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Academic literature on the topic 'Influenza politica e leadership'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Influenza politica e leadership"

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Gelli, Bianca, and Terri Mannarini. "La mente politica: leadership, potere, carisma." PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA', no. 2 (January 2015): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/psc2014-002002.

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Rowe, Robyn K., Julia Rowat, and Jennifer D. Walker. "First Nations’ Survivance and Sovereignty in Canada during a Time of COVID-19." American Indian Culture and Research Journal 44, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17953/aicrj.44.2.rowe_rowat_walker.

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First Nations people in Canada have demonstrated and continue to demonstrate persistent and resilient cultural, linguistic, and traditional endurance: survivance. The devastation resulting from centuries of health pandemics such as smallpox, influenza, cholera, tuberculosis, measles, and scarlet fever reinforce the ongoing resilience of First Nations people, cultures, and traditions in Canada. Despite the history of pandemic-related trauma and a myriad of social, political, environmental, and health challenges, as well as the added burden that COVID-19 is placing on the healthcare system in Canada, First Nations’ organizations and leadership are enacting their inherent rights to sovereignty and governance. While First Nations are bracing for the expected negative impacts of COVID-19, they are doing so in ways that respect and honor their histories, cultures, languages, and traditions. First Nations are acting to protect some of the most vulnerable people in their communities including elders, knowledge keepers, and storytellers who carry with them irreplaceable traditional and cultural knowledges.
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Md Ali, Muhammad Syahir Bin, and Imtiyaz Yusuf. "Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (Pas) in Malaysia Politics: A History of Tuan Guru Nik Aziz’s Scholarship and Leadership in Establishing an Islamic State in Kelantan." Ulumuna 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 108–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v25i1.433.

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The study seeks to examine the brief history of political Islam in Malaysia with a focus on Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS). The emergence of PAS in the early 1950s marks the beginning of the involvement of Islamic Movements in politics as a platform for the revivalism of Islam in the region. In addition, the role of PAS leaderships also briefly discussed with a great emphasis on the leadership of PAS political maestro, Tuan Guru Nik Aziz bin Nik Mat. His piety in Islam is translated into his political thought which are influential during his involvement in politics. Tuan Guru’s upbringing and his education background had biggest influence towards his worldview on politics. This study described his contribution on Islam and in Malaysian politics, especially his grand idea on the establishment of Islamic state in Kelantan. The idea of ideal Islamic model of a state was established in Kelantan. It is in line with his perspective of how a society should operate and the functions of government in micro-managing the society. As a conclusion, Tuan Guru Nik Aziz plays an important role within PAS and to the establishment of the model of Islamic State in Kelantan.
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El Sayed, Moaz. "Lebanese Sunni Muslim Politicians’ Narratives on the Political and Religious Leadership of the Lebanese Sunnis: Reconstructing Inclusive Political Leadership in Lebanon." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 5, no. 9 (September 13, 2022): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v5i9.625.

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In this article, Sunni Muslims politicians’ narratives on the political and religious leadership of the Lebanese Sunnis are examined in an effort to reconstruct inclusive political leadership in Lebanon. The Lebanese Sunnis are primary actors in the Lebanese politics. The significant role played by Sunnis is recognised in the National Pact 1943, which paved the way for Lebanon’s independence from France together with the Taif Agreement, which ended Lebanon’s civil war. The signing of the agreements culminated into the establishment of the confessional political system in Lebanon and enabled the Sunnis to constitute an integral part of that system. However, Lebanon is still saddled with internal political problems worsened by the struggle for influence over Lebanon from external actors. The overlapping between domestic and foreign factors is critical in constructing Sunni narratives on their leadership. Sunni framing constructions suggest that the Sunni leadership is galvanising the Sunni community to serve its own interests. The disempowerment of Sunnis is mainly attributed to the failure of their political and religious leadership. This article, therefore, argues for the reconstruction of inclusive leadership in Lebanon. This will enable the Lebanese actors to delegitimise identity politics and promote national cohesion and stability. It also recommends the establishment of independent electoral commissions, prohibition of foreign funding of political groupings, and dismantling of the confessional political system in Lebanon.
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Min, Zhu. "The Importance of Leadership Style Towards Perceived Organizational Politics in China School: A Review of Transactional Leadership." Journal of Digitainability, Realism & Mastery (DREAM) 1, no. 05 (October 17, 2022): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56982/dream.v1i05.46.

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Leadership is most effectively understood as a social exchange of resources, and as such, leaders are effective to the extent that they can encourage followers to engage in extra-role behaviour that boosts workers' productivity as well as inspire followers to reach or surpass performance requirements. The researcher contends that political skill is one of these crucial abilities that is essential to effective leadership. While effective leadership required extensive political abilities in order to motivate and mobilize individuals to collaborate in order to achieve important goals and objectives. Organizational politics are a fundamental truth that cannot be avoided. Organizational politics in a company take the shape of competition for resources, interpersonal strife, contests for leadership, and tactical influence used by individuals and groups to gain authority, establish personal stature, restrict information access, conceal true objectives, and forge alliances. In this present study, investigation focuses on the transactional leadership styles of school’s principals have relationship towards organizational politics within the climate of the school; the attitudes that teachers have toward leadership; the turnover rate of instructors; and the academic achievements of students. By analyzing the connections between transactional leadership philosophies and organizational politics, this study aims to address these issues. The proposed framework on transactional leadership style and its relationship with perceived organizational politics in China's schools was to understand where each leadership style was applied and how leadership styles are linked to organizational politics in China school. In addition, the future findings will illuminate the situational and contingency theories, paving the way for the next stages of research. Utilizing transactional leadership approaches and enforcing effective organizational politics, principals create conditions that allow for improved leadership on their part. The methodological implications for scholars and policymakers can be taken into account in future studies.
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Yeboah, Amy. "Would You Send Your Daughter to Howard? Historically Black Colleges and Universities Advancing Black Women in Leadership." Advancing Women in Leadership Journal 40, no. 1 (December 21, 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21423/awlj-v40.a356.

