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1
Trombetta, Claudia Maria, Otfried Kistner, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, and Serena Marchi. "Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050714.
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Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination remains the most effective method of controlling the morbidity and mortality of seasonal influenza, especially with respect to risk groups. To date, three types of influenza vaccines have been licensed: inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant haemagglutinin vaccines. Effectiveness studies allow an assessment of the positive effects of influenza vaccines in the field. The effectiveness of current influenza is suboptimal, being estimated as 40% to 60% when the vaccines strains are antigenically well-matched with the circulating viruses. This review focuses on influenza viruses and vaccines and the role of vaccine effectiveness studies for evaluating the benefits of influenza vaccines. Overall, influenza vaccines are effective against morbidity and mortality in all age and risk groups, especially in young children and older adults. However, the effectiveness is dependent on several factors such as the age of vaccinees, the match between the strain included in the vaccine composition and the circulating virus, egg-adaptations occurring during the production process, and the subject’s history of previous vaccination.
2
Gouma, Sigrid, Elizabeth M. Anderson, and Scott E. Hensley. "Challenges of Making Effective Influenza Vaccines." Annual Review of Virology 7, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-010320-044746.
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Seasonal influenza vaccines prevent influenza-related illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, these vaccines are not as effective as other viral vaccines, and there is clearly room for improvement. Here, we review the history of seasonal influenza vaccines, describe challenges associated with producing influenza vaccine antigens, and discuss the inherent difficulties of updating influenza vaccine strains each influenza season. We argue that seasonal influenza vaccines can be dramatically improved by modernizing antigen production processes and developing models that are better at predicting viral evolution. Resources should be specifically dedicated to improving seasonal influenza vaccines while developing entirely new vaccine platforms.
3
Osterhaus, Ab, Ron Fouchier, and Guus Rimmelzwaan. "Towards universal influenza vaccines?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1579 (October 12, 2011): 2766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0102.
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Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to reduce the considerable disease burden of seasonal influenza. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are effective, their performance in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals would benefit from improvement. Major problems related to the development and production of pandemic influenza vaccines are response time and production capacity as well as vaccine efficacy and safety. Several improvements can be envisaged. Vaccine production technologies based on embryonated chicken eggs may be replaced by cell culture techniques. Reverse genetics techniques can speed up the generation of seed viruses and new mathematical modelling methods improve vaccine strain selection. Better understanding of the correlates of immune-mediated protection may lead to new vaccine targets besides the viral haemagglutinin, like the neuraminidase and M2 proteins. In addition, the role of cell-mediated immunity could be better exploited. New adjuvants have recently been shown to increase the breadth and the duration of influenza vaccine-induced protection. Other studies have shown that influenza vaccines based on different viral vector systems may also induce broad protection. It is to be expected that these developments may lead to more universal influenza vaccines that elicit broader and longer protection, and can be produced more efficiently.
4
Wood, John M. "Developing vaccines against pandemic influenza." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1416 (December 29, 2001): 1953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0981.
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Pandemic influenza presents special problems for vaccine development. There must be a balance between rapid availability of vaccine and the safeguards to ensure safety, quality and efficacy of vaccine. Vaccine was developed for the pandemics of 1957, 1968, 1977 and for the pandemic alert of 1976. This experience is compared with that gained in developing vaccines for a possible H5N1 pandemic in 1997–1998. Our ability to mass produce influenza vaccines against a pandemic threat was well illustrated by the production of over 150 million doses of ‘swine flu’ vaccine in the USA within a 3 month period in 1976. However, there is cause for concern that the lead time to begin vaccine production is likely to be about 7–8 months. Attempts to reduce this time should receive urgent attention. Immunogenicity of vaccines in pandemic situations is compared over the period 1968–1998. A consistent feature of the vaccine trials is the demonstration that one conventional 15μg haemagglutinin dose of vaccine is not sufficiently immunogenic in naive individuals. Much larger doses or two lower doses are needed to induce satisfactory immunity. There is some evidence that whole–virus vaccines are more immunogenic than split or subunit vaccines, but this needs substantiating by further studies. H5 vaccines appeared to be particularly poor immunogens and there is evidence that an adjuvant may be needed. Prospects for improving the development of pandemic vaccines are discussed.
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Shichinohe, Shintaro, and Tokiko Watanabe. "Advances in Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 11, no. 8 (August 21, 2023): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081391.
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The numerous influenza infections that occur every year present a major public health problem. Influenza vaccines are important for the prevention of the disease; however, their effectiveness against infection can be suboptimal. Particularly in the elderly, immune induction can be insufficient, and the vaccine efficacy against infection is usually lower than that in young adults. Vaccine efficacy can be improved by the addition of adjuvants, and an influenza vaccine with an oil-in-water adjuvant MF59, FLUAD, has been recently licensed in the United States and other countries for persons aged 65 years and older. Although the adverse effects of adjuvanted vaccines have been a concern, many adverse effects of currently approved adjuvanted influenza vaccines are mild and acceptable, given the overriding benefits of the vaccine. Since sufficient immunity can be induced with a small amount of vaccine antigen in the presence of an adjuvant, adjuvanted vaccines promote dose sparing and the prompt preparation of vaccines for pandemic influenza. Adjuvants not only enhance the immune response to antigens but can also be effective against antigenically different viruses. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of influenza vaccines, both past and present, before presenting a discussion of adjuvanted influenza vaccines and their future.
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Greener, Mark. "Influenza vaccines: an introduction." Practice Nursing 34, Sup1 (January 2, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2023.34.sup1.s10.
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Seasonal influenza is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections and deaths. During an influenza infection, the immune system produces inflammatory mediators, which are largely responsible for the systemic symptoms and complications. Vaccines remain the most effective way to prevent influenza-related respiratory disease and non-respiratory complications despite antivirals. Numerous studies support the benefits of influenza vaccination, especially in high-risk groups. However, the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine varies markedly depending on the match between the circulating strains and those in the vaccine, and the recipient’s characteristics. Influenza vaccines are, in general, well-tolerated. Research could lead to more effective and, potentially, universal influenza vaccines.
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Perrone, Pier Mario, Simona Scarioni, Elisa Astorri, Chiara Marrocu, Navpreet Tiwana, Matteo Letzgus, Catia Borriello, and Silvana Castaldi. "Vaccination Open Day: A Cross-Sectional Study on the 2023 Experience in Lombardy Region, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6 (May 27, 2024): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060685.
