnaires du risque influencent la création de culture de risque. Afin, nous incitions à davantage s’intéresser à ce sujetThis thesis studies risk culture in the context of a multinational company. The explanation of the key concepts of risk culture is what helped us to define our research subject, which is still in its infancy. The concept is also difficult to research because it represents multiple ambiguities, we were however able to find a solution to that problem. To reduce the impact of the ambiguousness of the subject, we based our research on organizational theories, and we defined two organizational aspects: formal and informal. Therefore, we approach risk culture by formal and informal aspects and by its manageability. In order to answer to our research question, we adopt the methodology based on one case study. Indeed, our thesis studies one multinational Canadian company where we spent 18 months in the field at its headquarters. We performed 45 interviews with presidents, vice presidents and directors, additionally we participated in risk assessment workshops and we worked with multiple functions related to risk management activities. Our results emphasize that risk culture needs an equilibrium between formal and informal aspects. We also show two different ways how risk mangers influence risk culture creation inside the company. Our thesis encourages future research on risk culture and on the development of that research subject
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Thompson, Diane. "The social and political construction of care : community care policy and the 'private' carer." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/233629.
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This thesis presents a retrospective critique of the social and political construction of 'informal care' within community care policy from the period of the late 1970s to the mid 1990s. The thesis considers the question of the degree of 'choice' available to informal carers to say 'no' to caring, or aspects of caring, within the reforms' positioning of informal care as the first line of support for adult dependants. The critique focuses on subjectivity, difference, agency and choice. A theoretical and methodological synthesis is developed between feminist post-structuralism, feminist critiques of mainstream social policy, and feminist theory and research, within which a qualitative in-depth interview study with informal carers is situated. The critique is then expanded through the development of a 'Q' Methodology study with a larger cohort of informal carers. The research identified gendered generational differences between the carers, and a 'burden' of care imposed as an outcome of consecutive governments' attempts to residualise welfare. The older carers' levels of agency and choice were severely curtailed. However, the younger female carers were more able to resist the drive of the community care reforms, their counter discourses being based on a new emergent notion of 'rights'. The direction of community care policy was found to be out of step with how the carers within this study perceived their responsibilities and 'obligations'. The thesis argues that whilst post-modernism may have constrained the capacity of governments and reconstituted our understanding of 'care', it has not done so to the extent that we are no longer prepared to make demands for 'care' from and by the state.
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Perkins, Rosie Louise. "The construction of 'learning cultures' : an ethnographically-informed case study of a UK conservatoire." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265535.
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This study investigates the 'learning cultures' of a UK conservatoire of music. As educational institutions; conservatoires remain largely unresearched and, crucially, relatively unchallenged. In particular, existing research has paid little attention to indepth studies of culture, so that not enough is known of the cultural practices that characterise and shape a conservatoire education. To address this gap, the study adopts the conceptual lens of 'learning cultures'. Acknowledging recent research in further education, 'learning cultures' are conceptualised not as the contexts in which people learn, but as the practices through which people learn. As such, the study aims to understand the characteristic practices of the conservatoire and its members, the ways that learners participate in, construct and learn from such practices and, thus, the constructed nature of the conservatoire's learning cultures. Methodologically, the study is grounded in constructionism and draws on the thinking of Pierre Bourdieu. In particular, Bourdieu's notions of habitus, capital and field are used as 'thinking tools' through which to access and understand 'learning cultures'. The research comprised an ethnographically-informed qualitative case study of one UK conservatoire. In the quest for in-depth understandings, a family of four methods was employed: semistructured interviews, participant observation, document analysis and participant selfdocumentation. Data were analysed using a framework that moved between inductive data-driven thematic analysis and Bourdieu-informed interpretation, with emphasis given to the socially constructed nature of 'learning cultures'. The key findings of the study are divided into three interrelated parts: the organisational, curricula and spatial practices of the conservatoire, the practices of the conservatoire's students, teachers and staff and the ways in which different learners participate in, construct and learn from these practices. Drawing these parts together, the study concludes that (1) the nature of the conservatoire's learning cultures is manifested across four intertwined features: cultures privileging the development of specialised performers, cultures of social networking, cultures of musical hierarchies and cultures of vocational position taking and (2) the conservatoire's learning cultures are constructed in different ways for differently positioned learners, appearing to privilege those 'superstar' students who visibly demonstrate high levels of symbolic cultural and social capital. In a climate where the call to 'change the cultures' of conservatoires is oft heard, the learning cultures of this particular conservatoire reveal practices that do not always appear to reflect a rapidly changing musical field. Implications of the study are discussed, and recommendations made for the introduction of creative, reflective and leadership spaces for learning in the conservatoires of the future.
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Héroux, Sandrine. "Coffrer. Recycler. Réutiliser. Coffrages complexes en cire réutilisable informés par simulations acoustiques et algorithmes génétiques." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40166.
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Cette recherche s'intéresse aux thèmes de la fabrication numérique, des coffrages complexes et de l'acoustique architecturale qu’elle interrelie par une approche de recherche-création. Son objectif principal est de mettre au point un processus de conception basé sur un critère de performance acoustique et une technique de fabrication pour le béton qui sera applicable pour la génération de projets futurs. Le premier chapitre recense les principales technologies de fabrication numériques pour la réalisation de coffrages non standard pour le béton. Une méthode à explorer est ensuite sélectionnée : les coffrages en cire fraisés par une découpeuse trois axes, une matière réutilisable qui conséquemment ne produit pas de déchets. Le deuxième chapitre s'intéresse à la génération de ces formes complexes en explorant le potentiel de l'acoustique architecturale couplé aux algorithmes génétiques pour les informer. Les sections suivantes ont pour but de développer une méthodologie pour la création de coffrages en cire, tout en définissant les limites et en validant les avantages de ce mode production. L'objectif est de transposer subséquemment ces particularités dans la création d'un algorithme génétique qui automatise le processus itératif de simulation, d'analyse et de création d'une géométrie acoustique non standard optimale. Pour se faire, cette recherche se poursuit par le moulage de prototypes en béton variés d'après lesquels une méthode de fabrication spécifique à la cire est élaborée. Une série de recommandations pour la modélisation propre à ces coffrages résulte de ces essais physiques. En lien avec ces dernières, des algorithmes génétiques, couplés à une simulation par lancer de rayons, sont définis. Ils génèrent un réflecteur acoustique courbe en béton qui distribue uniformément le son vers une aire déterminée, un élément qui exploite le faible coefficient d'absorption de ce matériau. Ces connaissances sont subséquemment appliquées et informées par l'exécution d'un projet de salle de concert en béton qui est le résultat de cette rétroaction entre théorie, pratique et conception.This research adresses the themes of digital fabrication, complex formwork and architectural acoustics, which it interrelates through a research by design approach. Its main objective is to develop a design process based on an acoustic performance parameter and a fabrication technique for concrete that will be suitable to generate future projects. The first chapter identifies the main digital manufacturing technologies for the production of non-standard concrete formwork. A method to be explored is then selected: wax formwork milled by a three-axis machine, a reusable material that therefore does not produce waste. The second chapter focuses on the generation of these complex forms by exploring the potential of architectural acoustics coupled with genetic algorithms to inform them. The following sections aim to develop a methodology for the creation of wax formwork, while defining the limits and validating the advantages of this production method. The objective is to subsequently transpose these features into the creation of a genetic algorithm that automates the iterative process of simulation, analysis and creation of an optimal non-standard acoustic geometry. To achieve this, the moulding of various concrete prototypes is performed, according to which a specific wax manufacturing method is developed. A series of specific recommendations for the modelling of these formworks results from these physical tests. Pursuant to the previous findings, genetic algorithms coupled with a simulation by ray tracing are defined. They generate a curved acoustic concrete reflector that distributes sound uniformly to a specific area, an element that exploits the low absorption coefficient of this material. This work is subsequently applied and informed by the execution of a concrete concert hall project that is the result of this feedback between theory, practice and design.
