Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infiltration capacity'

Increased urbanization causes pervious greenfields to be converted to impervious areas increasing stormwater runoff. Most of the urban floods occur because existing drainage systems are unable to handle peak flows during rainfall events. During a storm event, flood runoff will carry contaminants to receiving waters such as rivers and creeks. Engineers and scientists have combined their knowledge to introduce innovative thinking to manage the quality of urban runoff and harvest stormwater for productive purposes. The introduction of pervious pavements addresses all the principles in Water Sensitive Urban Design. A pervious pavement is a load bearing pavement structure that is permeable to water. The pervious layer sits on the top of a reservoir storage layer. Pervious pavements reduce the flood peak as well as improve the quality of stormwater at source before it is transported to receiving waters or reused productively. To be accepted as a viable solution, understanding of the influence of design parameters on the infiltration rate (both from the bedding and the sub-base) as well as strength of the pavement requires to be established. The design of a particular pavement will need to be customized for different properties of sub layer materials present in different sites. In addition, the designs will have to meet local government stormwater discharge standards. The design of drainage systems underneath pervious pavements will need to be based on the permeability of the whole pervious system. The objectives of the research project are to: • Understand the factors influencing infiltration capacities and percolation rates through the pervious surface as well as the whole pavement structure including the bedding and the sub-base using a laboratory experimental setup. • Obtain relationships between rainfall intensity, infiltration rate and runoff quantity based on the sub-grade material using a computational model to assist the design of pervious pavements. A laboratory scale pavement was constructed to develop relationships between the surface runoff and the infiltration volume from a pervious pavement with an Eco-Pavement surface. 2 to 5mm crushed gravel and 5 to 20mm open graded gravel were chosen as the bedding and sub-base material. Initial tests such as dry and wet density, crushing values, hydraulic conductivity, California Bearing Ratio tests for aggregate material were conducted before designing and constructing the pavement model. A rainfall simulator with evenly spaced 24 sprays was set up above the pervious pavement surface. The thesis presents design aspects of the laboratory scale pavement and the tests carried out in designing the pavement and the experimental procedure. The Green and Ampt model parameters to calculate infiltration were obtained from the laboratory test results from aggregate properties. Runoff results obtained from rainfall simulator tests were compared with the Green and Ampt infiltration model results to demonstrate that the Green and Ampt parameters could be successfully calculated from aggregate properties. The final infiltration rate and the cumulative infiltration volume of water were independent of the rainfall intensity once the surface is saturated. The model parameters were shown to be insensitive to the final infiltration capacity and to the total amount of infiltrated water. The Green and Ampt infiltration parameters are the most important parameters in designing pervious pavements using the PCSWMMPP model. The PCSWMMPP model is a Canadian model built specially for designing pervious pavements. This is independent of the type of sub-grade (sand or clay) determining whether the water is diverted to the urban drainage system (clay sub-grade) or deep percolation into the groundwater system (sand sub-grade). The percolation parameter in Darcy's law is important only if the infiltrated water recharges the groundwater. However, this parameter is also insensitive to the final discharge through the subgrade to the groundwater. The study concludes by presenting the design characteristics influencing runoff from a pervious pavement depending on the rainfall intensity, pavement structure and sub-grade material and a step-by step actions to follow in the design.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Einfluss klimarelevanter Parameter (Temperatur und Sonneneinstrahlung) auf die Reduzierung der Infiltrationskapazität untersucht. Des Weiteren wurde getestet, inwieweit sich die Infiltrationskapazität nach Entfernen der oberen, kolmatierten Bodenschicht im Infiltrationsbecken wiederherstellen lässt. Darüber hinaus wurden Methoden auf Grundlage des Bodenwassergehaltes entwickelt, mit denen eine Abschätzung des fortschreitenden Kolmatierungszustandes möglich ist. Um diese Ziele zu erreichen, wurden drei Versuchseinheiten im Feld und Labor aufgebaut.:Abstract Zusammmenfassung Resumen Acknowledgments List of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Thesis structure 2 Theoretical background 2.1 Managed aquifer recharge 2.2 Clogging in MAR 2.3 Management of clogging 2.4 MAR-relevant soil parameters 2.4.1 Hydraulic conductivity 2.4.2 Soil water content 2.4.3 Electrical conductivity 2.5 MAR-relevant climate properties 2.5.1 Solar irradiance 2.5.2 Temperature 3 Site description 3.1 Study area 3.2 Climate 3.3 Elbe River 3.4 Hydrogeology 4 Methodology 4.1 Influence of climate on infiltration basin recharge 4.1.1 Temperature 4.1.2 Solar irradiance 4.2 Management of clogging in spreading basins 4.3 Determination of infiltration capacity using water content 4.3.1 Tracer method 4.3.2 Libardi method 4.3.3 Root mean square method 4.3.4 Water content method 4.3.5 Trigger time method 5 Results and discussion 5.1 Influence of climate on infiltration basins 5.1.1 Temperature 5.1.2 Solar irradiance 5.2 Management of clogging in spreading basins 5.2.1 Recovery of infiltration capacity by scraping in field unit 5.2.2 Recovery of infiltration capacity by scraping in lab units 5.3 Determination of infiltration capacity using water content 5.3.1 Tracer method 5.3.2 Libardi method 5.3.3 Root mean square method 5.3.4 Water content method 5.3.5 Trigger time method 5.3.6 Validation process 6 Conclusions 7 Limitations and outlook 8 Bibliography A.1. List of publications A.1.1 List of peer reviewed journal articles A.1.2 List of conference proceedings (only first author) A.2 Geology of the Elbtal Group A.3 Supplementary material
