Relevant bibliographies by topics / Informal chains

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Informal chains'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Informal chains"

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Trienekens, Jacques, Mariska van Velzen, Nic Lees, Caroline Saunders, and Stefano Pascucci. "Governance of market-oriented fresh food value chains: export chains from New Zealand." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0063.

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The competition in international food markets is increasingly moving towards products with higher levels of added value and higher degrees of differentiation, requiring companies to become more market-oriented. Market orientation is ‘the extent to which an actor in the marketplace uses knowledge about the market, especially about customers, as a basis for decision-making on what to produce, how to produce it, and how to market it’. Market orientation comprises three constructs: market intelligence generation, dissemination and responsiveness. Value chain governance can facilitate market orientation requirements. Value chain governance includes network governance, contracting and informal relationships. Knowledge about how governance can facilitate a value chain’s market orientation is limited. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore how the governance of a global food value chain can facilitate the value chain’s market orientation. The study applies a multiple case study design. Four in-depth case studies were conducted on global food value chains from New Zealand to Western Europe dealing with the products apples, kiwis, venison and lamb. Interviews were conducted with actors from these four value chains in the Netherlands as well as in New Zealand. In each value chain actors with similar functions were interviewed in order to make the results comparable. Analysis of the case studies shows that network governance (i.e. leadership, shared governance and facilitation), contractual agreements (i.e. type and content: price, volume, quality) and informal relationships (i.e. trust and commitment) can contribute to the market orientation of a value chain. Leaderships and shared governance, in combination with good informal relationships in the chain, as well as contractual incentives, are main contributors to market orientation in global fresh food value chains. The paper adds to the still very scarce literature on governance of value chains and market orientation of value chains.
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Twine, Edgar E., Amos Omore, and Julius Githinji. "Uncertainty in milk production by smallholders in Tanzania and its implications for investment." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 21, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0028.

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The study evaluates the impact of risk on enterprises of male, female and young farmers operating in the formal and informal smallholder dairy value chains in Tanzania. It also examines the effect of uncertainty on the decision to invest in milk production in the two value chains. Results indicate that youths in the informal dairy value chain face the greatest level of risk followed by men in the formal value chain, and then men in the informal value chain. Women in both value chains and youths in the formal value chain face relatively low risk. Overall, milk production in the informal value chain is found to be substantially riskier than production in the formal chain. Optimal investment triggers are found to be much larger than the conventional triggers and are sensitive to volatility of returns. The results’ managerial and policy implications for inclusive dairy industry development in Tanzania are highlighted.
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Lyons, Michal, Alison Brown, and Zhigang Li. "ASR FORUM: ENGAGING WITH AFRICAN INFORMAL ECONOMIES." African Studies Review 56, no. 3 (November 20, 2013): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2013.80.

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Abstract:This article analyzes the value chain for Chinese manufactured goods such as garments and textiles sold in sub-Saharan Africa. It explores the opportunities for Africans with small, private businesses in the export trade from China, the potential for long-term business development, and how strategies of engagement have changed over time. It finds that the value chains for low-cost goods vary. There is great diversity of entry levels and opportunities for socioeconomic mobility, and traders evolve diverse strategies to obtain and defend their position in the chain. These findings are discussed in terms of understandings of international value chains, the informal economy, and African economic development strategies.
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Ogulin, Robert, Willem Selen, and Jalal Ashayeri. "Determinants of informal coordination in networked supply chains." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 25, no. 4 (July 20, 2012): 328–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410391211245829.

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Godfrey, Sosheel S., Gavin C. Ramsay, Karl Behrendt, Peter C. Wynn, Thomas L. Nordblom, and Naveed Aslam. "Analysis of agribusiness value chains servicing small-holder dairy farming communities in Punjab, Pakistan: three case studies." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2017.0122.

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The agriculture sector in Pakistan, as in most developing countries, is dominated by smallholder producers. Pakistan has the world’s third largest dairy industry, and milk is efficiently collected and distributed chiefly by informal value chains that market the raw product with minimal cool chain infrastructure. Formal processors have a small market share of 5%. Interview data from farmers, milk collectors and consumers from three rural-urban case study value chains were analysed to study opportunities and challenges faced by the dairy industry. Compositional analysis of milk samples (n=84) collected along these chains identified the fact that in Pakistan informal milk chains provide a cheaper source of calories for the final consumer than industrialised milk chains (USD 0.12 compared USD 0.15 per 100 calories). These three chains created an estimated 4,872 jobs from farm to market and provided access to interest-free credit for the farmers. The existing government price setting mechanism at the retail end and collusion by large processors to set farm gate prices provided significant limitations to the profitability of small-holder farms providing the product. The absence of quality and quantity standards, amid the exchange of huge numbers of small volumes of milk along these chains, are major impediments to industry growth.
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Light, Ivan. "The Informal Economy Buffer, Migration Chains, and Poverty Intolerance." City & Community 6, no. 3 (September 2007): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00217_4.x.

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Schoenherr, Tobias, Ram Narasimhan, and Piyas (P) Bandyopadhyay. "The assurance of food safety in supply chains via relational networking." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 35, no. 12 (December 7, 2015): 1662–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-02-2014-0051.

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Purpose – Taking a social network perspective, the purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for the assurance of food safety via relational networking. Design/methodology/approach – The authors consider both informal and formal relational networking, and explore a firm’s learning orientation, risk aversion and consumer pressure as potential precursors to such relational networking. It is further hypothesized that relational networking generates both industry and supply chain knowledge, which is suggested to be beneficial for contamination detection. The model is tested with survey data collected among food-producing firms in India, the world’s second largest food producer. Findings – The authors find a positive influence of consumer pressure on both a firm’s learning orientation and risk aversion, which in turn affect both informal and formal relational networking. Informal networking further generated industry knowledge and was beneficial for contamination detection. Formal relational networking influenced supply chain knowledge, which in turn enabled contamination detection. Originality/value – Recent food product-related safety breaches, which have, in the worst case, led to fatalities, illustrate the importance of food safety in supply chains. This study represents the first systematic investigation of relational networking in the context of food safety from the perspective of social network theory.
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PN, Sindhuja. "Impact of information security initiatives on supply chain performance." Information Management & Computer Security 22, no. 5 (November 10, 2014): 450–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imcs-05-2013-0035.