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Archibald, Paul. "Construction of, and performance on, the early drum kit." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29632.
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For over one hundred years the drum kit has been a driving force in shaping popular music, yet in popular culture the kit is not taken as seriously as other instruments, with drummer jokes abound. This hierarchy is reflected across academia and music literature, where the drum kit is least discussed amongst other instruments commonly found in popular music. Looking within the context of early jazz—one of the first styles of music the drum kit helped shape—historians and publishers were keen to ensure leading horn players told their story, while the drummers, who rarely secured similar levels of fame or recognition, had comparatively little chance to record their story. Detailed histories of the instrument are therefore scarce, incomplete, or riddled with inaccuracies and misunderstandings. This thesis presents a clear and detailed history of the instrument, from its beginnings to its early form in the mid 1930s. I then examine how the early drum kit was represented at the time through recordings, one of the most important methods of documenting how this instrument was used. Finally, I investigate how drummers performing on early drum kits today approach their playing, and how they deal with the problems identified in this thesis. In doing so I used optical character recognition (OCR) on digital archives, newspapers, interviews, magazines, catalogues and photographs from the early twentieth century, much of which has only become available in the past few years. Using these primary sources, I have constructed a reliable history and have unearthed new sources that shed light on the history and development of the instrument. Furthermore, through my own experiences and interviews of current early drum kit players, I have shown how this instrument in its early form is played, and how it differs from the instrument we know today.
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Martín, Tost Xavier. "Arquitectura del turismo informal. El camping como modelo de ocupación temporal en el paisaje litoral de Catalunya." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/662813.
Full textAbstract:
El càmping és un model turístic basat en la forma d’habitar la natura més primigènia de la humanitat: el nomadisme. El nòmada es col·loca sobre la terra sense alterar-la físicament, però sí dotant-la de significats que estableixen vincles amb els llocs ocupats: tant en el recorregut, com en el repòs. L’hàbitat en moviment s’origina per la necessitat de trobar refugi i aliment, però també pel desig de descobrir cultures o llocs, i interactuar amb ells de forma lúdica i activa. Paisatge, Arquitectura i Turisme son els tres eixos que articulen aquesta investigació sobre la tipologia del càmping.
La vida de vacances intensifica l’oci en la natura i les relacions socials entre les persones; per tant, permet experimentar amb noves formes d’habitar en comunitat. Aquestes agrupacions impliquen dos nivells de participació: per una banda, la implantació de l’assentament en el seu context, una organització prèvia que pauta el suport de les activitats en relació amb el medi; i, per l’altra, l’adaptació particular dels usuaris, mitjançant l’ús d’allotjaments lleugers i transportables. D’aquesta forma, l’arquitectura planteja com ha de ser el tauler de joc: les regles físiques que faciliten el refugi temporal dels habitants, amb ocupacions mínimes i precises sobre el lloc habitat.
A mitjans del segle XX, a Espanya es va produir una obertura que va impulsar el turisme de masses com a indústria en alça, i que va originar la transformació del paisatge de les seves costes. Un dels territoris més representatius va ser el litoral de Catalunya, que va esdevenir la porta d’entrada des d’Europa i l’entorn amb major concentració de càmpings del país. Amb una preocupació per les noves formes d’habitar que oferia el turisme, els arquitectes van utilitzar aquest camp inèdit per experimentar amb solucions innovadores, respectuoses amb la natura i basades en una interpretació de la tradició local, a través de la Modernitat. Per la qualitat i diversitat de les propostes, i per la seva evolució fins l’actualitat, en aquesta tesi s’analitzen cinc casos paradigmàtics mitjançant una aproximació comparativa des de tres escales d’actuació diferents: La Ciutat Temporal -implantació-, L’Edifici Obert -arquitectura- i L’Hàbitat Itinerant -usuari-.
Amb l’objectiu de reconèixer les qualitats d’aquestes arquitectures singulars, la investigació té per objectiu elevar els seus valors originals com a assentament sostenible, basats en una ocupació informal, temporal i respectuosa de la natura. I, a més, plantejar les possibilitats per erigir-se en paradigma de la conservació del paisatge, la regeneració urbana i la interacció social entre l’individu i la comunitat.El camping es un modelo turístico basado en la forma de habitar la naturaleza más primigenia de la humanidad: el nomadismo. El nómada se coloca sobre la tierra sin alterarla físicamente, pero sí dotándola de significados que establecen vínculos con los lugares ocupados: tanto en el recorrido, como en el reposo. El hábitat en movimiento se origina por la necesidad de encontrar refugio y alimento, pero también por el deseo de descubrir culturas o lugares, e interactuar con ellos de forma lúdica y activa. Paisaje, Arquitectura y Turismo son los tres ejes que articulan esta investigación sobre la tipología del camping. La vida en vacaciones intensifica el ocio en la naturaleza y las relaciones sociales entre las personas, por lo que permite experimentar con nuevas formas de habitar en comunidad. Estas agrupaciones implican dos niveles de participación: por un lado, la implantación del asentamiento en su contexto, una organización previa que pauta el soporte de las actividades en relación con el medio; y, por el otro, la adaptación particular de los usuarios, mediante el uso de alojamientos ligeros y transportables. De este modo, la arquitectura plantea cómo debe ser el tablero de juego: las reglas físicas que facilitan el cobijo temporal de los habitantes, con ocupaciones mínimas y precisas sobre el lugar habitado. A mediados del siglo XX, en España se produjo una apertura que impulsó el turismo de masas como industria en auge, y que originó la transformación del paisaje de sus costas. Uno de los territorios más representativos fue el litoral de Catalunya, que devino la puerta de entrada desde Europa y el entorno con mayor concentración de campings del país. Con una preocupación por las nuevas formas de habitar que ofrecía el turismo, los arquitectos utilizaron este campo inédito para experimentar con soluciones innovadoras, respetuosas con la naturaleza y basadas en una interpretación de la tradición local, a través de la Modernidad. Por la calidad y diversidad de las propuestas, y por su evolución hasta la actualidad, en esta tesis se analizan cinco casos paradigmáticos mediante una aproximación comparativa desde tres escalas de actuación distintas: La Ciudad Temporal -implantación-, El Edificio Abierto -arquitectura- y El Hábitat Itinerante -usuario-. Con el fin de reconocer las cualidades de estas arquitecturas singulares, la investigación tiene por objeto elevar sus valores originales como asentamiento sostenible, basados en una ocupación informal, temporal y respetuosa de la naturaleza. Y, con ello, plantear las posibilidades para erigirse en paradigma de la conservación del paisaje, la regeneración urbana y la interacción social entre el individuo y la comunidad.