This thesis determines the influence of climate related parameters (temperature and solar irradiance) in the reduction of infiltration capacity in different hydraulic scenarios. It also investigated the efficiency of a recovery method of already clogged infiltration ponds, and finally it developed methods based on soil water content to anticipate severe clogging states. For these objectives, three physical experimental models were constructed in the field and laboratory of the INOWAS research group, located in the city of Pirna, Germany.:Abstract Zusammmenfassung Resumen Acknowledgments List of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Thesis structure 2 Theoretical background 2.1 Managed aquifer recharge 2.2 Clogging in MAR 2.3 Management of clogging 2.4 MAR-relevant soil parameters 2.4.1 Hydraulic conductivity 2.4.2 Soil water content 2.4.3 Electrical conductivity 2.5 MAR-relevant climate properties 2.5.1 Solar irradiance 2.5.2 Temperature 3 Site description 3.1 Study area 3.2 Climate 3.3 Elbe River 3.4 Hydrogeology 4 Methodology 4.1 Influence of climate on infiltration basin recharge 4.1.1 Temperature 4.1.2 Solar irradiance 4.2 Management of clogging in spreading basins 4.3 Determination of infiltration capacity using water content 4.3.1 Tracer method 4.3.2 Libardi method 4.3.3 Root mean square method 4.3.4 Water content method 4.3.5 Trigger time method 5 Results and discussion 5.1 Influence of climate on infiltration basins 5.1.1 Temperature 5.1.2 Solar irradiance 5.2 Management of clogging in spreading basins 5.2.1 Recovery of infiltration capacity by scraping in field unit 5.2.2 Recovery of infiltration capacity by scraping in lab units 5.3 Determination of infiltration capacity using water content 5.3.1 Tracer method 5.3.2 Libardi method 5.3.3 Root mean square method 5.3.4 Water content method 5.3.5 Trigger time method 5.3.6 Validation process 6 Conclusions 7 Limitations and outlook 8 Bibliography A.1. List of publications A.1.1 List of peer reviewed journal articles A.1.2 List of conference proceedings (only first author) A.2 Geology of the Elbtal Group A.3 Supplementary material
Esta tesis investigó la influencia de los parámetros relacionados con el clima (temperatura e irradiancia solar) en la reducción de la capacidad de infiltración. También determinó la eficiencia de recuperación de piscinas de infiltración obstruidas después del raspado de la capa superior y finalmente desarrolló métodos basados en el contenido de agua en el suelo para anticipar estados de obstrucción severos. Para estos objetivos se construyeron tres modelos experimentales físicos en el campo y laboratorio del grupo de investigación INOWAS, ubicado en la ciudad de Pirna, Alemania.:Abstract Zusammmenfassung Resumen Acknowledgments List of Contents List of Figures List of Tables Acronyms 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Thesis structure 2 Theoretical background 2.1 Managed aquifer recharge 2.2 Clogging in MAR 2.3 Management of clogging 2.4 MAR-relevant soil parameters 2.4.1 Hydraulic conductivity 2.4.2 Soil water content 2.4.3 Electrical conductivity 2.5 MAR-relevant climate properties 2.5.1 Solar irradiance 2.5.2 Temperature 3 Site description 3.1 Study area 3.2 Climate 3.3 Elbe River 3.4 Hydrogeology 4 Methodology 4.1 Influence of climate on infiltration basin recharge 4.1.1 Temperature 4.1.2 Solar irradiance 4.2 Management of clogging in spreading basins 4.3 Determination of infiltration capacity using water content 4.3.1 Tracer method 4.3.2 Libardi method 4.3.3 Root mean square method 4.3.4 Water content method 4.3.5 Trigger time method 5 Results and discussion 5.1 Influence of climate on infiltration basins 5.1.1 Temperature 5.1.2 Solar irradiance 5.2 Management of clogging in spreading basins 5.2.1 Recovery of infiltration capacity by scraping in field unit 5.2.2 Recovery of infiltration capacity by scraping in lab units 5.3 Determination of infiltration capacity using water content 5.3.1 Tracer method 5.3.2 Libardi method 5.3.3 Root mean square method 5.3.4 Water content method 5.3.5 Trigger time method 5.3.6 Validation process 6 Conclusions 7 Limitations and outlook 8 Bibliography A.1. List of publications A.1.1 List of peer reviewed journal articles A.1.2 List of conference proceedings (only first author) A.2 Geology of the Elbtal Group A.3 Supplementary material

Title: The Esthetic Outcome and the Infiltration Capacity of Three Resin Composite Sealers Compared to ICON (DMG, America). Objective: The aim of these studies, including a randomized control in-vitro study and a survey study was to answer the following question: In treating initial caries lesions, is the esthetic outcome and the infiltration capacity of the three resin composite sealers; BisCover LV (Bisco Dental), Optiguard (Kerr), PermaSeal (Ultradent) similar to that of the gold standard ICON (DMG, America) resin infiltrant. Methods: A sample of 75 extracted human permanent molars were painted with an acid resistant nail varnish (Revlon, USA) to protect the tooth surface from demineralization leaving only two panels of 1x7 mm of exposed enamel on the buccal and the lingual surfaces of each tooth to be demineralized. Samples were immersed in an acidic gel (500g of Fisher G-8 Gelatin, 275 Bloom, 0.1% thymol, lactic acid, pH 4.30) for a period of 3 months to create artificial initial caries lesions. Seventy-five specimens were randomly assigned to 5 groups: I: ICON (DMG, America), B: BisCover LV (Bisco Dental), O: Optiguard (Kerr), P: PermaSeal (Ultradent) and C: control