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Background: Vaccination is a highly effective tool for controlling infectious diseases, particularly in populations at high risk of contagion due to clinical conditions or occupational exposure, such as healthcare workers. The purpose of this study is to present the open day event that marked the beginning of the influenza and anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the Lombardy region and to describe the experience of an Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico in Milan. Methods: During the vaccination open day, eligible individuals received free vaccinations for influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal disease, and shingles, as provided by the Lombardy Agenzia per la Tutela della Salute. In celebration of the centenary of the Università degli Studi di Milano, the Fondazione Ca’Granda Ospedale Policlinico, a contracted hospital of the university, created a special electronic diary for a total of 150 individuals, equally divided between children aged 2–6, pregnant women, and university staff. Results: At the regional level, a total of 6634 influenza vaccines, 2055 anti-COVID-19 vaccines, 108 anti-pneumococcal vaccines, and 37 anti-zoster vaccines were administered. A total of 3134 (47.3%) influenza vaccines, 1151 (56%) anti-COVID-19 vaccines, and 77 (62%) anti-pneumococcal vaccines, were given to individuals aged 60–79. No differences were observed between the total number of male and female vaccinees (1017 and 1038, respectively), who received the anti-COVID-19 vaccine. At the Policlinico Foundation, out of 150 available booking slots, 154 vaccines were administered, including 117 influenza vaccines. Conclusions: The establishment of vaccine open days is a beneficial way to increase vaccine compliance. Co-administration of little-known vaccinations outside of healthcare settings could also be a useful tool.
8
Kostina, L. V., A. D. Zaberezhnyy, T. V. Grebennikova, N. V. Antipova, T. I. Aliper, and E. A. Nepoklonov. "Vaccines against avian influenza in poultry." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 62, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-2-53-60.
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The review presents the latest data about the types of vaccines against avian influenza that are used in current medical practice or are under development. Inactivated whole virion vaccines, live vector vaccines, as well as experimental vaccines developed using genetic engineering techniques (e.g. subunit vaccines, VLP vaccines, DNA vaccines) were considered. The efficiency of influenza reverse genetic technology for the development of prototype vaccine strains was noted.
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Suo, Zhaotaize. "Universal Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 and Influenza." E3S Web of Conferences 553 (2024): 05044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455305044.
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Universal vaccines appeared as a favorable solution for the rapid mutation of viruses that cause pandemics. Sufficient immune protection, safe and efficient production methods, and low-cost funding are ideal properties for universal vaccines. Targeting conserved regions, use of adjuvants, cell-mediated immunity approaches, virus-like particles, and multimeric presentation of viral antigens are strategies to enhance vaccine Immunogenicity. Different types of vaccines have been put into clinical trials, such as messenger RNA vaccines, on-replicating viral vector vaccines, and recombinant protein-based vaccines, which are proven to suit the needs of universal vaccine investigation. Moreover, this article introduces the universal vaccine development of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza variants, their vaccine candidates, research results, and the challenges faced. Universal vaccines are the trend of future viral protection, with more and more new technologies entering the field, a universal vaccine is within reach.
10
Li, Zhuofan, Yiwen Zhao, Yibo Li, and Xinyuan Chen. "Adjuvantation of Influenza Vaccines to Induce Cross-Protective Immunity." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020075.
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Influenza poses a huge threat to global public health. Influenza vaccines are the most effective and cost-effective means to control influenza. Current influenza vaccines mainly induce neutralizing antibodies against highly variable globular head of hemagglutinin and lack cross-protection. Vaccine adjuvants have been approved to enhance seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy in the elderly and spare influenza vaccine doses. Clinical studies found that MF59 and AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccines could induce cross-protective immunity against non-vaccine viral strains. In addition to MF59 and AS03 adjuvants, experimental adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists, saponin-based adjuvants, cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants, and physical adjuvants, are also able to broaden influenza vaccine-induced immune responses against non-vaccine strains. This review focuses on introducing the various types of adjuvants capable of assisting current influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity in preclinical and clinical studies. Mechanisms of licensed MF59 and AS03 adjuvants to induce cross-protective immunity are also introduced. Vaccine adjuvants hold a great promise to adjuvant influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity.
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Rowell, Janelle, Mayra Garcia, Chia-Yun Lo, Graeme Price, Julia Misplon, and Suzanne Epstein. "Conventional influenza vaccines influence the efficacy of a candidate universal influenza vaccine in mice." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 147.10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.147.10.
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Abstract Universal influenza vaccines are designed to protect against diverse strains of influenza virus. In a pandemic, universal vaccines could be life-saving. Candidate vaccines are usually tested in naïve animals, despite intended use in the human population that has a varied immune history, including responses to vaccination. To be more relevant to humans, we tested a candidate universal influenza vaccine in mice with a history of conventional vaccination. Female BALB/c mice were given two intramuscular doses of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) or diphtheria and tetanus toxoids vaccine (DT), one month apart. Another group had two intranasal (i.n.) doses of live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV). One month after the second dose, mice were given the universal vaccine, recombinant adenoviruses expressing influenza A NP and M2 (rAd-NP+M2, i.n.). Antibody responses to universal vaccine antigens NP and M2 were assessed by ELISA. T-cell responses to antigens were determined by IFN-γ ELISPOT. Mice were challenged with mouse-adapted A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) and subsequent weight loss determined rAd-NP+M2 efficacy. Efficacy was enhanced, inhibited or unaffected by prior history. Mice given Afluria IIV and LAIV lost less weight and had a greater antibody and T-cell response to NP than mice without prior vaccination, which are examples of enhanced rAd-NP+M2 efficacy. Inhibited vaccine efficacy was observed in mice that received Fluvirin IIV and mice had low IgG2a antibodies to NP and M2. Fluzone IIV and DT had no effect on rAd-NP+M2 efficacy. This study demonstrates that the protection by the universal influenza vaccine may be affected by a history of conventional vaccination, and suggests that performance in humans would be influenced by immune history.
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Corder, Brigette N., Brianna L. Bullard, Gregory A. Poland, and Eric A. Weaver. "A Decade in Review: A Systematic Review of Universal Influenza Vaccines in Clinical Trials during the 2010 Decade." Viruses 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2020): 1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12101186.