Campsites are a tourist model based on the Humanity’s most primitive way of inhabiting nature: nomadism. The nomads are placed on the soil without physically altering it, but providing it with meanings that establish links with the occupied places: both in the journey, and in the relax. The moving habitat is originated from the need to find shelter and food. But also from the desire to discover cultures or places, and to interact with them in a playful and active way. Landscape, Architecture and Tourism are the three axes in which this research is articulated around the typology of campsites. Living in holidays intensifies both leisure in nature and social relations between the people, so it allows to experiment with new forms to inhabit in community. These groupings imply two levels of participation: on the one hand, the establishment of the settlement in its context, a previous organization that guides the support of the activities in relation to the environment; and, on the other one, the users’ particular adaptation through the use of light and transportable accommodations. Thus, architecture sets the game board: the physical rules which may facilitate the temporary shelter of the inhabitants, with minimal and precise occupations on the inhabited place. In the middle of the 20th century, an opening took place in Spain. This event promoted mass tourism as a booming industry, and which caused the transformation of the landscape of its coasts. One of the most representative territories was the littoral of Catalonia, which became the gateway from Europe and the area with the highest concentration of campsites in the country. With a concern for the new ways of living offered by tourism, the architects used this unprecedented field to experiment with innovative solutions, respectful of nature and based on an interpretation of local tradition by means of Modernity. Due to the quality and diversity of the proposals, and their evolution to the present, in this thesis are analysed five paradigmatic cases through a comparative approach from three different scales of action: The Temporary City -implantation-, The Open Building -architecture- and The Itinerant Habitat -user-. In order to recognize the qualities of these unique architectures, the research aims to raise their original values as sustainable settlements, based on an informal, temporary and respectful occupation of Nature. And, furthermore, it is aimed to pose its possibilities to become a paradigm of landscape conservation, urban regeneration and social interaction between the individual and the community.
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Siudzinski, Robert Andrew. "Not All Who Wander are Lost: An Ethnographic Study of Individual Knowledge Construction within a Community of Practice." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27864.
Full textAbstract:
This focused ethnography of Appalachian Trail (AT) long-distance hikers explored the situated and informal nature of individual knowledge construction as mediated through a community of practice. Unlike place-based or cyber-bound communities, the ever-changing membership and location dynamics of AT hikers offered a unique and researchable community for study. The complex and understudied sensemaking trajectories of individuals moving through this mobile community were investigated over three years through in-depth interviews and participant observations. Inductive analysis of expert and novice stories illuminated experiential patterns and collective traditions that comprise the AT learning culture. In contrast to traditional approaches to knowledge and skill acquisition, this study found socio-reflective exchanges, nested in hiking pods, to be critical sites for cognitive modeling and informal scaffolding between experts and novices. The situated encounters and developmental support of these nomadic pods were found to facilitate individualsâ construction of community-based knowledge.Ph. D.
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Araújo, Ana Filipa Verol de. "Des-sub-urbanizar. O papel do arquitecto como mediador entre a cidade formal e a cidade informal." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/2929.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Mestrado em ArquitecturaNesta breve reflexão proponho-me entender e dissertar sobre conceitos que me apoiarão no desenvolvimento do projecto final de mestrado, que se debruçará sobre o tema da habitação evolutiva no bairro da Cova da Moura. Este é um bairro informal que se desenvolve na periferia da cidade de Lisboa e apresenta características singulares evidenciadas na sua dimensão espácio-temporal, caracterizada por espaços complexos e diversos, com identidade cultural própria, dos quais a comunidade local se apropria vivendo-os harmoniosamente. A elevada densidade populacional, a prática da auto-construção e a espontaneidade da distribuição das actividades são, assim, pontos cruciais que criam uma imagem pouco usual do bairro e que define um gosto associado a uma estética singular, produto da arquitectura popular que se adapta às condições do local, promovendo a reciclagem urbana. Proponho, para concluir, que olhemos a cidade informal como exemplo potenciador de sociabilidades e que, ao invés de destruirmos o seu tecido urbano original submetendo-o a transformações urbanísticas que não favorecem a apropriação pela comunidade, estimulemos a contaminação da cidade formal por essas relações sócio espaciais que se desenvolvem na cidade informal. Penso que esta é uma solução ao alcance de todos que permite suturar a ruptura entre as partes e encher de vida a cidade.
In this brief discussion I propose to understand and develop concepts that will support the final draft of the Master, that will look into the issue of housing in the evolutionary neighborhood of Cova da Moura. This is an informal neighborhood that develops in the outskirts of Lisbon and has unique features in its spatial-temporal dimension, characterized by complex and diverse spaces, with its own cultural identity, of which the local community appropriates them harmoniously. The high population density, the practice of self-construction and spontaneity of the distribution of activities are crucial points that create an unusual image of the neighborhood and that defines a like associated with a unique aesthetic, a product of popular architecture that fits site conditions, promoting urban recycling. In conclusion, we look the informal city as an example of sociability and that instead of destroying the original urban tissue by subjecting it to urban transformations that do not favor ownership by the community, nurture the contamination of the city by these relationships developed in the informal city. This is an affordable solution that allows all suturing the rupture between the parties and fill the city with life.
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Atzmüller, Albin, Sylvia Kamande, and Michael Sundblad. "Factors for maintaining successful business partnerships : A case study of the construction equipment industry." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-12816.
Full textAbstract:
As organisations try to emerge from the recent economic downturn, they attempt to enter different markets to decrease their dependency on their core market. Due to high costs in R&D and the risk of failure, organisations try to sell the core components of their products to business partners who can incorporate these components into their own offering. Using a qualitative research method, we studied the case of TACHI as a player in the construction equipment industry. The purpose of the research was to find factors for maintaining successful business partnerships within this industry and also the role of co- branding in these business partnerships. After analysing the results of our study and reflecting on the theoretical framework, we concluded that operational compatibility, and commitment and trust were considered as the key factors that were most important in making business partnerships work successfully. Interestingly, players in the construction equipment industry do not consider co-branding as a strategy for entering new markets. However, we discovered a new phenomenon, which is informal branding, and we recommend this as a topic for future research.
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Bergsten, Linda, and Madelene Nilsson. "Huddinge kommun ur ett genusperspektiv : Bild- och textanalys av Huddinge kommuns personaltidning." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1544.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to critically examine and analyze how the informal performance about masculinities and femininity are being expressed and produced by the text and pictures in Huddinge kommuns internal magazine for the staff working within the public administration. The concrete questions are:
By which patterns constructs the performance of gender in Huddinge kommuns internal magazine for the staff working within the public administration?
Are the femininity and masculinities being expressed in a static way or have it changed in Huddinge kommuns internal magazine for the staff working within the public administration throw the examined years 1985, 1995 and 2006?
A quantitative and qualitative method is used. The point of departure is organization theory in a gender perspective. With the gender organization theory we examine the structures, leadership, symbolics and changes through the examined years. Our perspective is a social contructionism.
Our conclusion is that the patterns about femininity and masculinity changes through the years, but the most significant changes are made by women. That conclusion is in spite of the facts that the quantitative data shows that women have increased by the numbers of pictures.
