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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Inferentialsm

Academic literature on the topic 'Inferentialsm'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Inferentialsm"

1

Bonilla, Jesús Zamora. "Science as a Persuasion Game: An Inferentialist Approach." Episteme 2, no. 3 (October 2006): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/epi.2005.2.3.189.

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ABSTRACTScientific research is reconstructed as a language game along the lines of Robert Brandom's inferentialism. Researchers are assumed to aim at persuading their colleagues of the validity of some claims. The assertions each scientist is allowed or committed to make depend on her previous claims and on the inferential norms of her research community. A classification of the most relevant types of inferential rules governing such a game is offered, and some ways in which this inferentialist approach can be used for assessing scientific knowledge and practices are explored. Some similarities and differences with a game-theoretic analysis are discussed.

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Lo Presti, Patrizio. "Leave inference alone: Direct inferential social cognition." Theory & Psychology 30, no. 2 (March 5, 2020): 186–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354320908337.

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Direct perception and theory–theory approaches to social cognition are opposed with respect to whether social cognition is inferential. The latter argues that it is inferential, the former that it is not. This article argues that the opposition in terms of inference is mistaken. A sense of inference is specified on which social cognition can be inferential and directly perceptual. Arguing for inferential social cognition does not commit to a defense of indirect social cognition if inferential access to other minds can be direct. Contrary convictions are symptomatic of working with too simplistic a notion of inference. The dispute between direct and inferentialist social cognition is one in which both sides can be right. The argument, then, is that inferentialism should not be called on to witness in favor or disfavor of advocates of either direct or indirect social cognition.

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Veluwenkamp, Herman. "Inferentialist Truth Pluralism." Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 24, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10677-020-10145-5.

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AbstractMetasemantic inferentialism has gained popularity in the last few decades. Traditionally, inferentialism is combined with a deflationary attitude towards semantic terms such as truth and reference, i.e., many inferentialists hold that when we use these semantic terms we do not purport to refer to substantive properties. This combination makes inferentialism attractive for philosophers who see themselves as antirealists. Although the attractions of combining inferentialism and deflationism are easy to see, deflationism is also a controversial position. For one, deflationists maintain that truth is an insubstantive property, but it is not altogether clear what an insubstantive property is. Secondly, as deflationists maintain that truth does not play an explanatory role, it is incompatible with the position that truth can explain the normativity of truth talk. Given that deflationism faces these objections, it would be preferable if the success of inferentialism did not depend on the deflationist’s ability to respond to these objections. I argue that someone attracted to inferentialism for its ability to accommodate antirealist intuitions about a domain (e.g. morality) is not committed to deflationism about truth. More specifically, I will show that inferentialism combined with a straightforward account of inferentialist truth-conditions is compatible with a version of truth pluralism. I call this position Inferentialist Truth Pluralism.

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Calude, Andreea S., and Gerald P. Delahunty. "Inferentials in spoken English." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 21, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 307–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.21.3.02cal.

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Although there is a growing body of research on inferential sentences (Declerck 1992, Delahunty 1990, 1995, 2001, Koops 2007, Pusch 2006), most of this research has been on their forms and functions in written discourse. This has left a gap with regards to their range of structural properties and allowed disagreement over their analysis to linger without a conclusive resolution. Most accounts regard the inferential as a type of it-cleft (Declerck 1992, Delahunty 2001, Huddleston and Pullum 2002, Lambrecht 2001), while a few view it as an instance of extraposition (Collins 1991, Schmid 2009). More recently, Pusch’s work in Romance languages proposes the inferential is used as a discourse marker (2006, forthcoming). Based on a corpus study of examples from spoken New Zealand English, the current paper provides a detailed analysis of the formal and discoursal properties of several sub-types of inferentials (positive, negative, as if and like inferentials). We show that despite their apparent formal differences from the prototypical cleft, inferentials are nevertheless best analysed as a type of cleft, though this requires a minor reinterpretation of “cleft construction.” We show how similar the contextualized interpretations of clefts and inferentials are and how these are a function of their lexis and syntax.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Inferentialism Naturalized." Philosophical Topics 50, no. 1 (2022): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics20225013.