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In this article, we address the influence of Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) on Black women’s participation in American politics. Focusing on the rise and record number of Black women running and winning political office in 2018, a remarkable list of over 400 Black women candidates were collected. Focusing on lives of three Black women whose dedication, determination, leadership, and activism are shifting the American political; Kamala Harris, Stacey Abrams, Lucy McBath, its evident that HBCUs have empowered Black women to continue to lead, make a change and break barriers in American politics. These results highlight some of the long-term impacts supporting HBCU environments has created for Black women in politics and America. Keywords: black women, politics, underpresented, gender, leadership, historically black colleges and universitites
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Genovese, Federica. "Politics @Pontifex: International Crises and Political Patterns of Papal Tweets." PS: Political Science & Politics 52, no. 1 (December 18, 2018): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096518001038.

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ABSTRACTPolitical research on social media argues that new channels of technological communication influence political leadership. However, we do not know the extent to which social media affect the power of other authorities—for example, religious leaders—in the secular world. This article focuses on the social media presence of the Pope. I argue that the pontiff uses social media communication to explicitly address certain political issues. Specifically, I claim that his messages on the web tend to be more political when critical world events threaten peaceful international relations and frighten salient religious minorities. I investigated this argument by studying Pope Francis’s statements on Twitter. The analysis indicates that the Pope is more likely to release political tweets during international crises, thus targeting issues that otherwise belong to other secular authorities. At the same time, it “normalizes” the Catholic Church’s power in that it allows the Pope to maintain the Vatican’s long tradition of safeguarding peace and protecting vulnerable populations. These findings have implications for the leadership of the Catholic Church in the modern world and extend to other papacies beyond Francis’s.
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Congleton, Roger D. "The Politics of Debt." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 10, no. 1 (April 1, 1992): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569298x15668907539365.

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Abstract Questo lavoro sintetizza i recenti contributi della letteratura economica, in particolare di Barro, Buchanan e di Tabellini ed Alesina, in materia di politica del debito pubblico e ne estende la logica ad un’analisi degli effetti che un’informazione politica imperfetta genera sui livelli del debito. L’autore argomenta che i problemi legati all’informazione dei cittadini-votanti rappresentano la fonte primaria di gran parte dei problemi generati dal debito pubblico. In particolare, l’analisi condotta suggerisce che l’informazione imperfetta consente ai gruppi di interesse di esercitare una sproporzionata influenza sulle scelte di politica economica, influenza che si manifesta nel ricorso al debito come forma di finanziamento del disavanzo.
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Campus, Donatella. "Political discussion, opinion leadership and trust." European Journal of Communication 27, no. 1 (March 2012): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267323111434580.

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The recent developments in political communication, in particular the process of popularization of politics and the diffusion of Internet, are notably challenging the relationship between citizens and media. In this rapidly evolving context it is worth analysing the role of political discussion in personal networks and small groups. Also, very recent research has offered new evidence to the old thesis that, despite the massive presence of mass media, personal discussion shapes the formation of the political opinion. A particularly important aspect concerns the nature of opinion leadership: who are the new opinion leaders able to influence processes of interpersonal communication? This article reassesses such a theoretical framework by reviewing the state-of-the-art and providing a foundation for a debate on the themes of trust in information sources and the impact of opinion leaders.
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Grigor’eva, Nataliya S., and Anastasiya A. Zhokhova. "WOMEN IN THE BRITISH POLITICAL PROCESS IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES. A ROLE ANALYSIS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 1 (2022): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2022-1-393-403.

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The practice and theory of the political process show that the specific of the behavior of men and women in politics is different. Coupled with gender stereotypes, that causes a difference in the portrayals and images of political leaders of different genders. The study of the peculiarities of women’s leadership in the formation of political elites is complicated by several theoretical issues related to the influence of gender stereotypes on it, including the role behavior. However, the influence of such stereotypes on the perception of female leadership does not mean that female political representation “automatically” leads to the humanization of the political process and contributes to the softness in the work of political institutions. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the political courses of prominent women leaders in Great Britain of the 20th– 21st centuries shows that the real political courses of women leaders have little in common with the gender stereotypes that were attributed to them, what did not prevent them from being widely recognized as decisive leaders in their positions. More than 100 years of experience of women’s presence in the British politics allows us to highlight the common and special in their activities. Using the algorithm of SWOT-analysis of the successful growth and self-realization of the personality of iconic female politicians of Great Britain, the authors trace the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats for female leadership in the political process of Great Britain in the 20th–21st centuries.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Influenza politica e leadership"

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BRUNO, VALERIO ALFONSO. "IL RUOLO EUROPEO DELLA GERMANIA DALLA CRISI ECONOMICA AL 2015: L'INFLUENZA REGIONALE TRA EGEMONIA RILUTTANTE E CAPACITA'DI LEADERSHIP." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/17946.