group. Specimens were hemi sectioned yielding two halves, each with a panel of 1x7 mm of initial caries lesion. One side was used to assess the esthetic following the caries lesion resin infiltration with ICON, BisCover LV, Optiguard and PermaSeal applied according to ICON manufacturer instructions. The control group (C) did not receive any treatment and was only included in the esthetic part of this study. Preoperative and postoperative photographs were taken. Two sets of photographs were taken for the control group. The preoperative, postoperative and control group photographs were installed in a PowerPoint presentation and placed side by side on a black background. A total of 17 operative faculties and residents at the department of operative dentistry at the University of Iowa (UI) participated in the survey. The esthetic improvement was assessed based on a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS). A value between 0 and 20 indicated slight esthetic improvement. A value between 20 and 40 indicated mild esthetic improvement. A value between 40 and 60 indicated moderate esthetic improvement. A value between 60 and 80 indicated high esthetic improvement. A value between 80 and 100 indicated outstanding esthetic improvement. A value of 100 indicated full esthetic recovery. Each subject was asked to look at the preoperative and postoperative photographs of a specimen in each slide and place a line on the respective VAS according to her/his opinion of esthetic improvement. The survey was conducted twice in two different sessions to evaluate the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. For lesions on the opposite side, the resins: ICON, BisCover™LV, Optiguard and PermaSeal were applied according to the indirect dual fluorescence technique protocol using the red fluorophore rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC 0.1%; Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and the green sodium fluorescein (NaFl; Sigma Aldrich). Specimens were sectioned in a mesio-distal direction yielding thin sections of 200 μm and were visualized under the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM, Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, IL.) to assess the infiltration depth percentage (ID%) and the infiltration area percentage (IA%) following the application of the different resins. Statistical analysis: The effect of treatment type on ID% and IA% was evaluated using the one-way ANOVA. The effect of treatment type on esthetic improvement measures represented by VAS scores was evaluated using the non-parametric analogue of the one-way ANOVA; Kruskal-Wallis test. All pairwise comparisons were performed using the Tukey method with an overall 0.05 level of significance. Spearman rank correlations were used to assess the relationship between esthetic improvement measures and infiltration measures. Validity of assumptions related to normality and variance homogeneity were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Brown-Forsythe tests, respectively. The intra-class correlation and associated 95% confidence interval reflecting the reproducibility of the mean VAS scores and the reliability among the evaluators were obtained using the method of Shrout and Fleiss. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank procedure was used to evaluate differences between sessions for individual evaluators. The paired student’s t-test was used to detect any systematic differences between the mean VAS scores at session 1 and 2. Bonferroni adjustment for multiple testing was made for the 17 tests associated with individual raters, using an overall 0.05 level of significance. Results: the mean IA% values were significantly higher in the ICON group compared to the other three treatment groups. Optibond and Permaseal groups resulted in intermediate values that did not differ significantly from each other. Biscover group yielded the lowest mean values and were significantly lower than that of the other three treatment groups. The results of the ID% values were consistent with the results of the IA% values. the mean ID% values were significantly higher in the ICON group compared to the other three treatment groups. Optibond and Permaseal groups resulted in intermediate values that did not differ significantly from each other. Biscover group yielded the lowest mean values and were significantly lower than that of the other three treatment groups. The distribution of esthetic improvement outcomes represented by the average VAS scores for session 1 (AVGVAS1), average VAS scores for session 2 (AVGVAS2), and the combined average VAS scores (AVERAGED_VAS) for each sample obtained from the two sessions were all significantly lower in the control group than in the other four treatment groups. Biscover yielded intermediate average VAS values. ICON, Optiguard and Permaseal yielded significantly greater average VAS values than both the control and Biscover groups and were not significantly different from each other. According to the Spearman rank correlations which was used to assess the relationships between the esthetic improvement measures; AVGVAS1, AVGVAS2 and AVERAGED_VAS for each sample and the two measures of infiltration; the IA% and the ID%, all results were highly significant (p<0.0001) and indicative of a moderately large positive correlation between each of the infiltration measures and the three esthetic improvement measures. The Spearman coefficients for the six relationships evaluated were quite similar, ranging from about 0.523 to 0.548. Conclusion: The resin composite sealers BisCover LV, Optiguard and Permaseal can infiltrate artificial initial caries lesions. The esthetic outcome of artificial initial caries lesion following resin infiltration with Optiguard and Permaseal was similar to ICON and thus might be adequately used in caries resin infiltration. BisCover LV showed the least esthetic improvement and thus might not be indicated for the esthetic management of initial caries lesions but might be used for caries prevention purposes. The esthetic improvement is correlated to the resin infiltration depth to a certain extent after which the esthetic outcome will not be visually impacted.