Academic literature on the topic 'Influenza vaccines'
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Journal articles on the topic "Influenza vaccines"
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Trombetta, Claudia Maria, Otfried Kistner, Emanuele Montomoli, Simonetta Viviani, and Serena Marchi. "Influenza Viruses and Vaccines: The Role of Vaccine Effectiveness Studies for Evaluation of the Benefits of Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050714.
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Influenza is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination remains the most effective method of controlling the morbidity and mortality of seasonal influenza, especially with respect to risk groups. To date, three types of influenza vaccines have been licensed: inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant haemagglutinin vaccines. Effectiveness studies allow an assessment of the positive effects of influenza vaccines in the field. The effectiveness of current influenza is suboptimal, being estimated as 40% to 60% when the vaccines strains are antigenically well-matched with the circulating viruses. This review focuses on influenza viruses and vaccines and the role of vaccine effectiveness studies for evaluating the benefits of influenza vaccines. Overall, influenza vaccines are effective against morbidity and mortality in all age and risk groups, especially in young children and older adults. However, the effectiveness is dependent on several factors such as the age of vaccinees, the match between the strain included in the vaccine composition and the circulating virus, egg-adaptations occurring during the production process, and the subject’s history of previous vaccination.
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Gouma, Sigrid, Elizabeth M. Anderson, and Scott E. Hensley. "Challenges of Making Effective Influenza Vaccines." Annual Review of Virology 7, no. 1 (September 29, 2020): 495–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-virology-010320-044746.
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Seasonal influenza vaccines prevent influenza-related illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, these vaccines are not as effective as other viral vaccines, and there is clearly room for improvement. Here, we review the history of seasonal influenza vaccines, describe challenges associated with producing influenza vaccine antigens, and discuss the inherent difficulties of updating influenza vaccine strains each influenza season. We argue that seasonal influenza vaccines can be dramatically improved by modernizing antigen production processes and developing models that are better at predicting viral evolution. Resources should be specifically dedicated to improving seasonal influenza vaccines while developing entirely new vaccine platforms.
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Osterhaus, Ab, Ron Fouchier, and Guus Rimmelzwaan. "Towards universal influenza vaccines?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1579 (October 12, 2011): 2766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0102.
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Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to reduce the considerable disease burden of seasonal influenza. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are effective, their performance in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals would benefit from improvement. Major problems related to the development and production of pandemic influenza vaccines are response time and production capacity as well as vaccine efficacy and safety. Several improvements can be envisaged. Vaccine production technologies based on embryonated chicken eggs may be replaced by cell culture techniques. Reverse genetics techniques can speed up the generation of seed viruses and new mathematical modelling methods improve vaccine strain selection. Better understanding of the correlates of immune-mediated protection may lead to new vaccine targets besides the viral haemagglutinin, like the neuraminidase and M2 proteins. In addition, the role of cell-mediated immunity could be better exploited. New adjuvants have recently been shown to increase the breadth and the duration of influenza vaccine-induced protection. Other studies have shown that influenza vaccines based on different viral vector systems may also induce broad protection. It is to be expected that these developments may lead to more universal influenza vaccines that elicit broader and longer protection, and can be produced more efficiently.
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Wood, John M. "Developing vaccines against pandemic influenza." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1416 (December 29, 2001): 1953–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0981.
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Pandemic influenza presents special problems for vaccine development. There must be a balance between rapid availability of vaccine and the safeguards to ensure safety, quality and efficacy of vaccine. Vaccine was developed for the pandemics of 1957, 1968, 1977 and for the pandemic alert of 1976. This experience is compared with that gained in developing vaccines for a possible H5N1 pandemic in 1997–1998. Our ability to mass produce influenza vaccines against a pandemic threat was well illustrated by the production of over 150 million doses of ‘swine flu’ vaccine in the USA within a 3 month period in 1976. However, there is cause for concern that the lead time to begin vaccine production is likely to be about 7–8 months. Attempts to reduce this time should receive urgent attention. Immunogenicity of vaccines in pandemic situations is compared over the period 1968–1998. A consistent feature of the vaccine trials is the demonstration that one conventional 15μg haemagglutinin dose of vaccine is not sufficiently immunogenic in naive individuals. Much larger doses or two lower doses are needed to induce satisfactory immunity. There is some evidence that whole–virus vaccines are more immunogenic than split or subunit vaccines, but this needs substantiating by further studies. H5 vaccines appeared to be particularly poor immunogens and there is evidence that an adjuvant may be needed. Prospects for improving the development of pandemic vaccines are discussed.
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Shichinohe, Shintaro, and Tokiko Watanabe. "Advances in Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccines." Vaccines 11, no. 8 (August 21, 2023): 1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11081391.
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The numerous influenza infections that occur every year present a major public health problem. Influenza vaccines are important for the prevention of the disease; however, their effectiveness against infection can be suboptimal. Particularly in the elderly, immune induction can be insufficient, and the vaccine efficacy against infection is usually lower than that in young adults. Vaccine efficacy can be improved by the addition of adjuvants, and an influenza vaccine with an oil-in-water adjuvant MF59, FLUAD, has been recently licensed in the United States and other countries for persons aged 65 years and older. Although the adverse effects of adjuvanted vaccines have been a concern, many adverse effects of currently approved adjuvanted influenza vaccines are mild and acceptable, given the overriding benefits of the vaccine. Since sufficient immunity can be induced with a small amount of vaccine antigen in the presence of an adjuvant, adjuvanted vaccines promote dose sparing and the prompt preparation of vaccines for pandemic influenza. Adjuvants not only enhance the immune response to antigens but can also be effective against antigenically different viruses. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of influenza vaccines, both past and present, before presenting a discussion of adjuvanted influenza vaccines and their future.
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Greener, Mark. "Influenza vaccines: an introduction." Practice Nursing 34, Sup1 (January 2, 2023): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2023.34.sup1.s10.
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Seasonal influenza is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections and deaths. During an influenza infection, the immune system produces inflammatory mediators, which are largely responsible for the systemic symptoms and complications. Vaccines remain the most effective way to prevent influenza-related respiratory disease and non-respiratory complications despite antivirals. Numerous studies support the benefits of influenza vaccination, especially in high-risk groups. However, the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine varies markedly depending on the match between the circulating strains and those in the vaccine, and the recipient’s characteristics. Influenza vaccines are, in general, well-tolerated. Research could lead to more effective and, potentially, universal influenza vaccines.