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Purpose – The purpose of this empirical research is to attempt to explore the effect of information security initiatives (ISI) on supply chain performance, considering various intra- and inter-organization information security aspects that are deemed to have an influence on supply chain operations and performance. Design/methodology/approach – Based on extant information security management and supply chain security management literature, a conceptual model was developed and validated. A questionnaire survey instrument was developed and administered among supply chain managers to collect data. Data were collected from 197 organizations belonging to various sectors. The study used exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis for data analysis. Further, to test the hypotheses and to fit the theoretical model, structural equation modeling techniques were used. Findings – Results of this study indicate that ISI, comprising technical, formal and informal security aspects in an intra- and inter-organizational environment, are positively associated with supply chain operations, which, in turn, positively affects supply chain performance. Research limitations/implications – This study provides the foundation for future research in the management of information security in supply chains. Findings are expected to provide the communities of practice with better information security decision-making in a supply chain context, by clearly formulating technical, formal and informal information security policies for improving supply chain performance. Originality/value – In today’s global supply chain environment where competition prevails among supply chains, this research is relevant in terms of capability that an organization has to acquire for managing internal and external information security. In that sense, this study contributes to the body of knowledge with an empirical analysis of organizations’ information security management initiatives as a blend of technical, formal and informal security aspects.
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de Paula, Áureo, and José A. Scheinkman. "Value-Added Taxes, Chain Effects, and Informality." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 195–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.2.4.195.

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We present an equilibrium model of tax avoidance and test its implications using a survey of firms in Brazil. In the model, the credit method used to collect value-added tax (VAT) creates informality chains—clients or suppliers of informal firms are more likely to be informal. An increase in enforcement in a production stage increases formality downstream and upstream. Various empirical measures of formality of suppliers and buyers, and of enforcement downstream and upstream, are positively correlated with formality. When the VAT is applied in a single stage of production at a rate estimated by the authorities, these chain effects disappear. (JEL H25, H26, L14, L21, O14, O17)
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Soundararajan, Vivek, Andrew Crane, Michael Bloomfield, Laura J. Spence, and Genevieve LeBaron. "Informal Labor Intermediation in Global Supply Chains: A Value Intermediation Perspective." Academy of Management Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (August 2021): 14765. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.254.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Informal chains"

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Worinu, Mark. "The operation and effectiveness of formal and informal supply chains for fresh produce in the Papua New Guinea highlands." Master's thesis, Lincoln University. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20080318.100431/.

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The research aim was to gain a more detailed understanding of the operation of different key segments for fresh produce supply chains originating in the Highlands Provinces in Papua New Guinea (PNG). The research investigates a number of supply chain dimensions of effectiveness which include, value creation and integration of processes, logistics, quality, information, relationship/vertical integration and overall effectiveness. These were linked together in SC framework. Two potato chains were investigated, one formal, the other informal. The informal potato chain involves small holder farmers, input suppliers and local markets including kai bars and the urban market. The chain originates and ends within the Western Highlands Province. The formal potato chain has farmers, input suppliers, wholesaler/marker, transport companies (trucking and coastal shipping agents), supermarkets, hotels and kai bars. This chain originates in Mt Hagen, Western Highlands Province and ends in Port Moresby, National Capital District. The effectiveness of both the formal and informal chains was identified, and comparisons were made to see how each chain differed. The informal chain was found to have different problems to the formal chains. However, participants to both chains demonstrate a high entrepreneurial behavior. A key finding of the study was that the chains spread their risk by operating in multiple market segments and this can help to solve issues with variable quality. The marketers in each chain position themselves in these different market segments. It was clear from this work that focusing on functions and not the whole chain can lead to a distorted view of chain performance. For example, for the informal chain, a focus on logistics issues, particularly poor roads and problems with availability of seeds, can misrepresent the effectiveness of this chain. Therefore, it was concluded that it is important to look at the overall performance of each chain rather than looking specifically at particular chain functions in isolation.
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Tuori, Michael A. (Michael Aaron). "Strengthening informal supply chains : the case of recycling in Bandung, Indonesia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79317.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division; and, (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-118).
A large degree of economic activity in developing countries operates unregulated and unreported in what has become known as the informal economy. Within the informal economy, a large number of individuals work in waste picking and recycling. In Indonesia, up to 70% of all employment is within the informal economy. In Bandung, the nation's third largest city, there are estimated to be more than 3000 individuals working in the informal recycling sector as waste pickers and middlemen. The informal recycling supply chain begins with waste pickers that collect waste materials from homes, businesses, streets, waste transfer sites, and landfills. These materials are then sold through a series of middlemen before reaching the factories that reuse them as inputs to production. Traditionally, academics, policy makers, and advocacy groups have focused their attention on waste pickers, while dismissing recycling middlemen as being exploitative. However, in the case of Bandung, the middlemen industry has a great deal of heterogeneity in terms of earnings and vulnerability. Middlemen also add value to supply chain by providing needed capital and transportation. Using the case of recycling in Bandung, this thesis argues in favor of policies that take into consideration all actors within an informal supply chain. In order to design effective policies, policy makers should have a clear understanding of the supply chain dynamics as well as the roles that each actor in the system serves. This thesis purposes an evaluation tool to aid policy makers in assessing informal supply chains on aspects of both efficiency and social conditions. The application of this tool is then demonstrated in the design of several policy recommendations for enhancing informal recycling activities in Bandung.
by Michael A. Tuori.
M.C.P.
M.Eng.in Logistics
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Aphane, Mogau Marvin. "Small-scale mango farmers, transaction costs and changing agro-food markets: evidence from Vhembe and Mopani districts, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7333_1365584421.

