Relevant bibliographies by topics / Informal constructio

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Informal constructio'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Informal constructio"

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RICHARDS, M., J. HOLLINGWORTH, P. OLIVER, and IM SMITH. "INFORMAL DISCUSSION. THE USE OF COMPUTERS IN INTERNATIONAL CONSTRUCTIO N." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 80, no. 3 (June 1986): 805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1986.688.

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Khustenko, A. A., and E. A. Sherina. "DISCURSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS OF PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY IN INFORMAL LEGAL DISCOURSE." Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, no. 4 (2021): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2021-4-109-121.

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The article examines means for constructing identities in legal informal discourse on Internet memes corpus. The aim of our research is to establish the regularities in the ways of identity constructions through the categorical oppositions and the stylistic means. The background of the research is the socio-constructionist and critical discourse-analysis approaches. We applied a methodology that integrates two approaches: a critical discourse analysis, as well as methods of humour analysis developed within the framework of a semantic approach to humour based on scripts (Script-based Semantic Theory of Humour (SSTH)). This involved identifying the subject positions based on linguistic and contextual analysis; examination of universal ways of how identities are expressed in informal legal discourse. The focus of our analysis was on the stylistic means that implement a certain way of professional identity construction. Our analysis indicated that identities appear fragmentary and are constructed with the means of different discourses; the central one is the professional legal, which is compared or contrasted to everyday discourse, informal, advertising and even “mom’s” discourse. The list of linguistic resources varies from legal terminology and neutral vocabulary to colloquial and thieves’ and mothers’ slang and invective vocabulary. The study expands the field of knowledge about the ways, stylistic and linguistic means of constructing professional identity through various possibilities of discursive subjects positioning.
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Mostaghim, Cyrus. "Constructing the Yellow Brick Road: Preventing Discrimination in Financial Services Against the LGBTQ+ Community." Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review, no. 11.1 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36639/mbelr.11.1.constructing.

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The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning (“LGBTQ+”) community lacks explicit statutory protections from discrimination in financial services. After the Supreme Court held in Bostock that employment discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity was illegal, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) issued an informal interpretive rule for the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) and Regulation B that made discrimination in the access to credit based on sexual orientation or gender identity illegal. However, this article argues that an informal interpretive rule is easily rescinded and does not provide sufficient protection. Thus, alternative action is needed to create ore durable protection from discrimination against the LGBTQ+ community in the provision of financial services. Additionally, the increased use of AI in the financial industry magnifies the need for more durable protections to prevent the accidental usage of biased data to build and train the industry’s AI algorithms. This article examines the potential and limitations of existing consumer protection laws, possible pathways to create more permanent protection, and potential impacts from regulatory changes. This article also considers additional regulatory changes to other consumer protection statutes that may be needed to enable the identification of discriminatory acts. These changes may require financial institutions to collect sexual orientation and gender identity data – something that must be done with sensitivity because of a data privacy issue unique to the community: accidental outing.
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Fu, Yuan, Gui Ye, Xiaoyu Tang, and Qinjun Liu. "Theoretical Framework for Informal Groups of Construction Workers: A Grounded Theory Study." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 6769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236769.

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The current construction industry, which has a high accident rate and declining labor productivity, urgently requires efficient and practical management policies. Research has shown that social norms within informal groups have considerable influence on construction workers, while studies on informal groups of construction workers (IGCWs) have been scarce. Current theories of informal groups have not been analyzed in combination with construction industry characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework of IGCWs, including definitions, types, characteristics, causes, and functions. First, on the basis of existing theoretical research of informal groups, two semistructured interviews were designed to collect data from managers and workers. Then, a qualitative approach using grounded theory with NVivo software was employed to code the interview information, and 25 subcategories were obtained: 5 types, 10 characteristics, 4 causes, and 6 functions of IGCWs. Eventually, a conceptual model was established to explain the definition of IGCWs according to the interview data and subcategories identified. This study not only contributes to improving behavioral science theory, especially group behavior theory and human relations theory, but also contributes to constructing an informal group theory of the construction industry. In practical terms, the targeted identification of IGCWs is useful for managers in taking measures to more effectively manage construction workers.
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Goldwyn, Briar, Amy Javernick-Will, and Abbie B. Liel. "Multi-Hazard Housing Safety Perceptions of Those Involved with Housing Construction in Puerto Rico." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073802.

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Globally, hazards are increasingly threatening housing each year, and housing constructed outside the formal sector may be particularly vulnerable. Yet, limited studies have investigated the perceptions of those responsible for designing and building this housing. These safety perceptions motivate the informal housing construction practices that ultimately determine housing safety. Thus, this study investigates the multi-hazard housing safety perceptions of individuals involved with housing construction in Puerto Rico. We surveyed 345 builders and hardware store employees across Puerto Rico to understand their perceptions of expected housing damage in hurricanes and earthquakes, important mitigation measures, and barriers to safer housing construction. Our results reveal that prior hazard experience did not influence perceptions of expected housing damage, but previous housing construction experience did. Respondents viewed wood and concrete housing as less safe in hurricanes and earthquakes, respectively. Yet, respondents appeared uncertain about the importance of mitigation measures for concrete houses in earthquakes, likely due to a combination of limited earthquake experience and “hidden” reinforcement detailing in a reinforced concrete house. Interestingly, our results also show that respondents perceive technical construction capacity as a major barrier to safer informal housing construction rather than resource constraints alone. These findings suggest areas for technical construction capacity development for Puerto Rico’s informal construction sector.
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Malanda, Narcisse, Paul Louzolo-Kimbembe, Louis Ahouet, Jarlon Brunel Makela, and Guy-Richard Mouengue. "Concrete Formulation Study for Informal and Semi-Informal Construction Sectors." Open Journal of Civil Engineering 09, no. 01 (2019): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojce.2019.91005.