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A antropizaÃÃo de florestas nativas causa desequilÃbrios de ecossistemas, modificando propriedades fÃsicas, quÃmicas e biolÃgicas do solo. Dentre os efeitos encontra-se a reduÃÃo da recarga de aquÃferos. Na Chapada do Araripe ocorre reduÃÃo de vazÃes de fontes que surgem na encosta, e o desmatamento com seus efeitos na estrutura do solo e na recarga dos aquÃferos pode ser a causa. Na Chapada do Araripe existem planos de manejos florestais importantes para o desenvolvimento econÃmico regional; mas sem monitoramento podem provocar danos ao solo. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os parÃmetros: teores de matÃria orgÃnica e umidade do solo, capacidade de infiltraÃÃo, resistÃncia do solo à penetraÃÃo, macro e microporosidade e densidade de indivÃduos da macrofauna edÃfica de uma unidade de manejo florestal de vegetaÃÃo nativa na Chapada do Araripe, comparando-os com os de uma Ãrea preservada. As amostras de solos coletadas foram ordenadas em trÃs grupos de matÃria orgÃnica quantitativamente semelhante, sendo o de maior valor representativo da floresta preservada (Grupo 1) e os demais representativos das Ãreas manejadas (Grupos 2 e 3). Os talhÃes jà explorados (Grupo 3) apresentaram menor teor de matÃria orgÃnica que os talhÃes com exploraÃÃo em andamento, os ainda nÃo explorados e o da Ãrea de reserva legal (Grupo 2). O Grupo 1 apresentou maior teor de umidade e capacidade de infiltraÃÃo. No perÃodo seco a umidade deste grupo foi superior à dos demais, mesmo no perÃodo chuvoso, indicando que o aporte de matÃria orgÃnica conserva a umidade. A capacidade de infiltraÃÃo no Grupo 1 apresentou menor variaÃÃo, indicando solos de infiltraÃÃo homogÃnea; no Grupo 2 apresentou valor intermediÃrio, indicando solos em fase de recuperaÃÃo, tendendo a homogeneidade da infiltraÃÃo; e no Grupo 3 apresentou valor elevado, indicando solos com infiltraÃÃo heterogÃnea. Na profundidade de 0 a 40 cm, os solos do Grupo 1 apresentaram menor resistÃncia à penetraÃÃo que os dos Grupos 2 e 3; mas na profundidade de 40 a 60 cm, nÃo apresentaram diferenÃa significativa, indicando fraca interferÃncia das aÃÃes antrÃpicas neste perfil. A macroporosidade apresentou maior valor para o Grupo 1, mostrando que a quantidade elevada de matÃria orgÃnica à associada com o aumento de macroporos, levando a uma reduÃÃo da resistÃncia à penetraÃÃo e consequentemente, a um aumento da capacidade de filtraÃÃo. A densidade de indivÃduos da macrofauna edÃfica no perfil de 0 a 30 cm de solos apresentou maior valor mÃdio para o Grupo 1, intermediÃrio, para o Grupo 2 e menor, para o Grupo 3. Verificou-se que as aÃÃes antrÃpicas na vegetaÃÃo e no solo reduziram direta e indiretamente o teor de matÃria orgÃnica, a densidade de indivÃduos da macrofauna edÃfica e a porosidade biolÃgica, contribuindo com uma reduÃÃo na infiltraÃÃo de Ãgua.
Anthropization of native forests causes imbalances of ecosystems, changing the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Among those imbalances, we can mention the reduction in groundwater recharge. Springs or the slope of the Araripe plateau show signification reduction in discharges, and deforestation, with its effects on soil structure and on the recharge to aquifers, may be the cause. For the Araripe plateau there are forest management plans aiming at regional economic development; but without monitoring those plans can cause soil damage. In this study we evaluated the following parameters of the soil macrofauna a forest management unit of native vegetation on the Araripe plateau and compared them to the parameters in a preserved area: levels of organic matter and soil moisture, infiltration capacity, soil resistance to penetration, macro and micro porosity and density of individuals.of soil macrofauna. Soil samples collected were sorted into three groups of quantitatively similar organic matter, so that the group having the highest value represented preserved forest (Group 1) and the other groups represented managed areas (Groups 2 and 3). The plots already exploited (Group 3) presented lower organic matter content than those under exploitation, those not yet exploited and that of legal reserve area (Group 2). Group 1 presented a higher moisture content and infiltration capacity. Even in the dry period, the moisture of this group was higher than that of the others in the rainy season, indicating that the organic matter maintains moisture. The infiltration rate in Group 1 presented a lower coefficient of variation, indicating soils of homogeneous infiltration; Group 2 presented an intermediate infiltration variation, indicating soils under restoration and tending to uniformity of infiltration; and Group 3 showed a high level of infiltration rate variation, indicating soils with heterogeneous infiltration. In the 0 to 40 cm layer. Soils from Group 1 had a lower resistance to penetration than those from Groups 2 and 3. However, at depths from 40 to 60 cm, soils did not differ significantly, indicating a low influence of anthropogenic activity in this profile. The macroporosity presented a higher value for Group 1, indicating that the high amount of organic matter contributes to the increase in macropores, leading to a reduction in resistance to penetration and, as a result of that, to an increase in infiltration capacity. The density of individuals of the soil macrofauna in the upper 30 cm layer and soil presented the highest average value for Group 1, an intermediate value for group 2 and the lowest one for Group 3. We observed that the anthropogenic influences on vegetation and soil cause a direct and indirect reduction in the organic matter content, in density of individuals of the soil macrofauna and in biological porosity, contributing to a lower water infiltration rate.