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Brandom’s inferentialism explains meaning in terms of inferential rules. As he insists that “the normative” (including meanings) is not reducible to “the natural,” inferentialism would seem an unlikely ally of naturalism. However, in this paper I suggest that Brandom’s theory of language harbors insights which can promote a naturalistic theory of meaning and language, and that a naturalistic version of Brandom’s inferentialism might have great potential. Also I sketch the lines along which such a theory could be built.

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McDowell, John. "Motivating inferentialism." Pragmatics of Making it Explicit 13, no. 1 (August 8, 2005): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.13.1.10mcd.

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Brandom’s attempt to motivate inferentialism is found wanting on a number of grounds, including a skepticism about how much recommendation for inferentialism can be derived from the evident unsatisfactoriness of the representationalism Brandom contrasts it with, which seems to be a straw man. Brandom’s appeal to authorities (Sellars, Frege, Dummett) falls flat; in particular, his reading of Frege’s early work as inferentialist in Brandom’s sense is a misinterpretation. Given the programmatic character of Brandom’s recommendation for inferentialism, the quality of the motivation he offers for it matters more than he has acknowledged.

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Khalifa, Kareem, Jared Millson, and Mark Risjord. "Scientific Representation: An Inferentialist-Expressivist Manifesto." Philosophical Topics 50, no. 1 (2022): 263–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics202250112.

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This essay presents a fully inferentialist-expressivist account of scientific representation. In general, inferentialist approaches to scientific representation argue that the capacity of a model to represent a target system depends on inferences from models to target systems (surrogative inference). Inferentialism is attractive because it makes the epistemic function of models central to their representational capacity. Prior inferentialist approaches to scientific representation, however, have depended on some representational element, such as denotation or representational force. Brandom’s Making It Explicit provides a model of how to fully discharge such representational vocabulary, but it cannot be applied directly to scientific representations. Pursuing a strategy parallel to Brandom’s, this essay begins with an account of how surrogative inference is justified. Scientific representation and the denotation of model elements are then explained in terms of surrogative inference by treating scientific representation and denotation as expressive, analogous to Brandom’s account of truth. The result is a thoroughgoing inferentialism: M is a scientific representation of T if and only if M has scientifically justified surrogative consequences that are answers to questions about T.

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Tebben, Nicholas. "Inferentialism is as Compositional as it Needs to be." Contemporary Pragmatism 18, no. 3 (November 17, 2021): 263–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18758185-bja10015.

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Abstract Normative inferentialism is a semantic theory according to which the meaning of an expression is, or is determined by, its proper inferential role. Critics of inferentialism often argue that it violates the principle of compositionality, and that it is therefore unable to explain some important linguistic data. I have two tasks in this paper: the first is to demonstrate that inferentialism, appearances perhaps to the contrary, does not violate the principle of compositionality, and the second is to explain why this demonstration is unlikely to mollify critics of inferentialism. The dispute between inferentialists and their critics, I shall argue, is not about compositionality, it is a more fundamental dispute about the nature of representations.

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Warren, Mark Douglas. "Building bridges with words: an inferential account of ethical univocity." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 48, no. 3-4 (2018): 468–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2017.1422630.

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AbstractExplaining genuine moral disagreement is a challenge for metaethical theories. For expressivists, this challenge comes from the plausibility of agents making seemingly univocal claims while expressing incongruent conative attitudes. I argue that metaethical inferentialism – a deflationary cousin to expressivism, which locates meaning in the inferential import of our moral assertions rather than the attitudes they express – offers a unique solution to this problem. Because inferentialism doesn’t locate the source of moral disagreements in a clash between attitudes, but instead in conflicts between the inferential import of ethical assertions, the traditional problem for expressivism can be avoided. After considering two forms of inferentialism that lead to revenge versions of the problem, I conclude by recommending that we understand the semantics of moral disagreements pragmatically: the source of univocity does not come from moral or semantic facts waiting to be described, but instead from the needs that ethical and semantic discourses answer – a solution to the problems of what we are to do and how we are to talk about it.