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Monteiro, Edilene Araújo, Suleimy Cristina Mazin, and Rosana Aparecida Spadoti Dantas. "Questionário de Avaliação da Sobrecarga do Cuidador Informal: validação para o Brasil." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 68, no. 3 (June 2015): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167.2015680307i.

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RESUMOObjetivo:analisar a dimensionalidade, validade de constructo convergente e consistência interna do Questionário de Avaliação da Sobrecarga do Cuidador Informal (QASCI) após sua adaptação semântica para o Brasil.Método:este estudo metodológico foi realizado com 132 cuidadores informais de idosos com dependência nas atividades básicas ou instrumentais de vida diária, em uma capital do Nordeste. Para análise da validade de constructo convergente do QASCI foram utilizadas medidas de qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, ansiedade e depressão.Resultados:no geral, os resultados da validação de constructo do instrumento evidenciaram correlações estatisticamente significantes com as três medidas. A análise fatorial confirmatória evidenciou um bom ajuste do modelo teórico de sete fatores (domínios) da versão utilizada no grupo estudado. O alfa de Cronbach para o total da escala foi 0,92.Conclusão:a versão brasileira do QASCI mostrou-se válida e confiável na mensuração da sobrecarga de cuidadores informais de idosos.
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Souza, Gustavo Henrique Silva de, Germano Gabriel Lima Esteves, Jorge Artur Peçanha de Miranda Coelho, and Nilton Cesar Lima. "Disposições Valorativas entre Empreendedores Informais Brasileiros." Revista de Administração da UFSM 11, no. 4 (February 23, 2019): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465919401.

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Estudos sobre o comportamento empreendedor vêm negligenciando diversas especificidades psicossociais ligadas ao empreendedorismo informal. Diante disso, este estudo objetivou compreender o comportamento de empreendedores informais por meio das suas disposições valorativas subjacentes. O estudo contou com a participação de 173 empreendedores informais, dos quais 84 (48,6%) homens e 89 (51,4%) mulheres, com idade variando de 14 a 70 anos (M = 39,83; DP = 0,90). Os participantes foram solicitados a responder (1) ao Questionário dos Valores Básicos e (2) ao Questionário Sociodemográfico. Os empreendedores informais apresentaram padrões valorativos com motivador materialista e critério orientador central, sendo a subfunção Existência (m = 6,277) a mais acionada – valores Sobrevivência e Maturidade como prioritários –, associada a uma forte correlação com a subfunção Realização (r = 0,446; p = 0,000), o que se mostra congruente com o que a literatura atribui para o protótipo empreendedor. O estudo permitiu a discussão sobre possíveis explicadores sociológicos e antropológicos para o empreendedorismo informal, acerca da natureza do autoemprego no Brasil, como a dificuldade de inserção no mercado de trabalho, a necessidade de sobrevivência e a cultura da informalidade atrelada ao constructo do Jeitinho brasileiro.
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Kim, Ye-Won, and Ji-Sook Yeom. "A Study on the Gender Construction in the Children’s Play." Korea Association for Early Childhood Education and Educare Welfare 26, no. 4 (December 30, 2022): 57–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22590/ecee.2022.26.4.57.

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This study is to investigate the gender construction in the children’s play. Data collection was completed through participant observation, journal writing, and informal conversation with children and their teacher in a kindergarten classroom of 4-year-olds for 5 months. The findings are as follows. First of all, the children constructed a typical gender, playing with gender-based play themes and toys. The children also constructed an atypical gender, escaping from gender-based play themes and toys by themselves although there was no teacher’s intervention in play. This study suggested that the teacher recognize children as active agents who are capable of constructing gender with their own free will and provide opportunities and rich environments for children to play in various contexts. The findings of this study will contribute to expanding our understanding of gender for children, building equal and safe classrooms where diverse femininity and masculinity coexist, and stopping the reproduction of stereotyped gender ideas.
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Zhang, Jie. "Informal construction in Beijing's old neighborhoods." Cities 14, no. 2 (April 1997): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-2751(96)00046-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Informal constructio"

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KATURIC, IVANA. "Informal housing in the framework of housing and welfare systems in post-communist croatia." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/133497.

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The object of this thesis is informal construction in South-East European countries during the post-communist transition, in particular the analysis of the metropolitan area of the city of Split. We will approach the issue of informal construction as a complex path-dependent phenomenon that cannot be separated from the social conditions, which generated it, nor from the institutional context in which it is embedded. In this thesis, we first discuss the transition of the welfare model in post-communist countries and highlight the specific characteristics of Croatia. Attention is paid to the different ways in which the diverse housing systems, as part of wider welfare systems, influence the phenomena of informal construction. The analysis is conducted at the city level in order to define informal construction in relation to the housing provision. Secondly, we address the problem of the definition of informal construction by looking at the following variable: ownership over land, the relation to the land use regulation, legality of the built object and its expansion, the current use of the object, permanency of the residence and as the last feature, whether it is built through the self promotion. A typology of informal construction is built and is tested in a survey of different neighborhood of the city of Split. Thirdly, a survey is carried out on the different typologies of informal construction. The focus of the survey is on the ways in which different social groups in the society benefit or are damaged by the phenomenon of informal construction and on the different possibilities and paths to the legalization process. An additional outcome is a refinement of the typology for further research on the topic of informal construction.
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Pendleton, Glen Brian Jameson. "The Informal Leader's Role on Construction Sites: A comparative analysis of formal and informal leadership structures within the construction industry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33013.