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On average, there are 3–5 million severe cases of influenza virus infections globally each year. Seasonal influenza vaccines provide limited protection against divergent influenza strains. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is a top priority for the NIH. Here, we report a comprehensive summary of all universal influenza vaccines that were tested in clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade. Of the 1597 studies found, 69 eligible clinical trials, which investigated 27 vaccines, were included in this review. Information from each trial was compiled for vaccine target, vaccine platform, adjuvant inclusion, clinical trial phase, and results. As we look forward, there are currently three vaccines in phase III clinical trials which could provide significant improvement over seasonal influenza vaccines. This systematic review of universal influenza vaccine clinical trials during the 2010–2019 decade provides an update on the progress towards an improved influenza vaccine.
13
Nuwarda, Rina Fajri, Abdulsalam Abdullah Alharbi, and Veysel Kayser. "An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines." Vaccines 9, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091032.
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Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
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Rockman, Steven, Karen L. Laurie, Simone Parkes, Adam Wheatley, and Ian G. Barr. "New Technologies for Influenza Vaccines." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111745.
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Vaccine development has been hampered by the long lead times and the high cost required to reach the market. The 2020 pandemic, caused by a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that was first reported in late 2019, has seen unprecedented rapid activity to generate a vaccine, which belies the traditional vaccine development cycle. Critically, much of this progress has been leveraged off existing technologies, many of which had their beginnings in influenza vaccine development. This commentary outlines the most promising of the next generation of non-egg-based influenza vaccines including new manufacturing platforms, structure-based antigen design/computational biology, protein-based vaccines including recombinant technologies, nanoparticles, gene- and vector-based technologies, as well as an update on activities around a universal influenza vaccine.
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Greener, Mark. "Influenza vaccines: an introduction." Journal of Prescribing Practice 4, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2022.4.12.538.
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Seasonal influenza is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections and deaths. Type A influenza can cause severe respiratory disease, death and pandemics. Influenza B accounts for about a quarter of the annual number of seasonal flu cases, but does not cause pandemics. Influenza C viruses cause mild symptoms in humans. Evidence suggests Influenza D does not cause disease in humans. During an influenza infection, the immune system produces inflammatory mediators, which are largely responsible for the systemic symptoms and complications. Vaccines remain the most effective way to prevent influenza-related respiratory disease and non-respiratory complications despite antivirals. Numerous studies support the benefits of influenza vaccination, especially in high-risk groups. However, the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine varies markedly depending on the match between the circulating strains and those in the vaccine, and the recipient's characteristics. Influenza vaccines are, in general, well-tolerated. Research could lead to more effective and, potentially, universal influenza vaccines.
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Maor, Yasmin, and Shaked Caspi. "Attitudes towards influenza, and COVID-19 vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic among a representative sample of the Jewish Israeli population." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 11, 2022): e0255495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255495.
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Background Vaccine hesitancy is increasing. We assessed attitudes toward influenza and COVID-19 vaccines and the relation between hesitancy to influenza vaccine and hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines. Methods A structured questionnaire administered during September 2020 to a representative sample of the Jewish Israeli population assessed attitudes and acceptance of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. Factors for vaccine hesitancy were determined using logistic regression. Questionnaires were administered prior to the release of clinical data regarding efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines and prior to vaccine rollout. Results We approached 10,625 people, of these 2,080 responded (19%), and 2,024 completed the questionnaire (97.3%), 64.9% aged 15–64 years and 35.1% aged ≥65 years. 37% had co-morbidities. 43.5% experienced financial deterioration due to the pandemic. 65.9% received influenza vaccine ≥1 time in the past. Influenza vaccination rates were higher in the elderly (81.8%). Reasons for influenza vaccine hesitancy were opinions that the vaccine is ineffective (27.1%), and fear of side effects (29.3%). 8.2% of people aged 16–64 and 13.8% of people aged≥65 refused to be vaccinated at least once over the course of one’s lifetime. Percent of responders willing to receive a COVID-19 vaccine were higher than percent of responders willing to receive the influenza vaccine both in people aged 16–64 years (942 (72.3%) vs. 38.4%, respectively) and in people 65 years and older (84.0% vs. 76.8%, respectively). Hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccine was associated with hesitancy towards other vaccines. Only 26.8% would participate in a COVID-19 vaccine trial. Conclusions Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine was higher than willingness to receive influenza vaccine. The results point to areas of fear from influenza vaccines side effects and lack of knowledge regarding influenza vaccines effectiveness that can be addressed to increase acceptance. Hesitancy towards other vaccines was associated with hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccination.
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Kilbourne, E. D., C. P. Cerini, M. W. Khan, J. W. Mitchell, and P. L. Ogra. "Immunologic response to the influenza virus neuraminidase is influenced by prior experience with the associated viral hemagglutinin. I. Studies in human vaccinees." Journal of Immunology 138, no. 9 (May 1, 1987): 3010–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.138.9.3010.
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Abstract Analysis of an earlier study of H3N2 and H7N2 inactivated influenza vaccines in schoolchildren demonstrated a greater viral neuraminidase (NA) immunogenicity of the vaccine containing the H7 hemagglutinin (HA) antigen to which they had not been primed, despite the lesser NA antigen content of that vaccine. Thus, prior experience with the influenza viral HA appeared to have a negative influence on immune response to NA, the associated external glycoprotein, presumably on the basis of intermolecular antigenic competition. In a second study, sequential immunologic response to influenza viral NA was compared in college students who were immunized with either conventional commercial vaccine or an antigenic reassortant H7N1 vaccine, and who subsequently experienced natural infection with an H1N1 influenza virus. Although both vaccines were only marginally immunogenic in inducing NA antibody response in seronegative subjects, in vaccinees initially seropositive for HA antibody significant NA antibody titer increases occurred with H7N1 vaccine. Subsequent natural infection boosted NA antibody less effectively in the population previously primed by natural infection than in initially seronegative subjects primed by H7N1 vaccination. It is suggested that primary immunization monospecific for influenza viral NA may alter the subsequent pattern of immune response to one more favorable to the induction of NA antibody when virus is encountered.
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Pawelec, Graham, and Janet McElhaney. "Recent advances in influenza vaccines." F1000Research 9 (April 28, 2020): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22611.1.
