Journal articles on the topic 'Inferential Multiplier'

Research related to the fit evaluation at the item level involving cognitive diagnosis models (CDMs) has been scarce. According to the parsimony principle, balancing goodness of fit against model complexity is necessary. General CDMs require a larger sample size to be estimated reliably, and can lead to worse attribute classification accuracy than the appropriate reduced models when the sample size is small and the item quality is poor, which is typically the case in many empirical applications. The main purpose of this study was to systematically examine the statistical properties of four inferential item-fit statistics: [Formula: see text], the likelihood ratio (LR) test, the Wald (W) test, and the Lagrange multiplier (LM) test. To evaluate the performance of the statistics, a comprehensive set of factors, namely, sample size, correlational structure, test length, item quality, and generating model, is systematically manipulated using Monte Carlo methods. Results show that the [Formula: see text] statistic has unacceptable power. Type I error and power comparisons favor LR and W tests over the LM test. However, all the statistics are highly affected by the item quality. With a few exceptions, their performance is only acceptable when the item quality is high. In some cases, this effect can be ameliorated by an increase in sample size and test length. This implies that using the above statistics to assess item fit in practical settings when the item quality is low remains a challenge.

In this research paper various new advanced inferential tools namely modified likelihood ratio (LR), Ward and Lagrange Multiplier test statistics have been proposed for testing general linear hypothesis in stochastic linear regression model. In this process internally studentized residuals have been used. This research study has brought out some new advance tools for analysing inferential aspects of stochastic linear regression models by using internally studentized residuals. Miguel Fonseca et.al [1] developed statistical inference in linear models dealing with the theory of maximum likelihood estimates and likelihood ratio tests under some linear inequality restrictions on the regression coefficients. Tim Coelli [2] used Monte carlo experimentation to investigate the finite sample properties of maximum likelihood (ML) and correct ordinary least squares (COLS) estimators of the half –normal stochastic frontier production function. In 2011, p. Bala siddamuni et.al [3] have developed advanced tools for mathematical and stochastic modelling.

Background. There is debate whether policies that reduce firearm suicides or homicides are offset by increases in non–firearm-related deaths. Objectives. To assess the extent to which changes in firearm homicides and suicides following implementation of various gun laws affect nonfirearm homicides and suicides. Search Methods. We performed a literature search on 13 databases for studies published between 1995 and October 31, 2018 (PROSPERO CRD42019120105). Selection Criteria. We included studies if they (1) estimated an effect of 1 of 18 included classes of gun policy on firearm homicides or suicides, (2) included a control group or comparison group and evaluated time series data to establish that policies preceded their purported effects, and (3) provided estimated effects of the policy and inferential statistics for either total or nonfirearm homicides or suicides. Data Collection and Analysis. We extracted data from each study, including study timeframe, population, and statistical methods, as well as point estimates and inferential statistics for the effects of firearm policies on firearm deaths as well as either nonfirearm or overall deaths. We assessed quality at the estimate (study–policy–outcome) level by using prespecified criteria to evaluate the validity of inference and causal identification. For each estimate, we derived the mortality multiplier (i.e., the ratio of the policy’s effect on total homicides or suicides; expressed as a change in the number of deaths) as a proportion of its effect on firearm homicides or suicides. Finally, we performed a meta-analysis to estimate overall mortality multipliers for suicide and homicide that account for both within- and between-study heterogeneity. Main Results. We identified 16 eligible studies (study timeframes spanning 1977–2015). All examined state-level policies in the United States, with most estimating effects of multiple policies, yielding 60 separate estimates of the mortality multiplier. From these, we estimated that a firearm law’s effect on homicide, expressed as a change in the number of total homicide deaths, is 0.99 (95% confidence interval = 0.76, 1.22) times its effect on the number of firearm homicides. Thus, on average, changes in the number of firearm homicides caused by gun policies are neither offset nor compounded by second-order effects on nonfirearm homicides. There is insufficient evidence in the existing literature on suicide to indicate the extent to which the effects of gun policy changes on firearm suicides are offset or compounded by their effects on nonfirearm suicides. Authors’ Conclusions. State gun policies that reduce firearm homicides are likely to reduce overall homicides in the state by approximately the same number. It is currently unknown whether the same holds for state gun policies that significantly reduce firearm suicides. The small number of studies meeting our inclusion criteria, issues of methodological quality within those studies, and the possibility of reporting bias are potential limitations of this review. Public Health Implications. Policies that reduce firearm homicides likely have large benefits for public health as there is little evidence to support a strong substitution effect between firearm and nonfirearm homicides at the population level. Further research is needed to determine whether policies that produce population-level reductions in firearm suicides will translate to overall declines in suicide rates.