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There are numerous causes of delays in productivity and efficiency on construction job sites, many of which stem from inadequate understandings of leadership characteristics and jobsite relationships. The focus of this study is to determine who construction personnel naturally seek advice from on a construction site when confronted with a situation that requires it. Additionally, this study seeks to establish a classification procedure for locating individuals towards whom those in need of leadership are naturally drawn. Four construction sites have been observed with the permission of each relative construction company. First the researcher attempted to collect observations of the frequency with which advice is sought. Each time advice was required on a construction site the researcher attempted to collect observations determining from whom the advice was asked and who asked the question. This was later revised into a one-on-one interview format. After substantial data for these variables were collected, characteristics of all participants were evaluated to form a system of classification for informal leadership. The characteristics that were examined include proximity, job title, experience, education, and age. It was expected that advice would be sought more often from those with various job titles who are older, have more experience, are close in proximity, and have higher education related to construction. This often appeared to be the case, except both higher titled formal leaders and informal leader had less formal education and more hands-on experience. Once the leadership structure of each jobsite had been evaluated, a comparison of the productivity of each of the companies associated with their respective jobsite was illustrated to determine whether informal or formal leadership structures were more effective in terms of the current status of product (determined by looking at the budget and schedule). Findings suggest informal leaders may be less efficient due to the lack of authority to make quick decisions. It was also determined that leaders are more effective when they are in a formal position of authority. The process developed assists in the discovery of where leadership truly lies on construction sites, allowing one to use this information to improve productivity and efficiency by maintaining relationships and promoting where necessary.
Master of Science
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Marone, Vittorio. "Constructing Meanings by Designing Worlds: Digital Games as Participatory Platforms for Interest-Driven Learning and Creativity." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423639.

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This study emerges from the observation of an increasing divide between generations: a lack of a shared ground that carries profound social, cultural, and educational implications. In particular, the broadening differences between academic and “grassroots” approaches to learning and creativity are transforming formal and informal enterprises into seemingly incommunicable realms. This clash between different (and distant) practices, inside and outside of school, is inhibiting the construction of a common language between teachers and students, and, more broadly, between generations, thus hindering the development of any educational discourse. In this study I inquired into an online participatory space in order to advance our understanding on how its participants, driven by their interest for gaming and game design, discursively constructed learning and creativity. In particular, I looked into a community dedicated to designing, sharing, and critiquing digital game levels (i.e. “mini-games”) created with LittleBigPlanet (a digital game and creative tool for the PlayStation 3 game console) and discussed in the “Forum” section of the LittleBigPlanet Central website (www.lbpcentral.com). In this qualitative study I applied a hybrid intertextual methodology based on discourse analysis, studio critique, and design process analysis to analyze discursive texts (threads/posts in the discussion forum), interactive artifacts (user-generated game levels), and constructive practices (deigning, sharing, and critiquing game levels). The findings of this study show that participants socially construct and negotiate learning and creativity by enacting specific discursive functions that entail the use of humor and specialist language and the negotiation of effort and self-appreciation. By engaging in multimodal and intertextual practices in an attentive and competent community, users create a safe social space that fosters reciprocal trust, togetherness, participation, planning, and reflectivity. By furthering our understanding of a situated interest world, this research advances our knowledge on informal participatory spaces in which learning and creativity emerge as intertwined phenomena that develop through social-constructive endeavors that spur from people’s interests and passions.
Questa ricerca nasce dalla constatazione di un crescente divario tra generazioni: una mancanza di terreno comune che comporta profonde implicazioni sociali, culturali ed educative. In particolare, le differenze tra approcci formali e informali all’apprendimento e alla creatività sembrano inibire la costruzione di un linguaggio condiviso tra docenti e studenti, e, più in generale, tra generazioni, ostacolando così lo sviluppo di qualsiasi discorso educativo. In questa ricerca qualitativa ho analizzato le interazioni in uno spazio on-line informale i cui partecipanti, guidati dal loro interesse per i videogiochi e il game design, progettano, condividono, e commentano livelli di gioco digitali (cioè “mini-giochi”) creati con LittleBigPlanet (un videogioco e uno strumento creativo per la PlayStation 3) e discussi nella sezione “Forum” del sito LittleBigPlanet Central (www.lbpcentral.com). In questo studio ho utilizzato una metodologia intertestuale ibrida basata sull’analisi del discorso, sulla “studio critique”, e sull’analisi di processo nel campo del design, per analizzare i testi discorsivi (i thread/post nel forum), gli artefatti interattivi (i livelli di gioco creati dagli utenti) e le pratiche costruttive (progettare, condividere e commentare i livelli di gioco). I risultati di questa ricerca dimostrano che i partecipanti del forum costruiscono socialmente l’apprendimento e la creatività attraverso specifiche funzioni discorsive che comportano l’impiego di humor e linguaggio specialistico e la negoziazione sociale di impegno e auto-apprezzamento. Gli utenti del forum, immersi in una comunità attenta e competente, cimentandosi in pratiche multimodali e intertestuali, creano uno spazio sociale che favorisce lo sviluppo di fiducia reciproca, unità, partecipazione, pianificazione, e riflettività. Questa ricerca amplia la nostra comprensione degli spazi partecipativi informali in cui l’apprendimento e la creatività emergono come fenomeni interconnessi che si sviluppano attraverso pratiche socio-costruttive che scaturiscono dagli interessi e dalle passioni delle persone.
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Black, Benjamin. "Physics, construction, experience : an architecture environment for informal science education." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64532.