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Perrone, Pier Mario, Simona Scarioni, Elisa Astorri, Chiara Marrocu, Navpreet Tiwana, Matteo Letzgus, Catia Borriello, and Silvana Castaldi. "Vaccination Open Day: A Cross-Sectional Study on the 2023 Experience in Lombardy Region, Italy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 6 (May 27, 2024): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21060685.
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Background: Vaccination is a highly effective tool for controlling infectious diseases, particularly in populations at high risk of contagion due to clinical conditions or occupational exposure, such as healthcare workers. The purpose of this study is to present the open day event that marked the beginning of the influenza and anti-COVID-19 vaccination campaign in the Lombardy region and to describe the experience of an Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico in Milan. Methods: During the vaccination open day, eligible individuals received free vaccinations for influenza, COVID-19, pneumococcal disease, and shingles, as provided by the Lombardy Agenzia per la Tutela della Salute. In celebration of the centenary of the Università degli Studi di Milano, the Fondazione Ca’Granda Ospedale Policlinico, a contracted hospital of the university, created a special electronic diary for a total of 150 individuals, equally divided between children aged 2–6, pregnant women, and university staff. Results: At the regional level, a total of 6634 influenza vaccines, 2055 anti-COVID-19 vaccines, 108 anti-pneumococcal vaccines, and 37 anti-zoster vaccines were administered. A total of 3134 (47.3%) influenza vaccines, 1151 (56%) anti-COVID-19 vaccines, and 77 (62%) anti-pneumococcal vaccines, were given to individuals aged 60–79. No differences were observed between the total number of male and female vaccinees (1017 and 1038, respectively), who received the anti-COVID-19 vaccine. At the Policlinico Foundation, out of 150 available booking slots, 154 vaccines were administered, including 117 influenza vaccines. Conclusions: The establishment of vaccine open days is a beneficial way to increase vaccine compliance. Co-administration of little-known vaccinations outside of healthcare settings could also be a useful tool.
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Kostina, L. V., A. D. Zaberezhnyy, T. V. Grebennikova, N. V. Antipova, T. I. Aliper, and E. A. Nepoklonov. "Vaccines against avian influenza in poultry." Problems of Virology, Russian journal 62, no. 2 (April 20, 2017): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-2-53-60.
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The review presents the latest data about the types of vaccines against avian influenza that are used in current medical practice or are under development. Inactivated whole virion vaccines, live vector vaccines, as well as experimental vaccines developed using genetic engineering techniques (e.g. subunit vaccines, VLP vaccines, DNA vaccines) were considered. The efficiency of influenza reverse genetic technology for the development of prototype vaccine strains was noted.
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Suo, Zhaotaize. "Universal Vaccine Development Against COVID-19 and Influenza." E3S Web of Conferences 553 (2024): 05044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202455305044.
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Universal vaccines appeared as a favorable solution for the rapid mutation of viruses that cause pandemics. Sufficient immune protection, safe and efficient production methods, and low-cost funding are ideal properties for universal vaccines. Targeting conserved regions, use of adjuvants, cell-mediated immunity approaches, virus-like particles, and multimeric presentation of viral antigens are strategies to enhance vaccine Immunogenicity. Different types of vaccines have been put into clinical trials, such as messenger RNA vaccines, on-replicating viral vector vaccines, and recombinant protein-based vaccines, which are proven to suit the needs of universal vaccine investigation. Moreover, this article introduces the universal vaccine development of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza variants, their vaccine candidates, research results, and the challenges faced. Universal vaccines are the trend of future viral protection, with more and more new technologies entering the field, a universal vaccine is within reach.
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Li, Zhuofan, Yiwen Zhao, Yibo Li, and Xinyuan Chen. "Adjuvantation of Influenza Vaccines to Induce Cross-Protective Immunity." Vaccines 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020075.
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Influenza poses a huge threat to global public health. Influenza vaccines are the most effective and cost-effective means to control influenza. Current influenza vaccines mainly induce neutralizing antibodies against highly variable globular head of hemagglutinin and lack cross-protection. Vaccine adjuvants have been approved to enhance seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy in the elderly and spare influenza vaccine doses. Clinical studies found that MF59 and AS03-adjuvanted influenza vaccines could induce cross-protective immunity against non-vaccine viral strains. In addition to MF59 and AS03 adjuvants, experimental adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists, saponin-based adjuvants, cholera toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin-based mucosal adjuvants, and physical adjuvants, are also able to broaden influenza vaccine-induced immune responses against non-vaccine strains. This review focuses on introducing the various types of adjuvants capable of assisting current influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity in preclinical and clinical studies. Mechanisms of licensed MF59 and AS03 adjuvants to induce cross-protective immunity are also introduced. Vaccine adjuvants hold a great promise to adjuvant influenza vaccines to induce cross-protective immunity.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Influenza vaccines"
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Parker, Christopher S. "Effect of a codon optimized DNA prime on induction of anti-influenza protective antibodies." Worcester, Mass. : Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2007. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-040907-100839/.
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Hartgroves, Lorian Cedar Safir. "Strategies for influenza vaccines." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/5558.
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The high mutation rate of influenza virus results in antigenic drift, meaning that each of the three components in the trivalent influenza vaccine are updated regularly so that the vaccine antigen closely matches the predominant or emerging strain. The production of influenza vaccines from the chosen seed has relied on embryonated chickens eggs for more than 40 years. Recent technological advances have resulted in the evaluation of several cell lines as alternative substrates for influenza vaccine production. Reverse genetics of influenza viruses allows the creation of viruses at will from cDNA. However, licensed cell lines have so far proved unpermissive for virus rescue and permissive lines remain largely unlicensed. A reverse genetics system for the production of influenza vaccines in PER.C6 cells has been developed and optimised. Many recent clinical isolates do not grow in eggs and hence require reassortment with a high growth, egg permissive backbone. Adventitious agents aside, cell lines able to support growth of clinical isolates could be used directly included in the vaccine, without the need for reassortment. However, this could lead to year on year variation in the quality and characteristics of the vaccine. Particularly pertinent, is the variation in the amount of IFN a clinical isolate can induce, which could severely limit yields. Yields and effects of IFN for a panel of high and low inducing viruses are investigated in a number of potential vaccine cell lines. The mechanisms behind virus IFN induction have been investigated. Using a panel of high and low inducing viruses the differences in growth and viral protein expressions, and activation of PRR has been analysed. The IFN response in PER.C6 cells has been characterised. Through an improved understanding of the mechanisms of IFN induction and inhibition, antagonists could be introduced into the vaccine cell line to improve yields.