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Seasonal influenza remains a major public health problem, responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths every year, mostly of elderly people. Despite the wide availability of vaccines, there are multiple problems decreasing the effectiveness of vaccination programs. These include viral variability and hence the requirement to match strains by estimating which will become prevalent each season, problems associated with vaccine and adjuvant production, and the route of administration as well as the perceived lower vaccine efficiency in older adults. Clinical protection is still suboptimal for all of these reasons, and vaccine uptake remains too low in most countries. Efforts to improve the effectiveness of influenza vaccines include developing universal vaccines independent of the circulating strains in any particular season and stimulating cellular as well as humoral responses, especially in the elderly. This commentary assesses progress over the last 3 years towards achieving these aims. Since the beginning of 2020, an unprecedented international academic and industrial effort to develop effective vaccines against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has diverted attention away from influenza, but many of the lessons learned for the one will synergize with the other to mutual advantage. And, unlike the SARS-1 epidemic and, we hope, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, influenza will not be eliminated and thus efforts to improve influenza vaccines will remain of crucial importance.
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Xu, Liang, Weigang Ren, Qin Wang, and Junwei Li. "Advances in Nucleic Acid Universal Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 12, no. 6 (June 17, 2024): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12060664.
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Currently, vaccination with influenza vaccines is still an effective strategy to prevent infection by seasonal influenza virus in spite of some drawbacks with them. However, due to the rapid evolution of influenza viruses, including seasonal influenza viruses and emerging zoonotic influenza viruses, there is an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum influenza vaccines to cope with the evolution of influenza viruses. Nucleic acid vaccines might meet the requirements well. Nucleic acid vaccines are classified into DNA vaccines and RNA vaccines. Both types induced potent cellular and humoral immune responses, showing great promise for the development of universal influenza vaccines. In this review, the current status of an influenza universal nucleic acid vaccine was summarized.
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Chen, Wei-Chun, Shu-Yu Hu, Chao-Min Cheng, Ching-Fen Shen, Hui-Yu Chuang, Chin-Ru Ker, Der-Ji Sun, and Ching-Ju Shen. "Pilot Study on Evaluating the Impact of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis (Tdap), Influenza, and COVID-19 Vaccinations on Antibody Responses in Pregnant Women." Vaccines 12, no. 3 (March 15, 2024): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12030312.
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This study assessed IgG levels to influenza/pertussis and neutralizing antibody (Nab) responses of COVID-19 vaccines in blood of pregnant women following immunization with pertussis (Tdap), influenza, and COVID-19 vaccines. We prospectively collected 71 participants categorized by the following vaccine combinations: 3TI, 4TI, 3T, and 4T groups (three and four doses of COVID-19 vaccines plus Tdap/influenza or Tdap vaccines alone). Our findings have indicated that the 3TI group exhibited elevated IgG levels for influenza B compared to the 3T group (12.90 vs. 7.75 U, p = 0.001); this pattern was not observed for influenza A. Pertussis IgG levels remained uniform across all groups. The 4TI group demonstrated a greater Nab inhibition rate from COVID-19 vaccines compared to both the 3TI and 3T groups (61.34% vs. 22.5% and 15.16%, respectively, p = 0.001). We observed no correlation between Nab inhibition rate and IgG levels for Tdap/influenza, with the exception of a moderate correlation with influenza B in the 3TI group. The efficacy of Tdap vaccine in pregnant women remained consistent, regardless of the administration of COVID-19 or influenza vaccines. Interestingly, without the influenza vaccine, both three and four doses of the COVID-19 vaccine still offered protection against influenza A, but not B. Hence, co-administering COVID-19, influenza, and Tdap vaccines during prenatal care maintains immunogenicity and is highly advised to safeguard pregnant women fully.
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Houle, Sherilyn K. D., Ajit Johal, Paul Roumeliotis, Bertrand Roy, and Wendy Boivin. "Co-Administration of Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccines: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Canadian Adults’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs." Pharmacy 12, no. 2 (April 17, 2024): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12020070.
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Vaccination rates against both influenza and COVID-19 fall short of targets, especially among persons at risk of influenza complications. To gain insights into strategies to boost influenza vaccine coverage, we surveyed 3000 Canadian residents aged ≥ 18 years and examined their knowledge and receipt of co-administered influenza and COVID-19 vaccines. During the 2022–2023 influenza season, 70% of respondents reported being aware the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines could be co-administered, but only 26.2% (95% CI, 23.6% to 28.8%) of respondents received them together. The most common reason for not getting the vaccines together was receipt of the COVID-19 vaccine before the annual influenza vaccine was available (reported by 34.5% [31.2% to 37.7%]). Lack of interest in co-administration was reported by 22.6% (20.8% to 24.3%); of this group, 20.8% (17.1% to 24.5%) reported seeing no benefit in receiving the two vaccines together and 17.2% (13.5% to 20.9%) were concerned about compounded adverse effects from the two vaccines. These results support the willingness of most Canadians to receive COVID-19 and influenza vaccines at the same time. Co-administration is a viable strategy to improve uptake of influenza vaccines, especially if health professionals proactively offer education and co-administration of influenza and COVID-19 (or other) vaccines as appropriate to clinical need.
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Reneer, Z. Beau, Harrison C. Bergeron, Stephen Reynolds, Elena Thornhill-Wadolowski, Lan Feng, Marcin Bugno, Agnieszka D. Truax, and Ralph A. Tripp. "mRNA vaccines encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) elicits immunity in mice from influenza A virus challenge." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 18, 2024): e0297833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297833.
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Influenza viruses cause epidemics and can cause pandemics with substantial morbidity with some mortality every year. Seasonal influenza vaccines have incomplete effectiveness and elicit a narrow antibody response that often does not protect against mutations occurring in influenza viruses. Thus, various vaccine approaches have been investigated to improve safety and efficacy. Here, we evaluate an mRNA influenza vaccine encoding hemagglutinin (HA) proteins in a BALB/c mouse model. The results show that mRNA vaccination elicits neutralizing and serum antibodies to each influenza virus strain contained in the current quadrivalent vaccine that is designed to protect against four different influenza viruses including two influenza A viruses (IAV) and two influenza B (IBV), as well as several antigenically distinct influenza virus strains in both hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) and virus neutralization assays. The quadrivalent mRNA vaccines had antibody titers comparable to the antibodies elicited by the monovalent vaccines to each tested virus regardless of dosage following an mRNA booster vaccine. Mice vaccinated with mRNA encoding an H1 HA had decreased weight loss and decreased lung viral titers compared to mice not vaccinated with an mRNA encoding an H1 HA. Overall, this study demonstrates the efficacy of mRNA-based seasonal influenza vaccines are their potential to replace both the currently available split-inactivated, and live-attenuated seasonal influenza vaccines.
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Madsen, Anders, and Rebecca Jane Cox. "Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030361.