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Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 105-107).
While contemporary informal science education facilities (to include science centers, natural history museums, aquariums and zoos) have dramatically evolved from the 17th century room of curiosity cabinets to the modern-day container of interactive exhibits, very little has been done to incorporate architectural experience into a pedagogical mission. This thesis investigates how architectural experiences can be constructed as integral components of an informal science learning environment. While the building serves as a container of the facility, it also serves as a device to consciously establish territories of direct interaction with the behavior of natural phenomena. Grounded primarily on scientific concepts related physics, the mission of this particular science center relies substantially on the experimentation, participation, and critical inquiry of citizens to construct their own knowledge. It is located in Seattle on a prominent urban site associated with existing and developing cultural infrastructure.
by Benjamin Black.
M.Arch.
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Ruiters, Astrid. "Proficiency enhancement in the workplace through informal learning." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4514.

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Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS)
The study examines three emerging salient themes. Firstly, it highlights the current perception of informal learning in the workplace which has multiple definitions and descriptions. The second theme draws attention to the sociocultural structures and the impact on individual engagement in workplace learning. The last theme illustrates the potential of informal learning and how individuals and their learning environment at work cannot function independently. Employees no longer have time for the inefficiencies of the past, old-style training they want to be co-participants in learning not simply receivers (Cross, 2007).By diagnosing the current status of informal workplace learning, the research examines the employee engagement, the perceived factors that affect learning engagement and explores the links between informal workplace learning and the performance of the organisation. Against the background of informal learning in the workplace, a learning organisation has been characterised, as an organisation that has development in place that supports learning and recognises the value of learning and extends itself towards the enhancement of employee’s proficiency and transfer of learning to others (Berg & Chyung, 2008).
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Thakar, Aniruddha. "Visualization feedback from informal specifications." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03242009-040810/.

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Stankovic, Filip. "The impact of post-socialism on informal settlements in Belgrade." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-276974.

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After the fall of communism in Eastern and Southeastern Europe in 1989 the countries that had been under socialist rule underwent a process of political, economical and social reforms and changes. These changes also had a major impact on the process of urban planning; creating a disruption in previously held planning ideas and patterns and causing a brake with the former planning system. In this context new approaches to planning arose, as did new challenges and problems, such as the phenomenon of informal and unplanned settlements. This study seeks to give some answers to the origins and causes of the development of informal settlements in Belgrade as well as inquiring how planning authorities are currently dealing with the problem in light of the large-scale new construction project Belgrade Waterfront. The data was collected using an inductive, qualitative approach through interviews, observations and by examining secondary sources on the topic. The results indicate a city still struggling with finding a functional planning system, scarred by wars, sanctions and an ongoing refugee crisis and with a government that too often prioritizes grand building projects over meeting the needs of its citizens.
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Banda, Ian Nzali. "Institutional mechanisms for water supply to informal settlements in Zambia a grounded theory approach." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5071.

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Effective provision of water services to informal settlements in Zambia has, andcontinues to challenge policy makers and those mandated to provide this service.Despite effecting widespread reforms for the sector in the mid to late 1990’s witha prime intent of rapidly reinvigorating the sector, problems still remain as vastnumbers of the informal settlement populace continue to live without adequateand sustained access to clean water. The complex nature of these informalsettlements has been cited as one of the key factors responsible for this situationin that the housing units are constructed devoid of any municipal planning andcontrol; are poorly constructed; and, not laid out in a systematic geometric arraywhich is essential for effective provision of modern water reticulationinfrastructure. Other factors include challenges by the service providers tomobilise resources required to install the network infrastructure and also theirinability to fully meet and recover their operational costs. The literature reviewquestioned whether other actors should be willingly allowed to participate in orderto augment service provision and also whether provision of incentives to theservice providers would serve to eradicate this condition of poor service delivery.The research was undertaken using a grounded theory approach within thesocial constructivist paradigm which is most suited where there is an absence oftheory to underpin the research area, or where the existent knowledge base inthe particular area is devoid of any theoretical foundation. The methods of datacollection included focus group discussions and in-depth semi-structuredinterviews. The research revealed that existing service delivery approaches tothese areas needs to be remodelled primarily through overhaul of the existentpolicy framework, if they are to fully cater for the various operational impedimentsinherent in informal settlements. Other findings included the requirement ofoperational incentives to entice the service providers to service these areas andthe formation of ‘quad partnerships’ through which to render services. Thetheoretical propositions (key cornerstones) for informal settlement water supplystated in this research were derived and assembled from these key findings.
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Hu, Yang. "Constructions of children's needs in informal kinship care in rural China." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2013. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/61885/1/Yang_Hu_Thesis.pdf.