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The main objective of this study was to identify ways in which transaction costs can be lowered to improve small-scale farmers&rsquo
participation in and returns from agricultural output markets, with specific reference to small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo province. This study hypothesizes that transaction costs are lower in informal spot markets and increase when small-scale farmers sell in more structured markets (formal markets). This study builds on transaction cost economics (TCE) to demonstrate how to overcome transaction cost barriers that small-scale mango farmers face in the agro-food markets. The approach to collect primary information was sequenced in two steps: first, key informant and focus group interviews were conducted and, secondly, a structured survey instrument was administered in two districts of Limpopo. A total of 235 smallscale mango farmers were interviewed. A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of transaction costs on the likelihood of households&rsquo
participation in formal (=1) and informal (=0) agro-food markets. STATA Version 10 was used to analyse the data. This study found that a larger proportion of male than female farming households reported participation in the formal markets, suggesting deep-seated gender differentiation in market participation. The average age of small farmers participating in formal markets is 52, compared to 44 for those in informal markets, implying that older farmers might have established stronger networks and acquired experience over a longer period. Farmers staying very far from the densely populated towns (more than 50 km) participate less in the formal markets than those staying closer (0 &ndash
25 km and 26 &ndash
49 km), which implies that the further they are from the towns, the less the likelihood of farmers selling in the formal markets. Farmers who own storage facilities and a bakkie (transportation means) participate more in formal markets compared to those who do not own these assets, which suggests that these farmers are able to store mangoes, retaining their freshness and subsequently delivering them to various agro-food markets on time. Households that participate in formal markets have high mean values of income and social grants. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo
s participation in the markets is less as income and social grants increase. This suggests that households do not invest their financial assets in order to overcome market access barriers. A large proportion of households that own larger pieces of arable land participate in the formal markets, which implies that they are able to produce marketable surplus. Households that have a high mean value (in Rand) of cattle participate more in formal markets than in informal markets. However, this study found that the likelihood of a household&rsquo
s participation in the markets does not change with an increase in the value of its livestock. These findings suggest that households do not sell their cattle in order to overcome market access barriers. Reduced transaction costs for small-scale mango farmers in Limpopo should improve their participation in and returns from the agro-food markets. Policy interventions to support this need to focus on: access to storage and transportation facilities, enforcement of gender equity requirements in existing policies, and better access to information about markets.

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Hardin, Chad E. "Semi-Informed Multi-Agent Patrol Strategies." Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/1037.

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The adversarial multi-agent patrol problem is an active research topic with many real-world applications such as physical robots guarding an area and software agents protecting a computer network. In it, agents patrol a graph looking for so-called critical vertices that are subject to attack by adversaries. The agents are unaware of which vertices are subject to attack by adversaries and when they encounter such a vertex they attempt to protect it from being compromised (an adversary must occupy the vertex it targets a certain amount of time for the attack to succeed). Even though the terms adversary and attack are used, the problem domain extends to patrolling a graph for other interesting noncompetitive contexts such as search and rescue. The problem statement adopted in this work is formulated such that agents obtain knowledge of local graph topology and critical vertices over the course of their travels via an API ; there is no global knowledge of the graph or communication between agents. The challenge is to balance exploration, necessary to discover critical vertices, with exploitation, necessary to protect critical vertices from attack. Four types of adversaries were used for experiments, three from previous research – waiting, random, and statistical - and the fourth, a hybrid of those three. Agent strategies for countering each of these adversaries are designed and evaluated. Benchmark graphs and parameter settings from related research will be employed. The proposed research culminates in the design and evaluation of agents to counter these various types of adversaries under a range of conditions. The results of this work are agent strategies in which each agent becomes solely responsible for protecting those critical vertices it discovers. The agents use emergent behavior to minimize successful attacks and maximize the discovery of new critical vertices. A set of seven edge choosing primitives (ECPs) are defined that are combined in different ways to yield a range of agent strategies using the chain of responsibility OOP design pattern. Every permutation of them were tested and measured in order to identify those strategies that perform well. One strategy performed particularly well against all adversaries, graph topology, and other experimental variables. This particular strategy combines ECPs of: A hard-deadline return to covered vertices to counter the random adversary, efficiently checking vertices to see if they are being attacked by the waiting adversary, and random movement to impede the statistical adversary.
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Candido, Roberto. "Modelagem de processo \"supply chain\" informado usando tecnologia RFID: estudo de caso para a cadeia do agronegócio." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3135/tde-26062014-105310/.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma Metodologia pra implantar um Modelo de Processo Informado de Supply Chain usando tecnologia RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) aplicado ao Agronegócio. Para criação deste Modelo desenvolveu-se uma Metodologia própria utilizando-se de Ferramentas Computacionais Livres que conduziram a criação de um programa especializado para o Supply Chain da Semente de Milho, que foi o caso escolhido para o estudo. Os procedimentos adotados para criação deste Modelo podem facilmente ser remodelados para outras Cadeias do Agronegócio, tais como a Carne, as Frutas, Grãos Comerciais, gerando assim vantagens competitivas aos produtos até então vistos como puras commodities. As aplicações tradicionais do RFID têm sido limitadas ao posicionamento de produtos em armazéns, deixando abertas muitas possibilidades de estudo, como é o caso do Modelo Informado, permitindo ao consumidor final do produto ter todas as informações necessárias para garantia da qualidade junto ao item. A integração de conhecimentos originados no Supply Chain, Processo Informado, RFID e Agronegócio é feita com base em uma estrutura que distribui a informação entre os equipamentos e bancos de dados associados aos leitores de RFID. Neste trabalho a questão da segurança contra leitura não autorizada não foi incluída.
This paper aims to present a methodology to deploy a Process Model Informed \"Supply Chain\" using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) applied to Agribusiness and Precision Agriculture. The intent of this proposal is to allow tend users of precision agriculture product to handle all the data need to ensure the quality of a target product. Traditional applications of RFID have been limited to product placement in stores, leaving a wide possibility of innovations in Supply Chain management. This case is strongly observed in agribusiness, a very important issue in Brazilian economy, where commodities are susceptible to failure or block orders. The coalescing of knowledge from Supply Chain, Process Informed, RFID and Agribusiness Study is made by a fair distribution of information among tags and databases, generally connected to RFID readers. Finally, a case study was included related to the supply of corn seeds to a culture inserted in the paradigm of precision agriculture.
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Shillington, Laura Joan. "Non-timber Forest Products, Gender, and Households in Nicaragua: A Commodity Chain Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33532.