Degree of population health in an area can be illustrated by morbidity rate. Java Island is one area that has good health quality. The population of Java Island has the best degree of health compared to other regions. During the last two years there are still a number of provinces in Java whose morbidity is quite high or even higher than the national figures, including Central Java Province. The goal of this study is to analyze the morbidity rate and explore the factors that influence the morbidity in 35 district/city in Central Java 2018. Descriptive analysis was used with thematic maps and Inferential analysis using spatial autocorrelation analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was measured through the Lagrange Multiplier test. Based on spatial dependency test, seen that no spatial autocorrelation occurs, therefore Ordinary Least Squares model was used. With OLS model, found that the poverty level predictor variable and the open unemployment rate significantly affect morbidity rate at alpha 5 percent. Poverty and Open unemployment rate have a significant effect on morbidity rate in Central Java in 2018 without including spatial effects. Keywords: autocorrelation; morbidity; poverty; unemployment ABSTRAK Derajat kesehatan penduduk di suatu wilayah dapat digambarkan dengan angka morbiditas. Pulau Jawa merupakan salah satu daerah yang memiliki kualitas kesehatan yang baik. Penduduk Pulau Jawa memiliki derajat kesehatan yang paling baik dibandingkan daerah lain. Dalam dua tahun terakhir masih terdapat beberapa provinsi di Jawa yang angka morbiditasnya cukup tinggi atau bahkan lebih tinggi dari angka nasional, salah satunya Jawa Tengah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis angka morbiditas dan menggali faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi morbiditas di 35 kabupaten / kota di Jawa Tengah tahun 2018. Analisis deskriptif digunakan dengan peta tematik dan analisis inferensial menggunakan analisis autokorelasi spasial. Autokorelasi spasial diukur melalui uji Lagrange Multiplier. Berdasarkan uji ketergantungan spasial, terlihat tidak terjadi autokorelasi spasial, oleh karena itu digunakan model Ordinary Least Squares. Dengan model OLS ditemukan bahwa variabel prediktor tingkat kemiskinan dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka berpengaruh signifikan terhadap angka morbiditas pada alpha 5 persen. Tingkat kemiskinan dan pengangguran terbuka berpengaruh signifikan terhadap angka morbiditas di Jawa Tengah tahun 2018 tanpa menyertakan efek spasial. Kata kunci: autokorelasi; kemiskinan; morbiditas; pengangguran

This study investigated the effect of operational risk on equity returns of Deposit Money Banks (DMBs), using a population consisted of 19 listed deposit money banks in the Nigeria Stock Exchange. 15 DMBs were purposively selected for a period of 15 years 2005 to 2019. Descriptive and inferential statistics were explored for the data analysis which was sourced from the published financial statements of the banks, using dynamic and static panel data. Diagnostics tests were carried out since the application of the Hausman test provided the criteria for choosing between Random Effect Models and Fixed Effect Models. Breusch and Pagan Lagrangian multiplier test was employed to confirm the Hausman test results in order to decide between Random Effects and Pooled OLS. Correlation Matrix for multicollinearity test and cross-sectional dependent test were equally carried out for the study. Three models were estimated, based on the three proxies of the dependent variable. The study found that operational risk had a statistically positive significant effect on return on equity (ROE), while operational risk equally exhibited statistically positive significant effect on ROA. When the controlling variable of FSIZE was introduced, the study exhibited stronger effects which demonstrates that operational risk had a statistically positive effect on ROE, while operational risk with FSIZE had a statistically positive effect on ROA. The study recommends that DMBs managers should carefully carry out due diligence on loan applicants, to ascertain performance trend and creditworthiness of potential and prospective borrowers before advancing loans in order to reduce huge profiles of credit risk exposures.

Food calorie deficiency due to poor purchasing power has been a nightmare affecting labour efficiency and productivity of the proletarians. The worsening state of the general price level with direct consequences on the purchasing power has relinquished the regional workforce to the ebb income class, thus facing-out the known middle-income class, a characteristic of this working class. Thus, based on this crux, this research was conducted to establish whether the chasm of the regional state civil servants retrogression into the trough-income category is real or a myth. A total of 375 sampled respondents were obtained through a multi-stage sampling procedure and valid data were sequestrated via structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. It was established that a large chunk of the regional workforce fell below the recommended food security threshold level both energy and expenditure dimensions. Besides, an evidence of a significant and positive correlation was found to exist between the two-dimensions of food security. In addition, household size was observed to be the major driver of food security status in the studied area. Furthermore, it was established that the food security gap between the secured and unsecured owes to interaction effect in the case of calorie intake; and structural effect termed food security discrimination in the dimension of expenditure. Consequently, this is a clarion call on the policymakers to improve on the mechanisms that regulate the macroeconomic policies, especially the multiplier factor that drives inflation, thus containing the food insecurity plaguing its labour force. This intervention will not only be a plus for labour efficiency and productivity enhancement, but leverage for economic growth and development in both the region and the country in general.