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Ni, Lihong. "Modeling vaccination for pandemic influenza implication of the race between pandemic dynamics and vaccine production /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40687430.
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Wang, Yi Jennifer. "The optimal allocation of investment between antivirals and vaccines for influenza pandemic preparedness planning." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41712018.
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Porter, Suzette. "Tracking influenza immunization in the community /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,163880.
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Khan, Tila. "Tailored influenza virus vaccines for both the young and old: Vaccine Efficacy of Whole Inactivated Vaccines bearing Immunomodulatory Adjuvants or Multimeric peptides." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77130.
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Influenza epidemics and pandemics remain a significant burden to world health and economy. Low efficacy of current inactivated influenza vaccines in the elderly and immunocompromized and the inability to protect against antigenically drifted or shifted strains of influenza virus are the two major problems in influenza vaccine research. To overcome these hurdles, we have utilized an in vitro cell culture vaccine platform, which results in whole inactivated influenza vaccine (WIV) bearing bioactive membrane-anchored immunomodulatory proteins such as cytokines on the virion surface, collectively known as CYT-IVACs (Cytokine bearing-Inactivated Vaccine). In addition, we tested whether a multimeric M2e peptide presented on WIV can serve to enhance immunogenicity and augment protective efficacy of whole virus vaccines. Our panel of cytokines includes IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IL-23, and Flt3L as well as the multimeric M2e peptide, all fused to the membrane anchoring regions of influenza virus hemagglutinin protein and constitutively expressed in virus permissive MDCK cell line. Subsequent infection with influenza virus results in incorporation of fusion constructs directly into budding progeny virions that are harvested, purified and inactivated to generate distinct CYT-IVAC formulations. Following validation of immunomodulator incorporation, vaccines were tested for in vivo efficacy in either "young adult" or "aged" female Balb/c mice. Our results demonstrate that our CYT-IVAC~IL-12/HA and CYT-IVAC~IL-23/HA serve as potent mucosal adjuvants in young adult mice elicited significantly high levels of mucosal IgA antibodies and afford superior protection against lethal virus challenge. Our Flt3L/HA formulation was the most effective stimulator of systemic anti-viral antibody levels. In "aged" mice a single dose formulation of IL-12 bearing CYTIVAC was superior at affording protection against lethal homotypic virus challenge. Finally, administration of multimeric M2e molecule co-presented on WIV elicited prolonged antibody responses in "young adult mice" and provided cross-protection from challenge with the heterologous influenza A pandemic strain 2009 H1N1. In conclusion, the CYT-IVAC approach represents a novel tailored advancement to current WIV approaches that has the potential to elicit both potent mucosal and systemic immune responses in young and old.Ph. D.
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Yang, Zheng, and 楊爭. "Identification of non-HIV-derived (poly)peptides as primary immunogens for HIV-1 vaccine development and localization of two dominant ADCC epitopes on hemagglutinin antigen of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208007.
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Development of effective vaccines against mutable viruses (i.e HIV-1 and influenza) remains a big challenge. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) has been found to be a key component of immune protection against viral infections in vivo. Therefore, vaccine immunogens that elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies with high ADCC are desired for vaccine development. This study is to identify primary immunogens that can initiate somatic maturation of germline antibodies of known broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies (bnAbs) for HIV vaccine development and to localize dominant ADCC epitopes on hemagglutinin (HA) of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus for development of a flu vaccine.
Based on the observations that known HIV-1 bnAbs have extensive somatic mutation compared to their germline versions and that HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycoprotein lacks measurable binding to putative germline antibodies of known bnAbs, we hypothesized that non-HIV-derived (poly)peptides may serve as primary immunogens to trigger somatic maturation of germline antibodies of bnAbs, leading to elicitation of intermediate antibodies (iAbs) that can further mature to HIV-1 bnAbs upon Env vaccination or HIV-1 infection. Using b12 as a model bnAb, we identified five non-HIV-derived (poly)peptides that bound to putative b12 germline and iAbs, and immunized rabbits with the (poly)peptide priming followed by Env boosting. Rabbit immunization with (poly)peptides alone induced high titers of antibodies that were cross-reactive with gp140SF162 trimer and resurfaced Env RSC3, and the serum IgGs neutralized SF162 and JRFL. These results suggest that the (poly)peptides might structurally mimic CD4bs of Env. Priming rabbits with (poly)peptides followed by boosts with gp140SF162 and RSC3 resulted in antibodies capable of competing with b12 for binding to gp140SF162 trimer and neutralizing cross-clade isolates, while control rabbits without priming produced antibodies that were unable to compete with b12 for gp140SF162 trimer binding, and the serum IgGs neutralized only 3 clade B isolates. Our results provide proof of concept that non-HIV-derived (poly)peptides may serve as primary vaccine immunogens to initiate guided immune responses towards bnAbs.
HA protein has high level of immunogenicity and considered the most important target for immune protection against influenza virus infection. Several potent HA-specific bnAbs have been reported with their conserved neutralizing epitopes revealed, but there has been no report so far about ADCC epitopes on HA. Using yeast display and flow cytometry assisted cell sorting, we mapped the epitope of convalescent plasma IgGs with different ADCC activity, we identified two dominant ADCC epitopes, designated HA-E1 [AA92-117] and HA-E2 (AA 124-159), on HA of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. E1 and E2 overlapped with the immunodominant epitopes of HA. Depletion of purified patient plasma IgGs with yeast cells expressing E1 or E2 peptides decreased ADCC activity of the IgGs. E1 and E2 sequences are highly conserved in H1N1 strains, but less so in other subtypes of influenza A viruses. Our study may aid in designing immunogens that can elicit antibodies with high ADCC activity. Vaccine immunogens designed to include the structural determinants of potent bnAbs and ADCC epitopes may confer a comprehensive immune protection against influenza virus infection.published_or_final_version
Microbiology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Preis, Julia Kay. "Market incentives for pandemic influenza vaccines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78155.