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This thesis focuses on the intersection of gender, households, and the non-timber forest product market. Based around the concept of commodity chain analysis, this research examines each stage in two non-timber forest products', straw brooms and coco baskets, life cycles from extraction to final sale. The first objective of this research is to contribute to the literature on NTFPs, and in general gender roles in Latin America, by examining the gendered division of labor within and among the stages of two specific NTFP commodity chains, and the ways in which this division influences how important these products are to household income and conservation. The second objective is look at how commodity chain analysis can be used to examine the above issues, thereby contributing to both NTFP and commodity chain analysis literature. The research shows that the construction of gender in Nicaragua underlies the different roles that men and women perform throughout the two non-timber forest product chains. The two chains represent varying degrees of participation by women and men, and this difference is explained by the prevalence of certain tasks. In the basket commodity chain there were more tasks that are labeled feminine, and in the broom commodity chain there are more tasks labeled male. In addition, the varying participation of men and women influence how income from these products are viewed within the households as well as where men and women stand as conservation stakeholders. Commodity chain analysis served as a useful tool to examine more closely the relationship of gender and households in non-timber forest products, and could be of great assistance to the various development projects using these products as a tool for sustainable development.
Master of Science
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Persson, Gustav, and Emma Atterström. "Hållbar hemelektronik : En studie om svenska hemelektronikåterförsäljares arbete för hållbara leverantörskedjor." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-140021.

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Bakgrund: Det råder en i allmänhet ökad efterfrågan om hållbara leverantörskedjor. Tillverkningen av hemelektronik är däremot både socialt och miljömässigt icke-hållbar vilket på senare år har uppenbarat sig i stor omfattning. Med tanke på att återförsäljarna av hemelektronik är många gånger fler än tillverkarna är återförsäljarna i en potentiell beroendeställning gentemot tillverkarna vilket väcker intresse för hur svenska återförsäljare av hemelektronik bör verka för hållbara leverantörskedjor. Syfte: Denna studie avser att beskriva konsumenters efterfråga och myndigheters påverkan på hållbara leverantörskedjor, beskriva den potentiellt asymmetriska relationen mellan tillverkare och återförsäljare på hemelektronikmarknaden samt utforska hur svenska återförsäljare bör verka för en hållbar leverantörskedja. Detta med tanke på den i allmänhet ökade efterfrågan på hållbara leverantörskedjor och den potentiellt svaga förhandlingskraft som återförsäljare av hemelektronik i Sverige innehar gentemot tillverkare. Slutsats: Konsumenters efterfrågan om hållbara leverantörskedjor i hemelektroniken är låg medan myndigheters efterfrågan om hållbar hemelektronik yttrar sig i form av striktare lagar. Beroendeställningen som svenska återförsäljare av hemelektronik har till tillverkare påverkar möjligheten att upprätthålla sina egenformulerade uppförandekod gentemot leverantörer, möjligheten till leverantörsbyte och garantin av en genomgående hållbarhet leverantörskedjan. För att påverka leverantörskedjorna till att bli mer hållbara använder sig återförsäljarna av styrmedel som uppförandekoder för leverantörer, relationsbyggande, utbildning och tillit. För att dessa ska ha största möjliga effekt rekommenderas en kombination av flera styrmedel. Formella som informella. Kunskapsbidrag: Då studien varit inriktat mot den svenska hemelektronikmarknaden har gjort resultatet till en vidareutveckling av befintliga teorier. Studien förväntas vara ett bidrag för framförallt återförsäljande aktörer och branschorganisationer på den svenska hemelektronikmarknaden Vidare är även resultatet användbart för organisationer som identifierar sig i den beroendeställning som studiens fallföretag befinner sig i samt ämnar att påverka hållbarheten i sina leverantörskedjor.
Background: There is a generally growing demand for sustainable supply chains. On the other hand, the production of consumer electronics is both socially and environmentally unsustainable, which has been revealed in recent years. Considering that the retailers of consumer electronics are many times more than manufacturers, dealers could potentially be in a state of dependence against manufacturers, which raises interest in how Swedish retailers of consumer electronics can work for sustainable supply chains. Aim: This study intends to describe consumers’ demand governments’ impact on sustainable supply chains, describe the potentially asymmetric relationship between manufacturers and retailers in the consumer electronics market, as well as investigating how Swedish retailers should work for a sustainable supply chain. This in view of the generally increased demand for sustainable supply chains and the potentially weak negotiating power that retailers of consumer electronics in Sweden hold against manufacturers. Conclusion: Consumers' demand for sustainable supply chains in consumer electronics is low, while authorities demand for sustainable consumer electronics expresses itself in the form of stricter laws. Swedish electronic retailers dependency on manufacturers affects the ability to maintain their proprietary code of conduct vis-à-vis suppliers. Moreover it affects the possibility of switching suppliers and the guarantee of an overall sustainable supply chain. In order to influence the supply chains to become more sustainable, retailers use instruments such as codes of conducts for suppliers, relationship building, education and trust. In order for these to have the greatest effect, a combination of several instruments is recommended. Formal as informal. Contribution of knowledge: Since this study has been focused on the Swedish consumer electronics market has made the result a development of existing theories. The thesis is expected to be a contribution primarily for retailers and industry organizations that are active on the Swedish consumer electronics market. Furthermore, the result is also useful for organizations that identify themselves in the same dependency as the study’s cases and intend to influence the sustainability on their supply chain.
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Mubaiwa, Pasipanodya. "Assessing the role played by informal traders within the snoek value chain in selected townships in Cape Town, South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4219.