Objectives: Food calorie deficiency due to poor purchasing power has been a nightmare affecting the labour efficiency and productivity of the proletarians. The worsening state of the general price level with direct consequences on the purchasing power has relinquished the regional workforce to the ebb income class, thus facing the known middle-income class, which is a characteristic of this working class. Thus, based on this crux, this research was conducted to establish whether the chasm of the regional state civil servant’s retrogression into the trough-income category is real or a myth. Methods: A total of 375 sampled respondents were obtained through a multi-stage sampling procedure, and valid data were sequestrated via structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Results: It was established that a large chunk of the regional workforce fell below the recommended food security threshold level, both in energy and expenditure dimensions. Besides, evidence of a significant and positive correlation was found to exist between the two dimensions of food security. In addition, household size was observed to be the major driver of food security status in the studied area. Furthermore, it was established that the food security gap between the secured and unsecured owes to the interaction effect in the case of calorie intake, and the structural effect termed food security discrimination in the dimension of expenditure. Conclusions: Based on the results, this study is a clarion call for policymakers to improve the mechanisms that regulate the macroeconomic policies, especially the multiplier factor that drives inflation, thus containing the food insecurity plaguing its labour force. This intervention will not only be a plus for labour efficiency and productivity enhancement but a leverage for economic growth and development at both the region and the country levels.

This study analyzes the effect of organizational support on organizational commitment and PKO. This research was conducted at two non-star hotels in Sanur which have confirmed their willingness to fill out a questionnaire to be distributed. The questionnaire contains a number of statement items in accordance with the research variables by providing answer choices agree to disagree (using a 5-level Likert scale). The population of this study were all employees of the two non-star hotels as many as 235 employees. Because the pandemic situation is still ongoing, the sample is determined using simple random sampling of 5 multiplied by the number of indicators so that 75 employees are obtained according to the proportion of existing employees. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis techniques and inferential analysis using SmartPLS. While the mediation test uses Variance Accounted For (VAF) to analyze the type of mediation WarpPLS analysis results on the effect of intervariable.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to assess the influence of process innovation on the performance of coffee cooperatives in Kenya. Methodology: A descriptive research design was applied. The target population was 525 coffee cooperative societies in Kenya registered with the Commissioner for Cooperatives and licensed by AFFA (Coffee Directorate) as at 30th of October 2016. The sample size was 227 respondents which was arrive at using stratified random sampling technique. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data. Descriptive statistic such as means scores and standard deviation and inferential statistics such regressions were used. Findings: The study found that there was a positive relationship between process innovation and the performance of the coffee cooperatives (β=0.591, p=0.027). This implied that an improvement in the aspects related to process through which the firm operates relatively multiplies the performance outcomes of cooperatives in a positive manner. Investing in process innovation was found to have the largest and most significant effect compared to investing in organization, marketing and product innovations. Recommendation: The study recommends that for prioritization purposes, coffee societies should prioritize investing in process innovations compared to other innovations, especially if there a limited budget. Policy makers should ensure a favorable environment for process innovations.

