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Liu, Jie, Huai Xiu Lu, Long Quan Shao, Bin Deng, Yuan Fu Yi, Jie Mo Tian, Wei Wei Zhang, and Ning Wen. "Evaluation of Glass Infiltration Speed within Dental CAD/CAM Alumina at Different Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 177 (December 2010): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.177.314.
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Objective: to investigate glass infiltrating rates (depth/time) within dental CAD/CAM alumina at different temperatures. Methods: micron α-alumina powder was prepared with cold isostastic pressure at 250 MPa and sintered at 1450°C. The presintered alumina specimens were then infiltrated with special glass at 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250 °C. The infiltrating depths and time to form the infiltrate at the different temperatures were evaluated. Results: As the infiltrating temperature increased, the viscosity of the infiltrating glass decreased, and the infiltrating depth increased. A 1 mm infiltration depth into the presintered alumina at 1150°C, 1200°C and 1250°C required 95 min, 22 min and 8 min, respectively. Conclusion: An optimal infiltrating time required to reach a suitable infiltration depth into the presintered alumina was observed at 1200°C, an important finding for clinical applications at this commonly used furnace temperature.
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Murphy, Christopher, Erjon Agushi, Zhangjie Su, Rainer Hinz, Federico Roncaroli, and David Coope. "Quantitative Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Analysis Reveals Different Infiltrative Patterns of Oligodendrogliomas and Astrocytomas in Peri-Tumour White Matter." Neurosurgery 84, no. 5 (March 23, 2019): E273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz001.ni2.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION Gliomas are highly infiltrative primary brain tumours. Glioma infiltration is difficult to identify clinically using conventional diagnostic imaging. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to identify glioma infiltration in peritumour white matter (WM) and characterized differences between histological subtypes. METHODS We recruited 8 patients with a histological diagnosis of grade II or III glioma and 10 healthy controls. We compared fractional anisotropy (FA) maps of each patient against the control group using SPM8 (Matlab 2014a) to identify regions of glioma infiltration. The FA and mean diffusivity (MD) of formerly WM matter tumour regions, infiltrated WM and normal appearing WM were compared with a 2-sample t-test and characterized with respect to normal control data. RESULTS Our results have identified radiological evidence of infiltration in the peri-tumour WM of glioma patients. The infiltrated region of oligodendrogliomas extended further than that of astrocytomas. Oligodendrogliomas preferentially infiltrated larger WM tracts, whereas astrocytomas infiltrated more peripheral WM. In all grades, the 3 regions had significantly different diffusion parameters and there were significant differences between oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas. CONCLUSION We identified previously unrecognized study wide significant changes in the peri-tumour WM of gliomas. Despite the known propensity of these tumours to infiltrate WM we found no significant DTI changes distant to the tumour. Our DTI results suggest oligodendrogliomas and astrocytomas demonstrate different infiltrative patterns, which highlights the need for astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas to be studied separately.
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Rodríguez-Guerrero, Alejandro, Javier Narciso, Enrique Louis, and F. Rodríguez-Reinoso. "Reducing Threshold Pressure for Infiltration of Al-12Si Alloys into Carbon Particle Compacts by Placing a Thin Layer of Sn at the Infiltration Front." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.785.
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The oxide layer that usually covers the surface of liquid aluminum and its alloys, is one of the main factors that hinders infiltration of these alloys into graphite particle compacts. The oxide film increases the threshold pressure for infiltration and the porosity of the resulting composites is large because the wetting at the metal/carbon interface is reduced. Infiltrating graphite compacts with tin requires, however, a much lower pressure, less than half of that required to infiltrate the eutectic Al-12Si alloy. As the surface tension of tin is half that of the Al-12Si alloy, this result indicates that wetting at the Sn/C interface is slightly better. As a result, porosity in the infiltrated samples is reduced. In order to reduce the threshold pressure and improve the properties of Al-Si/graphite composites, a novel method has been used in this work that consists in placing a thin film of tin at the compact end through which infiltration takes place. During the infiltration process the graphite particles are firstly infiltrated by tin, which is pushed by the aluminum alloy, thus avoiding the oxidation of the latter. The method proved to be very effective in reducing the threshold pressure, while keeping almost constant the infiltration rate.
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Briscoe, D. M., J. S. Pober, W. E. Harmon, and R. S. Cotran. "Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in human renal allografts." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 3, no. 5 (November 1992): 1180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v351180.
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The expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in 11 human renal allograft biopsies and 3 normal kidney specimens was investigated by immunocytochemistry. VCAM-1 expression was correlated with the degree of CD3+ T cell infiltration and the clinicopathologic diagnosis of acute rejection. CD3+ infiltrates were seen in all biopsies with rejection, but not in normal biopsies or one with acute tubular necrosis, and were accompanied by CD68+ monocyte/macrophage infiltrates. In normal biopsies, VCAM-1 was present on occasional tubules, where its expression was patchy and restricted to the basolateral surface of cells with slight cytoplasmic staining. The total number of tubules expressing VCAM-1 significantly increased in specimens infiltrated with CD3+ T cells. Moreover, in these infiltrated biopsy specimens, VCAM-1 was present throughout the cytoplasm of tubular cells concentrated on the basolateral surface. VCAM-1 was also observed on vascular endothelial cells where its expression correlated with the degree of CD3+ infiltrate. Mean scores (0 to 3+) for endothelial VCAM-1 expression increased from 0 (CD3+ score, 0) to a mean score of 2.25 in association with CD3+ T cell infiltrates (CD3+ score, 3). Endothelial VCAM-1 was predominantly on vessels in areas of infiltrate, including peritubular capillaries, venules, and arterioles, but was notably absent on glomerular endothelium. VCAM-1 also stained mesangial cells in an occasional CD3+ infiltrated specimen. It was concluded that the expression of VCAM-1 is increased on renal tubules and renovascular endothelium in rejecting renal allografts in association with CD3+ infiltrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Seyboldt, Christoph, Mathias Liewald, and Daniel Heydt. "Production of Aluminium Based Interpenetrating Phase Composites Using Semi-Solid Forming." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.502.
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The following paper deals with the production of Interpenetrating Phase Composites (IPC) using semi-solid forming technology. Therefore, adequate ceramic foams were selected and infiltrated by processing the aluminium alloy A356 in the semi-solid state. In the studies presented in this paper, the infiltrations of two ceramic materials (Al2O3 and SiC) with three different pore sizes (10, 20 and 30 ppi) were investigated. During the forming process the liquid phase fraction of the aluminium was varied to analyze infiltration effects in relation to the raw material´s liquid phase fraction. Afterwards, microsections of the produced specimens were analyzed in order to characterize their microstructure and the quality of infiltration. The results showed that completely filled composite components with good mechanical properties can be produced by infiltrating ceramic preforms with a semi-solid aluminium alloy.
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Lilbæk, G., and J. W. Pomeroy. "Laboratory evidence for enhanced infiltration of ion load during snowmelt." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 7 (July 29, 2010): 1365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1365-2010.
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Abstract. Meltwater ion concentration and infiltration rate into frozen soil both decline rapidly as snowmelt progresses. Their temporal association is highly non-linear and a covariance term must be added in order to use time-averaged values of snowmelt ion concentration and infiltration rate to calculate chemical infiltration. The covariance is labelled enhanced ion infiltration and represents the additional ion load that infiltrates due to the timing of high meltwater concentration and infiltration rate. Previous assessment of the impact of enhanced ion infiltration has been theoretical; thus, experiments were carried out to examine whether enhanced infiltration can be recognized in controlled laboratory settings and to what extent its magnitude varies with soil moisture. Three experiments were carried out: dry soil conditions, unsaturated soil conditions, and saturated soil conditions. Chloride solutions were added to the surface of frozen soil columns; the concentration decreased exponentially over time to simulate snow meltwater. Infiltration excess water was collected and its chloride concentration and volume determined. Ion load infiltrating the frozen soil was specified by mass conservation. Results showed that infiltrating ion load increased with decreasing soil moisture as expected; however, the impact of enhanced ion infiltration increased considerably with increasing soil moisture. Enhanced infiltration caused 2.5 times more ion load to infiltrate during saturated conditions than that estimated using time-averaged ion concentrations and infiltration rates alone. For unsaturated conditions, enhanced ion infiltration was reduced to 1.45 and for dry soils to 1.3. Reduction in infiltration excess ion load due to enhanced infiltration increased slightly (2–5%) over time, being greatest for the dry soil (45%) and least for the saturated soil (6%). The importance of timing between high ion concentrations and high infiltration rates was best illustrated in the unsaturated experiment, which showed large inter-column variation in enhanced ion infiltration due to variation in this temporal covariance.
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Lilbæk, G., and J. W. Pomeroy. "Evidence for enhanced infiltration of ion load during snowmelt." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2010): 1431–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-7-1431-2010.
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Abstract. Meltwater ion concentration and infiltration rate into frozen soil both decline rapidly as snowmelt progresses. Their temporal association is highly non-linear and a covariance term must be added in order to use time-averaged values of snowmelt ion concentration and infiltration rate to calculate chemical infiltration. The covariance is labelled enhanced infiltration and represents the additional ion load that infiltrates due to the timing of high meltwater concentration and infiltration rate. Previous assessment of the impact of enhanced infiltration has been theoretical; thus, experiments were carried out to examine whether enhanced infiltration can be recognized in controlled laboratory settings and to what extent its magnitude varies with soil moisture. Three experiments were carried out: dry soil conditions, unsaturated soil conditions, and saturated soil conditions. Chloride solution was added to the surface of frozen soil columns; the concentration decreased exponentially over time to simulate snow meltwater. Infiltration excess water was collected and its chloride concentration and volume determined. Ion load infiltrating the frozen soil was specified by mass conservation. Results showed that infiltrating ion load increased with decreasing soil moisture as expected; however, the impact of enhanced infiltration increased considerably with increasing soil moisture. Enhanced infiltration caused 2.5 times more ion load to infiltrate during saturated conditions than that estimated using time-averaged ion concentrations and infiltration rates alone. For unsaturated conditions, enhanced infiltration was reduced to 1.45 and for dry soils to 1.3. Reduction in infiltration excess ion load due to enhanced infiltration increased slightly (2–5%) over time, being greatest for the dry soil (45%) and least for the saturated soil (6%). The importance of timing between high ion concentrations and high infiltration rates was best illustrated in the unsaturated experiment, which showed large inter-column variation in enhanced ion infiltration due to variation in this temporal covariance.
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Xiong, Ying, Zewei Wang, Quan Zhou, Han Zeng, Hongyu Zhang, Zhaopei Liu, Qiuren Huang, et al. "Identification and validation of dichotomous immune subtypes based on intratumoral immune cells infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 8, no. 1 (March 2020): e000447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2019-000447.