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Thesis (S.M. in Health Sciences and Technology)--Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-61).
It has been estimated that 100 million plus individuals could perish if a virulent influenza pandemic were to occur. In wake of the 2009-10 H1N1 pandemic and in an era of economic austerity, however, industry lacks clear incentives to invest in vaccines for other high-risk strains. The cyclic nature of pandemics also means we can expect another influenza pandemic within the next 20 years. In this environment, design of incentive mechanisms for funding development of vaccines against strains with known pandemic potential, but for whom vaccine technology is currently lacking, would be welcomed. This research explores which novel incentive mechanisms could induce investment in and development of processes for production of vaccines for these high risk strains. Interviews with vaccine developers and funding agencies and analysis of the pipeline of influenza vaccines in development were conducted. This thesis finds that there is a dearth of vaccines against influenza strains of known pandemic potential, such as H2, H7 and H9; that current pandemic preparedness efforts are not focused on these strains; that funding for pandemic preparedness efforts in H2, H7 and H9 would help incentivize development of vaccines against these strains; and that support for seasonal influenza, regulatory changes, alignment of public and private sector goals, and increased vaccine acceptance are also required to incentivize the development of vaccines against strains of known pandemic potential such as H2, H7 and H9. Furthermore, this thesis recommends that policy makers increase funding for pandemic preparedness so that programs may be initiated or expanded to include additional high risk influenza strains; that US and EU regulatory regimes for pandemic influenza vaccines be harmonized; and that governments promote public awareness of the importance of influenza vaccination.
by Julia Kay Preis.
S.M.in Health Sciences and Technology
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Fitzner, Karen A. "An economic assessment of influenza prevention in Hong Kong." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19670254.
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王軼 and Yi Jennifer Wang. "The optimal allocation of investment between antivirals and vaccines for influenza pandemic preparedness planning." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41712018.
Full textBooks on the topic "Influenza vaccines"
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Compans, Richard W., and Walter A. Orenstein, eds. Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3.
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A, Orenstein Walter, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Vaccines for Pandemic Influenza. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2009.
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Rappuoli, Rino, and Del Giudice Giuseppe. Influenza vaccines for the future. 2nd ed. Basel: Springer, 2010.
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Rino, Rappuoli, and Del Giudice Giuseppe, eds. Influenza vaccines for the future. Basel ; Boston: Birkhäuser, 2008.
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Rappuoli, Rino, and Giuseppe Del Giudice, eds. Influenza Vaccines for the Future. Basel: Springer Basel, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2.
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Rappuoli, Rino, and Giuseppe Del Giudice, eds. Influenza Vaccines for the Future. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8371-8.
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Burgan, Michael. Developing flu vaccines. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2011.
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Burgan, Michael. Developing flu vaccines. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2011.
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Burgan, Michael. Developing flu vaccines. Chicago, Ill: Raintree, 2011.
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Canada, Canada Health, and Canada Santé Canada, eds. Access to the seasonal flu vaccine in Canada: How the flu shot makes its way from the laboratory to the doctorgass office = Accès au vaccin contre la grippe saisonnière au Canada : comment le vaccin contre la grippe se rend du laboratoire jusqu'au cabinet médical. Ottawa, Ont: Health Canada = Santé Canada, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Influenza vaccines"
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Domachowske, Joseph. "Influenza." In Vaccines, 199–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58414-6_16.
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Johansson, Bert E. "Influenza Vaccines." In Combination Vaccines, 133–53. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-265-4_6.
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Vesikari, Timo, and Susanna Esposito. "Influenza Vaccines." In Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations, 117–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59952-6_14.
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Vesikari, Timo, and Susanna Esposito. "Influenza Vaccines." In Pediatric Vaccines and Vaccinations, 137–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77173-7_14.
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Artenstein, Andrew W. "Influenza." In Vaccines: A Biography, 191–205. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1108-7_11.
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DiMenna, Lauren J., and Hildegund C. J. Ertl. "Pandemic Influenza Vaccines." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 291–321. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_15.
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Fiore, Anthony E., Carolyn B. Bridges, and Nancy J. Cox. "Seasonal Influenza Vaccines." In Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, 43–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-92165-3_3.
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Hilleringmann, Markus, Björn Jobst, and Barbara C. Baudner. "Influenza Cell-Culture Vaccine Production." In Molecular Vaccines, 823–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00978-0_26.
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Chambers, Thomas M. "Vaccines and vaccination to control equine influenza." In Animal Influenza, 524–46. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118924341.ch21.
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Edwards, Kathryn M. "Influenza and influenza vaccination in children." In Influenza Vaccines for the Future, 95–111. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8371-8_5.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Influenza vaccines"
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Zughaier, Susu. "High Vaccine Coverage is Crucial for Preventing the Spread of Infectious Diseases During Mass Gathering." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0138.
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Background: Vaccines are the most cost-effective intervention in public health as they prevent the spread of highly contagious infectious diseases. Because of vaccine implementation and high coverage, Measles was eradicated in 2000, however the recent reappearance of measles in the United States, Europe and globally is alarming. The resurgence of Measles, Diphtheria and Mumps is due to a reduction in vaccine coverage and herd immunity. Vaccine hesitant parents, antivaxxers, and fake news on vaccines are driving the surge in those infectious diseases. The World Health Organization issued the Global Vaccine and Immunization Action Plan to reiterate the importance of vaccine implementation and coverage for several vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in the world. Qatar is preparing for the upcoming FIFA World Cup 2022 therefore maintaining high vaccine coverage, which is critical in preventing infectious diseases spreading during such mass gathering. Methods: Literature search for vaccine coverage rates, resurgence of vaccine preventable infectious diseases and risks of mass gatherings. Results: Seventeen infectious diseases are currently vaccine-preventable. The cost-effectiveness of vaccine is documented as it is estimated for each dollar spent on vaccines, 10 dollars are saved in disease treatment. A drop in vaccine coverage rates to under 90% lead to the resurgence of measles. Vaccine coverage rate in Qatar is currently at 95% which is one of the highest in the world. Qatar must maintain this high coverage rate to prevent any measles outbreaks during mass gatherings. The planned World Cup event will take place from November 21 till December 18 2022, which is the peak for seasonal influenza. In preparedness for this major event, Qatar should encourage residents and visitors to be vaccinated not just against measles and seasonal influenza, but also hepatitis and meningitis. Conclusion: Maintaining 95% vaccine coverage rate is critical for preventing the resurgence of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases during the World Cup mass gathering in Qatar.