The purpose of this study is to propose a novel, general, tractable, fully parametric class for hazard-based and odds-based models of survival regression for the analysis of censored lifetime data, named as the “Amoud class (AM)” of models. This generality was attained using a structure resembling the general class of hazard-based regression models, with the addition that the baseline odds function is multiplied by a link function. The class is broad enough to cover a number of widely used models, including the proportional hazard model, the general hazard model, the proportional odds model, the general odds model, the accelerated hazards model, the accelerated odds model, and the accelerated failure time model, as well as combinations of these. The proposed class incorporates the analysis of crossing survival curves. Based on a versatile parametric distribution (generalized log-logistic) for the baseline hazard, we introduced a technique for applying these various hazard-based and odds-based regression models. This distribution allows us to cover the most common hazard rate shapes in practice (decreasing, constant, increasing, unimodal, and reversible unimodal), and various common survival distributions (Weibull, Burr-XII, log-logistic, exponential) are its special cases. The proposed model has good inferential features, and it performs well when different information criteria and likelihood ratio tests are used to select hazard-based and odds-based regression models. The proposed model’s utility is demonstrated by an application to a right-censored lifetime dataset with crossing survival curves.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to know the understanding of Oral health indicators recommended by the Ministry of Health by dentists in the family health strategy of the state of Ceará in 2008. METHODS: It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study in which it was used a questionnaire to obtain the data concerning the way information on oral health actions performed in Family Health Care Units and other social spaces are registered, as well as investigate their knowledge about oral health indicators. The calculation of the sample of dentist-surgeons adopted an absolute sampling error of 6.8% and a significance level of 5%, resulting in an initial sample of 175 dentists; however, only 159 participated in this study according to the inclusion criteria. For instance, they should have been working in the service in the period from 2001 to 2007. In all, 32 cities participated in the research, distributed in 18 Regional Health Cells selected by drawing lots. The data were processed in the program SPSS version 17.0 and considered statistically significant the inferential analyses with p < 0.05. RESULTS: it was observed that there are differences between the interpretation of the indicators objectives and the data relating to oral health actions recorded by dentist-surgeons from the Family Health Strategy. They also differ from the guidelines of the Ministry of Health. CONCLUSION: The pregnant present some knowledge about oral health that can be improved by means of educational, preventive and healing programs. This group exert big it influences in the family ambit, could act as agents multipliers and avoiding the child's precocious contamination.

Background: Stigma is a major hurdle in overcoming the HIV epidemic and affects almost all people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). In India, though majority of PLWHA are men, gender gap is narrowing with rates of infection increasing in women, most commonly due to transmission from their partners. Gender inequality in social and economic context leads women to vulnerability. The purpose of this study was to assess gender differences in the perceived stigma and hope in PLWHA, and to study the correlation of perceived stigma with hope and age in this population.Methods: The sample was 68 HIV patients attending HAART clinic of a tertiary government hospital. Patients were assessed using Barbara Berger stigma scale and Herth hope index, and their scores were subjected to inferential statistical methods such as t-tests and correlation analysis.Results: Although there are no gender differences in perceived stigma, there is an inverse relationship of many components of perceived stigma with hope in women. It was also found that women members of PLWHA group feel significantly less hopeful than men. Age was noted to have an inverse relationship with perceived stigma in men.Conclusions: Greater attention is warranted to this growing proportion of HIV positive women in health policies and to alleviate their suffering which is multiplied as being socially disadvantaged due to their gender. This study highlights the need of special attention to women with HIV in health settings. Further research is needed to understand the relation of social support and depression with perceived social support.

Commitment, motivation, and performance are several factors influencing career path development. This research was conducted based on observations and preliminary data from pre-research results at the General Bureau of the Regional Secretary of East Nusa Tenggara Province, that employee commitment and motivation were still lacking. As a result, performance achievement and employee career paths decline. This study aims to prove and analyze the variables of Commitment and motivation on performance and their implications for career paths at the Secretary-General Bureau of East Nusa Tenggara Province. The population in this study were employees of the General Bureau of the Regional Secretary of the Province of NTT, as many as 115 people. The number of 90 samples in this study was determined from the number of indicators used, namely 18, multiplied by 5. Hence, the sample in this study was 90 respondents using the purposive sampling technique. The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the variables of Commitment, motivation, employee career path, and performance were included in the very good category. The results of inferential statistical analysis from the data from the General Secretariat of the Regional Secretariat of the Province of East Nusa Tenggara show that: 1). motivation and performance have a significant effect on employee career paths. 2). Commitment and motivation have a significant effect on performance. 3). Commitment does not significantly affect employee career paths; 4). Performance mediates the effect of Commitment and motivation on employee career paths; 4). Performance mediates the effect of Commitment and motivation on employee career paths. The contribution of the variables of Commitment, motivation, and performance to the career path of employees is 89.8 percent. At the same time, the rest is a contribution from other variables that do not contribute. It is recommended that the General Bureau of the Regional Secretary of East Nusa Tenggara Province increase Commitment and motivation for employees through creating comfortable and harmonious conditions in the work environment, giving prizes to employees who achieve targets, and providing periodic training.