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Kinship care is the oldest form of alternative child care in the world. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the number of children being placed in kinship care across Western countries. However, in contrast to rapid knowledge advances about formal kinship care, far less is known about the needs of children in informal kinship care, especially in Asian contexts. This thesis and the study upon which it is formed sought to redress this knowledge gap. Qualitative approach was adopted to explore social constructions of children in informal kinship care in rural China. Parents in China seeking work in cities have left behind around 58 million rural children, mostly with relatives and without the involvement of the state. The present study examined caregivers’ and school personnel’s understandings of these school-age children’s needs through semi-structured interviews with 23 kin caregivers and five school personnel in Shijiapu Town, Jilin Province, China. The central question that guided the whole study is: What are the needs of children in informal kinship care in rural Jilin Province, China? Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to categorise and interpret the qualitative data. Based on participants’ constructions, this study developed a need model with eight themes. They are: (1) emotional needs and mental health, (2) relationships, (3) empowerment and agency, (4) safety, (5) education, (6) basic care, (7) physical health, and (8) personal development. These needs are grounded in the Chinese context, and therefore a good understanding of Chinese culture is essential to address them. The first four needs particularly capture children’s separations from their parents, and the rest are more general, and can be applied to most Chinese children. To meet the most important need for children left behind, namely education, these caregivers determined that others needs sometimes have to be compromised. Children left behind are a vulnerable group in contemporary rural China, and their diverse needs are attended to by several groups. This study found that as children’s closest kin while their parents are away, caregivers play a vital role in salving the children’s emotional loss. Caregivers’ love and familial obligations strongly motivate them to care for these children, and sensitivity to social stigma makes them strive to show their love and care to compensate for perceived differences between these children and their peers. Caregivers’ efforts to make children happy, however, were sometimes criticised by some school personnel, who see this as spoiling. The conflicting viewpoint between caregivers and school personnel indicate their different roles and perceptions in children’s lives, and the latter influence these children in a more authoritative way. Informal kinship care has several advantages of addressing children’s needs, especially their needs for emotional bonds with family. Community-based kin networks provide children with both emotional and material support. However, these advantages sometimes are restricted by caregivers’ child rearing capacity. Having developed a model of the needs of children left behind in China, this study suggests that caregivers, school personnel and government social services work in harmony to be child-centred and meet these children’s diverse needs. The unmet needs of children left behind mainly result from unbalanced development between urban and rural China, therefore, it is imperative to enhance state policies and programs that improve wellbeing for this growing part of China’s people.
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Mlinga, Ramadhan S. "Collaboration between the formal and informal construction sectors : towards a new national policy for Tanzania." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5067.

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Books on the topic "Informal constructio"

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Building China: Informal work and the new precariat. Ithaca: ILR Press, an imprint of Cornell University Press, 2015.

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Ambekar Institute for Labour Studies. and International Labour Office, eds. Working and living conditions of construction workers in Bombay (informal sector). Bombay: The Institute, 1990.

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Die Schattenwirtschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Eine ökonomische Analyse am Beispiel der Bauwirtschaft. Bergisch Gladbach: J. Eul, 1987.

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Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa., International Labour Organisation, and Madagascar, eds. Le Secteur non structuré de Toamasina: Analyse typologique, facteurs de blocage et perspectives de promotion des activités du bois, construction métallique, garages et réparations et pêche. Addis Abéba: Bureau international du travail, Programme des emplois et des compétences techniques pour l'Afrique, 1985.

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Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa. and Madagascar, eds. Le Secteur non structuré d'Antsirabe: Analyse typologique, facteurs de blocage et perspectives de promotion des activités du bois, construction métallique, garages et réparations : rapport d'une enquête. Addis-Abéba: Bureau international du travail, Programme des emplois et des compétences techniques pour l'Afrique, 1985.

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Gope, Nirupam. Socio--economic impacts of informal sector economy. Delhi: Abhijeet Publications, 2008.

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Paunović, Sanja, Zoran Ristić, and Ljiljana Pavlović. Research on the informal economy in the cities of Kruševac, Loznica and Subotica: (with special attention to Trade, tourism and Construction sectors). Belgrade: Progetto Sviluppo CGIL, 2011.

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Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa., ed. Le secteur non structuré d'Antananarivo: Analyse typologique, facteurs de blocage et perspectives de promotion des activités du bois, construction métallique, garages et réparations. Addis-Abéba: Bureau international du travail, Programme des emplois et des compétences techniques pour l'Afrique, 1985.

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Jobs and Skills Programme for Africa., ed. Le Secteur non structuré de Mahajanga: Analyse typologique, facteurs de blocage et perspectives de promotion des activités du bois, construction métallique, garages et réparations. Addis Abéba: Bureau international du travail, Programme des emplois et des compétences techniques pour l'Afrique, 1985.

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La conformación del hábitat de la vivienda informal desde la técnica constructiva. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Artes, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Informal constructio"

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Whitfield, Jeff. "Informal Resolution Methods." In Conflicts in Construction, 117–35. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13360-4_10.

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McLain, Brad. "Informal Science Educator Identity Construction." In Preparing Informal Science Educators, 127–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50398-1_7.

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Pribadi, Krishna S., and Toong-Khuan Chan. "Construction Workers and the Informal Sector." In Construction in Indonesia, 54–71. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003149866-4.

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Beeson, Michael J. "Informal Foundations of Constructive Mathematics." In Foundations of Constructive Mathematics, 33–46. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-68952-9_2.

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Liu, Tao. "Informal Development of China’s Urban Construction Land." In China’s Urban Construction Land Development, 241–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0565-2_9.

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Mitullah, Winnie. "Construction workers in Kenya." In Social Protection and Informal Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, 197–219. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173694-9.

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Gervas, Aloyce. "Social protection and informal construction worker organizations in Tanzania." In Social Protection and Informal Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, 172–96. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173694-8.

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Jinnah, Zaheera. "The Accident." In Informal Livelihoods and Governance in South Africa, 59–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10695-8_4.