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La ricerca indaga qual sia stato il ruolo regionale della Germania nel periodo che va dalla crisi economica del 2008 al 2015 basandosi su tre elementi in particolare: 1)Tipologia/stile di potere regionale. Il potere esercitato dalla Germania a livello regionale di tipo egemonico coercitivo o benevolente e multilaterale. 2)Guida/conduzione della regione. L'efficacia complessiva della guida/conduzione regionale della Germania nel periodo post-crisi. 3)Influenza complessiva. L’influenza complessiva del potere della Germania a livello regionale tra il 2008 ed il 2015. La ricerca sostiene che la Germania, successivamente alla crisi economica globale, abbia disposto nell’arco temporale 2008-2015 di un potere molto efficace, sia a livello deliberato che non-intenzionale, sviluppando un ruolo regionale non sempre ben definito, esibendo tuttavia tratti caratteristici più assimilabili alla leadership in senso stretto e dimostrandosi spesso molto capace nel condurre la regione europea attraverso situazioni critiche.
The research investigates what has been the particular role of Germany in the period from the 2008 economic crisis up to 2015, based on three elements in particular: 1) Type/style of regional power. The power exercised by Germany, on a continuum from a regional hegemonic type to a benevolent and multilateral leadership. 2) Guide/conduct of region. The overall effectiveness of Germany's regional guide role in the post-crisis period. 3) Overall influence or "power over outcomes". The influence excercised by Germany at the regional level between 2008 and 2015. The research supports eventually that Germany, following the global economic crisis, has disposed during the period 2008-2015 of a very effective power (both intentional and non-intentional) developing a particular regional role not always in a clear and defined way, exhibiting indeed traits similar to a leadership and being often capable of leading the European region through critical situations.
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BRUNO, VALERIO ALFONSO. "IL RUOLO EUROPEO DELLA GERMANIA DALLA CRISI ECONOMICA AL 2015: L'INFLUENZA REGIONALE TRA EGEMONIA RILUTTANTE E CAPACITA'DI LEADERSHIP." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/17946.

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La ricerca indaga qual sia stato il ruolo regionale della Germania nel periodo che va dalla crisi economica del 2008 al 2015 basandosi su tre elementi in particolare: 1)Tipologia/stile di potere regionale. Il potere esercitato dalla Germania a livello regionale di tipo egemonico coercitivo o benevolente e multilaterale. 2)Guida/conduzione della regione. L'efficacia complessiva della guida/conduzione regionale della Germania nel periodo post-crisi. 3)Influenza complessiva. L’influenza complessiva del potere della Germania a livello regionale tra il 2008 ed il 2015. La ricerca sostiene che la Germania, successivamente alla crisi economica globale, abbia disposto nell’arco temporale 2008-2015 di un potere molto efficace, sia a livello deliberato che non-intenzionale, sviluppando un ruolo regionale non sempre ben definito, esibendo tuttavia tratti caratteristici più assimilabili alla leadership in senso stretto e dimostrandosi spesso molto capace nel condurre la regione europea attraverso situazioni critiche.
The research investigates what has been the particular role of Germany in the period from the 2008 economic crisis up to 2015, based on three elements in particular: 1) Type/style of regional power. The power exercised by Germany, on a continuum from a regional hegemonic type to a benevolent and multilateral leadership. 2) Guide/conduct of region. The overall effectiveness of Germany's regional guide role in the post-crisis period. 3) Overall influence or "power over outcomes". The influence excercised by Germany at the regional level between 2008 and 2015. The research supports eventually that Germany, following the global economic crisis, has disposed during the period 2008-2015 of a very effective power (both intentional and non-intentional) developing a particular regional role not always in a clear and defined way, exhibiting indeed traits similar to a leadership and being often capable of leading the European region through critical situations.
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Coole, David R. "Expansion and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory (PSI): An Examination of the Link Between Charisma, Political Skill, and Performance." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001882.

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Kille, Kent J. "Leadership and influence in the United Nations : a comparative analysis of the secretaries-general /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488202171195531.

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Paparone, Pamela A. "Leadership and Attitudes on Adopting Evidence-Based Practice for Influenza Vaccination." Thesis, Walden University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3619606.

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The United States has set a 90% benchmark for influenza vaccinations for healthcare personnel. Unfortunately, healthcare personnel fall far short of that mark with current rates as low as 62%. Low vaccination rates are responsible for influenza, nosocomial influenza, influenza-like illness, and mortality during influenza season. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to understand the relationship between leadership styles, attitudes towards evidence-based practice, and vaccination intention among New Jersey registered nurses (RNs). Diffusion of innovations theory was the theoretical foundation. The 3 instruments used were the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Evidence Based Practice Attitude Scale, and Behavioral Intention Scales, which measured independent variables such as transformational leadership and attitudes toward evidence-based practice. Vaccination intent was the dependent variable. The results showed that transformational leadership was positively related to vaccination intent r(353) = .16, p < .01. There was no relationship between transactional leadership and vaccination intent r(353) = .01, p > .05 nor between attitudes toward evidence-based practice and vaccination intent r(353) = .09, p > .05. The implication of the study is that the effects of transformational leadership constitute a predictive tool to identify how an organization can increase vaccination rates among RNs. Implementing the recommendations of the study could promote social change by providing nursing leadership with tools to facilitate increased vaccination rates among health care personnel. Increasing vaccination rates for healthcare personnel will decrease vaccine-preventable illnesses and improve outcomes for hospitalized patients.

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Paparone, Pamela A. "Leadership and Attitudes on Adopting Evidence-Based Practice for Influenza Vaccination." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1133.

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The United States has set a 90% benchmark for influenza vaccinations for healthcare personnel. Unfortunately, healthcare personnel fall far short of that mark with current rates as low as 62%. Low vaccination rates are responsible for influenza, nosocomial influenza, influenza-like illness, and mortality during influenza season. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to understand the relationship between leadership styles, attitudes towards evidence-based practice, and vaccination intention among New Jersey registered nurses (RNs). Diffusion of innovations theory was the theoretical foundation. The 3 instruments used were the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Evidence Based Practice Attitude Scale, and Behavioral Intention Scales, which measured independent variables such as transformational leadership and attitudes toward evidence-based practice. Vaccination intent was the dependent variable. The results showed that transformational leadership was positively related to vaccination intent r(353) = .16, p < .01. There was no relationship between transactional leadership and vaccination intent r(353) = .01, p > .05 nor between attitudes toward evidence-based practice and vaccination intent r(353) = .09, p > .05. The implication of the study is that the effects of transformational leadership constitute a predictive tool to identify how an organization can increase vaccination rates among RNs. Implementing the recommendations of the study could promote social change by providing nursing leadership with tools to facilitate increased vaccination rates among health care personnel. Increasing vaccination rates for healthcare personnel will decrease vaccine-preventable illnesses and improve outcomes for hospitalized patients.
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Setiawan, Gunaro. "The rise of servant leaders and political outsiders in modern Indonesian politics: a study of the influence of leadership brand on candidates' brand personalities and voters' trust based on the cases of Jokowi, Ahok and Risma." Thesis, Griffith University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/394722.