Background: In recent years, the number of devices with alarms has multiplied exponentially in the vast majority of hospital units. Where monitors, ventilators, infusion pumps, and many other devices beep endlessly, demanding the care provider’s attention always (1). Aims of the study: The aims of the present study is to find out the effectiveness of instruction program on nurses knowledge concerning causes of releasing clinical devices alarm and to find out the relationship between the effectiveness of program and nurses level of education, year of experiences in nursing, and year of experiences in intensive care units. Methodology: a quasi-experimental study was carried out on 80 nurses which is divided to two groups (Experimental group who exposed on program, and control group to compare with experimental group) of nurses working in Al-Imam Al-Hussein Medical City, in holy Kerbala 'a City, Iraq. The study started in 3rd of May, 2020 to 25th of May, 2021. The instrument consist of two part; part one deals the characteristics of the sample which of age, gender, level of education, year of experiences in nursing, year of experiences in intensive care units, and specific training courses. Part two deals with the nurses' knowledge concerning causes of releasing clinical devices alarm which of 23 items. The validity of instrument and program was obtained from 12 experts in specialty, the reliability was =1.81, the data analysis was done by uses SPSS program version 23, the statistical methods which used in present study is descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: the findings of present study revealed that the nurses’ responses for experimental, and control groups about the causes of releasing alarm for monitor, ventilator, and syringe pump infuser alarm, which of 54.31% of experimental group knowledge about the causes of monitor device alarm at pretest, while their knowledge was improved to 100.0% at posttest, the control group knowledge related to causes of monitor device alarm was still at same level in pre and posttest which of 54.32%, the experimental group knowledge related to causes of ventilator machine alarm was 53.16% at pretest, and changes to 93.66% at posttest, while the control group knowledge related to causes of ventilator alarm was 22.26% in pre and posttest, and the nurse responses for causes of syringe pump infuser alarm was 63.38% at pretest and their responses improved at posttest which of 100.0% for experimental group, and the control group knowledge about causes of alarm for syringe pup infuser was 26.66% at pre and posttest. Conclusion: the study concluded that the instruction program on nurses’ knowledge was effective on experimental group through improving their knowledge. Recommendations: The researcher recommends that the current program should be applied to all nurses in critical units because of its utmost importance in monitoring and patient safety

Face à la difficulté à répondre aux problèmes de pauvreté et de disparité sociale, la population est appelé à participer de plus en plus à l’identification des problèmes de développement et au choix des voies et moyens de solutions et leurs suivis. Elle doit se retrouver au cœur des procédures. Le présent article analyse les facteurs influençant la participation de la population rurale aux efforts de développement local au Cameroun. Les données collectées de sources primaire et secondaire, ont été analysé par les techniques de statistiques descriptive et inférentiel, avec utilisation des logiciels ‘Statistical Package for Social Sciences’ et Microsoft Excel. Les Arrondissements de l’étude, ruraux et semi-rural, Batcham, Nkong –Ni et Nkongsamba deuxième, respectivement, des régions de l’Ouest et du Littoral, ont été choisis en raison des récentes offres de participation qu’ils ont abritées et de la pluralité d’outils de participation qui y ont été déjà déroulés. Dans les trois Arrondissements, et selon la disponibilité des personnes rencontrées dans la rue, les lieus de services et les ménages, Un total de 273 personnes, participantes ou non, bénéficiaires ou non des efforts de développement ont été enquêtées. Les résultats descriptifs du terrain montrent que 61% des participants appartiennent à une association engagée, 40 % habitent l’Arrondissement de Nkongsamba Deuxième, 43 % ont plus de 45 ans, 26 % sont dans l’agriculture et 36 % dans les autres secteurs informels, 67 % vivent dans la zone depuis plus de dix ans, 41% trouvent avoir de bonne relation avec les acteurs externes de développement, 36 % ont pour source d’informations le chef de la zone d’habitation, et 59 % ne croient pas en l’efficacité de la participation. Les résultats du modèle logit binaire révèlent que l’arrondissement habité, l’activité menée, le fait d’être membre d’une association pour le développement, le nombre d’année de vie passé dans la zone d’habitation et l’assistance à un conseil municipal agissent significativement sur la volonté de participer. Par contre, les facteurs tels que le sexe et la satisfaction liée au niveau de vie semblent ne pas agir sur la volonté de participer. Cette recherche recommande la revue du système d’information et de communication à travers une création d’autres pôles de communication dans la communauté et une redynamisation régulière des agents du système existant. Elle recommande aussi l’utilisation plus régulière des médias de masse et l’intervention des professionnels dans les associations pour le développement existant. Les professionnels du développement local devraient être multipliés au sein de la population ainsi que des séances de formations et d’éducation sur le développement local, ses procédures et les voies et moyens internes à la communauté pour y aboutir. A cet effet, les efforts devraient être focalisés un peu plus sur la vulgarisation au sein de la population de même que des voies et moyens internes de développement local. Faced at the difficulty of responding to the problems of poverty and social disparity, the population is called upon to participate more and more in the identification of development problems and in the choice of ways and means of solutions and their follow-up. She must be at the heart of the procedures. This article analyzes the factors influencing the participation of the rural population in local development efforts in Cameroon. Data collected from primary and secondary sources were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel software. The study districts, rural and semi-rural, Batcham, Nkong-Ni and Nkongsamba second, respectively from the West and Littoral regions, were chosen because of the recent offers of participation they have hosted and the plurality of participation tools that have already been rolled out there. In the three districts, and depending on the availability of people met in the street, places of services and households, A total of 273 people, participants or not, beneficiaries or not of development efforts were surveyed. The descriptive results of the field show that 61% of the participants belong to a committed association, 40% live in the Nkongsamba Second districts, 43% are over 45 years old, 26% are in agriculture and 36% in other informal sectors, 67% have lived in the area for more than ten years, 41% think that they have a good relationship with external development actors, 36% have the head of the residential area as their source of information, and 59% do not believe in the effectiveness of participation. The results of the binary logit model reveal that the district inhabited, the activity carried out, the fact of being a member of an association for the development, the number of years of life spent in the area of residence and the assistance to a municipal council has a significant effect on the willingness to participate. On the other hand, factors such as gender and satisfaction with standard of living do not seem to affect the willingness to participate. This research recommends the review of the information and communication system through the creation of other communication hubs in the community and a regular revitalization of the agents of the existing system. It also recommends the more regular use of mass media and the involvement of professionals in existing development associations. Local development professionals should be multiplied among the population as well as training and education sessions on local development, its procedures and the ways and means within the community to achieve it. And efforts should be focused a little more on popularizing among the population the internal ways and means of local development.