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Current influenza vaccines offer suboptimal protection and depend on annual reformulation and yearly administration. Vaccine technology has rapidly advanced during the last decade, facilitating development of next-generation influenza vaccines that can target a broader range of influenza viruses. The development and licensure of a universal influenza vaccine could provide a game changing option for the control of influenza by protecting against all influenza A and B viruses. Here we review important findings and considerations regarding the development of universal influenza vaccines and what we can learn from this moving forward with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.
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Maeda, Yasuko, Masato Hatta, Ayato Takada, Tokiko Watanabe, Hideo Goto, Gabriele Neumann, and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. "Live Bivalent Vaccine for Parainfluenza and Influenza Virus Infections." Journal of Virology 79, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 6674–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.11.6674-6679.2005.
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ABSTRACT Influenza and human parainfluenza virus infections are of both medical and economical importance. Currently, inactivated vaccines provide suboptimal protection against influenza, and vaccines for human parainfluenza virus infection are not available, underscoring the need for new vaccines against these respiratory diseases. Furthermore, to reduce the burden of vaccination, the development of multivalent vaccines is highly desirable. Thus, to devise a single vaccine that would elicit immune responses against both influenza and parainfluenza viruses, we used reverse genetics to generate an influenza A virus that possesses the coding region for the hemagglutinin/neuraminidase ectodomain of parainfluenza virus instead of the influenza virus neuraminidase. The recombinant virus grew efficiently in eggs but was attenuated in mice. When intranasally immunized with the recombinant vaccine, all mice developed antibodies against both influenza and parainfluenza viruses and survived an otherwise lethal challenge with either of these viruses. This live bivalent vaccine has obvious advantages over combination vaccines, and its method of generation could, in principle, be applied in the development of a “cocktail” vaccine with efficacy against several different infectious diseases.
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Grohmann, Gary. "Regulatory issues in pandemic influenza vaccine development." Microbiology Australia 27, no. 4 (2006): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma06172.
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The Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) is responsible for the licensing of vaccines used in Australia. This includes pre-market evaluation aspects (such as assessing the quality, efficacy and safety of vaccines) and post-market aspects (such as batch release testing and the monitoring of adverse reactions). For inter-pandemic and pandemic influenza vaccines, TGA is also involved in the selection of appropriate vaccine viruses and the calibration and supply of reagents for the production of influenza vaccines. Together with industry, TGA has a responsibility to ensure that all regulatory and good manufacturing requirements (GMP) are met to ensure vaccine safety and efficacy.
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Sayedahmed, Ekramy E., Ahmed Elkashif, Marwa Alhashimi, Suryaprakash Sambhara, and Suresh K. Mittal. "Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccine Platforms for Developing the Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8040574.
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Ever since the discovery of vaccines, many deadly diseases have been contained worldwide, ultimately culminating in the eradication of smallpox and polio, which represented significant medical achievements in human health. However, this does not account for the threat influenza poses on public health. The currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines primarily confer excellent strain-specific protection. In addition to the seasonal influenza viruses, the emergence and spread of avian influenza pandemic viruses such as H5N1, H7N9, H7N7, and H9N2 to humans have highlighted the urgent need to adopt a new global preparedness for an influenza pandemic. It is vital to explore new strategies for the development of effective vaccines for pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses. The new vaccine approaches should provide durable and broad protection with the capability of large-scale vaccine production within a short time. The adenoviral (Ad) vector-based vaccine platform offers a robust egg-independent production system for manufacturing large numbers of influenza vaccines inexpensively in a short timeframe. In this review, we discuss the progress in the development of Ad vector-based influenza vaccines and their potential in designing a universal influenza vaccine.
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Palache, Abraham M. "Influenza Vaccines." Drugs 54, no. 6 (December 1997): 841–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199754060-00004.
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&NA;. "Influenza vaccines." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1247-1248 (April 2009): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-200912470-00071.
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Webby, Richard John. "Influenza vaccines." Frontiers in Bioscience Volume, no. 13 (2008): 4912. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/3050.
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King, James C. "Influenza Vaccines." Pediatric Annals 29, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-20001101-09.
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Woodland, David L. "Influenza Vaccines." Viral Immunology 29, no. 4 (May 2016): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/vim.2016.29008.dlw.
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Ellebedy, A. H., and R. J. Webby. "Influenza vaccines." Vaccine 27 (November 2009): D65—D68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.038.
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Belsey, Mark J., Brigitte de Lima, Alex K. Pavlou, and John W. Savopoulos. "Influenza vaccines." Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 5, no. 3 (March 2006): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrd1988.
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Perl, Trish M. "Influenza vaccines." Journal of General Internal Medicine 17, no. 9 (September 2002): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.20750.x.
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Brede, Hans Dieter. "Influenza Vaccines." International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 108, no. 4 (1995): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000237174.
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Doshi, Peter. "Influenza Vaccines." JAMA Internal Medicine 173, no. 11 (June 10, 2013): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.490.
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Wen, Frank, Sidney Bell, Trevor Bedford, and Sarah Cobey. "Estimating Vaccine-Driven Selection in Seasonal Influenza." Viruses 10, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10090509.
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Vaccination could be an evolutionary pressure on seasonal influenza if vaccines reduce the transmission rates of some (“targeted”) strains more than others. In theory, more vaccinated populations should have a lower prevalence of targeted strains compared to less vaccinated populations. We tested for vaccine-induced selection in influenza by comparing strain frequencies between more and less vaccinated human populations. We defined strains in three ways: first as influenza types and subtypes, next as lineages of type B, and finally as clades of influenza A/H3N2. We detected spatial differences partially consistent with vaccine use in the frequencies of subtypes and types and between the lineages of influenza B, suggesting that vaccines do not select strongly among all these phylogenetic groups at regional scales. We did detect a significantly greater frequency of an H3N2 clade with known vaccine escape mutations in more vaccinated countries during the 2014–2015 season, which is consistent with vaccine-driven selection within the H3N2 subtype. Overall, we find more support for vaccine-driven selection when large differences in vaccine effectiveness suggest a strong effect size. Variation in surveillance practices across countries could obscure signals of selection, especially when strain-specific differences in vaccine effectiveness are small. Further examination of the influenza vaccine’s evolutionary effects would benefit from improvements in epidemiological surveillance and reporting.
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Zhang, Xu, Zhang, Liu, Xue, and Cao. "Targeting Hemagglutinin: Approaches for Broad Protection against the Influenza A Virus." Viruses 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11050405.