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Delahunty, Gerald P., and Laura Gatzkiewicz. "On the Spanish inferential construction ser que." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.10.3.01del.

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Spanish (along with English and many other languages) has inferential sentences such as No es que no quiera: Es que no sabe querer, ‘It’s not that she doesn’t love; it’s that she doesn’t know how to love.’ We describe the grammar and pragmatics of these sentences and show how their pragmatic characteristics follow from their grammar and the principles of relevance theory. Inferentials consist of a finite clause embedded as the complement of an expletive copular matrix clause, which may be modified by a focusing particle and/or a negator. Inferentials function as metalinguistic devices which characterize the relevance of the proposition represented by their clause to the processing of an utterance. Negative inferentials characterize that proposition as likely to be considered in the processing but they deny its relevance; positive inferentials characterize the proposition as unlikely to be considered but they assert its relevance. The inferential proposition may be interpreted as an implicated premise or conclusion. If it is taken as an implicated premise then it may be further interpreted as an explanation, reason, or cause; if it is taken as an implicated conclusion then it may be further interpreted as a result, consequence, or conclusion. It may also be taken as a (re)interpretation or reformulation of the target utterance.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Inferentialsm"

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Steinberger, Florian. "Harmony and logical inferentialism." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611346.

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Fogdall, Stephen Andrew. "Inferential justification /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5700.

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Bearth, Thomas. "Inferential and counter-inferential grammatical markers in Swahili dialogue." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-96402.

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Naturally occurring dialogue is by far the most frequent manifestation of human speech and therefore has a legitimate claim to being regarded as a prime object of study in the sciences of language. Looking at the factors which determine the structure of natural dialogue, one cannot escape the conclusion that not only what is being said but also what is being inferred from what is said contributes towards determining the sequence and content of moves as well as the choice of grammatical features which are crucial for dialogue cohesion and for the interpretation of utterances in dialogue: `Constellations of surface features of message form are the means by which speakers signal and listeners interpret what the activity is, how semantic content is to be understood and how each sentence relates to what precedes follows.`

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Nasir, Imtiaz Hussain. "Multivariable inferential estimation." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273370.

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Brodie, K. A. "Inferential predictive control." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310173.

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NOZAWA, Masanobu. "INFERENTIAL MARKS IN THE VAIŚEṢIKASŪTRA." 名古屋大学印度哲学研究室 (Department of Indian Philosophy, University of Nagoya), 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19173.

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Mazzarella, D. "Inferential pragmatics and epistemic vigilance." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1471266/.

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Current research on linguistic communication is grounded on the well-established assumption that speakers typically communicate more than they linguistically encode (Grice, 1989). This raises the question of what sources of information and types of cognitive operation drive the recovery of the communicated meaning (or ‘speaker’s meaning’). In this thesis, I argue for the following two claims: (i) pragmatic interpretation is ‘inferential’ in the sense that it relies on two distinct stages of ‘hypothesis formation’ and ‘hypothesis confirmation’. While hypotheses about the speaker’s meaning are constructed on the basis of linguistic evidence and available contextual assumptions, they are assessed against a criterion of pragmatic acceptability based on consideration of the speaker’s mental states (i.e. her beliefs and intentions); (ii) This two-stage process is underpinned by the interaction of two distinct systems: a relevance-guided comprehension procedure (Sperber & Wilson, 1995; Wilson & Sperber, 2004) and epistemic vigilance mechanisms, which assess the quality of incoming information and the reliability of the individual who dispenses it (Sperber et al., 2010). On the basis of this work, I develop a new model of the relationship between comprehension and epistemic assessment, and discuss its implications for the unfolding of pragmatic and epistemic vigilance capacities in the child’s cognitive development, as well as the place of these systems in a modular view of the cognitive architecture of the mind. Finally, I uncover some significant methodological issues which arise in the current experimental pragmatics literature when the cognitive distinction between comprehension and epistemic assessment is overlooked.

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PFEIFFER, BRUCE E. "Omission Detection and Inferential Adjustment." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1212160169.

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Kirk, Paul. "Inferential stability in systems biology." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6455.