The qualitative examination confirms that masculinity is still the norm and therefore women do change more than the man does.
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Mouttapa, Thouvenin Indira. "Interaction et connaissance : construction d'une experience dans le monde virtuel." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00452521.
Full textAbstract:
Le cadre général de nos travaux de recherche est la réalité virtuelle. Cette discipline, dialogue entre disciplines scientifiques, a pour objectif la création de mondes virtuels et leur exploitation par l'homme. Elle s'intéresse à leur modélisation, c'est-à-dire aux modèles de simulation permettant de donner de la vie aux objets et êtres virtuels représentés à l'intérieur de ces mondes. De plus, elle étudie les interfaces de réalité virtuelle, c'est-à-dire les interfaces motrices et sensorielles donnant à l'utilisateur une perception de ses actions. Dans nos travaux, l'objectif est de comprendre comment l'expérience humaine peut être à la fois renforcée, capitalisée et ré exploitée en environnement virtuel. Nous considérons plus particulièrement les activités de formation, de conception et de collaboration pour lesquelles d'une part l'ingénierie des connaissances permet de modéliser et de proposer un niveau d'abstraction pertinent, et d'autre part pour lesquelles la réalité virtuelle offre des modes d'interaction avec retour sensoriel qui fait sens pour les acteurs impliqués (formateurs, formés, concepteurs, utilisateurs distants,...). Nous intéressons en particuliers aux environnements virtuels informés (EVI) dotés de modèles à base de connaissance dans lesquels il est possible à la fois d'interagir et de permettre des comportements par interprétation de représentations dynamiques ou statiques. Ces EVI sont des moyens puissants d'autoriser une évolution du système lors de l'activité de l'utilisateur mais aussi une évolution de l'utilisateur au fur et à mesure que le système est utilisé. L'approche énactive de la cognition ou « énaction » inspire nos travaux avec la notion « d'action guidée par la perception ». Cette notion provient à la base des réflexions de Francisco Varela, neurobiologiste qui s'est intéressé à la suite de ses travaux avec Maturana au Chili, à une alternative au computationnalisme et au connexionnisme pour comprendre la cognition. La tentative de F. Varela pour introduire des concepts de biologie en sciences cognitives et ses recherches en neurosciences aboutissent au concept de cognition incarnée (‘embodied cognition' ). Dans ce vaste champ d'investigation, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur une seule problématique, le couplage entre interaction et connaissance en environnement virtuel informé. Les expériences corporelles et intellectuelles permises par la réalité virtuelle sont étroitement liée à la phénoménologie et c'est cette grille de lecture qui nous a amenée à structurer notre mémoire : - d'une part, comment le fait d'interagir avec des objets de l'environnement virtuel, d'offrir à l'utilisateur le loisir d'explorer et de comprendre à son rythme et d'avoir à l'instant t une perception singulière d'un système, d'un phénomène ou d'une scène va permettre de construire une connaissance. L'utilisateur est cette fois acteur de cette construction, il est au cœur du processus qui lui est propre. Il peut alors partager cette connaissance construite à travers des systèmes collaboratifs évolués. - d'autre part, les connaissances représentées dans l'environnement, accessibles à l'utilisateur ou exploitées par le système vont l'aider à orienter son interaction, vont le guider, tels des guides virtuels ou des traces de son activité dans le monde virtuel. Nous aborderons ainsi des exemples de modèles d'environnements virtuels dans lesquels l'interaction est de plus en plus complexe, au fur et à mesure que les connaissances représentées sont « comprises » et « exploitées » dans l'environnement. Notre méthode de travail est fondée sur une recherche de généricité et de réutilisabilité, un lien fort entre réalité virtuelle et ingénierie des connaissances, orienté par les sciences cognitives, conduisant à l'émergence de concepts, de modèles et de méthodologies, par une approche mêlant à la fois théorie et technologie. Nous présentons de nombreux résultats au niveau des modèles, et des environnements informatiques pour des applications à la fois en conception, en formation et en communication.
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Mouttapa, Thouvenin Indira. "Interaction et connaissance : construction d'une expérience dans le monde virtuel." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00549343.
Full textAbstract:
Le cadre général de nos travaux de recherche est la réalité virtuelle. Cette discipline, dialogue entre disciplines scientifiques, a pour objectif la création de mondes virtuels et leur exploitation par l'homme. Elle s'intéresse à leur modélisation, c'est-à-dire aux modèles de simulation permettant de donner de la vie aux objets et êtres virtuels représentés à l'intérieur de ces mondes. De plus, elle étudie les interfaces de réalité virtuelle, c'est-à-dire les interfaces motrices et sensorielles donnant à l'utilisateur une perception de ses actions. Dans nos travaux, l'objectif est de comprendre comment l'expérience humaine peut être à la fois renforcée, capitalisée et ré exploitée en environnement virtuel. Nous considérons plus particulièrement les activités de formation, de conception et de collaboration pour lesquelles d'une part l'ingénierie des connaissances permet de modéliser et de proposer un niveau d'abstraction pertinent, et d'autre part pour lesquelles la réalité virtuelle offre des modes d'interaction avec retour sensoriel qui fait sens pour les acteurs impliqués (formateurs, formés, concepteurs, utilisateurs distants,...). Nous intéressons en particuliers aux environnements virtuels informés (EVI) dotés de modèles à base de connaissance dans lesquels il est possible à la fois d'interagir et de permettre des comportements par interprétation de représentations dynamiques ou statiques. Ces EVI sont des moyens puissants d'autoriser une évolution du système lors de l'activité de l'utilisateur mais aussi une évolution de l'utilisateur au fur et à mesure que le système est utilisé. L'approche énactive de la cognition ou « énaction » inspire nos travaux avec la notion « d'action guidée par la perception ». Cette notion provient à la base des réflexions de Francisco Varela, neurobiologiste qui s'est intéressé à la suite de ses travaux avec Maturana au Chili, à une alternative au computationnalisme et au connexionnisme pour comprendre la cognition. La tentative de F. Varela pour introduire des concepts de biologie en sciences cognitives et ses recherches en neurosciences aboutissent au concept de cognition incarnée (‘embodied cognition' ). Dans ce vaste champ d'investigation, nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur une seule problématique, le couplage entre interaction et connaissance en environnement virtuel informé. Les expériences corporelles et intellectuelles permises par la réalité virtuelle sont étroitement liée à la phénoménologie et c'est cette grille de lecture qui nous a amenée à structurer notre mémoire : - d'une part, comment le fait d'interagir avec des objets de l'environnement virtuel, d'offrir à l'utilisateur le loisir d'explorer et de comprendre à son rythme et d'avoir à l'instant t une perception singulière d'un système, d'un phénomène ou d'une scène va permettre de construire une connaissance. L'utilisateur est cette fois acteur de cette construction, il est au cœur du processus qui lui est propre. Il peut alors partager cette connaissance construite à travers des systèmes collaboratifs évolués. - d'autre part, les connaissances représentées dans l'environnement, accessibles à l'utilisateur ou exploitées par le système vont l'aider à orienter son interaction, vont le guider, tels des guides virtuels ou des traces de son activité dans le monde virtuel. Nous aborderons ainsi des exemples de modèles d'environnements virtuels dans lesquels l'interaction est de plus en plus complexe, au fur et à mesure que les connaissances représentées sont « comprises » et « exploitées » dans l'environnement. Notre méthode de travail est fondée sur une recherche de généricité et de réutilisabilité, un lien fort entre réalité virtuelle et ingénierie des connaissances, orienté par les sciences cognitives, conduisant à l'émergence de concepts, de modèles et de méthodologies, par une approche mêlant à la fois théorie et technologie. Nous présentons de nombreux résultats au niveau des modèles, et des environnements informatiques pour des applications à la fois en conception, en formation et en communication.