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Influenza A viruses are dynamically epidemic and genetically diverse. Due to the antigenic drift and shift of the virus, seasonal vaccines are required to be reformulated annually to match with current circulating strains. However, the mismatch between vaccinal strains and circulating strains occurs frequently, resulting in the low efficacy of seasonal vaccines. Therefore, several “universal” vaccine candidates based on the structure and function of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been developed to meet the requirement of a broad protection against homo-/heterosubtypic challenges. Here, we review recent novel constructs and discuss several important findings regarding the broad protective efficacy of HA-based universal vaccines.
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Erofeeva, M. K., M. A. Stukova, E. V. Shakhlanskaya, Zh V. Buzitskaya, V. L. Maksakova, T. I. Krainova, M. M. Pisareva, A. B. Popov, M. G. Pozdnjakova, and D. A. Lioznov. "Evaluation of the Preventive Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in the Epidemic Season 2019–2020 in St. Petersburg." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 20, no. 5 (November 5, 2021): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2021-20-5-52-60-52-60.
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Background. The vaccine is the best available instrument to prevent influenza and reduce the risks of major disease complications and mortality. The vaccine effectiveness during the influenza season depends on a number of factors: (1) a person vaccinated (their age and health status); (2) the vaccine formulation; (3) types and subtypes of the circulating viruses; (4) vaccination timeline, as the immune response fades over time. An influenza vaccine can yield different effectiveness in people who have been infected or vaccinated previously and in those who have not been yet exposed to the circulating viruses. At present, trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccines are registered and produced in Russia. It allows for vaccination of all social groups, including high-risk populations, and for increasing the number of vaccinated individuals yearly. Russian Federation constantly improves the production of influenza vaccines, introducing new variants of vaccine formulations into national clinical usage. It is thus essential to monitor and analyze the changes in the effectiveness of influenza vaccines every season.Aim of the study. To evaluate of the effectiveness of Russian domestic influenza vaccines during the epidemic season 2019–2020 in St. Petersburg compared to the season 2018–2019.Materials and Methods. 3315 female and male adult participants aged 18 years and older were monitored from October 2019 to March 2020. The group included university students and tutors, researchers, and production and office workers of industrial enterprises. Sovigripp, Grippol Plus, Ultrix, and Ultrix Quadri influenza vaccines were used for immunization.Results and Discussion. In the context of incomplete correspondence between the viruses circulating in Russia and the strains used in the vaccines, the vaccination of the St. Petersburg population during the epidemic season 2019-2020 with Sovigripp, Grippol Plus, Ultrix, and Ultrix Quadri influenza vaccines cumulatively reduced influenza and ARI incidences by half; the total vaccine effectiveness against influenza and ARI amounted to 50.0%. The strongest preventive effect was identified for Grippol Plus, Ultrix, and Ultrix Quadri which demonstrated the total vaccine effectiveness from 70.6% to 75.0%, and their effectiveness against influenza A and B viruses reached from 65.5% to 83.5%.Conclusion. In the context of incomplete correspondence between the viral strains used in the vaccines and the strains circulating in Russia and St. Petersburg during the epidemic season 2019- 2020 and considering the active circulation of non-influenza viruses such as rhinoviruses and adenoviruses, we found a moderate preventive effectiveness of the influenza vaccines during the seasonal epidemic increase in ARI cases. Russian domestic influenza vaccines were shown to have good acceptability, be safe, and non-reactogenic.
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Sah, Pratha, Jorge A. Alfaro-Murillo, Meagan C. Fitzpatrick, Kathleen M. Neuzil, Lauren A. Meyers, Burton H. Singer, and Alison P. Galvani. "Future epidemiological and economic impacts of universal influenza vaccines." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (September 23, 2019): 20786–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909613116.
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The efficacy of influenza vaccines, currently at 44%, is limited by the rapid antigenic evolution of the virus and a manufacturing process that can lead to vaccine mismatch. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) recently identified the development of a universal influenza vaccine with an efficacy of at least 75% as a high scientific priority. The US Congress approved $130 million funding for the 2019 fiscal year to support the development of a universal vaccine, and another $1 billion over 5 y has been proposed in the Flu Vaccine Act. Using a model of influenza transmission, we evaluated the population-level impacts of universal influenza vaccines distributed according to empirical age-specific coverage at multiple scales in the United States. We estimate that replacing just 10% of typical seasonal vaccines with 75% efficacious universal vaccines would avert ∼5.3 million cases, 81,000 hospitalizations, and 6,300 influenza-related deaths per year. This would prevent over $1.1 billion in direct health care costs compared to a typical season, based on average data from the 2010–11 to 2018–19 seasons. A complete replacement of seasonal vaccines with universal vaccines is projected to prevent 17 million cases, 251,000 hospitalizations, 19,500 deaths, and $3.5 billion in direct health care costs. States with high per-hospitalization medical expenses along with a large proportion of elderly residents are expected to receive the maximum economic benefit. Replacing even a fraction of seasonal vaccines with universal vaccines justifies the substantial cost of vaccine development.
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Goldstein, Leslie GB. "Safety and Efficacy of Influenza Vaccine in Children." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 37, no. 11 (November 2003): 1712–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1d009.
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccines in asthmatic children. DATA SOURCES: Literature was identified by a MEDLINE search (2002–March 2003). Key search terms included asthma, exacerbation, children, vaccine, and influenza. DATA SYNTHESIS: Concerns that the influenza vaccine may exacerbate asthma attacks have kept many asthmatic children from receiving this immunization. Researchers have conducted studies to determine the burden of influenza on asthmatic children, the safety of influenza vaccines, and their benefit in the presence of glucocorticoid burst therapy in the same population. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccines tested are safe and efficacious in asthmatic children.
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Cheung, Chung Y., Sitara Dubey, Martina Hadrovic, Christina R. Ball, Walter Ramage, Jacqueline U. McDonald, Ruth Harvey, Simon E. Hufton, and Othmar G. Engelhardt. "Development of an ELISA-Based Potency Assay for Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Using Cross-Reactive Nanobodies." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 1473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091473.