ARAÚJO, Adriana Oliveira. Avaliação de Propriedades Físicas dos Solos e da Macrofauna Edáfica em Áreas Submetidas a Manejo Florestal de Vegetação Nativa na Chapada do Araripe. 2010. 76 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola, Fortaleza-CE, 2010
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Anthropization of native forests causes imbalances of ecosystems, changing the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. Among those imbalances, we can mention the reduction in groundwater recharge. Springs or the slope of the Araripe plateau show signification reduction in discharges, and deforestation, with its effects on soil structure and on the recharge to aquifers, may be the cause. For the Araripe plateau there are forest management plans aiming at regional economic development; but without monitoring those plans can cause soil damage. In this study we evaluated the following parameters of the soil macrofauna a forest management unit of native vegetation on the Araripe plateau and compared them to the parameters in a preserved area: levels of organic matter and soil moisture, infiltration capacity, soil resistance to penetration, macro and micro porosity and density of individuals.of soil macrofauna. Soil samples collected were sorted into three groups of quantitatively similar organic matter, so that the group having the highest value represented preserved forest (Group 1) and the other groups represented managed areas (Groups 2 and 3). The plots already exploited (Group 3) presented lower organic matter content than those under exploitation, those not yet exploited and that of legal reserve area (Group 2). Group 1 presented a higher moisture content and infiltration capacity. Even in the dry period, the moisture of this group was higher than that of the others in the rainy season, indicating that the organic matter maintains moisture. The infiltration rate in Group 1 presented a lower coefficient of variation, indicating soils of homogeneous infiltration; Group 2 presented an intermediate infiltration variation, indicating soils under restoration and tending to uniformity of infiltration; and Group 3 showed a high level of infiltration rate variation, indicating soils with heterogeneous infiltration. In the 0 to 40 cm layer. Soils from Group 1 had a lower resistance to penetration than those from Groups 2 and 3. However, at depths from 40 to 60 cm, soils did not differ significantly, indicating a low influence of anthropogenic activity in this profile. The macroporosity presented a higher value for Group 1, indicating that the high amount of organic matter contributes to the increase in macropores, leading to a reduction in resistance to penetration and, as a result of that, to an increase in infiltration capacity. The density of individuals of the soil macrofauna in the upper 30 cm layer and soil presented the highest average value for Group 1, an intermediate value for group 2 and the lowest one for Group 3. We observed that the anthropogenic influences on vegetation and soil cause a direct and indirect reduction in the organic matter content, in density of individuals of the soil macrofauna and in biological porosity, contributing to a lower water infiltration rate.
A antropização de florestas nativas causa desequilíbrios de ecossistemas, modificando propriedades físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Dentre os efeitos encontra-se a redução da recarga de aquíferos. Na Chapada do Araripe ocorre redução de vazões de fontes que surgem na encosta, e o desmatamento com seus efeitos na estrutura do solo e na recarga dos aquíferos pode ser a causa. Na Chapada do Araripe existem planos de manejos florestais importantes para o desenvolvimento econômico regional; mas sem monitoramento podem provocar danos ao solo. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os parâmetros: teores de matéria orgânica e umidade do solo, capacidade de infiltração, resistência do solo à penetração, macro e microporosidade e densidade de indivíduos da macrofauna edáfica de uma unidade de manejo florestal de vegetação nativa na Chapada do Araripe, comparando-os com os de uma área preservada. As amostras de solos coletadas foram ordenadas em três grupos de matéria orgânica quantitativamente semelhante, sendo o de maior valor representativo da floresta preservada (Grupo 1) e os demais representativos das áreas manejadas (Grupos 2 e 3). Os talhões já explorados (Grupo 3) apresentaram menor teor de matéria orgânica que os talhões com exploração em andamento, os ainda não explorados e o da área de reserva legal (Grupo 2). O Grupo 1 apresentou maior teor de umidade e capacidade de infiltração. No período seco a umidade deste grupo foi superior à dos demais, mesmo no período chuvoso, indicando que o aporte de matéria orgânica conserva a umidade. A capacidade de infiltração no Grupo 1 apresentou menor variação, indicando solos de infiltração homogênea; no Grupo 2 apresentou valor intermediário, indicando solos em fase de recuperação, tendendo a homogeneidade da infiltração; e no Grupo 3 apresentou valor elevado, indicando solos com infiltração heterogênea. Na profundidade de 0 a 40 cm, os solos do Grupo 1 apresentaram menor resistência à penetração que os dos Grupos 2 e 3; mas na profundidade de 40 a 60 cm, não apresentaram diferença significativa, indicando fraca interferência das ações antrópicas neste perfil. A macroporosidade apresentou maior valor para o Grupo 1, mostrando que a quantidade elevada de matéria orgânica é associada com o aumento de macroporos, levando a uma redução da resistência à penetração e consequentemente, a um aumento da capacidade de filtração. A densidade de indivíduos da macrofauna edáfica no perfil de 0 a 30 cm de solos apresentou maior valor médio para o Grupo 1, intermediário, para o Grupo 2 e menor, para o Grupo 3. Verificou-se que as ações antrópicas na vegetação e no solo reduziram direta e indiretamente o teor de matéria orgânica, a densidade de indivíduos da macrofauna edáfica e a porosidade biológica, contribuindo com uma redução na infiltração de água.