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Laureau, Vincent. "La ville et la terre, apprendre de Bamako : le cas de Bozobuguni, un quartier autoconstruit." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100018/document.
Full textAbstract:
La construction en terre devient un sujet d’actualité pour l’architecture contemporaine occidentale. En revanche, au Mali, le matériau terre est aujourd’hui délaissé. Ce paradoxe invite à porter notre attention sur le territoire malien, afin d’apprendre du terrain les implications du matériau terre, notamment à l’échelle urbaine. Au Mali, la ville en terre est aujourd’hui essentiellement synonyme de patrimoine figé. Il existe pourtant un secteur urbain bien vivant : l’urbanisation informelle, qui, stimulée par les énergies de survie, génère une dynamique spatiale spécifique. C’est à partir de cette réflexion générale que l’étude s’est resserrée sur un petit quartier informel essentiellement construit par des pêcheurs Bozo de la ville de Bamako, capitale du Mali. Le filtre employé pour analyser le terrain utilise la triade d’Henri Lefebvre : Temps, Espace, Energie. La posture du narrateur consiste ici à profiter du regard décalé du voyageur pour dévoiler ce qui renvoie à des questions universelles. Le statut d’étranger permet, en effet, de voir la réalité du terrain informel sous un jour nouveau. L’écriture opère ici comme un révélateur du terrain, elle élabore un « point de vue » qui modifie en profondeur les représentations urbaines. L’essence de cette recherche porte sur la mise en lumière d’une logique urbaine enfouie et dissimulée dans l’espace informel. Ce travail consiste à monter en théorie des processus qui font émerger une culture constructive et urbaine particulière au contexte du quartier. L’enseignement ainsi issu du terrain suggère un potentiel d’exploitation sur le lieu lui-même (valorisation), et sur d’autres contextes (déterritorialisation)Earth construction is becoming a popular topic in Western architecture, yet in the context of traditional Malian construction techniques earth has largely been abandoned. This paradox asks us to turn our attention to the reality on the ground in West Africa, in order to understand the implications of using earth as a building material, especially on an urban scale. Today the earthen city is essentially synonymous with cultural heritage, but there is one place where it is alive and well— informal urbanization. This sector is stimulated by the necessities of survival, which generate remarkable spatial dynamics. From this general observation, this study was narrowed to a small informal fishing district in the city of Bamako. The ultimate purpose of this research is to highlight an urban logic buried and hidden in informal space. This work consists in writing a theory of informal urbanization that is contextually and culturally specific, according to a "bottom-up" principle. The narrator takes advantage of the peculiar perspective of the traveler in order to shed light on more universal questions. Indeed, the position of the stranger allows us to see the reality of informal spaces in a new light. The act of writing makes explicit certain processes that animate the site; it develops a "point of view" that fundamentally changes urban representations. Lessons learned as well as derived from the field pave the way for certain vernacular principles to be reused on site. At the same time, such a vernacular theory allows us to transfer these principles to other sites by means of deterritorialization
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Elliott, Jean Ann. "A home for all? : exploring discourses that inform the construction of belonging in contemporary South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11952.
Full textAbstract:
Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis is concerned with the construction of belonging in contemporary South Africa and how it is reproduced, challenged and negotiated within the social action of language. This is explored by investigating the situated meanings individuals assign to events, places, institutions and people in relation to their experiences of belonging and exclusion. Poststructuralism, phenomenology and social constructionism shape the theoretical framework of this study. Multi-disciplinary discourse analysis and critical discourse analysis are used to explore how the construct- ion of belonging [is] reflected and produced in everyday language. The texts analyzed in this study are the product of five focus group discussions with 23 residents of Cape Town. The texts are read for how individuals’ lived experiences, memories and imaginations inform the process of constructing belonging.
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Sena, Newton Cunha de. "Direito de ser informado na dispensa por justa causa." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2013. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6164.
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Newton Cunha de Sena.pdf: 995812 bytes, checksum: aed06bdc0a05418c66f7c6e3d5eab63e (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-06-06This study aims to analyze contract termination for just cause, in light of the right to information. The first chapter deals with the right to information, based on the notion of a fundamental right, with emphasis on its types and characteristics. The second chapter further explores the right to information, based on the study of its intrinsic principles. The third chapter discusses the application of the right to information in legal relationships between individuals, analyzing the various theories on the subject. The next chapter analyzes objective good faith, as the concretization of the right to information in horizontal relationships. In the fifth chapter, the study treats discharge with a just cause in the strict sense, and analyzes its nomenclature, concept, and requirements. The sixth chapter examines the right to information in termination for just cause, and in the seventh chapter the effects of the breach of that accessory obligation are analyzed. Finally, in the eighth chapter, based on the doctrinal content discussed earlier, the importance of the right to information in termination for just cause is examined by studying some modalities that are provided for in labor legislation
O presente estudo tem por finalidade analisar a rescisão contratual por justa causa a partir do direito de informação. Desta forma, busca-se demonstrar ao longo dos capítulos a ideia central deste, a partir de uma pesquisa de todos os aspectos que a envolvem. No primeiro capítulo, aborda-se o direito de informação a partir da noção de um direito fundamental -, com destaque às suas espécies e características. O segundo capítulo aprofunda o direito de informação, a partir do estudo dos seus princípios intrínsecos. No terceiro capítulo, estuda-se a aplicação do direito de informação nas relações jurídicas entre particulares, analisando as diversas teorias sobre o tema. Como sequência do trabalho, no capítulo seguinte, busca-se analisar a boa-fé objetiva, como forma de concretização do direito de informação nas relações horizontais. No quinto capítulo, o estudo se refere à rescisão contratual por justa causa, propriamente dita, no qual se busca analisar sua nomenclatura, conceito e os seus requisitos. O sexto capítulo estuda o direito de informação na rescisão por justa causa, sendo que, no sétimo capítulo, o objeto é a análise dos efeitos do descumprimento daquela obrigação acessória. Por fim, no oitavo capítulo, a partir de todo o conteúdo doutrinário anteriormente analisado, faz-se uma abordagem da importância do direito de informação na rescisão por justa causa, ao se estudar algumas espécies previstas na legislação trabalhista
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Onsando, Gerald Christopher. "Constructing a Transformative Psychosocial Theoretical Framework of Adult Development that Informs Resettlement of Refugee Immigrants in Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365353.