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AbstractIn this chapter, I use a case study of an underground accident to illustrate the pervasive forms of exclusion that the urban poor face. It follows the story of Florence, the wife of a miner who has been injured underground, and subsequently arrested, as she and others like her interface with the criminal justice and public health care sectors. Through these engagements, the chapter constructs an argument of the informalisation of governance in South Africa and its dangers.
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Jinnah, Zaheera. "The Future." In Informal Livelihoods and Governance in South Africa, 75–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10695-8_5.

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AbstractIn this chapter, the arguments and evidence from proceeding chapters are woven together to discuss how informality can lead to an erosion in democracy. Additional political analysis from 2021–2022 help frame the argument of a precarious future for the country’s political stability. At the same time, the book ends on a note of hope by returning to the voice of the Zama Zama, and how they construct agency and meaning in the face of ontological insecurity.
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Nathan, Christine. "Trade Unions and Adult Learning for Women Construction Workers in the Informal Sector." In Meeting Basic Learning Needs in the Informal Sector, 119–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3427-x_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Informal constructio"

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Whelan, Debbie. "Light Touch on the land – continued conversations about architectural change, informality and sustainability." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15043.

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Including ‘informally constructed’ buildings in the cornucopia of ‘vernacular’ has its opponents. They are not visually compelling, strongly represent the ‘other’, and their unpopularity derives from worldviews that prioritise ‘architecture’ as modernity rather than, perhaps, ‘buildings’ as humanity. However, it is argued that informal settlements are not only the kernel of new cities (using modern materials), but are inevitable and sanitized by health legislation, with slum ‘clearing’ having different potentials, to ‘slum building’. Considering informal settlements in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa in the early 1920s, and subsequent slum clearances due to post-War health legislation, tracking their continued negative, (and ambivalent connotations at the end of apartheid), and most extensive manifestations in current times, this paper considers informal settlements as recyclers of matter, distinct representations of cultural change (from the rural to the urban) and vectors of opportunity (driven by early health legislations). For the a global north which assumes culturally static societies, advocates for carbon-neutral construction, and renewable construction materials and recycling, there is possibly much we can learn from informal settlements, addressing complex and diverse world views, recycling, political organization and spatial planning. Also, viewed from the lofty perspective of the global north, such vernaculars are viewed derisively, are the focus of multiple, globally-crafted sustainable development goals, and are considered as ‘problems’ rather than, ‘solutions’. Thus, migratory trajectories, social and cultural change, and the continued use of existing and found materials is real for many millions of people globally. These constantly negotiated territories provide compelling ground for re-assessment, reflection and repositioning, interpretation of the vernacular.
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Jewell, Carol, Roger Flanagan, and Keith Cattell. "The Effects of the Informal Sector on Construction." In Construction Research Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40754(183)78.

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Wijayaningtyas, Maranatha, Ibrahim Sipan, and Kukuh Lukiyanto. "Informal worker phenomenon in housing construction project." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING ENGINEERING (ICONBUILD) 2017: Smart Construction Towards Global Challenges. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011575.

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Freitas, Jose, and Antonio Leitao. "Back to Reality - Dendritic structures using current construction techniques." In CAADRIA 2019: Intelligent & Informed. CAADRIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.1.173.

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Freitas, Jose, and Antonio Leitao. "Back to Reality - Dendritic structures using current construction techniques." In CAADRIA 2019: Intelligent & Informed. CAADRIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.1.173.

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Atapattu, A. H. A. T. L., M. Abenayake, R. Dilakshan, and A. V. P. U. Sandupama. "A framework for regulatory bodies to control informal building construction in Sri Lanka." In 8th World Construction Symposium. University of Moratuwa, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2019.3.

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Xu, Weiguo, Dan Luo, and Yuan Gao. "Automatic Brick Masonry System and Its Application in On-site Construction." In CAADRIA 2019: Intelligent & Informed. CAADRIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.1.083.

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Chan, Zion, and Kristof Crolla. "Simplifying Doubly Curved Concrete - Post-Digital Expansion of Concrete's Construction Solution Space." In CAADRIA 2019: Intelligent & Informed. CAADRIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.1.023.

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Brandao, Filipe JS, and Alexandra Paio. "Context-Aware Mass Customization Construction System - Methods for user captured as-built plans." In CAADRIA 2019: Intelligent & Informed. CAADRIA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.2.101.

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Jiugen, Yuan, Xing Ruonan, and Hu Xiaoqiang. "Constructing informal learning mode based on social software." In Education (ICCSE 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccse.2011.6028853.

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Reports on the topic "Informal constructio"