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Дешева, Юлия Андреевна, and Надежда Николаевна Петкова. "STUDY OF NEURAMINIDASE ANTIBODIES TO A(Н3N2) INFLUENZA VIRUS." In Психология. Спорт. Здравоохранение: сборник избранных статей по материалам Международной научной конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Декабрь 2021). Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/psm300.2021.44.58.003.
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В реакции ингибирования нейраминидазной активности (РИНА) изучен коллективный иммунитет в группах пациентов различного возраста к эпидемическому вирусу гриппа A/Гонконг/4801/2014 Изучены сывороточные антитела к антигенам вируса А/H3N2 у лиц, привитых трехвалентной живой гриппозной вакциной (ЖГВ). Показано, что антитела к NA могут служить дополнительным критерием оценки иммуногенности гриппозных вакцин. In the enzyme linked lectin assay (ELLA), the collective immunity to the A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2) influenza virus was evaluated among different age groups of patients. Serum antibodies to antigens of the A/H3N2 virus were studied in individuals vaccinated with trivalent live influenza vaccine (LAIV). It has been shown that antibodies to NA can serve as an additional criterion for assessing the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines.
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Sukhova, M. M., I. V. Krasilnikov, A. A. Isaev, A. V. Vakhrusheva, A. V. Ivanov, and I. V. Tsymbarevich. "PLATFORM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SAFE SUBUNIT VACCINES." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-130.
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Dubrovskaya, E. V., D. I. Ivkina, and A. R. Imatdinov. "RECOMBINANT INFLUENZA A VIRUS REASSORTANT VACCINE STRAIN EXPRESSING MODIFIED RBD FRAGMENT OF SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS SPIKE GLYCOPROTEIN." In OpenBio-2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-244.
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Influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 virus have a high pandemic potential. Vaccination is an effective method of prevention, but existing vaccines cannot be quickly updated to match circulating virus variants. This paper describes a recombinant reassortant strain of influenza A virus expressing SARS-CoV-2 trimerized RBD, which can be used as a component of candidate multivalent vaccines.
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Крывошея, П. Ю., and О. Г. Рудь. "IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY OF INACTIVATED VACCINES “FLUEQUIN” FOR THE PREVENTION OF INFLUENZA OF HORSES." In СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ И АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ В КОНЕВОДСТВЕ. Crossref, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.25727/hs.2019.1.35382.
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Изложены результаты проверки иммуногенных свойств гриппозной вакцины «Флюэквин» путем определения концентрации антигемагглютинирующих антител против вируса гриппа в разные сроки после прививки. Исследовано 120 сывороток крови лошадей украинской верховой породы до прививки гриппозной вакциной и после ее проведения в разные периоды. Титр антител до вакцинации был в среднем 1:6,0±4,81, а через месяц после вакцинации возрос до 1:586,67±344,44, через пять месяцев он составил 1:60,09±40,91. Изучены особенности иммунологического ответа на гриппозную прививку у возрастных группах лошадей. Установлено, что иммунизация лошадей является эффективным специфическим методом профилактики гриппа. The verification results of the immunogenic properties of influenza vaccine “Fluequin” by determining of the concentration of antihemagglutinin antibodies against the flu virus at different times after inoculation are given. 120 blood serums of horses of the Ukrainian breed before vaccination with a flu vaccine and after its carrying out in different periods are investigated. The titer of antibodies before vaccination was on average 1:6,0±4,81, and a month after vaccination increased to 1:586,67±344,44, five months later it was 1:60,09±40,91. The peculiarities of immunological response to influenza vaccination in groups of older horses were studied. It was found that immunization of horses is an effective specific method of preventing influenza.
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Aziz, Kareem. "Perspectives, Acceptance, and Hesitancy Among Male and Female Medical Students Regarding Vaccination for COVID-19 in Tishk International University." In 3rd Scientific Conference on Women’s Health. Hawler Medical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15218/crewh.2022.04.
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Background and objectives: Vaccines are an important tool for halting the spread of pandemics such as COVID-19, influenza, etc. A COVID‑19 immunization is an antibody expected to gain resistance against serious intense respiratory disorder Covid-19, the infection that causes COVID‑19. This study aimed to identify how the among male and female medical students deal with vaccination of COVID-19 in TIU university. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design, this study was conducted in the Tishk International University from 19 September 2021 to 15 may 2022. Sample included 200 among male and female medical students in TIU University. Results: The majority of their accepted taking the vaccine and encouraged others for that, most of them preferred the Pfizer vaccine, a majority of them had a positive attitude and good perspectives against the vaccine, majority of them agreed to take a safe vaccine after clinical trial, while 9% of them had hesitancy to take vaccine for COVID-19 especially among female students because of expected complications from COVID-19. Conclusion: The majority of the male and female students agreed with taking the vaccine as primary prevention, while only 22% of them agreed that they may have problems with the vaccine. The majority of the 51% prefer the Pfizer vaccine. Only 31% of them accepted to take the vaccine at this time for themselves and their family. Most of them had a good attitude about the vaccine for prevention nearly 59% Only 9% of them had hesitancy to take the vaccine especially among female students because of complications.
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Ramadhan, M. K., B. D. Handari, and D. Aldila. "Construction of a stochastic SVIS model for prevention of influenza spread with vaccines." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CURRENT PROGRESS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCES 2017 (ISCPMS2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5064216.
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Dobrovolskaya, O. A., E. A. Elpaeva, and V. V. Vysochinskaya. "OBTAINING MRNA ENCODING HEMAGGLUTININ OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS SUBTYPE H7N9 BY IN VITRO TRANSCRIPTION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF TRANSLATION OF THE OBTAINED MRNA IN THE EUKARYOTIC CELL LINE A549." In X Международная конференция молодых ученых: биоинформатиков, биотехнологов, биофизиков, вирусологов и молекулярных биологов — 2023. Novosibirsk State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/978-5-4437-1526-1-70.