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In 2014, Indonesians were celebrating the inauguration of their newly elected president. The victory of Joko Widodo, who came from the grass roots, demonstrated a triumph of democracy in Indonesia. The rise of Joko Widodo, or Jokowi, was followed by the rise of other leaders from outside of the political mainstream, such as Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, Tri Risma Harini, Nurdin Abdullah, and Yoyok Rio Sudibyo. These leaders managed to overcome the political barriers made by the oligarchs and gained voters’ trust to win major elections in Indonesia. They possess one solid reputation in common and that is a commitment to act as a servant for citizens. Furthermore, the leaders’ unique personalities and approaches have differentiated them from their rivals, even those with greater experience in politics, which suggests they have unique and strong political brands that appealed to the citizens. The objective of this research is to explain the concept of servant leadership and political outsiders in influencing candidates’ political brand image based on their personalities from the voters’ perceptions. Following this, the interplay between each construct will be analysed. To meet the research objectives, this research examines a primary research question: How do voters’ perceptions of servant leadership and political outsiders affect brand personality as the political leader’s image and subsequently influence their brand trust? This is followed by two secondary questions: Do voters see Jokowi, Ahok, and Risma as servant leaders and political outsiders? If so, how? and How much influence do servant leadership and political outsiders have on leaders’ brand personality as their brand image, and subsequently, brand trust? Using a combination of concurrent and sequential mixed methods, this research began with qualitative approaches utilising document analysis and interviews to multiple sample groups with thematic analysis. These methods were also dedicated to constructing scale development of political outsiders based on the case of Indonesian leaders. Following this, a quantitative method was employed using a survey to measure how each construct influenced brand trust with brand personality as the mediating variable. The findings revealed how the leaders were successful in their approaches and demonstrating personalities that developed the political brand of a servant leader, which arguably attracted the citizens’ trust. The leaders’ backgrounds as political outsiders provided them with an advantage that differentiated them from typical politicians in Indonesia, who were seen as ineffective in making positive changes. Finally, this study identified candidate’s desirable traits significant to voters’ trust. This research makes several contributions to the development theories of servant leadership, which is particularly significant as there is insufficient research regarding this theory in the political context. The study further contributes to political marketing theories, particularly in branding theories such as how leadership brand influences candidate’s brand personality and consequently to brand trust. It also provides insights into how the leadership brand of servant leader and political outsider may affect voters’ trust consideration and impact candidate’s brand image development based on their brand personalities during elections.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Dept Bus Strategy & Innovation
Griffith Business School
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De, Paoli Fabio <1997&gt. "Assessing the Environmental Leadership of the European Union through European speeches." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/21692.

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La tesi cerca di stabilire se l’Unione Europea ha effettivamente voluto e se è riuscita ad ottenere, dimostrare ed esercitare leadership sulla questione delle politiche ambientali, dall’introduzione del Protocollo di Kyoto a oggi, attraverso un’analisi dei discorsi e delle dichiarazioni prodotti dai principali organi e rappresentanti di questa istituzione. Il punto di ricerca principale del lavoro si basa sulla debole analisi svolta finora sui discorsi dei rappresentanti dell’UE, prendendo come base di ricerca il fatto che una leadership sul tema non sia automaticamente voluta e cercata. Il capitolo 1 della tesi è composto dall’analisi generale della documentazione creata dalla comunità scientifica sul tema della leadership ambientale e dei vari aspetti connessi ad essa. Il capitolo 2 prevede l’analisi approfondita delle dichiarazioni sulla leadership legata agli aspetti dell’ambiente degli ultimi decenni, in particolare in relazione ai maggiori eventi storici collegati a questo tema. Il capitolo 3 segue un rapido confronto con i maggiori rivali presi in considerazione dalla comunità scientifica per la leadership ambientale, a dimostrazione del fatto che ci sia stata effettivamente la possibilità per l’Unione Europea di esercitare leadership nel corso degli ultimi anni e che ci sia stato un maggiore e costante interesse su questo tema rispetto ai possibili rivali.
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TROVALUSCI, SARA. "Francesco Crispi. La personalizzazione della politica tra l'Italia e la Francia." Doctoral thesis, Urbino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11576/2665735.

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Concina, Laura <1982&gt. "Three essays on leadership and cooperation in public good games." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1172.

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The issues explored in this thesis concerns public good games. We tackle the topic from di erent prospectives focusing on leadership and cooperation. Each chapter considers public good games from di erent angles. In the first chapter, we analyse reference dependent agents (that use a reference point to determine their choices) and standard agents who interact in simultaneous or in sequential public good situations. The second chapter consists of a sequential repeated public good experiment where subjects participate to a competitive mechanism to become leader in a group. Finally, in the third chapter, we study the implication of non- and semi-parametric methods in the re-analysis of two well-known public good experiments.
In questa tesi, le questioni considerate riguardano giochi con beni pubblici. Affrontiamo l'argomento da diversi punti di vista focalizzando l'attenzione sulla leadership e sulla cooperazione. In ogni capitolo consideriamo i giochi di beni pubblici da prospettive diverse. Nel primo capitolo, analizziamo agenti reference dependent (che utilizzano un punto di riferimento per determinare le loro scelte) e agenti standard i quali interagiscono in situazione simultanee o sequenziali concernenti i beni pubblici. Il secondo capitolo consiste in un esperimento di beni pubblici ripetuto e sequenziale dove i soggetti partecipano ad un meccanismo competitivo per diventare leader in un gruppo. Ifi ne, nel terzo capitolo, studiamo l'implicazione dei metodi non- e semi-parametrici nella rianalisi di due esperimenti di beni pubblici ben noti.
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Books on the topic "Influenza politica e leadership"

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Violante, Luciano. La politica e il labirinto. Milano: Bompiani, 1997.