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Across the world, including in Australia, the numbers of refugee immigrants are growing. Yet, understandings about how best their resettlement needs can be addressed remain unclear and under-informed. The Australian federal government, through its Humanitarian Program, aims at offering refugee immigrants safe and productive environments for such resettlement objectives. However, despite being in relatively safe environments, adult refugee immigrants in Australia continue to experience poor educational, occupational, and social resettlement outcomes. These three outcomes have been identified as amongst key indicators of successful resettlement for immigrants in a new country. The poor resettlement outcomes for adult refugee immigrants in Australia may be due to compounded effects of their possible traumatic and difficult past refugee life experiences, current distressing and challenging resettlement experiences, as well as the dissonances between earlier life experiences and what makes for effective engagement in a resettlement country, such as Australia.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Education and Professional Studies
Arts, Education and Law
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Horsley, Jeffrey. "Embedding the personal : the construction of a 'fashion autobiography' as a museum exhibition, informed by innovative practice at ModeMuseum, Antwerp." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2012. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/5688/.
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My intention is to contribute to the field of exhibition-making a repertoire of presentation modes, previously not analysed or documented, that can be applied to the display of fashion in the museum and which will extend those techniques currently available to the exhibition-maker to create meaningful and stimulating exhibition environments. Part 1 contextualises my investigation, through discussion of the exhibition as source material, the methods employed to execute the research and analysis of relevant literature. Part 1 concludes with an introduction to ModeMuseum, Antwerp, which is the primary location for my research. Part 2 details the identification, description and definition of a repertoire of presentation modes, classified and distinguished as innovative through comparative analysis of over 100 exhibitions visited for this research, alongside investigation of the exhibition formats and structures that support deployment of the modes. Part 3 relates the application of the presentation modes to the construction of a 'fashion autobiography‘ in the form of a proposal for a hypothetical exhibition, through examination of the processes utilised to develop the exhibition narrative and detailed account of the proposal in its final realisation. In conclusion, I will critically reflect on the research executed, underlining the interrelationship of the theoretical and practice-based activities. Finally, I will detail opportunities taken to disseminate this research, and indicate possible directions for continued investigation.
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Mokgolodi, Hildah Lorato. "Harnessing experiential knowledge and skills of retired educators to inform career development programmes in Botswana." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/44142.
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The purpose of this study was to understand what knowledge and skills retired educators have and how these skills can be harnessed and utilised to benefit career development programmes in Botswana. The Tri-KCC conceptual model of career development was deductively and inductively developed from an interplay of the economics of knowledge management, the epistemology of constructivism, career psychology and gerontology.
A mixed methods-sequential explanatory was used in this study, following assumptions of pragmatism. The participants of the study were retired educators in Botswana, with a convenience sample located in Gaborone. The participants had retired between 2000 and 2012. One hundred and eight participants (108), out of a sample of 200 responded to a survey questionnaire. Sixteen (16) participants from the survey formed focus group discussions of 5, 5 and 6 participants each. The participants were purposively selected through respondent directed and snowball techniques.
The quantitative aspect of the study was conducted first, followed by the qualitative aspect. The quantitative phase helped to explore the concept of harnessing experiential knowledge of the retired educators. The survey questionnaire highlighted the following soft skills of retired educators: self-awareness and others-awareness, leadership, mentoring and counselling. The quantitative stage informed the qualitative stage during which the focus groups took place. Thus the qualitative phase had more weighting in the study. Quantitative data was analysed descriptively and inferentially, while thematic analysis was used for qualitative data.
Results confirmed that retired educators have acquired a great wealth of knowledge and skills and that the success of being an educator is linked to both professional and personal identities. In addition, experiences that were meaningful to the retired educators were those where self-discovery boosted their self-esteem. Botswana is losing skilled resources to the early retirement age. In view of the findings, the Tri-KCC conceptual model was constructed to incorporate knowledge capture and management to guide practice. Career construction theory, through narratives of retired educators, was proposed to guide the practice of career development. Based on the results, it appears that an improved career development theory and practice that utilises retired professionals may not only benefit Botswana but other countries as well.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
tm2015
Educational Psychology
PhD
Unrestricted
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Bam, Marilize. "How the emerging field of community music therapy discourse informs the narrative of a music therapist working in the community of Eersterust." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31437.
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The context of this research project is Eersterust, a suburb situated east of Pretoria. Eersterust is hallmarked by socio-economic contrast: While some people in the community live comfortable lives, other community-members endure poverty and hardship. Eersterust is plagued by socio-economical problems including unemployment, crime, substance abuse and gang-activity. Music Therapy was established in Eersterust in 2003 at a community-based centre called YDO (The National Youth Development Outreach). YDO facilitates the social rehabilitation of adolescents who are at risk of coming in conflict with the law or have already committed some sort of petty crime. When Music Therapy was introduced at YDO it was isolated from the rest of the organisation as well as from the broader community of Eersterust. The Music Therapist at YDO realised that she had to adapt her work in order for it to justly address the needs of the context. In the process of adaptation, Music Therapy became integrated within the organisation and currently works both with and within the broader community of Eersterust. The adaptation of the Music Therapy practice has lead to some unconventional practices of Music Therapy according to traditional Music Therapy discourse. These Music Therapy practices may be described from a Community Music Therapy angle. The aim of this research project is to analyse the narrative of the Music Therapist working within YDO/Eersterust in order to describe the practice of Music Therapy within this context from the angle of Community Music Therapy. The following research questions were addressed in this research study: - How is Community Music Therapy at Eersterust constructed in the context of a Music Therapy narrative?
- How does the narrative draw from and contribute to the emerging field of Community Music Therapy?
Dissertation (MMus (Music Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2005.
Music
Unrestricted
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Combier, Robert. "Risk-informed scenario-based technology and manufacturing evaluation of aircraft systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49046.
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In the last half century, the aerospace industry has seen a dramatic paradigm shift from a focus on performance-at-any-cost to product economics and value. The steady increase in product requirements, complexity and global competition has driven aircraft manufacturers to seek broad portfolios of advanced technologies. The development costs and cycle times of these technologies vary widely, and the resulting design environment is one where decisions must be made under substantial uncertainty. Modeling and simulation have recently become the standard practice for addressing these issues; detailed simulations and explorations of candidate future states of these systems help reduce a complex design problem into a comprehensible, manageable form where decision factors are prioritized. While there are still fundamental criticisms about using modeling and simulation, the emerging challenge becomes ``How do you best configure uncertainty analyses and the information they produce to address real world problems?”
One such analysis approach was developed in this thesis by structuring the input, models, and output to answer questions about the risk and economic impact of technology decisions in future aircraft programs. Unlike other methods, this method placed emphasis on the uncertainty in the cumulative cashflow space as the integrator of economic viability. From this perspective, it then focused on exploration of the design and technology space to tailor the business case and its associated risk in the cash flow dimension. The methodology is called CASSANDRA and is intended to be executed by a program manager of a manufacturer working of the development of future concepts. The program manager has the ability to control design elements as well as the new technology allocation on that aircraft. She is also responsible for the elicitation of the uncertainty in those dimensions within control as well as the external scenarios (that are out of program control). The methodology was applied on a future single-aisle 150 passenger aircraft design.
The overall methodology is compared to existing approaches and is shown to identify more economically robust design decisions under a set of at-risk program scenarios. Additionally, a set of metrics in the uncertain cumulative cashflow space were developed to assist the methodology user in the identification, evaluation, and selection of design and technology. These metrics are compared to alternate approaches and are shown to better identify risk efficient design and technology selections.