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The modern biological sciences are fraught with statistical difficulties. Biomolecular stochasticity, experimental noise, and the “large p, small n” problem all contribute to the challenge of data analysis. Nevertheless, we routinely seek to draw robust, meaningful conclusions from observations. In this thesis, we explore methods for assessing the effects of data variability upon downstream inference, in an attempt to quantify and promote the stability of the inferences we make. We start with a review of existing methods for addressing this problem, focusing upon the bootstrap and similar methods. The key requirement for all such approaches is a statistical model that approximates the data generating process. We move on to consider biomarker discovery problems. We present a novel algorithm for proposing putative biomarkers on the strength of both their predictive ability and the stability with which they are selected. In a simulation study, we find our approach to perform favourably in comparison to strategies that select on the basis of predictive performance alone. We then consider the real problem of identifying protein peak biomarkers for HAM/TSP, an inflammatory condition of the central nervous system caused by HTLV-1 infection. We apply our algorithm to a set of SELDI mass spectral data, and identify a number of putative biomarkers. Additional experimental work, together with known results from the literature, provides corroborating evidence for the validity of these putative biomarkers. Having focused on static observations, we then make the natural progression to time course data sets. We propose a (Bayesian) bootstrap approach for such data, and then apply our method in the context of gene network inference and the estimation of parameters in ordinary differential equation models. We find that the inferred gene networks are relatively unstable, and demonstrate the importance of finding distributions of ODE parameter estimates, rather than single point estimates.

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Fenton, William P. "On the Philosophy and Psychology of Reasoning and Rationality." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1574636850795921.

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Books on the topic "Inferentialsm"

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. Inferentialism. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962.

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Clifford, Collette. Inferential statistics. Oxford: Blackwell, [in association with] Open Learning Foundation, 1996.

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Inferentialism: Why rules matter. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

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Brandom, Robert. Articulating reasons: An introduction to inferentialism. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2000.

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Demetrius, Kantarelis, ed. Essentials of inferential statistics. 4th ed. Lanham: University Press of America, 2005.

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Sahu, Pradip Kumar, Santi Ranjan Pal, and Ajit Kumar Das. Estimation and Inferential Statistics. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2514-0.

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Inference, consequence, and meaning: Perspectives on inferentialism. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2012.

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J, Kearns Thomas, ed. Basic statistics: An inferential approach. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Dellen Pub. Co., 1989.

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J, Kearns Thomas, ed. Basic statistics: An inferential approach. 2nd ed. San Francisco, Calif: Dellen Pub. Co., 1986.

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Mukhopadhyay, Parimal. Inferential Problems in Survey Sampling. New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Inferentialsm"

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Inferentialism: State of Play." In Inferentialism, 1–17. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_1.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Rules of Logic." In Inferentialism, 204–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_10.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Logic and Reasoning." In Inferentialism, 222–37. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_11.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Words as Governed by Rules." In Inferentialism, 21–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_2.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Meanings as Inferential Roles." In Inferentialism, 43–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_3.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "The Rules of Language." In Inferentialism, 68–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_4.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Our Language Games." In Inferentialism, 92–117. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_5.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Rules and Evolution." In Inferentialism, 118–36. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_6.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Inference in logic." In Inferentialism, 139–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_7.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Logical Constants." In Inferentialism, 163–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137452962_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Inferentialsm"

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Brodie, K. A. "Adaptive inferential control." In IEE Colloquium on Adaptive Controllers in Practice. IEE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19960418.

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Pollard, James F., and Coleman B. Brosilow. "Adaptive Inferential Control." In 1986 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/acc.1986.4789028.

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Bi, Chao, Shuhui Wang, Zhe Xue, Shengbo Chen, and Qingming Huang. "Inferential Visual Question Generation." In MM '22: The 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3503161.3548055.

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Krishnan, Saras, and Noraini Idris. "The use of a hierarchical construct to investigate students’ learning of inferential statistics." In Statistics education for Progress: Youth and Official Statistics. IASE international Association for Statistical Education, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.13202.