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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)
In the Western Cape, snoek (Thyrsites atun) is a target for small scale fisheries. This fishery is comprised of recreational, subsistence and traditional line fisheries in the province. Snoek contributes 40% to 50% of the line fish which is landed. This thesis sought to identify the roles which are performed by informal snoek traders in certain Cape Town coloured1 townships in the snoek value chain. There are various aspects of this fish which heightens its importance in the Western Cape. Snoek is significant in the provision of food security for many poor and working class individuals and households within the coloured townships of Cape Town. Snoek is an omega 3-rich fish and is one of the Cape’s most well-known gastronomic traditions. It provides affordable and easily absorbable proteins, vitamins and minerals for township people. Poor people mostly rely on starches and fail to afford the most expensive protein sources like red meat. The snoek trade also helps in the creation of jobs and enables people to earn cash income. The study revealed that there is specialisation and division of labour between snoek traders and fishers. Snoek is sold via the auction system at the various landing zones scattered all over the Western Cape. It was observed that the snoek value chain is dominated by men and there are few women in the value chain who sell or clean snoek. Informal snoek traders ply their business next to shops or on the sides of busy roads using ‘bakkies’2 from where the fish is flayed and sold to the waiting customer to emphasise its freshness. Snoek traders create convenience by bringing fresh fish to customers in the townships. They also assume risks which come with venturing in business. Some snoek traders engage in multiple livelihood strategies by diversifying income generating activities rather than relying on one income source. Among the several challenges which snoek traders confront, one pressing challenge they need to address is their lack of organisation which prohibits them from speaking with one voice. The snoek value chain should be more efficient so that it keeps supplying the much needed nutrients in the townships. Both primary and secondary data collection techniques were used. Snoek traders face a myriad of challenges which require the authorities to address. They have no access to infrastructure with sanitary facilities. The other problem they face is that they are disorganised amongst themselves which weaken their cause. Traders and fishers would like to see the real transformation taking place within this snoek fishery. Traders are convinced that there is corruption within the fisheries department and many have lost faith in the system.
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Ntsonge, Sinazo. "An investigation of the informal market value chain for prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) in Nelson Mandela Bay, Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/62894.

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The use of alien plant species as part of the livelihood resources of poor people raises conflicts with national legislation, which views these plants as threats to native plant biodiversity. However, there is also increasing body of literature on the contribution that some of these plants make to the livelihoods of poor people. The level of significance of some alien plant species to livelihoods is mostly highlighted in the case of female market participants who are in a position of household headship. Since most African cultures dictate the role of females as solely being that of homemaker while males are assigned the role household headship and breadwinner, women often find themselves having to shoulder the household responsibilities when the household head is no longer there. This was the case in the Nelson Mandela Bay informal prickly pear market that this study sought to investigate. Even though there were also male participants in the prickly pear market, the majority of participants in the market were female who also mentioned they were the sole breadwinner for their households. This study investigated the economic contribution that the prickly pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) informal market makes to the livelihoods of people living in the Nelson Mandela Bay. The significance of the market’s contribution to their livelihoods was examined through using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. The study revealed that although the prickly pear income was largely supplementary due to it being available for only three months of the year, the income was a safety net resource for the market participants who had limited access to other sources of income. The results also highlighted the reasons people were engaging in the informal prickly pear market. The main reason that was mentioned was unemployment. Through a livelihoods analysis using the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, it was revealed that the other factors that were contributing to their unemployment were low levels of education, low levels of marketable skills, and old age. The study revealed through calculations of the estimated economic value of each market activity the potential of the prickly pear to be used as a poverty fighting tool. Although the results of this study only highlight the economic value of the prickly pear to people in a small area compared to the rest of the province and the country, the informal market’s significance still presents a strong case for the establishment of an agroprocessing industry, which would support the production of value-added products. Since the largest populations of the prickly pear in Uitenhage are currently under effective control by the cochineal species, promotion of its economic value instead of eradicating it without considering its value to the livelihoods of the people in the market could also ensure that its populations are kept under control. Job creation in the agroprocessing industry would not only improve the livelihoods of those involved in the market, but would also feed into the national economy instead of taking from it via the costs incurred during clearing.
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Hearne, Vivian. "Participation and barriers to participation in adult learning at a community college in the Western Cape: A chain-of-response model." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6610.

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Magister Educationis (Adult Learning and Global Change) - MEd(AL)
This study investigates “why adults participate in learning activities” and “what barriers deter adults from participating in learning activities.” Learning activities can include informal learning initiatives and formal education programmes. According to Larson and Milana (2006) “the question of why some people participates in adult education and training while others don’t thus” (p. 2) is as relevant and urgent as ever as we want to make lifelong learning accessible for everybody. While working at a Community College in the Western Cape (South Africa), for the period October 2007 until June 2010, I have observed and noticed that many of the learners who entered the different programmes were all of a certain age. Many of them experienced an excess of barriers deterring them from participation in learning. For the purpose of this study, I am going to use the Chain-of-Response (COR) Model by Cross (1981a) to investigate specifically the situational barriers affecting those learners. Cross (1981a) developed the COR model. The rationale behind it was to better understand what urges people to participate in higher education or learning institutions. This model can be seen as cyclic, and involves seven steps developed by Cross (1981a) which have different impacts on the decision-making process of whether to enter or participate and persist in an adult learning course. Cross (1981a) argues that “an adult’s participation in a learning activity is not an isolated act but is the result of a complex chain of responses based on the evaluation of the position of the individual in their environment” (p. 36). Responses leading to participation tend to originate within the individual, as opposed to outside forces; it can either encourage or discourage participation in learning.
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Books on the topic "Informal chains"

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Navy, Hap. Tuanādī rapás iaṇdān knuṅ niṅ krauprabăndh nau knuṅ khaes saṇvâk dī phsār trī nai prades Kambujā: The role of formal and informal credit in the fish marketing chain, Cambodia. Bhnaṃ Beñ: Krasūaṅ Kasikamm Rukkhā Pramâṅ niṅ Nesād, Nayakathān Jalphal, 2006.