L'étude des mécanismes de transfert et évaluation des capacités d'oxygénation et de traitement des dispositifs de traitement par cultures fixées sur matériaux granulaires fins alimentés en discontinu. – Développement d'un modèle de biodégradation" est l'objet du travail mené visant une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes majeurs s'établissant au sein des lits d'infiltration percolation et permettant au moyen de certains choix opérationnels, une pérennisation de la filière. Tout d'abord, dans une première partie, nous exposons l'état d'avancement de la recherche dans ce domaine. Après des généralités sur les filières de traitement des eaux usées, il est fait cas de l'infiltration percolation sur sable; de ses spécificités, des contraintes qu'elle impose et des attentes au niveau de la recherche. La problématique du choix de type de sable qui constitue le matériau de garnissage ou support de la biomasse en relation avec les capacités d'oxygénation du milieu poreux et les risques de colmatage demeure un souci permanent. L'intérêt de la seconde partie essentiellement expérimentale porte sur la caractérisation physique et hydrodynamique des sables roulés et concassés constituant les massifs filtrants en milieux non colonisés. L'hydrodynamique des massifs filtrants a permis une analyse comparative des distributions de temps de séjour du fluide percolateur en milieu vierge et en régime continu puis discontinu. Indépendamment des supports étudiés, les temps de résidence du traceur sont d'autant plus élevés que l'alimentation se fait à fréquences espacées et à volume par bâchée considérable. En revanche, pour chacune des fréquences d'alimentation testées, la récupération du traceur s'est effectuée plus rapidement au sein de la colonne constitué des sables alluvionnaires. Le second volet de l'étude hydrodynamique est effectué en milieu colonisé. L'efficacité du traitement biologique du carbone est supérieure pour un sable d'origine alluvionnaire comparativement à un sable concassé ;la tendance s'inversant significativement lorsqu'il s'agit de l'abattement de l'azote. Cet efficacité est directement corrélée à l'oxygénation du massif filtrant autrement dit au renouvellement de la phase gazeuse du milieu poreux. Exploitant une technologie de fluorescence nous permettant de détecter aussi bien l'oxygène gazeux que dissous, nous parvenons à déterminer les différents ordres de grandeur des phénomènes de convection et de diffusion ainsi que leur importance relative dans la ré-oxygénation d'un massif filtrant. Le développement d'un modèle numérique simulant l'infiltration et le traitement des eaux usées à travers un milieu poreux colonisé constitue l'épilogue de ce travail. Deux approches de résolution sont utilisées : une approche globale qui résout simultanément à l'aide d'un unique schéma les parties transport et chimie de chaque équation et une approche par séparation d'opérateurs qui résout séparément et successivement les parties convection, dispersion et cinétique
Aim of this work is to enhance understanding of the main phenomena occurring during infiltration of wastewater within vertical flow sand filter. We also introduce some operating possibilities which may improve efficiency and keep seepage beds in good working order. In the first part we document state of art in this research topic. Following some general remarks about different wastewater treatment techniques, more precise description of seepage beds is made with particular interest on its constraints and needs of further research. A central issue is the choice of porous media. It should be adapted to allow good oxygen feeding for bacteria growing on it and avoid biological clogging. Second part, mainly experimental, is focused on physical and hydraulic characterization of un-colonized crushed and stream sand. We carried out a residence time distribution (RTD) comparison of these two sands under steady and unsteady flow. Apart from characteristics of porous media and with a constant daily loading rate, decreased frequencies involve longer residence times. On the other hand, output recovery of the mass of injected tracer always occurs faster with stream sand. Continuation of hydrodynamic study is made with colonised porous media. Efficiency of biological removing of carbonaceous pollution is higher within stream sand. Opposite trend is observed with nitrogenous pollution. Removing of both nitrogenous and carbonaceous pollutions is linked to oxygenation. In other words it is linked to renewal of gaseous phase in porous medium. We highlight convection and diffusion of oxygen in porous media by using a fluorescence technology, which allows us to detect both gaseous and dissolved oxygen. We compare participation of convection and diffusion phenomena to renewal of oxygen. Achievement of this work consists on the development of a numerical code which simulates flow and pollution degradation through a colonized porous medium. Two different numerical methods have been used. In the first model, also called global approach, chemical and transport parts of each equation are solved by a single numerical scheme. A second model introduces a splitting operator method which solves separately and successively convective, dispersive and kinetic parts of each equation

Diploma thesis evaluates quality and healthiness of the soil health located close to Bohate Malkovice focusing on changes in both physical and chemical characteristics of the soil in time. The theoretical part describes physical, chemical, and biological parameters of the soil. Selected physical parameters are structure, texture, determination of measured weight, bulk density of the soil, porosity, actual volumetric water content of the soil, aeration, saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, infiltration, and colour. Chosen chemical parameters are pH, carbonates, soil electrical conductivity, and humus content. Picked biological parameters are microbial biomass, respiration, nitrogen content, and weed infestation. The practical part analyses selected indicators of quality of the soil from the location of the experiment close to Bohate Malkovice. The area under evaluation has been treated using reduced tillage for long term. The practical part is based on the laboratory examination of disturbed and undisturbed soil samples taken between years 2016 and 2018. Based on outcome results we can evaluate the quality of the soil considering plants growth, development, and soil fertility.