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At present, there is still a need for more research in the teaching and learning of inferential statistics because of the limitedness of literature in this area of statistics education. Moreover, there is continuing evidence of students’ partial or unsuccessful learning of many aspects of inferential statistics. This is one of the concerns brought to attention in my postgraduate research whereby part of my work involved the development of a hierarchical construct to identify the different levels of students’ learning of inferential statistics. This paper particularly discusses the use of this hierarchical construct to investigate the learning of inferential statistics among students.

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Oomen, Tom, Okko Bosgra, and Marc van de Wal. "Identification for robust inferential control." In 2009 Joint 48th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC) and 28th Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2009.5400908.

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Dautrich, Jonathan L., and Chinya V. Ravishankar. "Inferential time-decaying Bloom filters." In the 16th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2452376.2452405.

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Ling, Lloyd, and Zulkifli Yusop. "Inferential statistics of claim assessment." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON QUANTITATIVE SCIENCES AND ITS APPLICATIONS (ICOQSIA 2014): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Quantitative Sciences and Its Applications. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4903675.

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Ntemos, Konstantinos, Virginia Bordignon, Stefan Vlaski, and Ali H. Sayed. "Social Learning Under Inferential Attacks." In ICASSP 2021 - 2021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp39728.2021.9413642.

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"Inferential modeling in pharmaceutical crystallization." In Proceedings of the 1999 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.1999.786517.

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"Implementation of nonlinear inferential sensors." In Proceedings of the 1999 American Control Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.1999.782338.

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Reports on the topic "Inferentialsm"

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Chen, Maximillian Gene, Aleksander Bapst, Kirk Busche, Minh Do, Laura E. Matzen, Laura A. McNamara, and Raymond Yeh. Feature Selection and Inferential Procedures for Video Data. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1494165.

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none,. Workshop to Identify R&D Topics on Inferential Process Control. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1218801.

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Graville, Donna. Reading comprehension in dementia of the Alzheimer's type : factual versus inferential. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5795.

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E. Kelner, T.E. Owen, D.L. George, A. Minachi, M.G. Nored, and C.J. Schwartz. DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST INFERENTIAL NATURAL GAS ENERGY FLOW RATE PROTOTYPE RETROFIT MODULE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822991.

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E. Kelner, D. George, T. Morrow, T. Owen, M. Nored, R. Burkey, and A. Minachi. DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW COST INFERENTIAL NATURAL GAS ENERGY FLOW RATE PROTOTYPE RETROFIT MODULE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876006.

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Perdigão, Rui A. P. Information physics and quantum space technologies for natural hazard sensing, modelling and prediction. Meteoceanics, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46337/210930.

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Disruptive socio-natural transformations and climatic change, where system invariants and symmetries break down, defy the traditional complexity paradigms such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. In order to overcome this, we introduced non-ergodic Information Physics, bringing physical meaning to inferential metrics, and a coevolving flexibility to the metrics of information transfer, resulting in new methods for causal discovery and attribution. With this in hand, we develop novel dynamic models and analysis algorithms natively built for quantum information technological platforms, expediting complex system computations and rigour. Moreover, we introduce novel quantum sensing technologies in our Meteoceanics satellite constellation, providing unprecedented spatiotemporal coverage, resolution and lead, whilst using exclusively sustainable materials and processes across the value chain. Our technologies bring out novel information physical fingerprints of extreme events, with recently proven records in capturing early warning signs for extreme hydro-meteorologic events and seismic events, and do so with unprecedented quantum-grade resolution, robustness, security, speed and fidelity in sensing, processing and communication. Our advances, from Earth to Space, further provide crucial predictive edge and added value to early warning systems of natural hazards and long-term predictions supporting climatic security and action.

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Tiruneh, Dawit T., John Hoddinott, Caine Rolleston, Ricardo Sabates, and Tassew Woldehanna. Understanding Achievement in Numeracy Among Primary School Children in Ethiopia: Evidence from RISE Ethiopia Study. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/071.