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Mlechin, L. M. Lenin: Soblaznenie Rossii. Moskva: Piter, 2012.

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Le culture della leadership: Come la cultura influenza gli stili di direzione. Acireale: Bonanno, 2012.

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La leadership politica: Media e costruzione del consenso. Roma: Carocci, 2012.

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Scott, Bell David, ed. France. Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995.

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de, Jarnac François, ed. Dépasser l'alternance, ou, Dernière supplique à François de Jarnac, dit "De Gaulle III", le Mal aimé. Paris: Albatros, 1985.

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De Gaulle-Mitterrand: La marque et la trace. [Paris]: Flammarion, 1991.

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Imparato, Sergio. Il presidente sovrano: Leadership e politica estera nell'era unipolare. Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2015.

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Empoli, Giuliano Da. Obama: La politica nell'era di Facebook. Venezia: Marsilio, 2008.

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Obama: La politica nell'era di Facebook. Venezia: Marsilio, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Influenza politica e leadership"

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Alidu, Seidu. "Leadership, Governance and Public Policy in Africa." In Public Policy and Research in Africa, 213–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99724-3_9.

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AbstractOne of the major challenges confronting public policy in Africa is how to overcome overt and subtle discrimination in the art of governance, economic and social development. The promotion of social diversity and the eradication of exploitation of one group by others remains a major focus. Understanding the political and civil rights of different social classes, as well as their economic, social and cultural rights, provides the basis for this chapter on social diversity, gender, equity and public policy. This chapter examines the discourse on social differences, and how state and society have responded over time to the growing demands for inclusive growth and social justice in development. It shows how evidence from reflective research is contributing to the unfolding paradigm shift towards embracing social diversity and equity with special reference to race, gender, ethnicity and disability, to name a few. This chapter highlights how policy instruments influence the process of income distribution across different social groups; how public policy can be used to advance people’s freedoms across different social groups.
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Werthner, Hannes. "Geopolitics, Digital Sovereignty…What’s in a Word?" In Perspectives on Digital Humanism, 241–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86144-5_32.

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AbstractAn overlay of digital networks and services often operated by global players encircles and “shrinks” the planet. At the same time, the geopolitical dynamics have entered a cycle of feud for leadership between trade blocs who compete for economic and industrial leadership but also on ethics, values, and political outlook. In this context, governments and lawmakers are struggling to combine the need for global cooperation in digital matters with the imperative to protect their jurisdiction from undue influence and provide economic agents with the means to compete on a global scale. The concept of “digital sovereignty” was carved to address this. Words matter a lot especially when they are meant to translate political goals. We argue that “digital sovereignty” lacks meaning and teeth, while the concept of “strategic autonomy” is more operative, contains in itself the elements of strategic planning, and should lead EU to aim at genuine “digital non-alignment.”
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Kaczmarski, Marcin. "Domestic Politics: A Forgotten Factor in the Russian-Chinese Relationship." In Russia-China Relations, 59–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97012-3_4.

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AbstractThis chapter argues that domestic politics plays a significant role in shaping Sino-Russian relations. Domestic political factors strengthen certain trends in the relationship and, more occasionally, generate obstacles. In structural terms, the growing similarity of political systems, characterized by a high degree of centralization of power in leaders’ hands and the rising crackdown on dissent, shapes the threat assessment. The Russian ruling regime is not challenged by Beijing, hence an increase in China’s power and influence. While disadvantageous geopolitically, it does not pose a threat to regime security and regime survival in the Kremlin. Domestic actors have contributed to Russia’s policy towards China in two ways: by influencing the leadership’s threat assessment and by implementing particular policies. In some areas, such as energy cooperation, a privileged position on behalf of certain actors enables them to promote closer cooperation with China. There is no openly anti-Chinese lobby within the ruling elite and its supporters. More often than not, domestic politics act as a facilitating factor, which mitigates systemic pressures related to China’s rise and growing asymmetry between Russia and China and creates a conducive environment for bilateral cooperation with China in certain sectors.
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Yufu, Sawako, and Ryoji Matsuoka. "The Growing Influence of Political Leadership on Teacher Education: Radical Policy Reforms in the Absence of Opposition Forces." In Education in the Asia-Pacific Region: Issues, Concerns and Prospects, 175–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1528-2_10.

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"Power, politics and influence." In Leadership, 190–221. Cambridge University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108617666.008.

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Vecchio, Robert P. "Power, Politics, and Influence." In Leadership, 69–95. University of Notre Dame Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvpg85tk.12.

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"Leadership and Political Work: Mukulika Banerjee." In Power and Influence in India, 51–74. Routledge India, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203085417-9.

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"Power Politics in Organizational Life: Tactics in Organizational Leadership." In Organizational Influence Processes, 53–63. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315290614-10.

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Goodman, Michael A., Alexa Lee Arndt, and Ben Parks. "Leadership Is Political." In Handbook of Research on Leading Higher Education Transformation With Social Justice, Equity, and Inclusion, 141–55. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7152-1.ch010.