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BackgroundIncreasing evidence has elucidated the clinical significance of tumor infiltrating immune cells in predicting outcomes and therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we comprehensively analyze the tumor microenvironment (TME) immune cell infiltrations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and correlated the infiltration patterns with anti-tumor immunity and clinical outcomes.MethodsWe analyzed immune cell infiltrations in four independent cohorts, including the KIRC cohort of 533 patients, the Zhongshan ccRCC cohorts of 259 patients, the Zhongshan fresh tumor sample cohorts of 20 patients and the Zhongshan metastatic ccRCC cohorts of 87 patients. Intrinsic patterns of immune cell infiltrations were evaluated for associations with clinicopathological characteristics, underlying biological pathways, genetic changes, oncological outcomes and treatment responses.ResultsUnsupervised clustering of tumor infiltrating immune cells identified two microenvironment subtypes, TMEcluster-A and TMEcluster-B. Gene markers and biological pathways referring to immune evasion were upregulated in TMEcluster-B. TMEcluster-B associated with poor overall survival (p<0.001; HR 2.629) and recurrence free survival (p=0.012; HR 1.870) in ccRCC validation cohort. TMEcluster-B cases had worse treatment response (p=0.009), overall survival (p<0.001; HR 2.223) and progression free survival (p=0.015; HR 2.7762) in metastatic ccRCC cohort. The predictive accuracy of International Metastatic Database Consortium risk score was improved after incorporation of TME clusters.ConclusionsTMEcluster-A featured increased mast cells infiltration, prolonged survival and better treatment response. TMEcluster-B was a heavily infiltrated but immunosuppressed phenotype enriched for macrophages, CD4+T cells, Tregs, CD8+T cells and B cells. TMEcluster-B predicted dismal survival and worse treatment response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients.
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Moyo, Tamara K., Anass Bouchnita, Nathalie Eymard, Vitaly Volpert, and Mark J. Koury. "Effects of Bone Marrow Infiltration By Multiple Myeloma on Erythropoiesis." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 2143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2143.2143.
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Abstract Diseases that infiltrate the bone marrow disrupt erythropoiesis leading to anemia. In multiple myeloma (MM), anemia severity can be correlated with degree of marrow infiltration by myeloma cells. Infiltrating MM may impair the function and structure of erythroblastic islands (EBIs), the marrow erythropoietic niches. An EBI consists of a central macrophage surrounded by colony-forming units-erythroid/proerythroblasts (CFU-E/pro-EBs) and their progeny, the differentiating erythroblasts. Cytokines produced by MM cells, such as Fas ligand (FL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), can induce erythroid cell apoptosis. Physical displacement of the erythroid cells away from central macrophages by MM can destroy the EBIs. Non-erythrotoxic therapies that kill MM cells while sparing erythropoietic cells allow quantification of erythropoiesis and marrow MM infiltration before and after treatment of newly diagnosed MM patients. Marrow biopsies from 15 newly diagnosed MM patients were obtained before and after 4 courses of non-erythrotoxic induction therapy with bortezomib, dexamethasone, and lenalidomide (Richardson et al, Blood 2010). CBCs and serum MM paraprotein quantifications were obtained with the marrow biopsies and before each course of therapy. No patient had renal insufficiency, iron or cobalamin deficiency, erythropoietin (EPO) therapy, or RBC transfusion. At diagnosis, percentages of marrow space occupied by MM and erythroid cells were negatively correlated. Percentages of marrow space infiltrated by MM (range = 2.3 - 72.3%) were also negatively correlated with hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and RBCs. One patient had a partial response: marrow myeloma decreasing from 27.5% to 5.3%. All other patients had reductions in marrow myeloma to < 2.2%. The 8 patients with < 30% MM infiltration at diagnosis had no change (-1.4% to 1.8%) in marrow space occupied by erythroid cells following therapy, whereas 7 patients with > 35% MM infiltration at diagnosis increased marrow space occupied by erythroid cells following therapy (3.4 to 19.2%). Hb, Hct, and RBCs did not change during therapy in patients with < 30% MM infiltration, but those with > 35% myeloma infiltration at diagnosis had progressive increases in Hb, Hct, and RBCs during therapy. These clinical data were used to study the relationship between marrow infiltration by MM and erythropoiesis. Mathematical models of MM infiltration effects on marrow EBI structure/function were developed and tested in simulations. A previously developed hybrid discrete-continuous model of erythropoiesis based on EBI (Eymard et al, J Math Biol 2015) was extended to a larger area of marrow containing multiple EBIs. In the model, CFU-E/proEBs have 3 fates-- self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptosis--that depend upon factors produced systemically, such as glucocorticoids and EPO, and locally, such as stem cell factor and bone morphogenetic protein 4 by central macrophages and FL by mature erythroblasts. Intracellular regulatory networks were modeled with ordinary differential equations and extracellular concentrations by partial differential equations. Under normal conditions, EBIs achieve a steady-state that produces new RBCs at rates which maintain normal Hb, Hct and RBCs. At early times after the section of bone marrow is infiltrated by small foci of proliferating MM cells, EBI function is not affected. With further proliferation, infiltrating MM cells occupy more marrow space, inducing erythroid cell apoptosis by producing FL, TNF or TRAIL and by displacing erythroid cells from central macrophages, thereby destroying EBIs. However, central macrophages of destroyed islands persist or are replaced by differentiation of monocyte-macrophage precursors. After MM cells are killed by therapy, the residual macrophages can interact with burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E), thereby reestablishing EBIs. If the MM infiltrate is not sufficiently reduced after a course of therapy, it can physically interfere with the macrophage-BFU-E interaction, preventing the reestablishment of an EBI and full recovery of RBC production until a subsequent therapy reduces the infiltrate sufficiently that the EBI is reestablished. The model is consistent with the clinical data and may apply to other marrow infiltrative diseases including myelofibrosis, systemic infections, or other malignancies. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Delgado, Anna F., Markus Nilsson, Francesco Latini, Johanna Mårtensson, Maria Zetterling, Shala G. Berntsson, Irina Alafuzoff, Jimmy Lätt, and Elna-Marie Larsson. "Preoperative Quantitative MR Tractography Compared with Visual Tract Evaluation in Patients with Neuropathologically Confirmed Gliomas Grades II and III: A Prospective Cohort Study." Radiology Research and Practice 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7671854.
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Background and Purpose.Low-grade gliomas show infiltrative growth in white matter tracts. Diffusion tensor tractography can noninvasively assess white matter tracts. The aim was to preoperatively assess tumor growth in white matter tracts using quantitative MR tractography (3T). The hypothesis was that suspected infiltrated tracts would have altered diffusional properties in infiltrated tract segments compared to noninfiltrated tracts.Materials and Methods.Forty-eight patients with suspected low-grade glioma were included after written informed consent and underwent preoperative diffusion tensor imaging in this prospective review-board approved study. Major white matter tracts in both hemispheres were tracked, segmented, and visually assessed for tumor involvement in thirty-four patients with gliomas grade II or III (astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas) on postoperative neuropathological evaluation. Relative fractional anisotropy (rFA) and mean diffusivity (rMD) in tract segments were calculated and compared with visual evaluation and neuropathological diagnosis.Results.Tract segment infiltration on visual evaluation was associated with a lower rFA and high rMD in a majority of evaluated tract segments (89% and 78%, resp.). Grade II and grade III gliomas had similar infiltrating behavior.Conclusion.Quantitative MR tractography corresponds to visual evaluation of suspected tract infiltration. It may be useful for an objective preoperative evaluation of tract segment involvement.
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Yang, Isaac, Seunggu J. Han, Michael E. Sughrue, Tarik Tihan, and Andrew T. Parsa. "Immune cell infiltrate differences in pilocytic astrocytoma and glioblastoma: evidence of distinct immunological microenvironments that reflect tumor biology." Journal of Neurosurgery 115, no. 3 (September 2011): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.4.jns101172.
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Object The tumor microenvironment in astrocytomas is composed of a variety of cell types, including infiltrative inflammatory cells that are dynamic in nature, potentially reflecting tumor biology. In this paper the authors demonstrate that characterization of the intratumoral inflammatory infiltrate can distinguish high-grade glioblastoma from low-grade pilocytic astrocytoma. Methods Tumor specimens from ninety-one patients with either glioblastoma or pilocytic astrocytoma were analyzed at the University of California, San Francisco. A systematic neuropathology analysis was performed. All tissue was collected at the time of the initial surgery prior to adjuvant treatment. Immune cell infiltrate not associated with necrosis or hemorrhage was analyzed on serial 4-μm sections. Analysis was performed for 10 consecutive hpfs and in 3 separate regions (total 30 × 0.237 mm2). Using immunohistochemistry for markers of infiltrating cytotoxic T cells (CD8), natural killer cells (CD56), and macrophages (CD68), the inflammatory infiltrates in these tumors were graded quantitatively and classified based on microanatomical location (perivascular vs intratumoral). Control markers included CD3, CD20, and human leukocyte antigen. Results Glioblastomas exhibited significantly higher perivascular (CD8) T-cell infiltration than pilocytic astrocytomas (62% vs 29%, p = 0.0005). Perivascular (49%) and intratumoral (89%; p = 0.004) CD56-positive cells were more commonly associated with glioblastoma. The CD68-positive cells also were more prevalent in the perivascular and intratumoral space in glioblastoma. In the intratumoral space, all glioblastomas exhibited CD68-positive cells compared with 86% of pilocytic astrocytomas (p = 0.0014). Perivascularly, CD68-positive infiltrate was also more prevalent in glioblastoma when compared with pilocytic astrocytoma (97% vs 86%, respectively; p = 0.0003). The CD3-positive, CD20-positive, and human leukocyte antigen-positive infiltrates did not differ between glioblastoma and pilocytic astrocytoma. Conclusions This analysis suggests a significantly distinct immune profile in the microenvironment of high-grade glioblastoma versus low-grade pilocytic astrocytoma. This difference in tumor microenvironment may reflect an important difference in the tumor biology of glioblastoma.
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Lähde, S., K. Hyrynkangas, J. Merikanto, R. Pokela, K. Jokinen, and P. Kärkölä. "Computed Tomography and Mediastinoscopy in the Assessment of Resectability of Lung Cancer." Acta Radiologica 30, no. 2 (March 1989): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418518903000210.
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In order to assess the potential of computed tomography (CT) of the mediastinum and mediastinoscopy in the staging of lung cancer, 125 patients were examined. Of these, 104 underwent thoracotomy, at which there was no evidence of mediastinal tumour involvement in 79 while 25 patients had signs of tumour spread. The sensitivity and specificity of CT were 87.0 per cent and 95.8 per cent, respectively, in the detection of direct tumour extension with a mediastinal mass. When lymph node enlargement was the sole finding, CT did not provide any differentiation between benign and malignant lymphadenopathy. The mediastinal involvement was inaccessible on mediastinoscopy in 18 cases (72%). Despite the surperior sensitivity of CT it was often difficult to determine whether direct tumour infiltratin of mediastinal structures had occurred. It was concluded that CT is necessary for screening the entire mediastinum and, when it reveals no evidence of mediastinal tumour spread, mediastinoscopy will yield no further information. Mediastinoscopy will help to correctly identify accessible mediastinal lymph node involvement of the superior mediastinum and to define the mediastinal tumour invasion in doubtful cases.