Les til-t provenant de 20 lmnh b de type histologique/cytologique varies ont été étudiés et 174 clones t ont été générés dans 9 des cas. 4 groupes prolifératifs ont été identifiés sur la base de prolifération des til-t. Les pourcentages de clones proliférant dans ces 4 groupes sont respectivement de 63%, 70% et 56%, et 10%. Dans les lmnh de forte malignite, 25% (5/20) des clones t prolifèrent sous l'effet des bm alors que dans les lmnh de faible malignite, il y en a 55% (36/65) (p < 0,05). Il en est de même pour leurs capacités de dissémination : dans les lmnh localisés (stades i et ii), 70% (28/40) des clones t prolifèrent au contact des bm, alors que dans les lmnh disséminés (stades iii et iv), 29% (13/45) des clones t ont cette capacité. La différence apparaît encore plus significative (p < 0,01). Ces corrélations ne sont pas observées avec la stimulation par les cellules b normales autologues infectées par le virus epstein barr (b-ebv) ou les cellules b normales allogeniques (bn-allo). La réponse proliférative des clones t vis-à-vis des bm n'est pas corrélée à un phénotype préférentiel des clones t cd4 ou cd8. 46 clones t provenant de 8 ganglions malins ont été testés pour leur capacité cytotoxique contre les bm. Seuls 6 clones t ont exprimé cette propriété. La production de gm-csf, d'inf, de tnf et d'il4 sur 9 clones, et celle d'il2 sur 5 clones ont été détectées sous l'effet des bm. Des clones t sont capables de proliférer et/ou d'exprimer l'ag cd25 au contact des bm, avec une intensité proportionnelle à la quantité de cellules b utilisées. La prolifération et l'expression de l'ag cd25 des cellules t est liée à une structure membranaire des bm. 6 clones t sont incapables de proliférer au contact des b-ebv et des bn-allo, ce qui est très en faveur de l'existence d'un antigène stimulant propre aux bm. En utilisant la méthode des ac bloquants, nous avons démontré que des clones t prolifèrent au contact des bm selon deux mécanismes qui impliquent tous le tcr mais qui se différencient par l'intervention ou non du cmh des bm

Natural coarse textured soils comprise a significant portion (approximately 20%) of the area to be mined at Suncor, Syncrude (aurora mine), Albian/Shell, and CNRL mines in the Alberta’s oil sands (Macyk, 2006). Although similar in soil textural classifications, the undisturbed areas support a range of ecosite types which exhibit different moisture regimes, suggesting that there are natural mechanisms controlling the plant available water sufficient for forest development. The global objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for textural variability to enhance water storage in coarse textured soil. The observations of the infiltration and drainage behaviour of natural and reclaimed coarse-texture soils in this study have demonstrated that this potential exists and can be applied in reclamation design to achieve the ranges of soil water storage needed to establish different ecosites. Field based infiltration and drainage testing, pit excavation and sampling have been completed on 14 sites (7 natural and 7 reclaimed). Bulk saturated hydraulic conductivity and field capacity were estimated for each of the 14 sites based on the field test results. The observed transient water dynamics give an indication of the effect of layering on these material properties. Laboratory analysis of water content (650 samples), particle size (650 samples), water retention (35 samples), organic carbon (100 samples) as well as calibration of field instrumentation were completed on a large number of samples (approximate values shown in brackets above) across all sites. The laboratory analysis was used to characterize textural variability (mean and standard deviation of the particle diameter) for the layered sites and estimate the soil water retention curve (SWRC) relationships for the range of soil textures encountered at the study sites. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were used to investigate if there were significant differences in the residual sum of squares between estimated and measured SWRCs. The measured organic carbon was used to aid in estimating permanent wilting point (WP) used in the calculation of the available water holding capacity (AWHC) of all profiles. An investigation into the calibration of the moisture capacitance probe (MCP) was undertaken as part of a comparison of the measured and simulated volumetric water content (VWC) profiles. Water storage at the cessation of drainage was related to the soil texture and textural variability as measured in the laboratory. Sites with more textural variability generally stored more water for plant use. There appeared to be a limit to what can be considered ‘useful’ textural variability. If adjacent soil layers had too extreme a contrast in texture and therefore hydraulic conductivity, unstable/preferential flow (i.e. bypassing of some of the water and nutrients from plant roots) occurred. The total porosity calculated from field samples was often higher than the maximum measured VWC in each layer which may be indicative of one or more factors that resulted in less than full saturation being attained within the targeted 1 m depth of saturation during the test. Some of these factors include: errors in sampling leading to an overestimate of total porosity; lateral flow along textural interfaces; air entrapment within the rapidly advancing wetting front; unstable/preferential flow as a result of the high contrast in hydraulic conductivity (fine over coarse) between adjacent layers (i.e. Ks Ratio >20) or where tests were conducted on slopes (i.e. funnel flow). This latter case was common at the reclaimed sites. A modelling study of one uniform (SV10) and one layered (NLFH1) natural site was conducted. The models were built by incorporating soil properties of the layers in the various soil profiles as estimated from field and/or laboratory testing. This study offers a comparison between various PTFs and their ability to capture the soil-water storage/dynamics during infiltration and drainage testing. The Arya PTF gave a better estimation of the laboratory measured SWRCs. However, when modeling the measured infiltration and drainage testing for the relatively uniform site SV10, the Arya PTF and Modified Kovacs (MK) PTF performed similarly. The Arya PTF performing slightly better for the infiltration phase and the MK PTF performing slightly better for the drainage phase. Both PTFs gave a reasonable estimation of water storage but the MK PTF gave a better estimation of the water storage with time as compared to the Arya PTF. For the highly layered site NLFH1, neither model performed well. The Arya PTF gave a substantially better estimation of the infiltration phase and gave the better estimation of the magnitude of water storage with time, the MK PTF performed marginally better for the drainage phase and gave a better estimation of the shape of the water storage with time. Generally, the study showed that the replication of the profile water storage requirements for the layered natural ecosites (‘b’ and ‘d’ ecosites) has been achieved and can be achieved by layering (or even mixing) available coarse textured reclamation materials. This study has indicated that replicating the highly uniform ecosites (‘a’ ecosites) is where the bigger challenge lies in reclamation. Reclaiming with a diversity of target ecosites is essential to achieving the pre-disturbance land capability standard that the mine operators are bound by. The temptation may exist to simply condone reclamation that has met or exceeded the pre-exisiting land capability. However, problems with ground water recharge and regional water distribution are likely to arise if large areas of lower functioning ecosites are replaced with higher functioning ecosites.