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Just as senior administrative roles in higher education are political, the role of a college student government holds similar responsibility as a function of an institution. The intersections of college student government and social justice are necessary to explore in order for senior administrators to share responsibility with and for students. Issues of social justice are being taken up on college campuses across the United States. It is common for student governments to legislate and engage with local, state, and even inter/national issues. The political nature of higher education has enabled and almost forced student governments to take up a wide array of concerns, leaving campus administrators—and students—to look for cues as to where to spend (limited) time, energy, and resources. This chapter illuminates a range of politics and current events, factors associated with institutional and individual influence(s), and final recommendations for higher education practice.
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Branum, Andrew, J. Dietz, and David Black. "Local Leadership in Pandemic Influenza." In Pandemic Planning, 55–64. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11779-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Influenza politica e leadership"

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Wan Husin, Wan Norhasniah. "The Influence of Budi-Islam Values on Tunku Abdul Rahman (Tunku) Leadership." In International Conference on Political Science, International Relations and Sociology. Cognitive-crcs, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.05.03.3.

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Falah, Aziz Saeful, and Widyapuri Prasastiningtyas. "THE EFFECT OF LEADERS' INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION ON EMPLOYEES' ATTITUDES IN CONVECTION UNLIMITED BANDUNG." In Seminar Sosial Politik, Bisnis, Akuntansi dan Teknik (SoBAT) ke-3. LPPM USB YPKP, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32897/sobat3.2021.35.

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ABSTRACT This research was conducted to determine the effect of interpersonal communication leader on employee attitudes at Convection Unlimited Bandung. The purpose of this research is to find out and analyze how the leader's interpersonal communication on the attitude of the employees given, the tasks by the leader and the magnitude of the influence employees at work. This study uses quantitative methods with descriptive-type research. Sampling was carried out using a non-probability sampling method with a number of respondents as many as 20 people. The data analysis technique used is the approach Field surveys are then analyzed to draw conclusions Based on the test results, the t-value iscount 5.66 compared to the value of ttable is equal to the value of (0.05) df = nk-1 that is equal to ttable at df=20-2=98 with (0.05) obtained ttable of 2.101. it can be concluded that the value of tcount (5,66) greater than ttable (2.101), the Sig value is also obtained. < (0.05) i.e. 0.000 < 0.05 then it can be concluded that H0 is rejected, it means that the Leadership Interpersonal Communication has a significant influence on employee attitudes. The conclusion of this study is that with a positive influence it shows the better interpersonal communication by the leadership at Convection Unlimited Bandung will have an impact on improving employee attitudes at work, and vice versa the worse interpersonal communication by the leadership at Konveksi Unlimited will be have an impact on decreasing employee attitudes at work.
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Wan Husin, Wan Norhasniah. "The Influence Of Work Environment And Leadership On The Job Satisfaction Of Soldiers." In icPSIRS 2018 - 5th International Conference on Political Science, International Relations and Sociology. Cognitive-Crcs, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2018.03.02.7.

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Šlogar, Helena, Sandra Šokčević, and Krešimir Jerin. "INFLUENCE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ON COMPANY BUSINESS." In 4th International Scientific – Business Conference LIMEN 2018 – Leadership & Management: Integrated Politics of Research and Innovations. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2018.103.

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Tomić, Srđan. "INFLUENCE OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT ON COMPANIES QUALITY MANAGEMENT EFFECTS." In 4th International Scientific – Business Conference LIMEN 2018 – Leadership & Management: Integrated Politics of Research and Innovations. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2018.205.

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Pavlović, Goran. "THE INFLUENCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL ON THE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF ENTERPRISES." In 4th International Scientific – Business Conference LIMEN 2018 – Leadership & Management: Integrated Politics of Research and Innovations. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia et all, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2018.293.

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Gregurec, Iva, Lucija Tomašek, and Larisa Hrustek. "Complexity of Creating Customer Experience under the Influence of Digital Transformation." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.s.p.2021.111.

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In a digital context, the customer experience represents a com­plex field of competition for companies in the process of retaining loyal and attracting new customers. The digital transformation paradigm, in the tech­nological and business aspect, should create value for the customer and in­crease the customer experience easier. However, challenges such as dynamic market changes and disruptions leading to increasingly complex customer requirements, make customer journey management a critical field for com­panies. This paper presents a preliminary review and provides insight into the problems of building loyalty and increasing customer experience un­der the influence of digital technologies. The recognized problems, accord­ing to secondary data, indicates that the potential of customer experience management with the help of digital technologies was not achieved. In this paper, recommendations for the elimination of mentioned problems were defined and how usage of digital technologies can contribute to building loyalty through analysis, monitoring, and support of customer journey.
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Kráľová, Katarína, Dana Jašková, and Jana Sochuľáková. "The Influence of Macroeconomic Factors of the Business Environment on the Development of the Number of SMEs." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.95.

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The precondition for the development of any economy is the ex­istence of a sufficient number of promising and developing SMEs. The ba­sic element of successful SME development is the socio-economic business environment, which motivates to develop business. The paper analyses the socio-economic factors of the business environment in the regions of the Slovak Republic in the context of the development of SME business activ­ities. The authors used survey methods to identify and better understand the socio-economic factors that stimulate business development, as well as barriers to the development of SME business activities in the regions of the Slovak Republic. To assess the relationship between the socio-economic level of the regions and the development of business in the regions, the au­thors constructed a composite indicator, which made it possible to compare and monitor the development of selected indicators. The authors used more complex multidimensional statistical methods for the calculation.
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Brzaković, Aleksandar, and Stefan Brzaković. "Design in Function of Brand Creation." In Seventh International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2021.251.