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Yang, Xia, Ying Long Bai, Meng Xu, and Shi Ju Guo. "Preparation and Properties of Cu-10Sn Alloy Infiltrated 316L Stainless Steel Composites." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 552–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.552.
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A new method to produce powder metallurgy (P/M) 316L stainless steel matrix composite by pressureless infiltrating Cu-10Sn alloy was studied. The effect of various compaction pressures and infiltrating temperatures on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance was investigated. The results show that high density P/M 316L stainless steel matrix composite could be achieved by infiltration. A maximum relative density of 98% was achieved, provided that the porosity of the skeleton was controlled at 18%~22%. After infiltration, hardness of the samples increased from 49 HRB to 89 HRB. Moreover, the critical corrosion potential reached -212 mV, close to the level of as cast 316L stainless steel. The hardness of infiltrated composite of the same density decreased with increase in initial skeleton density. It was necessary to prevent the egregious grain growth while the infiltrating temperature was too high.
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Akbari, Hamed, Luke Macyszyn, Xiao Da, Michel Bilello, Ronald L. Wolf, Maria Martinez-Lage, George Biros, Michelle Alonso-Basanta, Donald M. O'Rourke, and Christos Davatzikos. "Imaging Surrogates of Infiltration Obtained Via Multiparametric Imaging Pattern Analysis Predict Subsequent Location of Recurrence of Glioblastoma." Neurosurgery 78, no. 4 (January 19, 2016): 572–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000001202.
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Abstract BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is an aggressive and highly infiltrative brain cancer. Standard surgical resection is guided by enhancement on postcontrast T1-weighted (T1) magnetic resonance imaging, which is insufficient for delineating surrounding infiltrating tumor. OBJECTIVE: To develop imaging biomarkers that delineate areas of tumor infiltration and predict early recurrence in peritumoral tissue. Such markers would enable intensive, yet targeted, surgery and radiotherapy, thereby potentially delaying recurrence and prolonging survival. METHODS: Preoperative multiparametric magnetic resonance images (T1, T1-gadolinium, T2-weighted, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion tensor imaging, and dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images) from 31 patients were combined using machine learning methods, thereby creating predictive spatial maps of infiltrated peritumoral tissue. Cross-validation was used in the retrospective cohort to achieve generalizable biomarkers. Subsequently, the imaging signatures learned from the retrospective study were used in a replication cohort of 34 new patients. Spatial maps representing the likelihood of tumor infiltration and future early recurrence were compared with regions of recurrence on postresection follow-up studies with pathology confirmation. RESULTS: This technique produced predictions of early recurrence with a mean area under the curve of 0.84, sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 93%, and odds ratio estimates of 9.29 (99% confidence interval: 8.95-9.65) for tissue predicted to be heavily infiltrated in the replication study. Regions of tumor recurrence were found to have subtle, yet fairly distinctive multiparametric imaging signatures when analyzed quantitatively by pattern analysis and machine learning. CONCLUSION: Visually imperceptible imaging patterns discovered via multiparametric pattern analysis methods were found to estimate the extent of infiltration and location of future tumor recurrence, paving the way for improved targeted treatment.
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Torcellan, Tommaso, Henry R. Hampton, Jacqueline Bailey, Michio Tomura, Robert Brink, and Tatyana Chtanova. "In vivo photolabeling of tumor-infiltrating cells reveals highly regulated egress of T-cell subsets from tumors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 22 (May 15, 2017): 5677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618446114.
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Immune therapy is rapidly gaining prominence in the clinic as a major weapon against cancer. Whereas much attention has been focused on the infiltration of tumors by immune cells, the subsequent fate of these infiltrates remains largely unexplored. We therefore established a photoconversion-based model that allowed us to label tumor-infiltrating immune cells and follow their migration. Using this system, we identified a population of tumor-experienced cells that emigrate from primary tumors to draining lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels. Although the majority of tumor-infiltrating cells were myeloid, T cells made up the largest population of tumor-egressing leukocytes. Strikingly, the subset composition of tumor-egressing T cells was greatly skewed compared with those that had infiltrated the tumor and those resident in the draining lymph node. Some T-cell subsets such as CD8+ T cells emigrated more readily; others including CD4−CD8− T cells were preferentially retained, suggesting that specific mechanisms guide immune cell egress from tumors. Furthermore, tumor-egressing T cells were more activated and displayed enhanced effector function in comparison with their lymph node counterparts. Finally, we demonstrated that tumor-infiltrating T cells migrate to distant secondary tumors and draining lymph nodes, highlighting a mechanism whereby tumor-experienced effector T cells may mediate antitumor immunity at metastatic sites. Thus, our results provide insights into migration and function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the role of these cells in tumor immunity outside of primary tumor deposits.
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Jairajpuri, Zeeba Shamim, and Usha Agarwal. "Tumor Associated Macrophages-Friends Turned Foe? A Case Report and Review of Literature." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 11, no. 2 (July 31, 2012): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i2.8928.
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Most malignant tumors are infiltrated by inflammatory cells and it has long been considered that such infiltrates may be evidence of a host response to the tumor. Although lymphocytes are prominent in the inflammatory infiltrate, macrophages are also present, often in considerable numbers. Breast carcinoma is one such tumor where tumor associated macrophages (TAM) have been reported to be widespread, more so in Western literature. There is paucity of information about the biological and prognostic significance of this phenomenon in India. Ours is a tertiary center which receives approximately100 to120cases of breast carcinoma for pathological evaluation annually. Here we report the first case in our experience which showed large numbers of macrophages infiltrating the stroma around the tumor cells.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i2.8928 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 02 April 2012: 139-142
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McDougall, J. R., and I. C. Pyrah. "Simulating transient infiltration in unsaturated soils." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 1093–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t98-059.
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Transient responses to various infiltration events have been examined using an unsaturated flow model. Numerical simulations reveal a range of infiltration patterns which can be related to the ratio of infiltration rate to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. A high value of this ratio reflects a prevailing hydraulic conductivity which cannot readily redistribute the newly infiltrated moisture. Moisture accumulates in the near-surface region before advancing down through the soil as a distinct wetting front. In contrast, low values of the ratio of rainfall to unsaturated hydraulic conductivity show minimal moisture accumulation, as the relatively small volumes of infiltrating moisture are readily redistributed through the soil profile.Key words: numerical modelling, infiltration, unsaturated soil, soil suction, groundwater.
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Giannakis, Marios, Jasmine Xinmeng Mu, Sachet Shukla, Zhi Rong Qian, Ofir Cohen, Reiko Nishihara, Yin Cao, et al. "Novel driver genes and genomic predictors of immune infiltrates in colorectal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 34, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2016): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2016.34.4_suppl.557.
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557 Background: Despite progress that has been made in the molecular characterization of colorectal cancer (CRC), prior studies have had limited power to detect, as significantly mutated, less-frequently altered CRC genes. In addition, most large-scale sequencing studies have generally lacked clinicopathologic annotations to link genomic features with important CRC characteristics such as immune infiltration. Methods: We performed Whole-Exome Sequencing on 619 archival primary CRCs from two large prospective cohorts, the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. We identified CRC driver genes using significance-calling algorithms and employed a novel computational pipeline to calculate tumor neoantigens (peptides resulting from somatic mutations and recognized by the immune system as foreign). The neoantigen load and altered genes/pathways were correlated to immunohistochemically determined immune infiltrates and survival data linked to these specimens. Results: We identified 90 significantly mutated genes in non-hypermutated CRC. These include previously underappreciated genes that participate in pathways such as WNT-signaling and RNA processing. Among all samples, the neoantigen load was associated with increased overall lymphocytic infiltration (P = 2.6e-11), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) (P = 2.0e-19), memory T-cells (P = 0.091) and CRC-specific survival (P = 0.025). Neoantigen load was also associated with higher TILs in microsatellite-stable tumors (P = 0.015). We found that HLA and Antigen Processing Machinery (APM) mutations have undergone positive selection in tumors with TILs. Conclusions: In the largest exome-sequencing study of CRC to date, we leveraged the increased number of samples and their associated clinicopathologic annotations to identify new driver genes and genomic predictors of immune infiltrates in this disease. Neoantigen load is prognostic in CRC and predictive of immune infiltration, even among microsatellite-stable tumors. We also find evidence of positive selection for HLA and APM mutations in immune-cell infiltrated tumors. These results have implications for patient selection in CRC immunotherapy trials.
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Fox, J. G., L. S. Palley, and R. Rose. "Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis with Splendore-Hoeppli Material in the Ferret (Mustela putorius furo)." Veterinary Pathology 29, no. 1 (January 1992): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900103.
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Eosinophilic gastroenteritis, focal or diffuse with eosinophilic infiltrations of the stomach or intestine, has been described in human beings, cats, dogs, and horses. In this paper, we describe infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract with eosinophils accompanied by a circulating eosinophilia in six ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo). Clinical signs included chronic weight loss, anorexia, and diarrhea. The small intestines from five ferrets had diffuse infiltrates of eosinophils. This resulted in focal or multifocal loss of the muscular tunic in three ferrets. Two of these ferrets also had eosinophilic gastritis. Eosinophilic granulomas with Splendore-Hoeppli material were present in mesenteric lymph nodes in four ferrets. Two ferrets had multiple organ involvement; one had eosinophilic granulomas in the liver, mesentery, and choroid plexus as well as moderate parapancreatic segmental arteritis with infiltration of eosinophils and mural thrombosis. The second ferret had, in addition to moderate diffuse gastric and small intestinal eosinophilic mucosal infiltrations, interstitial eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrates. Examination of all tissues failed to reveal an infectious agent.
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Chimanski, Afonso, Amanda Martins Jordão, Paulo Francisco Cesar, and Humberto Naoyuki Yoshimura. "Devitrification in SiO2-B2O3-Al2O3-La2O3-TiO2 Glass during the Infiltration of Ceramic Composite." Materials Science Forum 881 (November 2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.881.77.
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Dental prostheses made of ceramic composites infiltrated with glasses have been used due to their biocompatibility and possibility to mimic the natural teeth. In this study, the devitrification behavior of 20SiO2-25B2O3-25Al2O3-15La2O3-15TiO2 glass during the infiltration process in a porous alumina preform was investigated. Glass frits were prepared by melting the raw materials at 1500 °C for 60 min. The glass was infiltrated into the alumina preform at 1,150 or 1,200 °C for 60 min. The specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. After the infiltration, it was possible to note that the devitrification process occurred in the remaining glass (excess glass that did not infiltrate in the preform), forming mostly aluminum borate and mullite crystalline phases. However, within the infiltrated composite no devitrification was noticed in the infiltrated glass. Possible explanations for this behavior are discussed.