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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component - Test Program: Comparisons (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/lohh5109.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofit and existing cripple walls. Amongst the body of reports from WG4, in the present report, a suite of four small cripple wall test phases, in total 28 specimens, are cross compared with varied exterior finishes, namely stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) exterior finishes. Details representative of era specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction are of predominant focus in the present effort. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto cripple walls of 12 ft in length and 2 ft or 6 ft in height. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions and tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing); and dry exterior finishes (horizontal siding, horizontal siding over diagonal sheathing, and T1-11 wood structural panels) with attention towards cripple wall height and the retrofit condition. The present report provides only a brief overview of the test program and setup; whereas a series of three prior reports present results of test groupings nominally by exterior finish type (wet versus dry). As such, herein the focus is to cross compare key measurements and observations of the in-plane seismic behavior of all 28 specimens.
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Anilkumar, Rahul, Benjamin Melone, Michael Patsula, Christopher Tran, Christopher Wang, Kevin Dick, Hoda Khalil, and G. A. Wainer. Canadian jobs amid a pandemic : examining the relationship between professional industry and salary to regional key performance indicators. Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/dsce/220608.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to massive rates of unemployment and greater uncertainty in the job market. There is a growing need for data-driven tools and analyses to better inform the public on trends within the job market. In particular, obtaining a “snapshot” of available employment opportunities mid-pandemic promises insights to inform policy and support retraining programs. In this work, we combine data scraped from the Canadian Job Bank and Numbeo globally crowd-sourced repository to explore the relationship between job postings during a global pandemic and Key Performance Indicators (e.g. quality of life index, cost of living) for major cities across Canada. This analysis aims to help Canadians make informed career decisions, collect a “snapshot” of the Canadian employment opportunities amid a pandemic, and inform job seekers in identifying the correct fit between the desired lifestyle of a city and their career. We collected a new high-quality dataset of job postings from jobbank.gc.ca obtained with the use of ethical web scraping and performed exploratory data analysis on this dataset to identify job opportunity trends. When optimizing for average salary of job openings with quality of life, affordability, cost of living, and traffic indices, it was found that Edmonton, AB consistently scores higher than the mean, and is therefore an attractive place to move. Furthermore, we identified optimal provinces to relocate to with respect to individual skill levels. It was determined that Ajax, Marathon, and Chapleau, ON are each attractive cities for IT professionals, construction workers, and healthcare workers respectively when maximizing average salary. Finally, we publicly release our scraped dataset as a mid-pandemic snapshot of Canadian employment opportunities and present a public web application that provides an interactive visual interface that summarizes our findings for the general public and the broader research community.
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Schiller, Brandon, Tara Hutchinson, and Kelly Cobeen. Cripple Wall Small-Component Test Program: Wet Specimens II (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ldbn4070.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 4 (WG4): Testing, whose central focus was to experimentally investigate the seismic performance of retrofitted and existing cripple walls. This report focuses stucco or “wet” exterior finishes. Paralleled by a large-component test program conducted at the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) [Cobeen et al. 2020], the present study involves two of multiple phases of small-component tests conducted at the University of California San Diego (UC San Diego). Details representative of era-specific construction, specifically the most vulnerable pre-1960s construction, are of predominant focus in the present effort. Parameters examined are cripple wall height, finish style, gravity load, boundary conditions, anchorage, and deterioration. This report addresses the third phase of testing, which consisted of eight specimens, as well as half of the fourth phase of testing, which consisted of six specimens where three will be discussed. Although conducted in different phases, their results are combined here to co-locate observations regarding the behavior of the second phase the wet (stucco) finished specimens. The results of first phase of wet specimen tests were presented in Schiller et al. [2020(a)]. Experiments involved imposition of combined vertical loading and quasi-static reversed cyclic lateral load onto ten cripple walls of 12 ft long and 2 or 6 ft high. One cripple wall was tested with a monotonic loading protocol. All specimens in this report were constructed with the same boundary conditions on the top and corners of the walls as well as being tested with the same vertical load. Parameters addressed in this report include: wet exterior finishes (stucco over framing, stucco over horizontal lumber sheathing, and stucco over diagonal lumber sheathing), cripple wall height, loading protocol, anchorage condition, boundary condition at the bottom of the walls, and the retrofitted condition. Details of the test specimens, testing protocol, including instrumentation; and measured as well as physical observations are summarized in this report. Companion reports present phases of the tests considering, amongst other variables, impacts of various boundary conditions, stucco (wet) and non-stucco (dry) finishes, vertical load, cripple wall height, and anchorage condition. Results from these experiments are intended to support advancement of numerical modeling tools, which ultimately will inform seismic loss models capable of quantifying the reduction of loss achieved by applying state-of-practice retrofit methods as identified in FEMA P-1100,Vulnerability-Base Seismic Assessment and Retrofit of One- and Two-Family Dwellings.
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Kim, Joseph, and Patricia McCarthy. Evaluation of Sustainability Determinants to Develop a Sustainability Rating System for California Infrastructure Construction Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2142.

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This study evaluates the important sustainability determinants that affect factors’ success in meeting their sustainability goals when conducting infrastructure construction projects in California. The study implemented the online survey method to evaluate the sustainability characteristics that infrastructure industry professionals currently are aware of under the current situation in California. A data set of 25 validated survey responses is used for statistical data analysis using analysis of variables, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and two sample t-tests. The analysis results showed that the median response values for the six major sustainability categories do not show any significant difference. The results also showed that no statistically significant difference in the mean response values can be found from the six major sustainability categories considered. Based on the pairwise comparison results, only the other category showed a difference with water- and energy-related categories. However, mean ranks among the factors under each category are useful in prioritizing the importance of the factors considered, which will be useful for the successful implementation of sustainability in infrastructure construction projects in California. These results are meaningful for legislators and transportation agencies because they provide insights about the sustainability criteria relevant to infrastructure construction projects for better informed decisions about how to meet the projects’ sustainability goals.
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Cavatorta, Elisa, and Orazio Attanasio. Innovations in measurement and the evaluation of human behaviour. Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cmb9.