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A brand is a collection of all tangible and intangible elements of a product or service which make it unique. Design is one of the most impor­tant components of a brand. Design consists of all those characteristics that influence the way how a product appeals to a consumer, what impression a product leaves on a consumer and how a consumer benefits from a prod­uct. It comprises all the characteristics of a product or service that influence the appearance of a product or service and the way how it works. When speaking about brand design, it is usually the key brand elements which are thought of, such as a logo, a color scheme, typography and other design components that make a brand differentiate from competitors’ ones and recognizable to consumers. According to the extant literature, insufficient attention seems to be paid to studying the contribution made by design in creating relevant brands. This paper is aimed at indicating the significance design has in the brand creation process, the significance of certain individ­ual elements, such as the packaging design and colors. In the paper, a spe­cial reference is made to design and drivers of the values of luxury products.
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Martínez-Azúa, Beatriz Corchuelo, Pedro E. López-Salazar, and Celia Sama-Berrocal. "DETERMINING FACTORS OF INNOVATIVE PERFORMANCE: MULTIPLE CASE STUDY." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.215.

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The agri-food industry plays an important role in the manufacturing industry in the Autonomous Community of Extremadura (Spain). The objective of this research is to identify which factors influence the success of the innovative performance in this regional industry. For this, a case study methodology was designed to analyze, from an organizational point of view, which elements contribute to the ability of various companies to develop an innovative strategy. This study validates the proposed model in which Management, Strategy, Structure, Culture, Climate and Market Orientation are factors that determine innovative Performance.
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Reports on the topic "Influenza politica e leadership"

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Levy, Brian. How Political Contexts Influence Education Systems: Patterns, Constraints, Entry Points. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-2022/pe04.

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This paper synthesises the findings of a set of country studies commissioned by the RISE Programme to explore the influence of politics and power on education sector policymaking and implementation. The synthesis groups the countries into three political-institutional contexts: Dominant contexts, where power is centred around a political leader and a hierarchical governance structure. As the Vietnam case details, top-down leadership potentially can provide a robust platform for improving learning outcomes. However, as the case studies of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Tanzania illustrate, all-too-often dominant leaders’ goals vis-à-vis the education sector can veer in other directions. In impersonal competitive contexts, a combination of strong formal institutions and effective processes of resolving disagreements can, on occasion, result in a shared commitment among powerful interests to improve learning outcomes—but in none of the case studies is this outcome evident. In Peru, substantial learning gains have been achieved despite messy top-level politics. But the Chilean, Indian, and South African case studies suggest that the all-too-common result of rule-boundedness plus unresolved political contestation over the education sector’s goals is some combination of exaggerated rule compliance and/or performative isomorphic mimicry. Personalised competitive contexts (Bangladesh, Ghana, and Kenya for example) lack the seeming strengths of either their dominant or their impersonal competitive contexts; there are multiple politically-influential groups and multiple, competing goals—but no credible framework of rules to bring coherence either to political competition or to the education bureaucracy. The case studies show that political and institutional constraints can render ineffective many specialised sectoral interventions intended to improve learning outcomes. But they also point to the possibility that ‘soft governance’ entry points might open up some context-aligned opportunities for improving learning outcomes. In dominant contexts, the focus might usefully be on trying to influence the goals and strategies of top-level leadership. In impersonal competitive contexts, it might be on strengthening alliances between mission-oriented public officials and other developmentally-oriented stakeholders. In personalised competitive contexts, gains are more likely to come from the bottom-up—via a combination of local-level initiatives plus a broader effort to inculcate a shared sense among a country’s citizenry of ‘all for education’.
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Levy, Brian. How Political Contexts Influence Education Systems: Patterns, Constraints, Entry Points. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/122.

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This paper synthesises the findings of a set of country studies commissioned by the RISE Programme to explore the influence of politics and power on education sector policymaking and implementation. The synthesis groups the countries into three political-institutional contexts: Dominant contexts, where power is centred around a political leader and a hierarchical governance structure. As the Vietnam case details, top-down leadership potentially can provide a robust platform for improving learning outcomes. However, as the case studies of Ethiopia, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Tanzania illustrate, all-too-often dominant leaders’ goals vis-à-vis the education sector can veer in other directions. In impersonal competitive contexts, a combination of strong formal institutions and effective processes of resolving disagreements can, on occasion, result in a shared commitment among powerful interests to improve learning outcomes—but in none of the case studies is this outcome evident. In Peru, substantial learning gains have been achieved despite messy top-level politics. But the Chilean, Indian, and South African case studies suggest that the all-too-common result of rule-boundedness plus unresolved political contestation over the education sector’s goals is some combination of exaggerated rule compliance and/or performative isomorphic mimicry. Personalised competitive contexts (Bangladesh, Ghana, and Kenya for example) lack the seeming strengths of either their dominant or their impersonal competitive contexts; there are multiple politically-influential groups and multiple, competing goals—but no credible framework of rules to bring coherence either to political competition or to the education bureaucracy. The case studies show that political and institutional constraints can render ineffective many specialised sectoral interventions intended to improve learning outcomes. But they also point to the possibility that ‘soft governance’ entry points might open up some context-aligned opportunities for improving learning outcomes. In dominant contexts, the focus might usefully be on trying to influence the goals and strategies of top-level leadership. In impersonal competitive contexts, it might be on strengthening alliances between mission-oriented public officials and other developmentally-oriented stakeholders. In personalised competitive contexts, gains are more likely to come from the bottom-up—via a combination of local-level initiatives plus a broader effort to inculcate a shared sense among a country’s citizenry of ‘all for education’.
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Davies, Will. Improving the engagement of UK armed forces overseas. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135010.