This thesis deals with the evaluation of hydrological properties variability of soils in forest catchment Tetřívčí brook in the source area Blanice based on selected hydropedological characteristics with respect to soil type, vegetation cover and character of slope. The selected hydropedological characteristics are maximum capillary water capacity, full water capacity, soil infiltration capability - infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration and retention potential of soils. In sum of seven soil subtypes found in forest (coniferous, deciduous and mixed) and meadow (cut and non-maintained) and on the different slope (three categories) were studied in the catchment area. This thesis is built on bachelor thesis, which dealt with the variability of hydropedological characteristics in the experimental pair comparison basins of Tetřívčí and Zbytinský brook. In the thesis were used mainly the measured data obtained from repeated field campaigns in pre- selected sites and data from the database of experimental catchments of Zbytiny. In the selected sites were made soil probes, soil samples were taken using Kopecky cylinders and infiltration measured by a single-cylinder infiltrometer. By laboratory determination and calculation, selected hydropedological characteristics were obtained. The results were...

Numerous studies indicate that the hydrology of a river basin is influenced by Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and climate. LULC affects the quality and quantity of water resources through its influence on Evapotranspiration (ET) and initiation of surface runoff while climate affects the intensity and spatial distribution of rainfall and temperature which are major drivers of the hydrologic cycle. Literature reports several works on either the effect of changing LULC or climate on the hydrology. However, changes in LULC and climate occur simultaneously in reality. Thus, there is a need to perform an integrated impact assessment of such changes on the hydrological regime at a basin scale. In order to carry out the impact assessment, physically-based hydrologic models are often employed. The present study focuses on assessment of the effect of changing LULC and climate on the hydrology of the Upper Ganga basin (UGB), India, using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrologic model. In order to obtain the changes that have occurred in the LULC of the basin over a time period, initially LULC analysis is carried out. For this purpose, high resolution multispectral satellite imageries from Landsat are procured for the years 1973, 1980, 2000 and 2011. The images are pre-processed to project them to a common projection system and are then co-registered. The processed images are used for classification into different land cover classes. This step requires training sites which are collected during the field visit as part of this work. The classified images, thus obtained are used to analyse temporal changes in LULC of the region. The results indicate an increase in crop land and urban area of the region by 47% and 122% respectively from 1973 to 2011. After initial decline in dense forest for the first three decades, an increase in the dense forest is observed between 2000- 2011 (from 11.44% to 14.8%). Scrub forest area and barren land are observed to decline in the study region by 62% and 96% respectively since 1973. The land cover information along with meteorological data and soil data are used to drive the VIC model to investigate the impact of LULC changes on streamflow and evapotranspiration (ET) components of hydrology in the UGB. For the simulation purpose, the entire basin is divided into three regions (1) upstream (with Bhimgodha as the outlet), (2) midstream (with Ankinghat as the outlet) and (3) downstream (with Allahabad as the outlet). The VIC model is calibrated and validated for all the three regions independently at monthly scale. Model performance is assessed based on the criterion of normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE). It is observed that the model performed well with reasonable accuracy for upstream and midstream regions. In case of the downstream region, due to lack of observed discharge data, model performance could not be assessed. Hence, the simulations for the downstream region are performed using the calibrated model of the midstream region. The model outputs from the three regions are aggregated appropriately to generate the total hydrologic response of the UGB. Using the calibrated models for different region of the UGB, sensitivity analysis is performed by generating hydrologic scenarios corresponding to different land use (LU) and climate conditions. In order to investigate the impact of changing LU on hydrological variables, a scenario is generated in which climate is kept constant and LU is varied. Under this scenario, only the land cover related variables are altered in the model keeping the meteorological variables constant. Thus, the effect of LU change is segregated from the effect of climate. The results obtained from these simulations indicated that the change in LU significantly affects peak streamflow depth which is observed to be 77.58% more in August 2011 in comparison with the peak streamflow of August, 1973. Furthermore, ET is found to increase by 46.44% since 1973 across the entire basin. In order to assess the impact of changing climate on hydrological variables, a scenario is generated in which LU is kept constant and climate is varied from 1971-2005. Under this scenario, land cover related variables are kept constant in the model and meteorological variables are varied for different time periods. The results indicate decline in the simulated discharge for the years 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2005, which is supported by decline in observed annual rainfall for the respective years. Amongst 1971 and 2005, year 2005 received 26% less rainfall resulting in 35% less discharge. Furthermore, ET is observed to be negligibly affected. To understand the integrated impact of changing LU and climate on hydrological variables, a scenario is generated in which both climate and LU are altered. Based on the data available, three years (1973, 1980 and 2000) are considered for the simulations. Under this scenario, both land cover and meteorological variables are varied in the model. The results obtained showed that the discharge hydrograph for the year 1980 has significantly higher peak compared to the hydrographs of years 1973 and 2000. This could be due to the fact that the year 1980 received maximum rainfall amongst the three years considered for simulations. Although the basin received higher rainfall in the year 1980 compared to that in 2000, ET from the basin in the year 1980 is found to be 21% less than that of the year 2000. This could be attributed to the change in LU that occurred between the years 1980 and 2000. Amongst the years 1973 and 2000, there is not much difference in the observed rainfall but ET for the year 2000 is observed to be significantly higher than that of year 1973. It is concluded from the present study that in the UGB, changing LULC contributes significantly to the changes in peak discharge and ET while rainfall pattern considerably influences the runoff pattern of the region. Future work proposed includes assessment of hydrologic response of basin under future LULC and climate scenarios. Also the model efficiency can be assessed by performing hydrologic simulations at different grid sizes.