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Ethiopia has succeeded in rapidly expanding access to primary education over the past two decades. However, learning outcomes remain low among primary school children and particularly among girls and children from disadvantaged backgrounds. Starting with a systematic review of quantitative studies on the determinants of learning outcomes among primary school children in Ethiopia, this study then examined key determinants of students’ numeracy achievement over the 2018-19 school year. The study focused on Grade 4 children (N=3,353) who are part of an on-going longitudinal study. The two questions that guided this study are: what are the key determinants of numeracy achievement at Grade 4 in primary schools in Ethiopia, and how does our current empirical study contribute to understanding achievement differences in numeracy among primary school children in Ethiopia? We employed descriptive and inferential statistics to examine factors that determine differences in numeracy scores at the start and end of the school year, as well as determinants of numeracy scores at the end of the school year conditional on achievement at the start of the school year. We examined differences across gender, region, and rural-urban localities. We also used ordinary least squares and school ‘fixed effects’ approaches to estimate the key child, household and school characteristics that determine numeracy scores in Grade 4. The findings revealed that boys significantly outperformed girls in numeracy both at the start and end of the 2018/19 school year, but the progress in numeracy scores over the school year by boys was similar to that of girls. Besides, students in urban localities made a slightly higher progress in numeracy over the school year compared to their rural counterparts. Students from some regions (e.g., Oromia) demonstrated higher progress in numeracy over the school year relative to students in other regions (e.g., Addis Ababa). Key child (e.g., age, health, hours spent per day studying at home) and school- and teacher-related characteristics (e.g., provision of one textbook per subject for each student, urban-rural school location, and teachers’ mathematics content knowledge) were found to be significantly associated with student progress in numeracy test scores over the school year. These findings are discussed based on the reviewed evidence from the quantitative studies in Ethiopia.

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Brown, Yolanda, Twonia Goyer, and Maragaret Harvey. Heart Failure 30-Day Readmission Frequency, Rates, and HF Classification. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2020.0002.

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30 Day Hospital Readmission Rates, Frequencies, and Heart Failure Classification for Patients with Heart Failure Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability worldwide among patients. Both the incidence and the prevalence of heart failure are age dependent and are relatively common in individuals 40 years of age and older. CHF is one of the leading causes of inpatient hospitalization readmission in the United States, with readmission rates remaining above the 20% goal within 30 days. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services imposes a 3% reimbursement penalty for excessive readmissions including those who are readmitted within 30 days from prior hospitalization for heart failure. Hospitals risk losing millions of dollars due to poor performance. A reduction in CHF readmission rates not only improves healthcare system expenditures, but also patients’ mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Purpose The purpose of this DNP project is to determine the 30-day hospital readmission rates, frequencies, and heart failure classification for patients with heart failure. Specific aims include comparing computed annual re-admission rates with national average, determine the number of multiple 30-day re-admissions, provide descriptive data for demographic variables, and correlate age and heart failure classification with the number of multiple re-admissions. Methods A retrospective chart review was used to collect hospital admission and study data. The setting occurred in an urban hospital in Memphis, TN. The study was reviewed by the UTHSC Internal Review Board and deemed exempt. The electronic medical records were queried from July 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019 for heart failure ICD-10 codes beginning with the prefix 150 and a report was generated. Data was cleaned such that each patient admitted had only one heart failure ICD-10 code. The total number of heart failure admissions was computed and compared to national average. Using age ranges 40-80, the number of patients re-admitted withing 30 days was computed and descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using Microsoft Excel and R. Results A total of 3524 patients were admitted for heart failure within the six-month time frame. Of those, 297 were re-admitted within 30 days for heart failure exacerbation (8.39%). An annual estimate was computed (16.86%), well below the national average (21%). Of those re-admitted within 30 days, 50 were re-admitted on multiple occasions sequentially, ranging from 2-8 re-admissions. The median age was 60 and 60% male. Due to the skewed distribution (most re-admitted twice), nonparametric statistics were used for correlation. While graphic display of charts suggested a trend for most multiple re-admissions due to diastolic dysfunction and least number due to systolic heart failure, there was no statistically significant correlation between age and number or multiple re-admissions (Spearman rank, p = 0.6208) or number of multiple re-admissions and heart failure classification (Kruskal Wallis, p =0.2553).

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