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The UK government’s Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy, published in March 2021 alongside a supporting defence command paper, set a new course for UK national security and highlighted opportunities for an innovative approach to international engagement activity. The Integrated Review focused principally on the state threats posed by China’s increasing power and by competitors – including Russia – armed with nuclear, conventional and hybrid capabilities. It also stressed the continuing risks to global security and resilience due to conflict and instability in weakened and failed states. These threats have the potential to increase poverty and inequality, violent extremism, climate degradation and the forced displacement of people, while presenting authoritarian competitors with opportunities to enhance their geopolitical influence. There are moral, security and economic motives to foster durable peace in conflict-prone and weakened regions through a peacebuilding approach that promotes good governance, addresses the root causes of conflict and prevents violence, while denying opportunities to state competitors. The recent withdrawal from Afghanistan serves to emphasize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with intervention operations in complex, unstable regions. Success in the future will require the full, sustained and coordinated integration of national, allied and regional levers of power underpinned by a sophisticated understanding of the operating environment. The UK armed forces, with their considerable resources and global network, will contribute to this effort through ‘persistent engagement’. This is a new approach to overseas operations below the threshold of conflict, designed as a pre-emptive complement to warfighting. To achieve this, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) must develop a capability that can operate effectively in weak, unstable and complex regions prone to violent conflict and crises, not least in the regions on the eastern and southern flanks of the Euro-Atlantic area. The first step must be the development of a cohort of military personnel with enhanced, tailored levels of knowledge, skills and experience. Engagement roles must be filled by operators with specialist knowledge, skills and experience forged beyond the mainstream discipline of combat and warfighting. Only then will individuals develop a genuinely sophisticated understanding of complex, politically driven and sensitive operating environments and be able to infuse the design and delivery of international activities with practical wisdom and insight. Engagement personnel need to be equipped with: An inherent understanding of the human and political dimensions of conflict, the underlying drivers such as inequality and scarcity, and the exacerbating factors such as climate change and migration; - A grounding in social sciences and conflict modelling in order to understand complex human terrain; - Regional expertise enabled by language skills, cultural intelligence and human networks; - Familiarity with a diverse range of partners, allies and local actors and their approaches; - Expertise in building partner capacity and applying defence capabilities to deliver stability and peace; - A grasp of emerging artificial intelligence technology as a tool to understand human terrain; - Reach and insight developed through ‘knowledge networks’ of external experts in academia, think-tanks and NGOs. Successful change will be dependent on strong and overt advocacy by the MOD’s senior leadership and a revised set of personnel policies and procedures for this cohort’s selection, education, training, career management, incentivization, sustainability and support.
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Phillips, Jake. Understanding the impact of inspection on probation. Sheffield Hallam University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7190/shu.hkcij.05.2021.

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This research sought to understand the impact of probation inspection on probation policy, practice and practitioners. This important but neglected area of study has significant ramifications because the Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Probation has considerable power to influence policy through its inspection regime and research activities. The study utilised a mixed methodological approach comprising observations of inspections and interviews with people who work in probation, the Inspectorate and external stakeholders. In total, 77 people were interviewed or took part in focus groups. Probation practitioners, managers and leaders were interviewed in the weeks after an inspection to find out how they experienced the process of inspection. Staff at HMI Probation were interviewed to understand what inspection is for and how it works. External stakeholders representing people from the voluntary sector, politics and other non-departmental bodies were interviewed to find out how they used the work of inspection in their own roles. Finally, leaders within the National Probation Service and Her Majesty’s Prisons and Probation Service were interviewed to see how inspection impacts on policy more broadly. The data were analysed thematically with five key themes being identified. Overall, participants were positive about the way inspection is carried out in the field of probation. The main findings are: 1. Inspection places a burden on practitioners and organisations. Practitioners talked about the anxiety that a looming inspection created and how management teams created additional pressures which were hard to cope with on top of already high workloads. Staff responsible for managing the inspection and with leadership positions talked about the amount of time the process of inspection took up. Importantly, inspection was seen to take people away from their day jobs and meant other priorities were side-lined, even if temporarily. However, the case interviews that practitioners take part in were seen as incredibly valuable exercises which gave staff the opportunity to reflect on their practice and receive positive feedback and validation for their work. 2. Providers said that the findings and conclusions from inspections were often accurate and, to some extent, unsurprising. However, they sometimes find it difficult to implement recommendations due to reports failing to take context into account. Negative reports have a serious impact on staff morale, especially for CRCs and there was concern about the impact of negative findings on a provider’s reputation. 3. External stakeholders value the work of the Inspectorate. The Inspectorate is seen to generate highly valid and meaningful data which stakeholders can use in their own roles. This can include pushing for policy reform or holding government to account from different perspectives. In particular, thematic inspections were seen to be useful here. 4. The regulatory landscape in probation is complex with an array of actors working to hold providers to account. When compared to other forms of regulation such as audit or contract management the Inspectorate was perceived positively due to its methodological approach as well as the way it reflects the values of probation itself. 5. Overall, the inspectorate appears to garner considerable legitimacy from those it inspects. This should, in theory, support the way it can impact on policy and practice. There are some areas for development here though such as more engagement with service users. While recognising that the Inspectorate has made a concerted effort to do this in the last two years participants all felt that more needs to be done to increase that trust between the inspectorate and service users. Overall, the Inspectorate was seen to be independent and 3 impartial although this belief was less prevalent amongst people in CRCs who argued that the Inspectorate has been biased towards supporting its own arguments around reversing the now failed policy of Transforming Rehabilitation. There was some debate amongst participants about how the Inspectorate could, or should, enforce compliance with its recommendations although most people were happy with the primarily relational way of encouraging compliance with sanctions for non-compliance being considered relatively unnecessary. To conclude, the work of the Inspectorate has a significant impact on probation policy, practice and practitioners. The majority of participants were positive about the process of inspection and the Inspectorate more broadly, notwithstanding some of the issues raised in the findings. There are some developments which the Inspectorate could consider to reduce the burden inspection places on providers and practitioners and enhance its impact such as amending the frequency of inspection, improving the feedback given to practitioners and providing more localised feedback, and working to reduce or limit perceptions of bias amongst people in CRCs. The Inspectorate could also do more to capture the impact it has on providers and practitioners – both positive and negative - through existing procedures that are in place such as post-case interview surveys and tracking the implementation of recommendations.
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.

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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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