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Sams, Carl E., William S. Conway, Judith A. Abbott, Russell J. Lewis, and Noach Ben-Shalom. "Firmness and Decay of Apples following Postharvest Pressure Infiltration of Calcium and Heat Treatment." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, no. 5 (September 1993): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.5.623.
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Heating `Golden Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) for 4 days at 38C or pressure-infiltrating them with a 4% CaCl2 solution reduced decay and maintained fruit firmness during 6 months of storage at 0C. Heating reduced decay caused by Penicillium expansum Link ex Thorn by ≈30%, while pressure infiltration with CaCl2 reduced decay by >60%. Pressure infiltration with CaCl2 after heating reduced decay by ≈40%. Pressure infiltration maintained firmness best (>84 N), as measured with a manually driven electronic fruit-firmness probe, followed by heat and CaCl2 (76 N), heat alone (71 N), and no treatment (control) (60 N). Force vs. deformation (FD) curves from a puncture test with a fruit-firmness probe mounted in a universal testing machine showed that fruit heated before storage were firmer than all nonheated fruit, except those pressure-infiltrated with 4% CaCl2. However, FD curves also showed that apples pressure-infiltrated with 4% CaCl2 differed quantitatively from apples in all other treatments, including those heated.
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Sangam, Subhasri Lakshmi. "Quality improvement measures for early detection of severe intravenous infiltration in infants." BMJ Open Quality 8, no. 2 (June 2019): e000407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2018-000407.
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Intravenous infiltration is one of the most commonly seen morbidity in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The risk of intravenous infiltration in preterm infants is probably due to prolonged peripheral intravenous access requirement for nutritional support and usage of other intravenous medications to support their growth. Infants are more likely to develop intravenous infiltrations due to the increased fragility of their blood vessels, deficient subcutaneous tissue and inability to express pain. As a result, the intravenous infiltrates in infants can rapidly progress to severe stage 3 and stage 4 infiltrates with necrosis if timely intervention is not provided. Also, factors obscuring to identify stage 1 and stage 2 infiltrates, may lead their progression to severe infiltration. Root cause analysis was performed following two severe intravenous infiltrates that required plastic surgery intervention in our level III NICU. Quality improvement measures were implemented. We developed a unique intravenous securing method, conducted educational programmes for NICU staff, increased intravenous site surveillance and ascertained to maintain the intravenous pump pressures in the reference range. The hospital NICU intravenous care policy was updated with quality improvement measures. Data were collected preintervention and postintervention. The incidence of intravenous infiltration in preterm infants varies widely in different places. This may be due to under-reporting of these relatively rare adverse events, but may also be due to the fact that the preterm infants represent a small portion of the patient population. The present study has shown that severe infiltration was associated with an increase in intravenous days. Following the quality improvement measures, there were no reported cases of severe intravenous infiltration. In conclusion, the awareness of the problem with evidence-based quality improvement measures may help in early detection of intravenous infiltrates and decrease the severe intravenous infiltration in infants.
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Laužikas, Giedrius, Gintaras Varanauskas, and Juozas Stanaitis. "Apendikulinio infiltrato diagnostikos ir gydymo ypatumai." Lietuvos chirurgija 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lietchirur.2004.1.2377.
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Giedrius Laužikas, Gintaras Varanauskas, Juozas StanaitisVilniaus universiteto Bendrosios ir kraujagyslių chirurgijos klinikos Bendrosios chirurgijos centras,Vilniaus greitosios pagalbos universitetinė ligoninė,Šiltnamių g. 29, LT-2043 VilniusEl paštas: giedrius.lauzikas@vgpul.lt Įvadas / tikslas Apendikulinis infiltratas – viena iš ūminio apendicito formų, pasižyminti sudėtinga diagnostika ir gydymo ypatumais. Literatūroje diskutuojama, kuriam gydymo metodui – operaciniam ar konservatyviam – teikti pirmenybę. Mūsų darbo tikslas – apžvelgti apendikulinių infiltratų diagnostikos ir gydymo ypatumus pagal literatūros ir VGPUL duomenis. Ligoniai ir metodai Retrospektyviai išnagrinėtos 49 ligonių, 1992–2002 m. gydytų Vilniaus greitosios pagalbos universitetinėje ligoninėje nuo apendikulinio infiltrato, ligos istorijos. Vėlyvieji gydymo rezultatai vertinti apklausiant telefonu ar peržiūrint kartotinės hospitalizacijos ligos istorijas. Rezultatai Per 1992–2002 m. VGPUL Bendrosios chirurgijos klinikoje nuo apendikulinio infiltrato gydyti 49 ligoniai: 27 moterys ir 22 vyrai. Į stacionarą šia liga sergantys ligoniai kreipėsi vidutiniškai po 8,4 paros nuo ligos pradžios. Iki tol 43 ligoniai gydėsi patys, 4 – gydyti poliklinikoje nuo kitų ligų, 2 – išleisti iš ligoninės priimamojo. Stacionare vidutiniškai praleido po 17,4 dienos, dauguma jų pasveiko, mirė 2 ligoniai (4,08%). Diagnozuojant apendikulinį infiltratą remtasi šiais medicininės apžiūros duomenimis: čiuopiamu infiltratu dešinėje klubinėje srityje (29 ligoniai; 59,2%), pilvo echoskopijos (35 ligoniai; 71,4%) ar KT metu (vienas ligonis) matomu dariniu dešinėje klubinėje srityje. Keturiasdešimt apendikuliniu infiltratu sirgusių ligonių buvo operuoti: 27 ligoniams – atlikta laparotomija dešinėje klubinėje srityje ir drenavimas, 6 – vidurinė laparotomija ir drenavimas, 6 – ileocekalinio kampo rezekcija, 1 – dešinioji hemikolektomija. Devyni ligoniai buvo gydyti konservatyviai. Vėlyvuoju laikotarpiu iš 24 ligonių 18 buvo operuoti: šešiolikai atlikta apendektomija, dviem – dešinioji hemikolektomija. Šešiems iš 49 (12,24%) šia liga sirgusių ligonių diagnozuota onkologinė liga. Išvados Gydant apendikulinį infiltratą reikėtų skirti konservatyvų gydymą ir pagal galimybes išsiaiškinti ligos priežastį. Jei šis gydymas neveiksmingas, rekomenduojama ligonį operuoti. Operacijos metu radus apendikulinį infiltratą, tikslinga atlikti radikalią rezekcinę operaciją pagal onkologinius principus. Prasminiai žodžiai: apendikulinis infiltratas, laparotomija, drenavimas, ileocekalinio kampo rezekcija, hemikolektomija Diagnostics and treatment of appendiceal mass: 10 years of experience at Vilnius University Emergency Hospital Giedrius Laužikas, Gintaras Varanauskas, Juozas Stanaitis Background / Objective Discussions still continue concerning treatment tactics for appendiceal mass. The main endpoint of the study was to analyse appendiceal mass diagnostic measurements and treatment at Vilnius Emergency University Hospital. Patients and methods Medical records for patients admitted with "appendiceal mass" between 1992–2002 were reviewed. There were 49 patients treated for appendiceal mass at Vilnius Emergency University Hospital General Surgery Clinic during 1992–2002: 27 women, 22 men. Results The mean duration of hospitalisation was 17.4 days, two patients (4.08%) died. "Appendiceal mass" was diagnosed by clinical investigation in 29 patients (59.2%), by sonoscopy in 35 patients (71.43%), and by CT-scan in one patient. Fourty patients were operated on. Laparotomy in right iliac fossa and drainage were performed in 27, median laparotomy and drainage in six, ileocecal resection in 6 cases, right hemicolectomy in one case. Nine patients received conservative treatment. Malignancy was diagnosed in 6 patients (12.24%). Most "appendiceal masses" should be treated conservatively and examined carefully. Conclusions If there is no effect of conservative treatment, an operation should be performed. If appendiceal mass is found during operation, a radical resection according to oncological principles is the operation of choice. Keywords: appendiceal mass, laparotomy, drainage, ileocecal resection, hemicolectomy
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Baird, Joshua B., Ryan J. Winston, and William F. Hunt. "Evaluating the hydrologic and water quality performance of novel infiltrating wet retention ponds." Blue-Green Systems 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 282–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.010.
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Abstract Wet retention ponds temporarily store and slowly release stormwater to mitigate peak flow rates and remove particulate-bound pollutants. However, with sandy underlying soils, wet retention ponds may provide additional benefits through infiltration, thereby recharging groundwater and supporting baseflow in streams. Current design guidance often requires lining wet ponds to prevent infiltration; however, modern stormwater management strategies recommend maximizing runoff volume reduction through infiltration. Two infiltrating wet retention ponds in Fayetteville, NC, USA, were monitored for one year to assess volume reduction, peak flow mitigation, and water quality. In some months, 100% of stormwater runoff infiltrated and evaporated, with cumulative annual volume reductions of 60 and 51% for the two ponds. For events up to 76 mm (equivalent to the local 1-yr, 24-hr storm), measured peak flow reductions were similar to those of typical (non-infiltrating) wet ponds (median 99% reduction). Dissolved nitrogen species, total and dissolved phosphorus, and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations were significantly reduced in both ponds; mean percent reductions were greater than 30% for each of these pollutants. Effluent concentrations were on par with typical (non-infiltrating) wet ponds previously monitored in North Carolina. Due to the aforementioned runoff reduction, nutrient and TSS loads were reduced by (at minimum) 35 and 67%, respectively. Infiltrating wet ponds were able to meet both peak flow and volume mitigation goals, suggesting that they could be a common tool in regions with sandy soils.
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Yang, Shao Feng, Wei Ping Chen, Meng Yan Han, and De Zhi Zhu. "Microstructure and Interface Strength of MMCs Prepared by Pressureless Ni-Induced Infiltration Using Fe Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.652.
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Metal matrix composites (MMCs) were produced by Ni-induced pressureless infiltration using Fe alloy. The mainly fabrication process was that Ni and Al2O3 powders mixture was pressed and sintered after milled, and then the sintered Al2O3 ceramics were infiltrated by Fe alloy at 1600°C with 4h holding time. While the SEM and EPMA analyses indicated that the interface between ceramics and Fe alloy reaches a full homogeneity after infiltration and Fe alloy could infiltrate Al2O3 ceramic preforms and the maximum infiltration distance was more than 400 μm. This would increase the strength of interfacial due to excellent bonding interface. The fracture strength is about 63.0 MPa.
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Weil, Andrew C., Matt E. Kalaycio, and James R. Cook. "Pulmonary Infiltration by CLL/SLL in the Presence of Inflammation: Significant or Incidental Finding?." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 2352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.2352.2352.