El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar la movilidad humana en la zona fronteriza Ecuatoriana Colombiana, que se moviliza desde el norte y centro de Ecuador, motivados por los precios bajos de ciertos artículos y servicios que encuentra en las ciudades más próximas a la frontera norte de Ecuador, Ipiales y Pasto. Los resultados permiten definir la población que se moviliza de acuerdo a las siguientes variables, origen de las personas, género y rango de edad, destino principal por ciudades, horas de viaje incurridas, tiempo de estadía en la zona de frontera; considerada como la provincia de Carchi en Ecuador y el departamento de Nariño en Colombia, lugar e inversiones en hospedaje, alimentación y bienes duraderos, gastos en ocio y recreación, entre los más fundamentales. En cuanto a la percepción de calidad de las personas de la movilidad, han sido definidas como visitantes y no como turistas, aunque desde muchos puntos de vista, la información que se encuentra en este artículo puede ser la base para el desarrollo de acciones que permita ofertar actividades de recreación que mejore la experiencia de visita de los movilizados. En la parte final de este trabajo, se incluye el análisis inferencial que incorpora la cuantificación realizada en función de los resultados de campo obtenidos, y que se mide por cada 1000 visitantes en la zona fronteriza, con el objetivo de que el indicador, pueda ser multiplicado por las cifras reales de personas que cruzan la frontera en diversos momentos y así obtener mediciones actualizadas. Finalmente, se advierte al lector, que es necesario que estos resultados pueden ser leídos a través de conocer el principal impulsor de movilidad humana, que para el tipo de cambio de dólares americanos a pesos colombianos, para el caso de este estudio corresponde a la tasa oficial que para los días del levantamiento corresponde a 3.441,40 por dólar americano del 17 y 18 de agosto de 2019. Con este tipo de cambio se cotiza las compras a través de medios electrónicos, mientras que existe un mercado informal de cambio de dinero físico, en cuyo caso la tasa se encontraba en 3100 pesos colombianos por cada dólar americano. Palabras clave: Movilidad Humana, Turismo de compras, Frontera AbstractThe objective of this article is to characterize human mobility in the Colombian Ecuadorian border area, which is mobilized from the north and center of Ecuador, motivated by the low prices of items and services found in the cities closest to the northern border of Ecuador, Ipiales and Pasto. The results define the population that is mobilized according to the following variables, origin of people, gender and age range, main destination by cities, travel hours incurred, time spent in the border area; exactly like the province of Carchi in Ecuador and the department of Nariño in Colombia, place and investments in lodging, food and durable goods, leisure and recreation expenses, among the most fundamental. Regarding the perception of quality of mobility people, they have been defined as visitors and not as tourists, although from many points of view, the information found in this article can be the basis for the development of actions that can offer recreation activities that improve the visiting experience of the mobilized. In the final part of this work, the inferential analysis is included that incorporates the quantification performed based on the results of the field obtained, and that is measured per 1000 visitors in the border area, with the objective that the indicator can be multiplied by the actual figures of people crossing the border at various times and thus obtain updated measurements. Finally, the reader is warned that it is necessary that these results can be read through knowing the main driver of human mobility, which for the exchange rate of US dollars to Colombian pesos, in the case of this study corresponding to the rate official that for the days of the uprising corresponds to 3,441.40 per US dollar from August 17 and 18, 2019. With this exchange rate, purchases are quoted through electronic means, while there is an informal market for physical money exchange, in which case the rate will be taken at 3100 Colombian pesos for each US dollar.Keywords: Human Mobility, Shopping Tourism, Border