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If policymakers or researchers aim to improve an intervention, scale it up, or assess why it works and for whom, then focussing solely on direct outcomes is not enough. There are several ways in which evaluations can go beyond traditional outcome measurement and explore the underlying drivers of impact and the behaviours of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. - Measurement goes hand in hand with developing a theory of change, and the two work best when they evolve jointly: new (and better) measurements could allow the consideration of more flexible and realistic theories, while theory informs the construction and design of new measures. - Linking measurement to human behaviour and decision-making processes offers useful angles for identifying the underlying drivers of an intervention’s impacts. - Measurement innovation and improvements—including the construction of new measures—are an important endeavour requiring cross-disciplinary input. This endeavour should be promoted.
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Reis, Evan. Development of Index Buildings, (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/fudb2072.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. This report is a product of Working Group 2: Development of Index Buildings and focuses on the identification of common variations and combinations of materials and construction characteristics of California single-family dwellings. These were used to develop “Index Buildings” that formed the basis of the PEER–CEA Project testing and analytical modeling programs (Working Groups 4 and 5). The loss modeling component of the Project (Working Group 6) quantified the damage-seismic hazard relationships for each of the Index Buildings.
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Bridges, Todd, Jeffrey King, Jonathan Simm, Michael Beck, Georganna Collins, Quirjin Lodder, and Ram Mohan. Overview : International Guidelines on Natural and Nature-Based Features for Flood Risk Management. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41945.

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The application of natural and nature‑based features (NNBF) has grown steadily over the past 20 years, supported by calls for innovation in flood risk management (FRM) and nature‑based solutions from many different perspectives and organizations. Technical advancements in support of NNBF are increasingly the subject of peer‑reviewed and other technical literature. A variety of guidance has been published by numerous organizations to inform program‑level action and technical practice for specific types of nature‑based solutions. This effort to develop international guidelines on the use of NNBF was motivated by the need for a comprehensive guide that draws directly on the growing body of knowledge and experience from around the world to inform the process of conceptualizing, planning, designing, engineering, constructing, and operating NNBF.
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Cobeen, Kelly, Vahid Mahdavifar, Tara Hutchinson, Brandon Schiller, David Welch, Grace Kang, and Yousef Bozorgnia. Large-Component Seismic Testing for Existing and Retrofitted Single-Family Wood-Frame Dwellings (PEER-CEA Project). Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/hxyx5257.

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This report is one of a series of reports documenting the methods and findings of a multi-year, multi-disciplinary project coordinated by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER and funded by the California Earthquake Authority (CEA). The overall project is titled “Quantifying the Performance of Retrofit of Cripple Walls and Sill Anchorage in Single-Family Wood-Frame Buildings,” henceforth referred to as the “PEER–CEA Project.” The overall objective of the PEER–CEA Project is to provide scientifically based information (e.g., testing, analysis, and resulting loss models) that measure and assess the effectiveness of seismic retrofit to reduce the risk of damage and associated losses (repair costs) of wood-frame houses with cripple wall and sill anchorage deficiencies as well as retrofitted conditions that address those deficiencies. Tasks that support and inform the loss-modeling effort are: (1) collecting and summarizing existing information and results of previous research on the performance of wood-frame houses; (2) identifying construction features to characterize alternative variants of wood-frame houses; (3) characterizing earthquake hazard and ground motions at representative sites in California; (4) developing cyclic loading protocols and conducting laboratory tests of cripple wall panels, wood-frame wall subassemblies, and sill anchorages to measure and document their response (strength and stiffness) under cyclic loading; and (5) the computer modeling, simulations, and the development of loss models as informed by a workshop with claims adjustors. Quantifying the difference of seismic performance of un-retrofitted and retrofitted single-family wood-frame houses has become increasingly important in California due to the high seismicity of the state. Inadequate lateral bracing of cripple walls and inadequate sill bolting are the primary reasons for damage to residential homes, even in the event of moderate earthquakes. Physical testing tasks were conducted by Working Group 4 (WG4), with testing carried out at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and University of California Berkeley (UCB). The primary objectives of the testing were as follows: (1) development of descriptions of load-deflection behavior of components and connections for use by Working Group 5 in development of numerical modeling; and (2) collection of descriptions of damage at varying levels of peak transient drift for use by Working Group 6 in development of fragility functions. Both UCSD and UCB testing included companion specimens tested with and without retrofit. This report documents the portions of the WG4 testing conducted at UCB: two large-component cripple wall tests (Tests AL-1 and AL-2), one test of cripple wall load-path connections (Test B-1), and two tests of dwelling superstructure construction (Tests C-1 and C-2). Included in this report are details of specimen design and construction, instrumentation, loading protocols, test data, testing observations, discussion, and conclusions.
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Smerecka, Honorata. ANALYSIS OF PRESS HEADLINES FROM KROSNOCITY.PL AND KROSNO24.PL WEB PORTALS IN KROSNO. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11108.

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The analysis of press headlines from the krosnocity.pl and krosno24.pl news portals in Krosno allowed to distinguish features and ways of creating headlines in the local press: from schematic constructions to metaphors, word games, hyperbolization of events and quoting statements. During the linguistic research, several key functions of local Internet portals also emerged: it is primarily to inform about the most important events from the region, but also to support the development of the city, promote local products and businesses, take care of the good name and the interests of its inhabitants and make their achievements and passions known.
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Alden, Chris, and Jing Gu. China–Africa Economic Zones as Catalysts for Industrialisation. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.045.

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Chinese-sponsored Economic and Trade Cooperation Zones offer African countries opportunities for new sources of investment, employment, skills transfer and technology transfer that promote industrialisation. For more than 15 years, these economic zones have provided a window into the complexities of transforming African aspirations for industrialisation into realities. Through policy frameworks and incentives, Chinese firms have been encouraged to link with local economies. Despite varied outcomes, African support for industrial parks remains strong. To be sustainable, African Special Economic Zones need constructive partnerships and strong African governance, backed by high-quality data to inform both Chinese and African government decisions.
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