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RNA-based vaccines are the newest promising alternative to traditional approaches to treat viral diseases. In this study, we obtained mRNA encoding the hemagglutinin of influenza A subtype H7N9 by in vitro transcription and evaluated the efficiency of its translation on the A549 cell line. It was shown that mRNA is efficiently delivered and translated in vitro and can be successfully used for further experiments in vivo.
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Nurpeisova, Ainur, Zhandos Abay, Kamshat Shorayeva, Sandugash Sadikaliyeva, Bolat Yespembetov, Kuanish Jekebekov, Nazym Syrym, et al. "Determining optimal conditions for growing recombinant vectors to be used in developing a bovine tuberculosis vaccine." In Research for Rural Development 2023 : annual 29th international scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.29.2023.013.
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Two recombinant influenza A virus vectors expressing the ESAT 6 and TB10.4 mycobacterial proteins from the nonstructural (NS) gene were constructed via reverse genetics technique to develop a specific means of prophylaxis for bovine tuberculosis. We experimented to determine optimal conditions for growing recombinant vectors in Vero cell culture and chick embryos. This study established that the maximum amount of virus builds up in a Vero cell culture with the Dulbecco′s Modified Eagle′s Medium (DMEM) serum-free medium. However, using cell culture to produce vector vaccines is labourintensive and inefficient. An alternative way, a traditional, time-tested technique, is provided by growing samples in chick embryos. One of the advantages of this technique is its affordability and availability, enabling easy scale-up of vaccine production. In the optimization experiments, the FLU-ΔNS_ESAT 6 and FLU-ΔNS_ТВ10.4 viruses constructed were inoculated into 10-day-old chick embryos. It was determined that the optimal incubation temperature that led to the highest virus build-up was 37 ± 0.5 °С. And the infectious activity level of the FLU-ΔNS_ESAT 6 recombinant vector was at 8.95 ± 0.07 log10EID50 0.2 cm-3, while that of the FLU-ΔNS_ТВ10.4 was at 9.20 ± 0.07 log10EID50 0.2 cm-3, what was provided by infectious doses of 1000–10000 EID50, which makes it possible to create a virus-containing material with a hemagglutination activity level of 1:64. The size of recombinant vector amplicons expressing proteins ТВ10.4 and ESAT 6 was 1170 bp and 1175 bp, respectively. Electron microscopy images confirm that the developed virions are morphologically similar to the avian influenza virus.
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Useche, Mariana, Jonathan Starr, Katherine Rodriguez, Agnihotram Ramanakumar, Marie Hudson, Brian Ward, and Ines Colmegna. "THU0157 REASONS FOR NON-PARTICIPATION IN A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL COMPARING TWO SEASONAL INFLUENZA VACCINES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITISPATIENTS." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.6381.
Full textReports on the topic "Influenza vaccines"
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BROWN, I. High pathogenicity avian influenza and vaccination: application in Europe Region. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.3335.
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The main objectives of the presentation of Technical Item II during the 30th Conference of the WOAH Regional Commission for Europe (Catania, Italy, 3–7 October 2022) are (i) to set the proper framework of questions to make science-based decisions regarding the vaccination policy against infection with highly pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAI) in Europe, and (ii) to organise the mechanism which would support WOAH and Members in addressing these questions. It is not to set specific vaccine choices or recommendations on types of vaccines to apply. This paper presents the state of the art and draws together the key factors that need to be considered as relevant for the Region when defining vaccination policy.
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Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.
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Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.
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Gershoni, Jonathan M., David E. Swayne, Tal Pupko, Shimon Perk, Alexander Panshin, Avishai Lublin, and Natalia Golander. Discovery and reconstitution of cross-reactive vaccine targets for H5 and H9 avian influenza. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699854.bard.
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Research objectives: Identification of highly conserved B-cell epitopes common to either H5 or H9 subtypes of AI Reconstruction of conserved epitopes from (1) as recombinantimmunogens, and testing their suitability to be used as universal vaccine components by measuring their binding to Influenza vaccinated sera of birds Vaccination of chickens with reconstituted epitopes and evaluation of successful vaccination, clinical protection and viral replication Development of a platform to investigate the dynamics of immune response towards infection or an epitope based vaccine Estimate our ability to focus the immune response towards an epitope-based vaccine using the tool we have developed in (D) Summary: This study is a multi-disciplinary study of four-way collaboration; The SERPL, USDA, Kimron-Israel, and two groups at TAU with the purpose of evaluating the production and implementation of epitope based vaccines against avian influenza (AI). Systematic analysis of the influenza viral spike led to the production of a highly conserved epitope situated at the hinge of the HA antigen designated “cluster 300” (c300). This epitope consists of a total of 31 residues and was initially expressed as a fusion protein of the Protein 8 major protein of the bacteriophagefd. Two versions of the c300 were produced to correspond to the H5 and H9 antigens respectively as well as scrambled versions that were identical with regard to amino acid composition yet with varied linear sequence (these served as negative controls). The recombinantimmunogens were produced first as phage fusions and then subsequently as fusions with maltose binding protein (MBP) or glutathioneS-transferase (GST). The latter were used to immunize and boost chickens at SERPL and Kimron. Furthermore, vaccinated and control chickens were challenged with concordant influenza strains at Kimron and SEPRL. Polyclonal sera were obtained for further analyses at TAU and computational bioinformatics analyses in collaboration with Prof. Pupko. Moreover, the degree of protection afforded by the vaccination was determined. Unfortunately, no protection could be demonstrated. In parallel to the main theme of the study, the TAU team (Gershoni and Pupko) designed and developed a novel methodology for the systematic analysis of the antibody composition of polyclonal sera (Deep Panning) which is essential for the analyses of the humoral response towards vaccination and challenge. Deep Panning is currently being used to monitor the polyclonal sera derived from the vaccination studies conducted at the SEPRL and Kimron.
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Bacharach, Eran, and Sagar Goyal. Generation of Avian Pneumovirus Modified Clones for the Development of Attenuated Vaccines. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696541.bard.