Introduction: The 7 + 3 regimen, consisting of cytarabine treatment continuously for 7 days, and short infusions of an anthracycline on each of the first 3 days, has been the mainstay for adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. However, in older adults and patients with secondary AML, 7+3 is associated with lower remission rates, shorter overall survival, and higher relapse rates than in younger adults and older patients with de novo AML (Kayser et al, Blood 117:2137-2145, 2011; Schoch et al, Leukemia 18: 120-125, 2004). CPX-351 (VYXEOS®) CPX-351 was approved by the FDA in the US in August 2017 and EU in August 2018 for the treatment of adults with newly diagnosed therapy-related AML (t-AML) or AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC). It is a fixed combination of daunorubicin and cytarabine at a synergistic 1:5 molar ratio, encapsulated in a liposome to provide optimal delivery of the two drugs. The Phase III pivotal trial demonstrated that CPX-351 significantly improved overall survival (OS; 9.56 vs 5.95 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.69; 1-sided P = 0.003) and complete remission rates versus 7+3, and was associated with shorter per patient year (PPY) hospital length of stay (LOS) without an increase in PPY non-drug costs (Chung, et al. AMCP HCRU Abstract JOV-62933; 2018). This study characterized the patients treated with CPX-351 and 7+3 and compared healthcare utilization and costs associated with the treatments using a large U.S.-based hospital administrative database. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted using data from the Premier Healthcare Database. The study included patients aged 18+ years with any inpatient hospitalization or hospital-based outpatient visit with a diagnosis of AML, who received treatment of 7+3 or CPX-351 between 8/1/2017 and 2/28/2019. Variable-length follow-up was used. Patients were excluded if their length of follow-up was shorter than 30 days, or they had received treatment with gemtuzumab, midostaurin, sorafenib, venetoclax, quizartinib, or gilteritinib. Patients were assigned into two cohorts: 1) patients treated with CPX-351; 2) 7+3 treated patients with newly diagnosed t-AML or AML-MRC who were never treated with CPX-351 (CPX-351 eligible 7+3). Outcomes included total inpatient LOS, total costs, drug and non-drug costs. The outcomes were converted to per patient year (PPY) values, which was the original value divided by the length of follow-up and multiplied by 365. Unadjusted descriptive statistics were reported, and bivariate analysis was performed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests to examine the difference in outcomes between 7+3 treated patients and those treated with CPX-351. Results: The study included 195 qualifying patients treated with CPX-351, and 160 CPX-351 eligible 7+3 patients. The median age was 68 years (Q1-Q3: 61-71) in the CPX-351 patients and 61 years (Q1-Q3: 52.5-69) in CPX-351 eligible 7+3 patients. Male patients accounted for 62.6% of the CPX-351 patients and 55.0% of the CPX-351 eligible 7+3 patients. Among the CPX-351 patients, 72.3% were White, while the proportion of White is 75.0% in CPX-351 eligible patients. The median length of follow up was 136 days (Q1-Q3: 68-232) in the CPX-351 patients, and 126 days (Q1-Q3: 54.5-241.5) in the CPX-351 eligible 7+3 patients. The median total inpatient LOS per patient year (PPY) was shorter in CPX-351 patients compared to the CPX-351 eligible 7+3 patients (nominal p=0.068, Table). Although the median total hospital cost PPY of the CPX-351 patients was higher (nominal p<0.001), the non-drug medical cost PPY was not higher than the CPX-351 eligible 7+3 patients (nominal p=0.785, Table). Conclusions: In this inferential analysis, patients treated with CPX-351 appeared to be older than those treated with 7+3. CPX-351 treated patients spent fewer days as inpatients, and the non-drug medical cost incurred was not higher compared to the 7+3 patients eligible for CPX-351, although the drug costs for the CPX-351 treated patients were higher than the 7+3 treated patients. Further adjusted analysis is warranted to control for the differences in baseline characteristics such as age, clinical conditions, and other characteristics in this real-world data. Disclosures Price: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Cao:Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Other: Zhun Cao is an employee of Premier Inc, which receives payments from Jazz Pharmaceuticals for this research project.; Premier Inc.: Employment, Other: Premier received funding from Jazz Parmaceuticals to perform the study and analysis. Lipkin:Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Other: Craig Lipkin is an employee of Premier Inc, which receives payments from Jazz Pharmaceuticals for this research project.; Premier Inc: Employment. Robinson:Premier Inc.: Employment, Other: Premier received funding from Jazz Pharmaceuticals to perform the study and analysis; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Other: Scott Robinson is an employee of Premier Inc, which receives payments from Jazz Pharmaceuticals for this research project.. Profant:Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership.