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Marshall, Shelley. Living Wage: Regulatory Solutions to Informal and Precarious Work in Global Supply Chains. Oxford University Press, 2019.

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J, Lund F., Nicholson Jillian, and University of Natal. School of Development Studies., eds. Chains of production, ladders of protection: Social protection for workers in the informal economy. Durban, South Africa: School of Development Studies, Univesity of Natal, 2003.

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(Editor), Francie Lund, and Jillian Nicholson (Editor), eds. Chains of Production, Ladders of Protection: Social Protection for Workers in the Informal Economy. World Bank Publications, 2004.

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Marilyn, Carr, and Commonwealth Secretariat, eds. Chains of fortune: Linking women producers and workers with global markets. [London]: Commonwealth Secretariat, 2004.

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Baars, Robert, and Marco Verschuur. Inclusive and climate smart business models in Ethiopian and Kenyan dairy value chains (CSDEK) : practice briefs : 2019-2020. Van Hall Larenstein, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31715/2020.2.

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This booklet presents sixteen 'practice briefs' which are popular publications based on 12 Master and one Bachelor theses of Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences (VHL). All theses were commissioned through the research project entitled 'Inclusive and climate smart business models in Ethiopian and Kenyan dairy value chains (CSDEK)'. The objective of this research is to identify scalable, climate smart dairy business models in the context of the ongoing transformation from informal to formal dairy chains in Kenya and Ethiopia.
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Practices, Best. Value Chain Communication: Keeping the Channels Informed (Report). Best Practice Publications, LLC, 2001.

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Mueller, Valerie, and James Thurlow, eds. Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848059.001.0001.

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Theories underlying the relationship between urbanization and transformation are being challenged by trends in Sub-Saharan African countries, since many have yet to observe their own “green” or industrial revolutions, despite moderate urbanization. Africa’s trajectory is very different than those of other developing regions, a main reason for which is the region’s significant “youth bulge” and the lack of a labor market outlet for this growing subpopulation. In many countries, the youth are driving the (albeit slow) movement out of agriculture, yet rather than migrating to urban areas, many are finding (usually informal) work in secondary cities, their peri-urban spaces, and the rural nonfarm economy. This book examines the overall trends in youth migration, policies, and political activism, then looks specifically at five African case studies to identify key trends and provide recommendations on encouraging youth to spur structural change. Conclusions reached in this book include that the rate of structural transformation varies among countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, but in most cases, it is the youth who are driving these changes. Education, access to financial services, and agricultural productivity contribute to this structural transformation and can act as pushes or pulls out of agriculture for the youth. However, when structural transformation policies are not pro-poor or inclusive, it can result in higher levels of youth under- and unemployment. Thus, the conclusions point to recommendations focusing on agricultural productivity, the rural nonfarm economy and informal sectors especially along agriculture value chains, access to finance and savings, infrastructure, and education.
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Charts of War: The Maps and Charts That Have Informed and Illustrated War at Sea. Conway Maritime Press Ltd, 2006.

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Blake, John. Charts of War: The Maps and Charts That Have Informed and Illustrated War at Sea. Knickerbocker Press, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Informal chains"

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de Aguiar, Luis Kluwe, and Louise Manning. "The Role of Informal and Semi-Formal Waste Recycling Activities in a Reverse Logistics Model of Alternative Food Networks." In Food Supply Chains in Cities, 145–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34065-0_5.

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Aslam, Naveed, Sosheel S. Godfrey, Mateen Abbas, Muhammad Y. Tipu, Muhammad Ishaq, David M. McGill, Hassan M. Warriach, Muhammad Husnain, and Peter C. Wynn. "Analysing Informal Milk Supply Chains Data to Identify Seasonal Occurrences of Antibiotic Residues." In Statistics for Data Science and Policy Analysis, 129–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1735-8_10.

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Birthal, Pratap S., Ramesh Chand, P. K. Joshi, Raka Saxena, Pallavi Rajkhowa, Md Tajuddin Khan, Mohd Arshad Khan, and Khyali R. Chaudhary. "Formal Versus Informal: Efficiency, Inclusiveness and Financing of Dairy Value Chains in Indian Punjab." In India Studies in Business and Economics, 57–87. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5957-5_4.

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Sah, Uma, S. K. Chaturvedi, G. P. Dixit, N. P. Singh, and P. Gaur. "Organized Farmers Towards Chickpea Seed Self-Sufficiency in Bundelkhand Region of India." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 113–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_8.