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Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains Abstract (one page maximum, single spaced), include: List the original objectives, as defined in the approved proposal, and any revisions made at the beginning or during the course of project: The main goal described in our original proposal has been the development of a molecular infectious clone of the avian metapneumovirus subtype B (aMPV-B) and the modification of this clone to create mutated viruses for the development of attenuated vaccines. The Achievements and Appendix/Part I sections of this report describes the accomplishments in creating such a molecular clone. These sections also contain the results of a longitudinal study that we made in Israel, demonstrating the infiltration of field strains of aMPV into vaccinated flocks and emphasizing the need for the development of better vaccines. We also describe our unexpected findings regarding the ability of aMPV to establish persistent infection in cell cultures. Although this direction of research was not described in the original proposal we feel that it is highly important for the understanding of aMPV pathogenesis. For example, this direction has provided us with evidence showing that aMPV replication can augment influenza replication. Moreover, we observed that viruses that were produced from chronically-infected cells show reduced ciliostasis. Accordingly, we carried vaccination trials using such viruses. In the original grant proposal we also offered that the American lab will clone and express immunomodulators in the context of an aMPV -based replicon that the Israeli lab has generated. However, as we reported in our annual reports, further analysis of this replicon by the Israeli lab has revealed that the level of expression achieved by this vehicle is relatively poor; thus, the American lab has focused on sequencing the genomes of different aMPV-C isolates that differ in their virulence (including vaccine strains). Achievements and Appendix/Part II sections of this report include the summary of this effort. Background to the topic: The aMPVs belong to the paramyxoviridae family and cause mild to severe respiratory tract diseases mainly in turkeys and also in chickens. Four aMPV subgroups, A, B, C and D, have been characterized; in Israel aMPV-A and B are the common subtypes while in the USA type C is the prevalent one. Although vaccine strains do exist for aMPVs, they do not always provide full protection against virulent strains and the vaccines themselves may induce disease to some extent. Improved vaccines against aMPV are needed, to achieve better protection of the poultry industry against this pathogen. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: We isolated aMPV-B from a diseased flock and accomplished the sequencing and cloning of its full-genome. In addition, we cloned the four genes encoding the viral replicase. These should serve as the platform for generation of modified aMPV-Bs from molecular clones. We also identified aMPVs that are attenuated in respect to their ciliostatic activity and accordingly showed the potential of such viruses as vaccine strains. For aMPV-C, the different mutations scattered along the genome of different isolates with varied virulence have been determined. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: The newly identified pattern of mutations in attenuated strains will allow better understanding of the pathogenicity of aMPV and the generation of aMPV molecular clones, together with isolation of strains with attenuated ciliostatic activity should generate improved vaccine strains.
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Research, Gratis. Intranasal Influenza Vaccine. Gratis Research, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47496/gr.blog.13.
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Intranasal vaccine is a novel candidate that could improve the current injectable vaccine for the to prevent seasonal influenza epidemics. Influenza intranasal spray vaccine causes a local antibody response.
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Roldan de Jong, Tamara. Rapid Review: Perceptions of COVID-19 Vaccines in South Africa. SSHAP, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.021.
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As of April 19, 2021, South Africa has recorded 1.56 million COVID-19 cases and almost 54,000 deaths - more than any other country on the African continent. The country has begun the national rollout of the Johnson & Johnson (J&J) COVID-19 vaccine, with over 292 thousand doses administered it aims to achieve herd immunity by vaccinating at least 67 percent of its population (around 40 million people) by the end of 2021. The government suspended its initial rollout of the AstraZeneca (AZ) vaccine due to concerns over its effectiveness, particularly against the new B.1.351 variant, which accounts for 90% of the infections in South Africa. The J&J vaccine was put on temporary hold in April due to concerns about rare clotting disorders. Although data show that expected acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is relatively high, the suspension of two vaccines in South Africa, where fear of infection is decreasing, will likely influence public reactions. Understanding how individuals and population groups perceive and make sense of COVID-19 vaccines is critical to inform the design and implementation of risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies, and guide interventions aiming to promote and sustain acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, while encouraging compliance with other COVID-19 preventive measures. This review syntheses community perceptions of COVID-19 vaccines in South Africa to inform RCCE strategies and policies and provides examples of successful practice. It draws on multiple secondary data sources: scientific literature, qualitative and quantitative studies, grey literature, and mainstream and social media. The review was supported by consultation with four local expert key informants from different fields. It is part of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) series on social science considerations relating to COVID-19 vaccines. It was written for SSHAP by Tamara Roldan de Jong and Anthrologica on request of the UNICEF South Africa Country Office. Contributions were made from the RCCE Collective Service East and Southern Africa (ESAR) Region. The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Tadros, Mariz, and Claire Thomas. Evidence Review: Religious Marginalities and COVID Vaccination - Access and Hesitancy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.033.
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Religious minority affiliation or status can play a very important role in influencing people's access to vaccines as well as their willingness to undergo vaccination. Many studies focus on class, ethnicity and geographic location when examining how social inequalities impact vaccination programmes. However, religious marginality is often overlooked. Here we explore how being situated on the margins, on account of religious affiliation, shapes experiences of vaccine access and uptake. The issues addressed are important for COVID-19 vaccination roll out, but also contain lessons for all vaccination programmes and many other preventative health measures. In this brief, we present key considerations for addressing differentials in access to and willingness to undergo vaccinations that are linked to religious minority status, experiences, authorities or doctrine. We explain why the study and awareness of religious marginality is crucial for the success of vaccination programmes broadly and specifically as they apply to COVID-19 vaccination. We also explore ways in which religious marginality intersects with other identity markers to influence individual and community access to vaccines. Finally, we examine vaccine hesitancy in relation to religious minorities and outline approaches to community health engagement that are socio-religiously sensitive, as well as practical, to enhance vaccination confidence.
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Tadros, Mariz, and Claire Thomas. Evidence Review: Religious Marginalities and COVID Vaccination - Access and Hesitancy. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.043.
Full textAbstract:
Religious minority affiliation or status can play a very important role in influencing people's access to vaccines as well as their willingness to undergo vaccination. Many studies focus on class, ethnicity and geographic location when examining how social inequalities impact vaccination programmes. However, religious marginality is often overlooked. Here we explore how being situated on the margins, on account of religious affiliation, shapes experiences of vaccine access and uptake. The issues addressed are important for COVID-19 vaccination roll out, but also contain lessons for all vaccination programmes and many other preventative health measures. In this brief, we present key considerations for addressing differentials in access to and willingness to undergo vaccinations that are linked to religious minority status, experiences, authorities or doctrine. We explain why the study and awareness of religious marginality is crucial for the success of vaccination programmes broadly and specifically as they apply to COVID-19 vaccination. We also explore ways in which religious marginality intersects with other identity markers to influence individual and community access to vaccines. Finally, we examine vaccine hesitancy in relation to religious minorities and outline approaches to community health engagement that are socio-religiously sensitive, as well as practical, to enhance vaccination confidence.