At the modeling level, an approach is given to estimate the production quantity based on an enhanced Overall Evaluation Criterion method that captures the competitive advantage of the aircraft design. This model was needed as the assumption of production quantity is highly influential to the business case risk. Finally, the research explored the capacity to generate risk mitigation strategies in to two analysis configurations: when available data and simulation capacity are abundant, and when they are sparse or incomplete. The first configuration leverages structured filtration of Monte Carlo simulation results. The allocation of design and technology risk is then identified on the Pareto Frontier. The second configuration identifies the direction of robust risk mitigation based on the available data and limited simulation ability. It leverages a linearized approximation of the cashflow metrics and identifies the direction of allocation using the Jacobian matrix and its inversion.
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Anderson, David. "The development of science concepts emergent from science museum and post-visit activity experiences : students' construction of knowledge." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1999. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36601/1/David_Anderson_Thesis.pdf.
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This research investigated students' construction of knowledge about the topics of magnetism and electricity emergent from a visit to an interactive science centre and subsequent classroom-based activities linked to the science centre exhibits. The significance of this study is that it analyses critically an aspect of school visits to informal learning centres that has been neglected by researchers in the past, namely the influence of post-visit activities in the classroom on subsequent learning and knowledge construction. Employing an interpretive methodology, the study focused on three areas of endeavour. Firstly, the establishment of a set of principles for the development of post-visit activities, from a constructivist framework, to facilitate students' learning of science. Secondly, to describe and interpret students' scientific understandings : prior t o a visit t o a science museum; following a visit t o a science museum; and following post-visit activities that were related to their museum experiences. Finally, to describe and interpret the ways in which students constructed their understandings: prior to a visit to a science museum; following a visit to a science museum; and following post-visit activities directly related to their museum experiences. The study was designed and implemented in three stages: 1) identification and establishment of the principles for design and evaluation of post-visit activities; 2) a pilot study of specific post-visit activities and data gathering strategies related to student construction of knowledge; and 3) interpretation of students' construction of knowledge from a visit to a science museum and subsequent completion of post-visit activities, which constituted the main study. Twelve students were selected from a year 7 class to participate in the study. This study provides evidence that the series of post-visit activities, related to the museum experiences, resulted in students constructing and reconstructing their personal knowledge of science concepts and principles represented in the science museum exhibits, sometimes towards the accepted scientific understanding and sometimes in different and surprising ways. Findings demonstrate the interrelationships between learning that occurs at school, at home and in informal learning settings. The study also underscores for teachers and staff of science museums and similar centres the importance of planning pre- and post-visit activities, not only to support the development of scientific conceptions, but also to detect and respond to alternative conceptions that may be produced or strengthened during a visit to an informal learning centre. Consistent with contemporary views of constructivism, the study strongly supports the views that : 1) knowledge is uniquely structured by the individual; 2) the processes of knowledge construction are gradual, incremental, and assimilative in nature; 3) changes in conceptual understanding are can be interpreted in the light of prior knowledge and understanding; and 4) knowledge and understanding develop idiosyncratically, progressing and sometimes appearing to regress when compared with contemporary science. This study has implications for teachers, students, museum educators, and the science education community given the lack of research into the processes of knowledge construction in informal contexts and the roles that post-visit activities play in the overall process of learning.
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Cercado, Miranda Oscar Renson, Lozano Giancarlo Alberto Ramírez, and Mesones Christian Enrique Tenorio. "Implementación de herramientas de transformación digital en la elaboración de informes de gestión de un proyecto de construcción de edificaciones." Master's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656201.
Full textAbstract:
El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo presentar una nueva propuesta de modelo de gestión para herramientas de control de costos y de producción; en una obra de construcción de edificaciones, acorde con los cambios tecnológicos que se viven en el mundo entero producto de la cuarta revolución industrial.
El modelo propuesto toma en consideración el trabajo colaborativo en la nube impulsado por la unión de nuevas herramientas digitales que nos permiten conocer el estado de la obra en tiempo real o lo más inmediato posible de tal manera que se minimicen los tiempos y costos en la gestión como en la ejecución elevando la productividad en la obra, tomando para este caso como referente el Resultado Operativo de Obra.
Asimismo, se investiga entre profesionales expertos que reportes son los más buscados por las líneas de mando de tal manera que llegue la información precisa siendo parte en este caso del Reporte Semanal de Obra.
La investigación arroja como resultado que la implementación de herramientas digitales no es solo usar los medios tecnológicos sino también requiere de un compromiso de todos los colaboradores de la empresa a través de un cambio en la filosofía sobre el desarrollo tecnológico que requiere implementar nuevas áreas, lo que se verá reflejados en beneficios económicos en el proceso de elaboración de los informes y principalmente en la ejecución de las partidas del proyecto.
Asimismo, también concluimos que el uso de herramientas de transformación digital mejora la calidad de los procesos y la reputación de las Empresas que lo implementan.The present research work aims to present a new management model proposal for cost and production control tools; in a building construction site, in accordance with the technological changes that are experienced throughout the world as a result of the fourth industrial revolution. The proposed model takes into consideration collaborative work in the cloud driven by the union of new digital tools that allow us to know the status of the work in real time or as immediately as possible in such a way as to minimize time and costs in management as in the execution raising the productivity in the work, taking for this case as reference the Operating Result of Work. Likewise, it is investigated among expert professionals which reports are the most sought after by the command lines in such a way that the precise information arrives, being part in this case of the Weekly Work Report. The research shows that the implementation of digital tools is not only to use technological means but also requires a commitment from all the company's collaborators through a change in the philosophy on technological development that requires implementing new areas, which which will be reflected in economic benefits in the process of preparing the reports and mainly in the execution of the project items. Likewise, we also conclude that the use of digital transformation tools improves the quality of processes and the reputation of the companies that implement them.
Trabajo de investigación
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Telldén, Erik. "Korsten Town Local Economic Development in the Public Space." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för planering och mediedesign, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2644.
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My project takes place in Korsten four kilometers north of central Port Elizabeth. Korsten is today known as the industrial center of the city and provides job opportunities throughout the whole region. Central Korsten contains the biggest informal market within Port Elizabeth; it is also functioning as a nodal interchange where buses and minibus taxis provide transport within the city as well as nationwide. In 2010 major changes in the transport system will take place as a part of the 2010 world cup program. The city introduces the new Bus rapid transit system, a transportation system based on trunk buses complimented with minibus taxis. Introducing a new bus-system to Korsten will be a great challenge especially concerning Korstens informal identity and tradition. The informal economy is today an integral part of the South African economy and something that most South Africans come in contact with on daily bases. But it is an economy and movement not measurable or regulated by the government. The informal economy got its own rules and traditions and it flourishes in Korsten. It creates job opportunities as well as a possibility to buy everyday goods to a reasonable price, but it also contributes to a hectic and unstructured environment which gives a chaotic impression. This dissertation highlights the informal tradition and its possibility to be an integral part of the modern Korsten. It investigates the meaning of the public space and what role it plays in our cities and how it can be implemented in Korsten.Available at: erik_tellden(at)hotmail.com +46702267034
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Colbert, Caroline M. "Construction of a model for the improved planning of MCO-informed VMAT in RayStation using a knowledge base of clinical IMRT-MCO treatment plans." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112375.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 51-53).