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Abstract Abstract 2352 Poster Board II-329 Radiographically identified pulmonary infiltrates in patients with CLL are usually secondary to infectious causes. However, a subset of patients develop pathologic leukemic infiltrates. Lung biopsies containing both inflammation and CLL infiltrates are particularly problematic. It is unclear in such cases whether the CLL infiltrate represents a nonspecific “passenger effect” secondary to ongoing inflammation versus a pathologic leukemic infiltrate. Furthermore, it is unknown whether there are clinical factors that would help predict who is at higher risk for pulmonary infiltration by CLL. We retrospectively analyzed 45 transbronchial lung biopsies taken from 37 patients at the Cleveland Clinic between 1999 and 2008. We reviewed the biopsies for evidence of acute or chronic inflammation and involvment by CLL. Acute inflammation in our biopsies consisted of acute pneumonias. Cases displaying a lymphocytic infiltrate suspicious for CLL on routine H&E sections were further investigated by immunohistochemistry. The patients studied were 67.5% male with a median age of 67 (45-83) and a median absolute lymphocyte count of 2.75 (0.12 – 86.08). All patients at the time of diagnosis with CLL had flow cytometery of blood and/or bone marrow demonstrating CD5, CD19 positive B cells consistent with CLL. 72% of all patients were previously treated and 52% of patients had a RAI stage > 2 at the time of their diagnosis with CLL. CLL was identified in 20% of the biopsies. Of the 31.1% of biopsies showing acute inflammation, none had leukemia. CLL infiltration was found in association with and without chronic inflammation in 25% and 30.4% of the biopsies respectively. The median peripheral blood absolute lymphocyte count was 3.64 (1.33 – 86.08) in those with leukemic biopsies and 8.31 (0.12 – 79.12) in those without leukemic biopsies. Furthermore, only 33% of the patients with CLL positive biopsies had a RAI stage ≥ 3. At the time of biopsy, 7 previously treated patients were in remission; none of these cases displayed evidence of CLL in lung tissue. We found that the incidence of leukemic infiltration of lung biopsies did not increase in the presence of inflammation. In fact, the incidence of infiltration of biopsies with inflammation was lower than those without inflammation. These results demonstrate that leukemic infiltration on biopsies with inflammation is uncommon, and suggests that this phenomenon represents true, pathologic infiltration of the tissue by CLL and not a “passenger effect”. To the authors knowledge this is the largest study evaluating the association of inflammation and pathologic infiltration of pulmonary tissue by CLL. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Zhang, Gui-rong, Ya-jun Qian, Zhang-chun Wang, and Bo Zhao. "Analysis of Rainfall Infiltration Law in Unsaturated Soil Slope." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/567250.
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In the study of unsaturated soil slope stability under rainfall infiltration, it is worth continuing to explore how much rainfall infiltrates into the slope in a rain process, and the amount of rainfall infiltrating into slope is the important factor influencing the stability. Therefore, rainfall infiltration capacity is an important issue of unsaturated seepage analysis for slope. On the basis of previous studies, rainfall infiltration law of unsaturated soil slope is analyzed. Considering the characteristics of slope and rainfall, the key factors affecting rainfall infiltration of slope, including hydraulic properties, water storage capacityθs−θr, soil types, rainfall intensities, and antecedent and subsequent infiltration rates on unsaturated soil slope, are discussed by using theory analysis and numerical simulation technology. Based on critical factors changing, this paper presents three calculation models of rainfall infiltrability for unsaturated slope, including (1) infiltration model considering rainfall intensity; (2) effective rainfall model considering antecedent rainfall; (3) infiltration model considering comprehensive factors. Based on the technology of system response, the relationship of rainfall and infiltration is described, and the prototype of regression model of rainfall infiltration is given, in order to determine the amount of rain penetration during a rain process.
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Wirth, Thomas, Farizan Ahmad, Agnieszka Pacholska, Haritha Samaranayake, and Seppo Ylä-Herttuala. "The Syngeneic BT4C Rat Malignant Glioma is a Valuable Model to study Myelomonocytic cells in Tumors." Cancer Growth and Metastasis 5 (January 2012): CGM.S9314. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cgm.s9314.
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Background The impact of infiltrating macrophages on tumor progression in malignant gliomas has been studied extensively. However, there is a lack of animal models for studying the role of infiltrating macrophages in malignant gliomas. Material and methods: The BT4C rat malignant glioma model was characterized by immunohistochemical analysis of inflammatory cell types associated with the tumors. Results BT4C malignant gliomas are highly vascularized tumors with an infiltrative behavior. BT4C gliomas demonstrated a high infiltration rate of macrophages. Particularly, a CD68/VEGFR-1 positive subtype of macrophages was detected at the edges of malignant gliomas. Also, CD133 positive cells were located mainly at the infiltrative edges of gliomas, whereas VEGFR-2 was highly expressed throughout the malignant glioma. Conclusion The immunocompetent BT4C rat malignant glioma model shows features similar to its human counterpart, which makes it a valuable model to study the impact of tumor associated macrophages in the pathology of malignant gliomas.
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Wang, Zhanchao, Huiqiao Wu, Yu Chen, Huajiang Chen, Wen Yuan, and Xinwei Wang. "The Heterogeneity of Infiltrating Macrophages in Metastatic Osteosarcoma and Its Correlation with Immunotherapy." Journal of Oncology 2021 (July 21, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4836292.
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Background. Metastatic osteosarcoma is a common and fatal bone tumor. Several studies have found that tumor-infiltrating immune cells play pivotal roles in the progression of metastatic osteosarcoma. However, the heterogeneity of infiltrating immune cells across metastatic and primary osteosarcoma remains unclear. Methods. Immune infiltration analysis was carried out via the “ESTIMATE” and “xCell” algorithms in primary and metastatic osteosarcoma. Then, we evaluated the prognostic value of infiltrating immune cells in 85 osteosarcomas through the Kaplan–Meier (K-M) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Infiltrations of macrophage M1 and M2 were evaluated in metastatic osteosarcoma, as well as their correlation with immune checkpoints. Macrophage-related prognostic genes were identified through Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis (WGCNA), Lasso analysis, and Random Forest algorithm. Finally, a macrophage-related risk model had been constructed and validated. Results. Macrophages, especially the macrophage M1, sparingly infiltrated in metastatic compared with the primary osteosarcoma and predicted the worse overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Macrophage M1 was positively correlated with immune checkpoints PDCD1, CD274 (PD-L1), PDCD1LG2, CTLA4, and TIGIT. In addition, four macrophage-related prognostic genes (IL10, VAV1, CD14, and CCL2) had been identified, and the macrophage-related risk model had been validated to be reliable for evaluating prognosis in osteosarcoma. Simultaneously, the risk score showed a strong correlation with several immune checkpoints. Conclusion. Macrophages potentially contribute to the regulation of osteosarcoma metastasis. It can be used as a candidate marker for metastatic osteosarcoma’ prognosis and immune checkpoints blockades (ICBs) therapy. We constructed a macrophage-related risk model through machine-learning, which might help us evaluate patients’ prognosis and response to ICBs therapy.
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Mukherjee, Geetashree, Swarnendu Bag, Prasenjit Chakraborty, Debdeep Dey, Samrat Roy, Prateek Jain, Paromita Roy, Richie Soong, Partha Pratim Majumder, and Suparna Dutt. "Density of CD3+ and CD8+ cells in gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma is associated with lymph node metastases and survival." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): e0242058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242058.
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The tumor immune microenvironment is emerging as a critical player in predicting cancer prognosis and response to therapies. However, the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in Gingivo-Buccal Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (GBOSCC) and their association with tumor size or lymph node metastases status require further elucidation. To study the relationship of tumor-infiltrating immune cells with tumor size (T stage) and lymph node metastases (N stages), we analyzed the density of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in archived, whole tumor resections from 94 patients. We characterized these sections by immune-histochemistry using 12 markers and enumerated tumor-infiltrating immune cells at the invasive margins (IM) and centers of tumors (CT). We observed that a higher density of CD3+ cells in the IM and CT was associated with smaller tumor size (T1-T2 stage). Fewer CD3+ cells was associated with larger tumor size (T3-T4 stage). High infiltration of CD3+and CD8+ cells in IM and CT as well as high CD4+ cell infiltrates in the IM was significantly associated with the absence of lymph node metastases. High infiltrates of CD3+ and CD8+ cells in CT was associated with significantly improved survival. Our results illustrate that the densities and spatial distribution of CD3+ and CD8+ cell infiltrates in primary GBOSCC tumors is predictive of disease progression and survival. Based on our findings, we recommend incorporating immune cell quantification in the TNM classification and routine histopathology reporting of GBOSCC. Immune cell quantification in CT and IM may help predict the efficacy of future therapies.
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Li, Taiwen, Jingxin Fu, Zexian Zeng, David Cohen, Jing Li, Qianming Chen, Bo Li, and X. Shirley Liu. "TIMER2.0 for analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells." Nucleic Acids Research 48, W1 (May 22, 2020): W509—W514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa407.
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Abstract Tumor progression and the efficacy of immunotherapy are strongly influenced by the composition and abundance of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Due to the limitations of direct measurement methods, computational algorithms are often used to infer immune cell composition from bulk tumor transcriptome profiles. These estimated tumor immune infiltrate populations have been associated with genomic and transcriptomic changes in the tumors, providing insight into tumor–immune interactions. However, such investigations on large-scale public data remain challenging. To lower the barriers for the analysis of complex tumor–immune interactions, we significantly improved our previous web platform TIMER. Instead of just using one algorithm, TIMER2.0 (http://timer.cistrome.org/) provides more robust estimation of immune infiltration levels for The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) or user-provided tumor profiles using six state-of-the-art algorithms. TIMER2.0 provides four modules for investigating the associations between immune infiltrates and genetic or clinical features, and four modules for exploring cancer-related associations in the TCGA cohorts. Each module can generate a functional heatmap table, enabling the user to easily identify significant associations in multiple cancer types simultaneously. Overall, the TIMER2.0 web server provides comprehensive analysis and visualization functions of tumor infiltrating immune cells.
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Kiser, Jackson William. "Quality improvement using new technology to assess and reduce FDG PET/CT radiotracer infiltrations." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 30_suppl (October 20, 2018): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.30_suppl.313.