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Woods, Rachel, Alison Zhong, and Madelyn Vincent. Factors Associated with Influenza & Tdap Vaccine Uptake in Pregnant Patients at the UT Family Medicine Clinic in Memphis. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2020.0003.
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INTRODUCTION: Given the increased risk for infections among pregnant patients and newborns, vaccination against influenza (>50,000,000 annual US cases affecting all ages) and pertussis (>15,000 annual US cases disproportionately affecting newborns) are recommended among pregnant patients in order to protect them and their babies via passive immunity to cover a newborn’s window of vaccine ineligibility. Though flu and Tdap vaccination rates among pregnant patients have been trending upwards nationally, there is still room for improvement to achieve optimal rates. OBJECTIVES: The primary objectives were to study factors that affect the vaccination rates at the University of Tennessee Family Medicine Clinic at Memphis (UTFMC-M), compare those rates with national pregnancy flu/Tdap vaccination rates, and to generate recommendations based off observed factors associated with vaccine uptake to improve flu/Tdap vaccination rates in UTFMC-M pregnant patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of UTFMC-M patients who were pregnant from September 1, 2019-April 24, 2020 (included 2019-2020 flu season) (n=465). Variables studied included demographic data (race, age, insurance), immunization history (vaccine status, history of physician encouragement), and prenatal history (parity, number of prenatal visits, trimester at first visit, high risk clinic (HRC) admittance status). Vaccination status was based on ACIP recommendations (Flu shot eligible = any gestational age; Tdap eligible = ≥27 weeks). Positive HRC admittance was noted for patients with ≥2 visits to the UTFMC-M HRC, a clinic that specializes in high risk pregnant patient care. RESULTS: The patient sample was predominantly black (84.3%) and insured by Medicaid programs (88%). Among eligible UTFMC-M pregnant patients, 50.1% were flu-vaccinated (n=465); 73.8% were Tdap-vaccinated (n=317); and 52.1% were Flu+Tdap-vaccinated (n=317). No significant associations were found between vaccine uptake and HRC status, parity, and age. However, statistically significant relationships were found between vaccine uptake and physician encouragement (positive relationship with flu shot: X2(1, N = 465) =131, p < 0.001, Tdap: X2 (6, N = 465) =476, p < 0.001), number of prenatal visits (flu shot group median 8 visits, Tdap group median 9 visits vs. unvaccinated group median 4 visits; p < 0.001), and early trimester age at first prenatal visit (X2(6, N = 465) =47.635 , p CONCLUSION: 2019-2020 UTFMC-M vaccination rates were on par with 2018-2019 US flu vaccine rates and higher than 2018-2019 US Tdap and Flu+Tdap rates. There were statistically significant relationships between vaccine uptake at UTFMC-M and physician encouragement, number of prenatal visits, and early trimester age at first prenatal visit but no significant relationships with UTFMC-M HRC admittance, parity, or age. Recommendations following from our observations to address further vaccine rate improvement include: continue vaccine encouragement, continue booking multiple visits (8 for flu, 9 for Tdap), prioritize Tdap vaccine higher for late trimester intake patients, and focus on flu vaccine encouragement and education.
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Schat, Karel Antoni, Irit Davidson, and Dan Heller. Chicken infectious anemia virus: immunosuppression, transmission and impact on other diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695591.bard.
Full textAbstract:
1. Original Objectives. The original broad objectives of the grant were to determine A) the impact of CAV on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) (CU), B). the interactions between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Marek’s disease virus (MDV) with an emphasis on horizontal spread of CAV through feathers (KVI), and C) the impact of CAV infection on Salmonella typhimurium (STM) (HUJI). During the third year and the one year no cost extension the CU group included some work on the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine for CAV, which was partially funded by the US Poultry and Egg Association. 2. Background to the topic. CAV is a major pathogen causing clinical disease if maternal antibody-free chickens are infected vertically or horizontally between 1 and 14 days of age. Infection after 3 weeks of age when maternal antibodies are not longer present can cause severe subclinical immunosuppression affecting CTL and cytokine expression. The subclinical immunosuppression can aggravate many diseases including Marek’s disease (MD) and several bacterial infections. 3. Major conclusions and achievements. The overall project contributed in the following ways to the knowledge about CAV infection in poultry. As expected CAV infections occur frequently in Israel causing problems to the industry. To control subclinical infections vaccination may be needed and our work indicates that the development of an antigen-antibody complex vaccine is feasible. It was previously known that CAV can spread vertically and horizontally, but the exact routes of the latter had not been confirmed. Our results clearly show that CAV can be shed into the environment through feathers. A potential interaction between CAV and MD virus (MDV) in the feathers was noted which may interfere with MDV replication. It was also learned that inoculation of 7-day-old embryos causes growth retardation and lesions. The potential of CAV to cause immunosuppression was further examined using CTL responses to REV. CTL were obtained from chickens between 36 and 44 days of age with REV and CAV given at different time points. In contrast to our earlier studies, in these experiments we were unable to detect a direct impact of CAV on REV-specific CTL, perhaps because the CTL were obtained from older birds. Inoculation of CAV at one day of age decreased the IgG antibody responses to inactivated STM administered at 10 days of age. 4. Scientific and Agricultural Implications The impact of the research was especially important for the poultry industry in Israel. The producers have been educated on the importance of the disease through the many presentations. It is now well known to the stakeholders that CAV can aggravate other diseases, decrease productivity and profitability. As a consequence they monitor the antibody status of the breeders so that the maternal antibody status of the broilers is known. Also vaccination of breeder flock that remain antibody negative may become feasible further reducing the negative impact of CAV infection. Vaccination may become more important because improved biosecurity of the breeder flocks to prevent avian influenza and Salmonella may delay the onset of seroconversion for CAV by natural exposure resulting in CAV susceptible broilers lacking maternal antibodies. Scientifically, the research added important information on the horizontal spread of CAV through feathers, the interactions with Salmonella typhimurium and the demonstration that antigen-antibody complex vaccines may provide protective immunity.