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AbstractSmallholder partner farmers under TL-III project were organized into four registered Farmers’ Seed Societies for addressing the challenge of constrained availability of quality seed of improved chickpea varieties in Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh state, India. These seed societies formed in Banda, Hamirpur and Chitrakoot districts contributed towards strengthening the formal seed system of chickpea by contributing 21.8 tons of chickpea seed (FS/TL) of recommended varieties (kabuli: Ujjawal, Shubhra; Desi: JG 14, JG 16 and JAKI 9218) and marketed it to institutionalized seed chains. More than 1500 partner farmers directly received the improved seed through farmers ‘seed societies while 1788 non-partner farmers received it indirectly through social networks. The interventions boosted chickpea productivity from 0.78 to 1.19 t/ha in the project villages. The efforts of the farmers’ societies to strengthen the informal seed system through farmer-to-farmer horizontal diffusion resulted in area enhancement under the introduced chickpea varieties up to 68% in the project villages while putting in place a system for supply of improved chickpea seed which can be replicated in other districts in India.
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Bergfeld, Annedore, and Kathleen Michalk. "Opportunities Provided by Formal and Informal Planning to Promote the Cultivation of Dendromass for Energy and the Establishment of Wood-Based Supply Chains in Germany." In Bioenergy from Dendromass for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas, 375–90. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527682973.ch28.

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Gully, Torsten. "Risk Preferences of Informed Newsvendors." In Non-Profit-Maximizing Behavior in Supply Chain Management, 9–41. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-24088-2_2.

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Hajnal, Matej, Morgane Nouvian, Tatjana Petrov, and David Šafránek. "Data-Informed Parameter Synthesis for Population Markov Chains." In Computational Methods in Systems Biology, 383–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31304-3_32.

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Hajnal, Matej, Morgane Nouvian, David Šafránek, and Tatjana Petrov. "Data-Informed Parameter Synthesis for Population Markov Chains." In Hybrid Systems Biology, 147–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28042-0_10.

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Hilton, Claire. "Shackles and Chains: Some Concluding Thoughts." In Civilian Lunatic Asylums During the First World War, 263–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54871-1_9.

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Abstract Many of the themes running through this book have parallels today, associated with stigma, austerity, deaths from preventable causes, and under-provision of services from which mentally unwell people could benefit. Metaphorical shackles and chains link then and now. At the beginning of the war, speculation and hope that victory would be within easy reach informed asylum planning. Decisions justifiable on that basis, but without compensatory adjustments later in the war, created harsher asylum regimes. Public support and special provision for mentally disturbed soldiers was heartening, but it highlighted the undignified standards of care provided for mentally disturbed civilians. Despite the problems in the asylums, there were also many dedicated and kind staff. Kindness was assumed so it was not noteworthy: it usually only came to light incidental to some other matter.
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Perwitasari, Intan. "Analisis Kebutuhan Permintaan Pembangunan Satelit Operasional Nasional." In Kajian Kebijakan dan Informasi Kedirgantaraan, 153–76. Bogor: Mitra Wacana Media, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/9786023181360.9.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui gambaran kondisi dan strategi pengembangan satelit operasional di negara ASEAN, (2) mengetahui faktor lingkungan strategis yang berpengaruh pada litbang satelit di Indonesia, dan (3) mengetahui kebutuhan akan pengembangan satelit operasional di Indonesia. Metode analisisnya menggunakan deskriptif analisis dengan melakukan benchmarking, analisa lingkungan strategis dan identifikasi kebutuhan satelit nasional. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa (1) latar belakang negara ASEAN memiliki satelit operasional sendiri untuk kepentingan prestise, kemandirian dan ilmiah; (2) faktor strategis yang mempengaruhi litbang teknologi satelit di Indonesia diantaranya keberadaan jasa peluncur internasional, keterbatasan slot orbit, pilihan untung rugi atas kepemilikan satelit sendiri atau leasing, dan supply chain bisnis keantariksaan; dan (3) kebutuhan pengembangan program satelit operasional nasional adalah berprinsip independence and self-reliance, dengan misi untuk pemantauan sumberdaya alam wilayah pesisir, daratan dan mendukung mitigasi bencana alam--satelit berukuran mikro berbasis SAR.
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Conference papers on the topic "Informal chains"

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Martin-Rubio, Irene, Diego Andina, and Ana María Tarquis. "RISK MANAGEMENT IN INFORMAL UNIVERSITY TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2016.2120.

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Ameri, Farhad, and Christian McArthur. "An Ontological Approach to Manufacturing Supplier Discovery in Virtual Markets." In ASME 2010 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2010-28179.

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Manufacturing supply chains are increasingly becoming global, virtual and short-lived in order to improve their agility and dynamic adaptability to rapid changes in today’s volatile market. In this context, online marketplaces for manufacturing services have become attractive venues for rapid development of supply chain relationships. Despite their numerous benefits, the existing online markets have failed in adequately automating the supply chain deployment process. Heavy reliance of the existing online markets on human agents for formulating supplier queries and evaluating the obtained results can be mainly attributed to the informal nature of the information models used in these markets. To enable active involvement of machine agents in supply chain deployment, the underlying information models that support online markets should represent the semantics of information in a formal and machine-interpretable fashion. This paper introduces Manufacturing Service Description Language (MSDL) as a formal ontology for description of suppliers’ capability at different levels of abstraction including process-level, machine-level, and system level. Also, an agent-based framework is proposed in this paper that facilitates automated discovery and evaluation of potential manufacturing partners based on the MSDL description of the services they provide.
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Zhu, Yan, Makoto Imamura, Daniel Nikovski, and Eamonn Keogh. "Time Series Chains: A Novel Tool for Time Series Data Mining." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/764.

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Since their introduction over a decade ago, time se-ries motifs have become a fundamental tool for time series analytics, finding diverse uses in dozens of domains. In this work we introduce Time Series Chains, which are related to, but distinct from, time series motifs. Informally, time series chains are a temporally ordered set of subsequence patterns, such that each pattern is similar to the pattern that preceded it, but the first and last patterns are arbi-trarily dissimilar. In the discrete space, this is simi-lar to extracting the text chain “hit, hot, dot, dog” from a paragraph. The first and last words have nothing in common, yet they are connected by a chain of words with a small mutual difference. Time Series Chains can capture the evolution of systems, and help predict the future. As such, they potentially have implications for prognostics. In this work, we introduce a robust definition of time series chains, and a scalable algorithm that allows us to discover them in massive datasets.
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Reese, Samantha, Margaret Mann, Timothy Remo, and Kelsey Horowitz. "Regional Manufacturing Cost Structures and Supply Chain Considerations for Medium Voltage Silicon Carbide Power Applications." In ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6601.