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Inactivated vaccines are the main influenza vaccines used today; these are usually presented as split (detergent-disrupted) or subunit vaccines, while whole-virus-inactivated influenza vaccines are rare. The single radial immune diffusion (SRD) assay has been used as the gold standard potency assay for inactivated influenza vaccines for decades; however, more recently, various alternative potency assays have been proposed. A new potency test should be able to measure the amount of functional antigen in the vaccine, which in the case of influenza vaccines is the haemagglutinin (HA) protein. Potency tests should also be able to detect the loss of potency caused by changes to the structural and functional integrity of HA. To detect such changes, most alternative potency tests proposed to date use antibodies that react with native HA. Due to the frequent changes in influenza vaccine composition, antibodies may need to be updated in line with changes in vaccine viruses. We have developed two ELISA-based potency assays for group 1 influenza A viruses using cross-reactive nanobodies. The nanobodies detect influenza viruses of subtype H1N1 spanning more than three decades, as well as H5N1 viruses, in ELISA. We found that the new ELISA potency assays are sensitive to the nature of the reference antigen (standard) used to quantify vaccine antigens; using standards matched in their presentation to the vaccine type improved correspondence between the ELISA and SRD assays.
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Geffel, Krissy Moehling, Mary Patricia Nowalk, Theresa M. Sax, Louise Taylor, Karen Clarke, Michael Susick, G. K. Balasubramani, and Richard K. Zimmerman. "Willingness to Co-receive COVID-19 and Influenza Vaccines among Outpatients." American Journal of Health Behavior 47, no. 4 (August 30, 2023): 725–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.47.4.8.
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Objectives: This study was designed to examine future willingness to co-receive COVID-19 and influenza vaccines and factors associated with that willingness among outpatients with acute respiratory illness (ARI). Methods: Outpatients ≥15 years with respiratory symptoms for ≤10 days were surveyed about vaccination behaviors and intentions. We used multinomial logistic regression to assess associations between demographic, behavioral and health-related variables and willingness to co-receive future COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Results: Among 856 patients, 41% had received ≥1 COVID-19 vaccines plus booster and 42% had received seasonal influenza vaccine; 47% reported willingness to co-receive COVID-19 and influenza vaccines with 25% unsure and 28% unwilling. Higher educational attainment (OR=1.80, p=.009), receipt of ≥1 COVID-19 vaccines (OR=4.29, p<.001), greater 5-year influenza vaccine uptake (annually OR=8.54, p<.001; sometimes OR=5.38, p<.001) and lower likelihood of testing COVID-19 positive (OR=0.68, p=.033) were significantly associated with willingness to co-receive compared to those decidedly opposed. Conclusions: Prior vaccination behavior predicted willingness to co-receive future COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. Efforts to encourage co-receipt are more likely to succeed among routine vaccine recipients. Vaccination promotion efforts for those hesitant or unwilling to co-receive these vaccines may need to focus on improving uptake of each vaccine individually.
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Rajaram, Sankarasubramanian, Constantina Boikos, Daniele K. Gelone, and Ashesh Gandhi. "Influenza vaccines: the potential benefits of cell-culture isolation and manufacturing." Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines and Immunotherapy 8 (January 2020): 251513552090812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515135520908121.
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Influenza continues to cause severe illness in millions and deaths in hundreds of thousands annually. Vaccines are used to prevent influenza outbreaks, however, the influenza virus mutates and annual vaccination is required for optimal protection. Vaccine effectiveness is also affected by other potential factors such as the human immune system, a mismatch with the chosen candidate virus, and egg adaptation associated with egg-based vaccine production. This article reviews the influenza vaccine development process and describes the implications of the changes to the cell-culture process and vaccine strain recommendations by the World Health Organization since the 2017 season. The traditional manufacturing process for influenza vaccines relies on fertilized chicken eggs that are used for vaccine production. Vaccines must be produced in large volumes and the complete process requires approximately 6 months for the egg-based process. In addition, egg adaptation of seed viruses occurs when viruses adapt to avian receptors found within eggs to allow for growth in eggs. These changes to key viral antigens may result in antigenic mismatch and thereby reduce vaccine effectiveness. By contrast, cell-derived seed viruses do not require fertilized eggs and eliminate the potential for egg-adapted changes. As a result, cell-culture technology improves the match between the vaccine virus strain and the vaccine selected strain, and has been associated with increased vaccine effectiveness during a predominantly H3N2 season. During the 2017–2018 influenza season, a small number of studies conducted in the United States compared the effectiveness of egg-based and cell-culture vaccines and are described here. These observational and retrospective studies demonstrate that inactivated cell-culture vaccines were more effective than egg-based vaccines. Adoption of cell-culture technology for influenza vaccine manufacturing has been reported to improve manufacturing efficiency and the additional benefit of improving vaccine effectiveness is a key factor for future policy making considerations.
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Zhu, Wandi, Chunhong Dong, Lai Wei, and Bao-Zhong Wang. "Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010068.
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Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have considered two important strategies to develop novel influenza vaccines with improved immunogenicity and broader protective efficacy. One is applying fewer variable viral antigens, such as the haemagglutinin stalk domain. The other is including adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Adjuvants are promising and helpful boosters to promote more rapid and stronger immune responses with a dose-sparing effect. However, few adjuvants are currently licensed for human influenza vaccines, although many potential candidates are in different trials. While many advantages have been observed using adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying viral infection and vaccination-induced immune responses will help to develop new adjuvant candidates. In this review, we summarize the works related to adjuvants in influenza vaccine research that have been used in our studies and other laboratories. The review will provide perspectives for the utilization of adjuvants in developing next-generation and universal influenza vaccines.
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Zhu, Wandi, Chunhong Dong, Lai Wei, and Bao-Zhong Wang. "Promising Adjuvants and Platforms for Influenza Vaccine Development." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13010068.
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Influenza is one of the major threats to public health. Current influenza vaccines cannot provide effective protection against drifted or shifted influenza strains. Researchers have considered two important strategies to develop novel influenza vaccines with improved immunogenicity and broader protective efficacy. One is applying fewer variable viral antigens, such as the haemagglutinin stalk domain. The other is including adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Adjuvants are promising and helpful boosters to promote more rapid and stronger immune responses with a dose-sparing effect. However, few adjuvants are currently licensed for human influenza vaccines, although many potential candidates are in different trials. While many advantages have been observed using adjuvants in influenza vaccine formulations, an improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying viral infection and vaccination-induced immune responses will help to develop new adjuvant candidates. In this review, we summarize the works related to adjuvants in influenza vaccine research that have been used in our studies and other laboratories. The review will provide perspectives for the utilization of adjuvants in developing next-generation and universal influenza vaccines.
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Tan, Swan, Andres Hazaet Gutiérrez, Phillip Charles Gauger, Tanja Opriessnig, Justin Bahl, Leonard Moise, and Anne Searls De Groot. "Quantifying the Persistence of Vaccine-Related T Cell Epitopes in Circulating Swine Influenza A Strains from 2013–2017." Vaccines 9, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9050468.