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313 Background: The reported aggregated PET/CT 18F-FDG radiotracer injection infiltration rate from 3 centers in 6 studies is 15.2% (425 infiltrations/2804 patients). Infiltrations can negatively affect cancer patient staging, therapy assessment, treatment planning, and can lead to unnecessary invasive procedures and patient radiation exposure. The radiotracer dose is essential to PET image quality and quantification. Efforts are made to ensure the exact dose administered is used to create the patient image; but, no measures ensure the administered dose completely enters the patient circulation. Our objective was to use new technology (Lara, Lucerno Dynamics) to assess our infiltration rate, determine potential causes, reduce our rate, and assess results sustainability. Methods: Our IRB determined the project did not meet the definition of research as defined by 45 CFR 46.102(d) and classified the initiative as “quality improvement”. In Phase 1, our PET/CT center monitored the injection process. Lara data were analyzed (SAS Enterprise Miner, v. 14.1 and v.9.4) and identified potential contributing factors. We then implemented a quality improvement plan to address these factors. In Phase 2 we remeasured our infiltration rate. After Phase 2, we assessed our rate over an extended period. Results: Lara added 30 seconds to patient imaging. In Phase 1, 263 injections were monitored, and 35 infiltrations were identified (13.3%). Five technologists’ rates ranged from 8%-19%. Patients less than 145lbs with non-antecubital fossa injection sites were highly associated with infiltrations. In Phase 2, 278 injections were monitored, and 8 infiltrations were identified (2.9%), a 78% decrease (p < 0.0001). The same technologists’ rates ranged from 0%-4%. Eight technologists performed the next 504 injections and six were infiltrated (1.2%). Conclusions: Our findings supported published PET/CT infiltration rates. Using new technology provided technologists with feedback on injections and lead to significant and sustainable improvements quickly, with minimal patient/procedure disruption. Infiltrations are a quality and safety issue. As a result, the injection process requires ongoing monitoring.
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Chae, Young Kwang, William Han Bae, Young Suk Kim, Jonathan Forrest Anker, Maria Matsangou, and Francis J. Giles. "Association of activated B-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment with regulatory T-cell (Treg) infiltration, but not macrophages polarization in immunogenic human cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e23174-e23174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e23174.
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e23174 Background: We reported an inverse association between tumor-infiltrating B and CD8 T cells in human cancers. Preclinical studies suggested that B cells regulate T cell activities via activation of Treg cells and alternative polarization of macrophages. In this study, we investigated the relationship between B cell infiltration, Treg cell infiltration, and macrophage polarization in five human cancers approved for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors by the FDA. Methods: mRNA expression scores of 812 immune-related genes from the TCGA database were analyzed to calculate tumor infiltrating cells in 2951 patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, skin melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (Angelova et al., 2015). Expression patterns of Treg markers and M1/M2 phenotypic macrophage polarization markers were compared in relation to the presence of activated B cells (ActB) in human tumor tissues. Odds ratios (OR) of the numbers of tumors with versus without Treg cell infiltration by the presence of ActB cells were calculated. Results: Infiltration by ActB cells was significantly correlated with Treg cell infiltration in human cancers (OR=10.86, p<0.001). In lung adenocarcinoma, ActB cells also demonstrated a significant association with myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, p<0.05). Tumors infiltrated by ActB cells had significantly elevated expressions of Treg markers and suppressive cytokines (Table), but not macrophage polarization markers. No significant changes in survival outcomes were noted. Conclusions: We report for the first time an association between B cells and Treg cells in human immunogenic cancer tissues. ActB cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment was positively correlated to Treg cell infiltration, but not macrophages polarization in immunogenic human cancers. [Table: see text]
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Loi, Sherene, Nicolas Sirtaine, Fanny Piette, Roberto Salgado, Giuseppe Viale, Françoise Van Eenoo, Ghizlane Rouas, et al. "Prognostic and Predictive Value of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in a Phase III Randomized Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trial in Node-Positive Breast Cancer Comparing the Addition of Docetaxel to Doxorubicin With Doxorubicin-Based Chemotherapy: BIG 02-98." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 7 (March 1, 2013): 860–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.41.0902.
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Purpose Previous preclinical and clinical data suggest that the immune system influences prognosis and response to chemotherapy (CT); however, clinical relevance has yet to be established in breast cancer (BC). We hypothesized that increased lymphocytic infiltration would be associated with good prognosis and benefit from immunogenic CT—in this case, anthracycline-only CT—in selected BC subtypes. Patients and Methods We investigated the relationship between quantity and location of lymphocytic infiltrate at diagnosis with clinical outcome in 2009 node-positive BC samples from the BIG 02-98 adjuvant phase III trial comparing anthracycline-only CT (doxorubicin followed by cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil [CMF] or doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide followed by CMF) versus CT combining doxorubicin and docetaxel (doxorubicin plus docetaxel followed by CMF or doxorubicin followed by docetaxel followed by CMF). Readings were independently performed by two pathologists. Disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and interaction with type of CT associations were studied. Median follow-up was 8 years. Results There was no significant prognostic association in the global nor estrogen receptor (ER) –positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –negative population. However, each 10% increase in intratumoral and stromal lymphocytic infiltrations was associated with 17% and 15% reduced risk of relapse (adjusted P = .1 and P = .025), respectively, and 27% and 17% reduced risk of death in ER-negative/HER2-negative BC regardless of CT type (adjusted P = .035 and P = .023), respectively. In HER2-positive BC, there was a significant interaction between increasing stromal lymphocytic infiltration (10% increments) and benefit with anthracycline-only CT (DFS, interaction P = .042; OS, P = .018). Conclusion In node-positive, ER-negative/HER2-negative BC, increasing lymphocytic infiltration was associated with excellent prognosis. Further validation of the clinical utility of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in this context is warranted. Our data also support the evaluation of immunotherapeutic approaches in selected BC subtypes.
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Nakahara, Yukiko, Hiroshi Ito, Motofumi Koguchi, Tomihiro Wakamiya, Jun Masuoka, and Tatsuya Abe. "NI-18 INVASIONS OF WHITE MATTER AS A PROGNOSTIC FACTOR IN LOW GRADE GLIOMAS." Neuro-Oncology Advances 1, Supplement_2 (December 2019): ii28—ii29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdz039.129.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION Gliomatosis cerebri (GC), which was characterized by widespread infiltration of the brain involving three lobes, was deleted in the 2016 WHO classification. However, it is known that gliomas with GC growth pattern have a poor prognosis even in low histological grading. In this study, we focused on tumor invasion into white matter fibers. We analyzed the MRI findings focusing on white matter fibers and compared in patients with histologically proven low grade gliomas (LGGs) with GC pattern and localized LGGs. METHOD The patients can be classified into four groups according to the range of tumor invasion in T2-weighted image as follows: group 1, more than 3 lobes (n=6); group 2, 1 or 2 lobes infiltrate the basal ganglia (n=5); group 3, multicentric (n=2) and group 4 (n=12), localized. In reference to the human brain white matter atlas, the infiltration to the major white matter fibers (uncinate fasciculus, genu &splenium of corpus callosum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior& inferior longitudinal fasciculus) was examined. RESULTS Twenty-five patients (median 39.5 years) were included in the study. Of these, 20 patients were histologically diagnosed with diffuse astrocytomas, and 5 patients with oligodendrogliomas. The infiltrations into ifo, slf, and ilf of white matter fibers were a poor prognostic factor. The number of infiltrating white matter fibers correlated significantly with the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. CONCLUSIONS The 2016 WHO classification defines diagnostic entities by combining molecular and histological information and remove GC as a distinct glioma entity. LGGs with GC pattern should be considered to be detected in different types of histologically and molecularly defined gliomas. As the patient numbers analyzed here were small, and larger series reproducing these results would be desirable. MRI findings particularly focusing on infiltration of LGGs into white matter fibers might be important to estimate the prognosis of patients.
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Gerlach, Magdalena M., Darius Juskevicius, Visar Vela, Stefan Dirnhofer, and Alexandar Tzankov. "Bone Marrow Infiltration of Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma: Identification and Prognostic Impact of Histologic Patterns and Diagnostic Application of Ancillary Phenotypic and Molecular Analyses." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 144, no. 5 (September 26, 2019): 602–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2019-0007-oa.
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Context.— Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas originate from T follicular helper cells and express respective markers (BCL6, CD10, CXCL13, ICOS, and PD-1). Although commonly present, bone marrow involvement by angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma can be diagnostically challenging. Additionally, only little is known about the distribution of T follicular helper cells in healthy and reactively changed bone marrows or in samples affected by other lymphomas. Objective.— To establish a diagnostic approach to reliably identify bone marrow infiltration of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Design.— We analyzed the morphologic infiltration pattern and the expression of T follicular helper-cell markers in 42 matched paired lymph node and bone marrow samples and applied comparative clonality testing. Furthermore, we studied the expression of BCL6 and PD-1 in a control cohort of healthy, reactively changed, and otherwise affected bone marrows. Results.— We identified 3 different bone marrow infiltration patterns correlating with overall survival (interstitial/micronodular infiltration with or without eosinophilia and diffuse infiltration with eosinophilia). The matched pairs showed a consistent (co)expression of PD-1 and BCL6 with a generally weaker expression in the bone marrow than in the lymph nodes. Comparative clonality testing was helpful in only a minority of cases. Infiltrates of the most important differential diagnoses contained either PD-1– or BCL6-positive tumor-infiltrating cells, but no coexpressing cells. Conclusions.— Bone marrow infiltration by angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma displays 3 different patterns that correlate with prognosis. BCL6 and PD-1 can be reliably used to identify lymphoma infiltrates and to help rule out several differential diagnoses. Comparative clonality testing rarely provides additional value and cannot replace morphologic and phenotypic analyses.
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Bai, Johnny Wei, Dong An, Anahi Perlas, and Vincent Chan. "Adjuncts to local anesthetic wound infiltration for postoperative analgesia: a systematic review." Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 45, no. 8 (May 30, 2020): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-101593.
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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly infiltrated into surgical wounds for postsurgical analgesia. While many adjuncts to LA agents have been studied, it is unclear which adjuncts are most effective for co-infiltration to improve and prolong analgesia. We performed a systematic review on adjuncts (excluding epinephrine) to local infiltrative anesthesia to determine their analgesic efficacy and opioid-sparing properties. Multiple databases were searched up to December 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two reviewers independently performed title/abstract screening and full-text review. Inclusion criteria were (1) adult surgical patients and (2) adjunct and LA agents infiltration into the surgical wound or subcutaneous tissue for postoperative analgesia. To focus on wound infiltration, studies on intra-articular, peri-tonsillar, or fascial plane infiltration were excluded. The primary outcome was reduction in postoperative opioid requirement. Secondary outcomes were time-to-first analgesic use, postoperative pain score, and any reported adverse effects. We screened 6670 citations, reviewed 126 full-text articles, and included 89 RCTs. Adjuncts included opioids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroids, alpha-2 agonists, ketamine, magnesium, neosaxitoxin, and methylene blue. Alpha-2 agonists have the most evidence to support their use as adjuncts to LA infiltration. Fentanyl, ketorolac, dexamethasone, magnesium and several other agents show potential as adjuncts but require more evidence. Most studies support the safety of these agents. Our findings suggest benefits of several adjuncts to local infiltrative anesthesia for postoperative analgesia. Further well-powered RCTs are needed to compare various infiltration regimens and agents.Protocol registrationPROSPERO (CRD42018103851) (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=103851)
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Brandt, Sabine, Tobias M. Ballhause, Anja Bernhardt, Annika Becker, Delia Salaru, Hien Minh Le-Deffge, Alexander Fehr, et al. "Fibrosis and Immune Cell Infiltration Are Separate Events Regulated by Cell-Specific Receptor Notch3 Expression." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 11 (August 28, 2020): 2589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2019121289.