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) is a type of external beam radiation therapy that has proven effective at treating many cancers. A related therapy type, Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT), has the potential to provide comparable dose coverage to tumor sites while better sparing nearby organs at risk (OARs). Multi-criteria Optimization (MCO) is an algorithm that is used to optimize a patient's personalized IMRT treatment plan. VMAT treatment plans cannot be optimized using early versions of the MCO algorithm. The purpose of this study was to construct a model for the automated generation of VMAT treatment plans for prostate cancers using a knowledge base of previously implemented IMRT-MCO treatment plans. An initial model configuration was iteratively refined to produce VMAT plans that represent a quality 'first pass" that can be further optimized by trained treatment planners. The clinical implementation of a model like this one could significantly improve the timeliness of standard non-MCO VMAT optimization methods.
by Caroline M. Colbert.
S.B.
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Guerra, Ramírez José Norberto. "Habitar el desierto: Transición Energética y Transformación del Proyecto Habitacional Colectivo en la Ecología del desierto de Atacama, Chile." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6112.
Full textAbstract:
DE TESIS DOCTORALEsta investigación, surge por la necesidad de incluir los sistemas de acondicionamiento ambiental natural y el diseño energético pasivo en el proyecto arquitectónico en la ecología del desierto de Atacama, Chile. Por ello, la finalidad es describir y desvelar las causas de la involución del proceso de transición energética y de transformación ambiental realizada por los usuarios de las viviendas del conjunto habitacional Salar del Carmen; ubicado en la ciudad de Antofagasta. El proceso regresión ha significado en el ámbito socio-cultural la desaparición de una cultura solar y en el ámbito formal-espacial la pérdida del sentido del "habitar el desierto". A pesar de ello, en la arquitectura informal descubrimos que el proceso de adaptación al clima revela una fuerte identidad ambiental en lo referente a la arquitectura del paisaje y a la relación de los edificios con el entorno ecológico desértico.
En la primera parte se desarrolla el tema de la transición energética de la arquitectura hacia las energías renovables. La evidente y creciente ponderación de los problemas ambientales ante las señales de degradación de los ecosistemas de la Tierra, producto de un desarrollo insostenible, han conducido a un profundo cuestionamiento de los modelos de crecimiento de la sociedad actual, disponiéndola en la urgente necesidad de realizar una proceso de "transición hacia una cultura ambiental", basado en las energías renovables.
La segunda parte se centra en el análisis de la relación ecología y desierto. En la actualidad más del 15% de la población mundial habita en áreas desérticas. Esto demuestra la importancia de definir actitudes y diferenciar las formas de vida de zonas no desérticas. Las zonas áridas requieren de un planteamiento diferente al actual, no es utópico plantear un modelo de desarrollo basado en energéticos renovables.
En la tercera parte se analiza la relación de la arquitectura y el desierto, a partir de la interpretación del espacio desértico como espacio de modernidad, y como una manifestación que vincula a la obra su paisaje estableciendo una interacción constante y referida a los aspectos térmicos y lumínicos del espacio arquitectónico, expresados como modelos de sostenibilidad.
En la cuarta parte se presenta el caso de estudio, se analiza el proceso de transformación y acondicionamiento ambiental de las viviendas realizadas por sus habitantes. A través de una selección de las diversas tipologías de viviendas, de acuerdo al número de casos existentes, su emplazamiento y ubicación en la parcela, comprendiendo casos de viviendas transformadas y no transformadas. Por otro lado, se proponen tres instrumentos para la recogida de datos: observación directa, encuesta de confort y registro de parámetros ambientales con instrumentos. La observación de este proceso nos permitió percatarnos de la distancia existente entre las necesidades de los usuarios y los programas arquitectónicos. Pero sobre todo, la observación nos ratificó la pertinencia y propiedad de las acciones de acondicionamiento ambiental de las viviendas.
Finalmente, las propuestas estratégicas de la presente investigación se centran en las invariantes como habitar la exterioridad, construir la sombra y habitar la penumbra como elementos singulares para que este proceso de transición de base energética sea realmente factible y exitoso.
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Silva, Leonardo Toledo da. "Contratos de aliança: direito empresarial e ambiente cooperativo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-07122015-164033/.
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A presente tese realiza uma análise interdisciplinar dos contratos de aliança, arranjos colaborativos desenvolvidos a partir do início da década de 90, cujo objetivo é a implantação de projetos complexos industriais e de infraestrutura. Este trabalho investiga a percepção do autor de que o modelo proposto pelos contratos de aliança, em regra, promove um esvaziamento voluntário da função do contrato como ferramenta de aplicação, ainda que potencial, de sanções a comportamentos culposos, justamente com o fim de não prejudicar a construção natural de uma relação cooperativa. Busca-se ainda compreender a função desempenhada pelo contrato e pelo direito contratual, nesse contexto colaborativo, e qual a relação entre os mecanismos formais e informais de garantia de cumprimento contratual. Sustenta-se que, nesse universo, o aparato formal do contrato auxilia as ferramentas informais de enforcement, fornecendo o arcabouço de troca de informações essencial à criação endógena de confiança. Ademais, a fim de não prejudicar o ambiente cooperativo, sustenta-se a aplicação de sanções contratuais formais somente em situações excepcionais, geralmente caracterizadas pelo elemento de quebra de confiança. Sugere-se, ao longo da tese, que uma abordagem processual de regulação do contrato a qual permite sanção de comportamentos que descumpram o procedimento contratual acordado seria mais adequada do que uma abordagem estritamente substantiva que proteja a relação inicial de troca. Ao final, amparada pelas percepções construídas ao longo da pesquisa, é realizada uma reflexão jurídico-dogmática, na qual, após a contextualização jurídica dos contratos de aliança, lhes são sugeridas interpretações de aplicação de conceitos da teoria obrigacional, e de ferramentas de organização de interesses intracontratuais, como a boa-fé, o conflito de interesses e os deveres fiduciários.This thesis conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of project alliancing, collaborative arrangements developed as of the beginning of the 90s, whose goal is the implementation of complex industrial and infrastructure projects. This work investigates the perception of the author that the model proposed by alliance contracts, in general, promotes a voluntary emptying of the role of the contract in punishing, even potentially, unintentional contractual defaults, as a means of not harming the natural construction of a cooperative relation. The work seeks to understand the role played by the contract and the contractual law, in such collaborative environment, and what is the relation between formal and informal mechanisms of contractual enforcement. It argues that, in this universe, formal contractual apparatus supports informal contractual enforcement mechanisms, providing a governance framework that allows information exchange, which is essential to the endogenous creation of trust. Moreover, in order not to jeopardize the cooperative environment, this thesis suggests the suitability of formal contractual punishment only in exceptional circumstances, often characterized by the breach of trust. It is suggested, along the thesis, that a procedural approach of contract regulation which allows punishment of behaviors that deviates from agreed contractual procedures may be more suitable than a strictly substantive approach that protects the initial exchange relation. At the end, supported by the perceptions constructed along the research, some legal-dogmatic considerations are made, in which, after legally qualifying the alliance contracts, it is suggested to it some applicative interpretations of concepts of obligational theory, and organizational tools of intracontractual interests, such as good faith, conflicts of interest and fiduciary duties.