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When swine flu vaccines and circulating influenza A virus (IAV) strains are poorly matched, vaccine-induced antibodies may not protect from infection. Highly conserved T cell epitopes may, however, have a disease-mitigating effect. The degree of T cell epitope conservation among circulating strains and vaccine strains can vary, which may also explain differences in vaccine efficacy. Here, we evaluate a previously developed conserved T cell epitope-based vaccine and determine the persistence of T cell epitope conservation over time. We used a pair-wise homology score to define the conservation between the vaccine’s swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) class I and II-restricted epitopes and T cell epitopes found in 1272 swine IAV strains sequenced between 2013 and 2017. Twenty-four of the 48 total T cell epitopes included in the epitope-based vaccine were highly conserved and found in >1000 circulating swine IAV strains over the 5-year period. In contrast, commercial swine IAV vaccines developed in 2013 exhibited a declining conservation with the circulating IAV strains over the same 5-year period. Conserved T cell epitope vaccines may be a useful adjunct for commercial swine flu vaccines and to improve protection against influenza when antibodies are not cross-reactive.
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Endarti, Dwi, Viva Starlista, and Tri Murti Andayani. "PARENT'S KNOWLEDGE REGARDING INFLUENZA DISEASE AND VACCINE IN INDONESIA." Jurnal Farmasi Sains dan Praktis 6, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/pharmacy.v6i2.3440.
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Influenza vaccine is a vaccine that is not included in the national immunization program. An approach to support decision making for the introduction of influenza vaccine into national immunization programs by conducting a survey knowledge of parents in Indonesia that influences decision making for vaccinations. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of parental knowledge about influenza and influenza vaccines and to know the factors that influence. The research design used is observasional with a multi-center cross-sectional approach. The research instrument used a questionnaire to determine sociodemographic characteristics and level of knowledge. Data was collected through a survey of 500 parents respondents in 5 provinces in Indonesia, namely in West Java, DIY, Lampung, Central Sulawesi and Central Kalimantan using convenience sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using the Mann Whitney test. Resul of the study showed the average knowledge of respondents related to influenza disease and vaccine was 78.55±12.43. Only 145 (29%) parents know that influenza vaccines are not included in Indonesia's national immunization program. There was a significant difference in the value of knowledge between groups of characteristics in the experience of hearing influenza vaccine (p = 0,000) and the source of disease information (p = 0.045). It is recommended for government and health workers to carry out educational programs related to influenza and influenza vaccines to achieve equitable distribution of information and increase public knowledge.
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Sei, Clara J., Nimisha Rikhi, Rachmat Hidajat, Richard F. Schuman, Kevin Muema, Jasmine M. Mutunga, Luke T. Daum, and Gerald W. Fischer. "2752. Peptide Vaccines Utilizing Conserved Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase, and Matrix Ectodomain Influenza Epitopes Demonstrate Functional Activity Against Group 1 and 2 Influenza Strains." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S969—S970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.2429.
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Abstract Background Globally, prevention and control of seasonal influenza has faced many challenges in the selection of a vaccine composition that antigenically matches circulating viruses. A universal influenza vaccine approach that targets small conserved influenza virus epitopes/peptides such as the extracellular domain of Matrix 2 (M2e) and induces broadly reactive antibodies may be helpful for both seasonal influenza outbreaks and pandemics. Here we report the ability of two composite peptide vaccines, individually and in combination, to induce broadly reactive antibodies that have binding and functional activity across several contemporary influenza strains in Group 1 and 2. Methods Mice were immunized with peptide composite vaccines against Hemagglutinin (HA), Neuraminidase (NA) and M2e, individually and in combination. Peptide composite vaccines, conjugated to CRM were administered subcutaneously with adjuvant and at least two booster doses. Serum antibody titers were analyzed using an anti-influenza ELISA for binding activity to peptides and live influenza viruses (H3N2 and H1N1) and functional activity was evaluated in vitro using Microneutralization, Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI), and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. Results Mice given the peptide composite conjugate vaccines, individually and in combination, had strong humoral responses producing high serum anti-influenza titers post-booster immunization. Anti-influenza serum antibodies demonstrated functional activity against influenza A (H3N2 and H1N1) contemporary strains showing neutralization, HAI and ADCC activity. Conclusion Peptide conjugate vaccines were highly immunogenic in mice. Broadly reactive serum antibodies against the peptides and live influenza viruses were detected. These vaccines individually or in combination, induced antibodies that demonstrated functional activity against contemporary influenza strains in Group 1 and 2 and induced functional anti-influenza monoclonal antibodies. A vaccine that targets one or more HA, NA and M2e influenza epitopes may more closely approach the goal for a true universal influenza vaccine. In vivo protection studies are currently being designed. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Lu, Yun, Yoganand Chillarige, Hector S. Izurieta, Yuqin Wei, Wenjie Xu, Michael Lu, Heng-Ming Sung, et al. "Effect of Age on Relative Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccines Among US Medicare Beneficiaries Aged ≥65 Years." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 9 (July 9, 2019): 1511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz360.
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AbstractBackgroundStudies have found that the high-dose influenza vaccine has a higher relative vaccine effectiveness (RVE) versus standard-dose vaccines in some seasons. We evaluated the effect of age on the RVE of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines among Medicare beneficiaries.MethodsA 6-season retrospective cohort study from 2012 to 2018 among Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years was performed. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the effect of age on the RVE of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines in preventing influenza-related hospitalizations.ResultsThe study included >19 million vaccinated beneficiaries in a community pharmacy setting. The Poisson models indicated a slightly increasing trend in RVE with age in all seasons. The high-dose vaccine was more effective than standard-dose vaccines in preventing influenza-related hospital encounters (ie, influenza-related inpatient stays and emergency department visits) in the 2012–2013 (RVE, 23.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 17.6%–28.3%), 2013–2014 (RVE, 15.3%; 95% CI, 7.8%–22.3%), 2014–2015 (RVE, 8.9%; 95% CI, 5.6%–12.1%), and 2016–2017 (RVE, 12.6%; 95% CI, 6.3%–18.4%) seasons and was at least as effective in all other seasons. We also found that the high-dose vaccine was consistently more effective than standard-dose vaccines across all seasons for people aged ≥85 years. Similar trends were observed for influenza-related inpatient stays.ConclusionsThe RVE of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines increases with age.