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BackgroundKidney injuries that result in chronic inflammation initiate crosstalk between stressed resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. In animal models, whole-body receptor Notch3 deficiency protects from leukocyte infiltration and organ fibrosis. However, the relative contribution of Notch3 expression in tissue versus infiltrating immune cells is unknown.MethodsChimeric mice deficient for Notch3 in hematopoietic cells and/or resident tissue cells were generated, and kidney fibrosis and inflammation after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were analyzed. Adoptive transfer of labeled bone marrow–derived cells validated the results in a murine Leishmania ear infection model. In vitro adhesion assays, integrin activation, and extracellular matrix production were analyzed.ResultsFibrosis follows UUO, but inflammatory cell infiltration mostly depends upon Notch3 expression in hematopoietic cells, which coincides with an enhanced proinflammatory milieu (e.g., CCL2 and CCL5 upregulation). Notch3 expression on CD45+ leukocytes plays a prominent role in efficient cell transmigration. Functionally, leukocyte adhesion and integrin activation are abrogated in the absence of receptor Notch3. Chimeric animal models also reveal that tubulointerstitial fibrosis develops, even in the absence of prominent leukocyte infiltrates after ureteral obstruction. Deleting Notch3 receptors on resident cells blunts kidney fibrosis, ablates NF-κB signaling, and lessens matrix deposition.ConclusionsCell-specific receptor Notch3 signaling independently orchestrates leukocyte infiltration and organ fibrosis. Interference with Notch3 signaling may present a novel therapeutic approach in inflammatory as well as fibrotic diseases.
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Rasulic, Lukas, and Milan Jovanovic. "Surgical treatment and dilemmas in the treatment of basal cell carcinomas with intracranial propagation." Vojnosanitetski pregled 71, no. 11 (2014): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp1411045r.
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Background/Aim. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common malignant skin tumors on the head in 90% of cases and is characterized by a high local infiltrating potential and destructive growth. The aim of this study was to show the characteristics of a correlation between pathohistological types of basal cell carcinoma and the size of this lesion, aggressiveness and infiltration of basal cell carcinoma, and its effect on the course of the therapy. Methods. We analyzed 27 patients operated on for BCC that affected the scalp and the bone. We described and considered the clinical characteristics (size, depth of invasion), duration and speed of intracranial propagation and then made comparison with the type of BCC. We described the extent of surgical treatment and the width of excision to determine the best course of the treatment. The patients went through examinations during the next three years. Results. According to the histopathological type the most common tumors were: infiltrative (60.2%), noduloinfiltrative (37.2%), and morpheaform (2.6%). Tumors were clinically manifested as ulcerative lesions, ulcus rodens and ulcus terebrans. Tumor diameters ranged from 2 to 25 cm. The depth of intracranial propagation depended on the histological type and tumor size. Most relapses (35%) occurred with morpheaform type of BCC. In 17 of the cases, BCC affected the bone without intracranial propagation. In 10 of the cases, basalioma infiltrated intracranial space - in 8 of the cases it infiltrated the dura and in 6 of the cases the brain parenchyma, of which in two of them, the superior sagittal sinus was affected and had to be surgically tied off. Conclusion. The aggressiveness and infiltration of basal cell carcinoma into the brain parenchyma is directly linked to the histological type and the size of the tumor. The larger the basalioma or if histopathological findings confirm morpheaform type of basalioma the larger surrounding healthy tissue, sometimes more than 3 cm in diameter, needs to be removed. In cases of these tumors postoperative radiotherapy is recommended.
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Movrin, Dejan, Ognjan Luzanin, and Vera Guduric. "Using statistically designed experiment to optimize vacuum-assisted post-processing of binder jetted specimens." Rapid Prototyping Journal 25, no. 3 (April 8, 2019): 653–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-07-2018-0177.
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PurposeThis paper aims to propose a vacuum-assisted post-processing method for use in binder jetted technology. The method is based on six key technological parameters and uses standard, commercially available consumables to achieve improvement in tensile strength, as well as the microstructure and porosity of the infiltrated matrix.Design/methodology/approachSix key technological parameters were systematically varied as factors on three levels, using design of experiment, i.e. definitive screening design. Surface response methodology was used to optimize the process and yield optimal tensile strength for the given range of input factors. Thus obtained, the optimized factor settings were used in a set of confirmation runs, where the result of optimization was experimentally confirmed. To confirm improvement in microstructure of the infiltrated matrix, SEM analysis was performed, while the reduction of porosity was analyzed using mercury porosimetry.FindingsThe obtained results indicate that, compared to its conventional counterpart, the proposed, optimized infiltration method yields improvement in tensile strength which is significant from both the statistical and engineering point of view, while reducing porosity by 3.5 times, using only standard consumables. Scanning electron microscopy examination of fractured specimens’ micrographs also revealed significant morphological differences between the conventional and proposed method of post-processing. This primarily reflects in higher surface area under hardened epoxy infiltrate, which contributes to increased load capacity of specimen cross-section.Research limitations/implicationsAt the present stage of development, the most important limitation of the proposed method is the overall size of models which can be accommodated in standard vacuum impregnation units. Although, in this study, the infiltration method did not prove statistically significant, further investigation is required with models of complex geometry, various sizes and mass arrangements, where infiltration would be more challenging and could possibly result in different findings.Practical implicationsThe most important practical implication of this study is the experimentally verified result of optimization, which showed that tensile strength and matrix microstructure can be significantly improved, using just standard consumables.Social implicationsImproved strength contributes to reduction of material consumption, which, in a longer run, can be beneficial for environment protection and sustainable development.Originality/valueBased on literature review, there have been no previous investigations which studied the tensile strength of infiltrated specimens through design of experiment, which involved specimen preheating temperature, level and duration of vacuum treatment of infiltrate mixture and infiltrated specimens and infiltration method.
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Y.*, Olotu, Parker-Ikharo F, Rodiya A.A., Evboifo N.O, and Jibril A.A. "Development and Calibration of Automated Multiple-Ring Infiltrometer." Indian Journal of Production and Thermal Engineering 1, no. 3 (August 10, 2021): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijpte.c2016.081321.
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An automatic triple-ring infiltrometer was developed using a set of pre-set sensors and transducer (AP 403, AP 404, AP 405 and AP 406, RAP001 and RAP002). The aluminum probe sensors were graduated and arranged in series to monitor the rate at which water is infiltrating into the soil layer. The working principle of automatic triple-ring infiltrometer was developed using six probes with depth calibration of 1.0mm, 26.7 mm, 12.4 mm, and 12.7 mm, respectively. The result obtained showed strong agreement with a coefficient of determination R2= 0.963, indicating positive proportionality between cumulative infiltration and time taken for the water to infiltrate at different depths. The instrument has a measuring accuracy of ± 0.3mm infiltration depth. The device works effectively under biochar amended soil and other soil formations with high precision. Accurate infiltration data generated by the instrument would be applied to estimate the depth of water available to plant and predict possible agricultural drought.
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Sabbatino, Francesco, Lucia Milham, Vikram Deshpande, Ioannis T. Konstantinidis, Andrew X. Zhu, Daniela Dias Santos, Nabeel Bardeesy, et al. "Variability in immune infiltrates and HLA expression in cholangiocarcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 32, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2014): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2014.32.3_suppl.230.
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230 Background: Cholangiocarcinoma continues to have a dismal prognosis. The lack of effective therapy prompted us to determine whether patients develop an immune response against their own tumors. The aim of this study is to evaluate the CD8 infiltrate and expression of HLA class I antigen processing machinery (APM) components in cholangiocarcinoma. The HLA class I antigen processing machinery (APM) components play a crucial role in expression of HLA class I tumor antigen derived peptide complexes. These complexes mediate the recognition of tumor cells by cognate T cells. Defects in the expression of HLA class I APM components by tumor cells suggests that the infiltrating lymphocytes impose selective pressure on tumor cells. This selective pressure would facilitate the outgrowth of tumors by escaping T cell recognition. Methods: Retrospective review of clinicopathologic factors was performed for 18 peripheral cholangiocarcinomas. Formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tumors were evaluated for the content of lymphocyte infiltrates and for the expression of HLA class I APM components. Results: Eighteen patients underwent a partial hepatectomy for peripheral cholangiocarcinoma of whom 10 were female. Median age was 63yo. The majority of patients had node negative tumors (10/12). All tumors had lymphocytic infiltration. Median number of lymphocytes in the fibrous septae between tumor lobules was 42 CD8 T cells per 10 high power field, but only 4 CD8 T cells within tumor lobules. HLA class I APM components was defective and not detected in three tumors, all of which were poorly differentiated. HLA expression was down regulated in 9 tumors. HLA expression was in normal range in the remaining 6 tumors. Median overall survival has not been reached. Conclusions: Lymphocytic infiltrates were seen in all resected cholangiocarcinoma specimens. The loss of HLA class I APM component expression in cholangiocarcinoma suggests that infiltrating lymphocytes reflect a patient’s immune response to his/her tumor. This information provides a sound rationale to consider immunotherapy in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma, specifically with antibodies to check point molecules which enhance patients’ immune response against his own tumors.
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Merzkirch, Matthias, Pascal Pinter, Stefan Dietrich, and Kay André Weidenmann. "Interpenetrating Freeze Cast Composites: Correlation between Structural and Mechanical Characteristics." Materials Science Forum 825-826 (July 2015): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.825-826.109.
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Ceramic freeze cast preforms based on alumina show an anisotropic behavior due to directional freezing during preform production. Beside the specific characteristics such as alumina content and lamellae spacing also the distribution of the so-called domains – regions with a relatively homogeneous orientation of alumina lamellae – play an important role considering stiffness and strength. The gas pressure infiltration process was used for infiltrating the freeze cast preforms with a eutectic aluminum/silicon alloy with a low melting point. Selected regions taken from the freeze cast preform have been analyzed via X-ray micro computed tomography (µCT) prior to the infiltration due to a higher contrast in comparison to the infiltrated preforms. The orientation of the lamellae has been determined from the three dimensional data with an algorithm which is based on the structure tensor. The mechanical stability - in terms of the strength - of the infiltrated preforms has been quantified via quasi static compression tests on cuboid samples. The results show a good agreement between the orientation of the lamellae distribution and the maximum strength of the preform which could also be verified using an analytical model.
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Mahadevappa, Asha, Vanisri H. Raghavan, Sunila Ravishankar, and Gubbanna V. Manjunath. "Congenital Infiltrating Lipomatosis of the Face: A Case Report." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/134646.