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Bottoms-up cost analysis has been a mainstay of commoditized industry and manufacturing processes for years, however a holistic objective supply chain analysis to inform research and investment in the development of early stage technologies has not. The potential for rapid adoption of wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors, specifically silicon carbide (SiC), highlights a need to understand the drivers of location-specific manufacturing cost, global supply chains, and plant location decisions. Further, ongoing research and investment, necessitates analytical analysis to help inform the roadmap of SiC technologies. In collaboration with PowerAmerica the project explores the bottoms-up cost analysis of wafers, devices, modules, and variable frequency motor drives at the anticipated manufacturing levels. Leveraging these models, it outlines how the cost reduction potential of proposed research advances can be quantified.
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Vieira, Guilherme E., and Reynaldo Lemos. "Understanding supply chain robustness." In 2009 IEEE/INFORMS International Conference on Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2009.5203922.

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Tillner, Silja, and Eva Maria Kuehn. "Habitat 5.0 – Towards affordable and sustainable housing in the developing world. “Brick-Chain” – a pattern- and blockchain-based approach to build communities." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/hyay8365.

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“Habitat 5.0 – Towards affordable and sustainable housing in the developing world” strives to build communities by following urban design patterns for sustainable settlements and goes beyond the mere production of individual housing structures. It is a blockchain-based approach that leads to “disruptive innovations” in order to achieve “quality good enough”1 to upgrade informal settlements. The key approach relies on the secure and verifiable transfer of existing, qualified knowhow that enables residents to participate in the process. The self-building of houses with ecological materials is safer, cheaper, faster, sustainable, and supports the vision of “Glocalization.” Habitat 5.0 is a need-based approach: The need is the lack of affordable and adequate housing which leads to the surge in informal settlements. The idea is to improve informal housing in situ. This need is aggravated when disasters strike, as informal settlements are the most vulnerable when heavy rainfall, floods, storms or earthquakes hit unstable land and unsafe structures. Apart from informal housing, many other cheaply built structures are usually affected and destroyed by natural disasters. Therefore, disaster relief housing is another major potential of this approach.
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Yang, Tian-jian. "Financial performance comparison of stock disruptions throughout e-collaboration supply chains." In 2009 IEEE/INFORMS International Conference on Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2009.5204036.

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Wei Xu. "Making CRM work through supply chain efficiency." In 2009 IEEE/INFORMS International Conference on Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2009.5204007.

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Wang, Qinhua, Changrui Ren, Bing Shao, Jin Dong, Hongwei Ding, and Wei Wang. "Supply chain transformation based on business process management." In 2009 IEEE/INFORMS International Conference on Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2009.5203988.

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Shiau, Jiun-Yan, and Xiangyang Li. "Modeling the supply chain based on multi-agent conflicts." In 2009 IEEE/INFORMS International Conference on Service Operations, Logistics and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2009.5203965.

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Reports on the topic "Informal chains"

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Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.

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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.
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Mutyasira, Vine. Impact of COVID-19 on Food Systems and Rural Livelihoods in Zimbabwe - Round 2 Report. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2020.022.

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In response to COVID-19, the Government of Zimbabwe enforced a nationwide lockdown on 30 March 2020, closing most sectors of the economy, including informal markets. However, with limited cases, lockdown movement restrictions were eased and supermarkets, restaurants and vegetable markets allowed to reopen. Between 3-13 October 2020, a second-round (R2) of surveys was conducted, targeting farming communities in Mvurwi and Concession Areas of Mazowe District, to assess COVID-19 impacts on food production systems, supply chains and general livelihoods. This report summarises insights obtained from the phone-based survey, covering 102 respondents (20 female and 82 male-headed households), and 5 local key informants (councillors and extension officers). Results are compared to the earlier R1 survey carried out in late June/early July.
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Mdoe, Ntengua S. Y., and Glead I. Mlay. Agricultural Commercialisation and the Political Economy of Value Chains: Tanzania Rice Case Study. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.011.

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This paper presents the political economy of rice commercialisation in Tanzania. It is based on a review of trade policies, regulations, strategies, and programmes implemented since the 1960s to promote rice commercialisation, and the views of key informants. Key findings that emerge from the review of literature and key informant interviews indicate that the performance of the value chain over time has been negatively affected by the combined effects of the policies, regulations, strategies, and programmes implemented concurrently.
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Amaza, Paul, Sunday Mailumo, and Asenath Silong. The Political Economy of the Maize Value Chain in Nigeria. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.015.

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The aim of this case study is to understand the underlying political economy dynamics of the maize value chain in Nigeria, with a focus on how this can contribute to comprehending the drivers and constraints of agricultural commercialisation. The study is informed by theories of political settlements, rents, and policy processes. It asks questions around (1) the key actors and interests: who participates and how do they benefit? (2) Rules and policies: who makes the rules, and who wins and loses? And (3), what are the implications across different social groups?
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Iyer, Ananth V., Steven R. Dunlop, Anmol Guram Singh, Mihir Bhatia, and Sazzadur Rahman. Developing a Business Ecosystem around Autonomous Vehicle Infrastructure in Indiana. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317088.

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INDOT will soon be embarking on infrastructure planning to accommodate autonomous vehicles. This new technology affords the ability to impact economic value creation across the supply chain in Indiana, as well as foster economic development in Indiana to support these emerging technologies. This proposal will be a first cut towards exploring the development of a strategy to realize this potential. Our proposal will consist of two phases. Phase 1: A focus on industry choices and plans that can inform INDOT choices. Phase 2: A focus on INDOT’s internal decision making, risk tolerance, and choices regarding infrastructure projects.
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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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