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Congenital infiltrating lipomatosis of the face is a rare lesion that comprises a subgroup of lipomatous tumor-like lesions of infancy and childhood. It is characterized by (1) no encapsulation, (2) diffuse infiltration of mature adipose tissue over normal muscle fiber and surrounding structures of face, (3) osseous hyperplasia of subjacent bone, and (4) a high recurrence rate. We report a case of a nine-month-old infant who presented with swelling over right face since birth. Early diagnosis of this lesion provides better surgical approach to control the infiltrative nature of its growth with recurrence and aesthetic appearance.
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Cui, Ben Cang, Jing Li, Hui Ning Wang, Yuan Hua Lin, Yang Shen, Ming Li, and Ce Wen Nan. "Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Infiltrated-Feldspar for Restorative Composite CAD/CAM Blocks." Key Engineering Materials 697 (July 2016): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.697.648.
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Polymer-infiltrated-feldspar used for restorative composite CAD/CAM blocks were prepared by infiltrating polymerizable monomers into the partially sintered feldspar blocks. The flexural strength was tested according to the standard of ISO-4049. The micro-structure was examined by SEM. The effects of sintering temperature, high pressure and the addition of SiO2 and Al2O3 on the ultimate flexural strength were evaluated. The flexural strength corresponding to infiltration with pressure was much higher than that without pressure at high sintering temperature. The addition of SiO2 and Al2O3 into the natural feldspar mineral increased the flexural strength of the blocks significantly.
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Coscia, Ilaria, Niklas Linde, Stewart Greenhalgh, Tobias Vogt, and Alan Green. "Estimating traveltimes and groundwater flow patterns using 3D time-lapse crosshole ERT imaging of electrical resistivity fluctuations induced by infiltrating river water." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): E239—E250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0328.1.
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The infiltration of river water into aquifers is of high relevance to drinking-water production and is a key driver of biogeochemical processes in the hyporheic and riparian zone, but the distribution and quantification of the infiltrating water are difficult to determine using conventional hydrological methods (e.g., borehole logging and tracer tests). By time-lapse inverting crosshole ERT (electrical resistivity tomography) monitoring data, we imaged groundwater flow patterns driven by river water infiltrating a perialpine gravel aquifer in northeastern Switzerland. This was possible because the electrical resistivity of the infiltrating water changed during rainfall-runoff events. Our time-lapse resistivity models indicated rather complex flow patterns as a result of spatially heterogeneous bank filtration and aquifer heterogeneity. The upper part of the aquifer was most affected by the river infiltrate, and the highest groundwater velocities and possible preferential flow occurred at shallow to intermediate depths. Time series of the reconstructed resistivity models matched groundwater electrical resistivity data recorded on borehole loggers in the upper and middle parts of the aquifer, whereas the resistivity models displayed smaller variations and delayed responses with respect to the logging data in the lower part. This study demonstrated that crosshole ERT monitoring of natural electrical resistivity variations of river infiltrate could be used to image and quantify 3D bank filtration and aquifer dynamics at a high spatial resolution.
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Pupa, S. M., R. Bufalino, A. M. Invernizzi, S. Andreola, F. Rilke, L. Lombardi, M. I. Colnaghi, and S. Ménard. "Macrophage infiltrate and prognosis in c-erbB-2-overexpressing breast carcinomas." Journal of Clinical Oncology 14, no. 1 (January 1996): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1996.14.1.85.
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PURPOSE Experiments were designed to investigate the association between tumor leukocytic infiltrates with other pathologic and biologic variables in primary tumors and with prognosis, and to define the phenotype of the infiltrating leukocytes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective series of 1,207 primary breast carcinomas was studied according to different prognostic variables, including the presence of lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate (LPI). LPI was analyzed in association with other variables and survival. Additionally, a small prospective series of surgical specimens from 75 primary breast carcinomas with infiltrating leukocytes was tested by immunohistochemistry on frozen sections to phenotypically characterize the infiltrate, using anti-CD reagents, and the tumor, using anti-c-erbB-2 oncoprotein monoclonal antibody. RESULTS In the retrospective series, menopausal status, nodal status, tumor size, stage, grade, and p185HER2 overexpression but not LPI were found to be associated with prognosis and maintained their prognostic significance in a multivariate analysis. LPI was significantly associated with some of these independent prognostic factors, such as tumor size (P = .03), stage (P = .004), grade III carcinomas (P < .000001), and overexpression of the p185HER2 (P < .000001). In some subgroups of patients in whom LPI was found more frequently, such as grade III cases or N- and c-erbB-2-positive cases, LPI was found to be indicative of a good prognosis (P = .008 and P = .03, respectively). Phenotypic analysis of the infiltrating leukocytes revealed a preponderance of macrophages in high-grade (P = .05) or c-erbB-2-positive (P = .008) tumors, whereas T cells constituted most of the infiltrate in the other tumors. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate different leukocytic types in the infiltrate of breast tumors with different prognostic significance.
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Bachireddy, Pavan, Ursula Hainz, Michael Rooney, Olga Pozdnyakova, Julie Aldridge, W. Nicholas Haining, Natalie R. Goldstein, et al. "Reversal of T Cell Exhaustion in Pre-Treatment Marrow T Cells Is Associated with Effective Graft-Versus-Leukemia Responses to Donor Lymphocyte Infusion." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.1903.1903.
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Abstract Abstract 1903 Donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) can provide curative treatment for relapsed hematologic malignancies following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). However, the precise mechanism by which DLI eliminates leukemia cells in vivo has not been established. We hypothesized that marrow-infiltrating immune populations play a critical role in DLI responses since marrow is the primary site of disease and a reservoir of high-avidity antigen-specific memory T cells that can recognize tumor antigens, therefore potentially mediating graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) responses. We performed immunohistochemical staining of immune cells in serial marrow biopsies collected before and after DLI from 29 patients with relapsed CML. Twenty-two patients achieved cytogenetic remission within twelve months (‘responders’) while 7 patients demonstrated persistent disease (‘non-responders’). While no significant changes in the numbers of circulating T cells were seen between patient groups following DLI, the median number of marrow-infiltrating CD8+ T cells increased 2-fold in responders but remained unchanged in non-responders (P=0.02), demonstrating that clinical response to DLI is associated with T cell responses at the site of disease that may not be apparent in the peripheral blood. To investigate whether immune cell infiltration of the marrow could predict DLI response, we compared pre-treatment samples from both patient groups. Responders exhibited significantly higher proportions of CD8+ T cells in pre-DLI marrow compared to non-responders (5% vs 2.5%; P=0.01). Because disease burden is a known risk factor for ineffectual DLI response, we evaluated the interaction between disease burden and pre-existing CD8+ T cell infiltrate through the clinical course of 8 patients with high (≥70%) pre-treatment marrow cellularity. Three of 8 had ≥5% CD8+ T cell marrow infiltrates, and all 3 subsequently achieved cytogenetic remission. In contrast, 5 of 8 patients had <5% CD8+ T cell infiltrates, and all failed to show a cytogenetic response. ROC analysis of the entire original patient cohort using disease burden and CD8+ T cell infiltrate criteria (pre-DLI cellularity ≤70% or CD8+ T cell ≥5%) revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 100% in predicting responsiveness to DLI. These findings highlight the use of CD8+ T cell marrow infiltration as a new predictive marker for DLI response and suggest that immune status can overcome the adverse influence of high disease burden in therapeutic response. To identify candidate mechanisms underlying T cell responses to DLI, we performed mRNA expression profiling of CD3+ T cells isolated from matched pre- and post-treatment marrows of 4 responders and 2 non-responders (U133+ Affymetrix cDNA microarrays). We first compared global gene expression patterns between pre-treatment marrow-infiltrating T cells of both groups. Notably, 28% of significantly upregulated genes in responders play critical roles in T cell exhaustion. This finding was strengthened by unbiased gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using 880 sets from the Molecular Signatures Database spiked with 17 additional specifically curated T cell exhaustion sets. Four of 15 positively enriched sets were T cell exhaustion-specific. We next compared differential gene expression in marrow-infiltrating T cells before and after therapy in responders compared to non-responders and found 21% of significantly down-regulated genes to be components within T cell exhaustion pathways along with repression of multiple, distinct T cell exhaustion gene sets. The robust reversibility of T cell exhaustion signatures after DLI therapy underscores this gene module as a likely therapeutic target of DLI. In conclusion, CD8+ T cell marrow infiltration may serve as a novel predictive marker of response to DLI, including patients with high disease burden. In addition, these data implicate T cell exhaustion in distinguishing responders from non-responders and, provocatively, propose reversal of T cell exhaustion as a potential marker of DLI responsiveness in patients with relapsed CML after HSCT. These studies illustrate the importance of local immune responses at the site of disease and suggest a potential tool to predict DLI response in other hematologic malignancies. The clinical debut of newer agents that reverse T cell exhaustion suggests their use in lieu of DLI to promote GvL responses after allogeneic HSCT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Paus, Kim H., Tone M. Muthanna, and Bent C. Braskerud. "The hydrological performance of bioretention cells in regions with cold climates: seasonal variation and implications for design." Hydrology Research 47, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.084.
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Three bioretention cells in Norway were monitored for 23 to 36 months to evaluate the hydrological performance of bioretention cells operated in regions with cold climates and to test if cell size equations can be used to predict hydrological performance. Values of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were determined for separate events by analyzing the observed infiltration rates and via infiltration tests. The two cells with the highest Ksat values (15.9 and 45.0 cm/h) performed excellently during the study period infiltrating nearly all of the incoming runoff. In contrast, the cell with low Ksat value (1.3 cm/h) infiltrated barely half of the incoming runoff. The latter cell had a clear seasonal variation in hydrological performance relating to changes in the Ksat values over the year. The size equation that gave the best predictions of the observed hydrological performance accounts for both surface storage and infiltration. By using this equation to evaluate various bioretention cell designs, it was found that the most effective way to increase the hydrologic performance is to have a Ksat value above 10 cm/h.
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Cheong, C. J., and M. Okada. "Effects of spilled oil on the tidal flat ecosystem - evaluation of wave and tidal actions using a tidal flat simulator." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0087.
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The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects of wave and tidal actions on the penetration of spilled oil stranded on tidal flats and to evaluate the influence of the penetrated oil on seawater infiltration using tidal flat simulator. A simulator used was composed of tidal flat, wave maker, tide controlling device, temperature controlling system and computer controlling system. The infiltrations of seawater and fuel oil C into tidal flats were visualized using transparent glass beads as tidal flat sediments. Penetration behaviour of the spilled oil into the sediments was significantly different from that of seawater. Seawater infiltrated into the sediments both by wave action and tidal fluctuation, while fuel oil C penetrated by tidal movement only. The infiltration of seawater was reduced by penetrated oil. This result indicates that the penetrated oil diminishes infiltration of seawater into the sediments and thus results in the reduction in the supply of oxygen, nutrients, and organic matterto the benthic organisms in tidal flat.