Background: In order to meet the soaring demand for food, there is need for increased food production in Nigeria. Integrated Rice-fish farming is a significant approach to increase food production that will provide social, economic and environmental benefits. Aim: To describe the socio-economic characteristics of integrated rice-fish farmers and to ascertain the availability of rice-fish farming technologies in the study area. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional study. 243 farmers were assessed for their socio-economic characteristics and the availability of rice-fish farming technologies in the study area. Methodology: Primary data were obtained from the field using structured questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions that address the objectives of the study. Farmers were asked to indicate the rice-fish farming technologies available in the area. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used in achieving the objectives of the study in the form of Frequency score, Mean and Percentages. Results: The result indicated that the majority (68.0%) of the farmers were male while 32.0% were female. The mean age of the farmers was 47 years. The result also showed that 79.8% of the farmers were, 9.5% of the farmers were single, while 10.7% were widowed. The result indicated that majority of the farmers 53.5% attained secondary school certificate, 21.8% had primary education. The result revealed that stocking of carp fish (78.60%), use of pests and disease resistant varieties (74.07%), use of organic fertilizer (61.73%), followed by transplanting of rice seedlings (69.96%) and skills in harvesting of rice before fish(53.50%) were the technologies perceived by the farmers as being the most available in the area. Conclusion: The majority (68.0%) of the farmers were male while 32.0% were female and the technology that was most available to the farmers was stocking of carp fish. Recommendations: There is need to encourage more females to engage in farming because female participation will have a positive multiplier effect not only on the family but on the entire community. Federal, State governments and Extension organizations must ensure that farmers are assisted in the use of available technology. The Extension agents should mount more aggressive awareness campaign in the area to enable more farmers embrace the practice of rice- fish farming.

Abstract Introduction Δ8THC is marketed in many US states as “legal weed.” Concerns exist relating to class-wide genotoxic cannabinoid effects. We conducted an epidemiological investigation of Δ8THC-related genotoxicity expressed as 57 congenital anomaly (CA) rates (CARs) in USA. Methods CARs were taken from the Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta Georgia. Drug exposure data was taken from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health, response rate 74.1%. Ethnicity and income data was from US Census Bureau. National cannabinoid exposure was taken from Drug Enforcement Agency publications and multiplied by state cannabis use data to derive state-based estimates of Δ8THC exposure. Results At bivariate continuous analysis Δ8THC was associated with 23 CAs on raw CA rates, 33 CARs after correction for ETOPFA estimates and 41 on categorical analysis comparing highest and lowest exposure quintiles. In inverse probability weighted multivariable additive and interactive models lagged to zero, two and four years Δ8THC was linked with 39, 8, 4 and 9 CA’s. Chromosomal, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, limb, CNS and face systems were particularly affected. Minimum E-Values ranged to infinity. Both the number of anomalies implicated and the effect sizes demonstrated were much greater for Δ8THC than for tobacco and alcohol combined. Conclusion Δ8THC appears epidemiologically to be more strongly associated with many CAs than for tobacco and alcohol and is consistent with a cannabinoid class genotoxic/epigenotoxic effect. Quantitative causality criteria were fulfilled and causal relationships either for Δ8THC or for cannabinoid/s for which it is a surrogate marker may be in operation.

This study examined the influence of brand image on supply chain performance of automobile marketing firms in Rivers State of Nigeria. The population for the study was sixty-eight (68) automobile marketing firms in Rivers State, whose wholesome list was acquired from the business unit of the Rivers State Ministry of Commerce and Industry as at October, 2020. A causal thought-out analytical model was inculcated to grasp the two hypotheses poised for the study. To arrive at the sample size for the study, the Taro Yamane’s formula for determining sample size was used. The simple random technique of probability sampling was utilized to select 40 firms from the sample and the respondents for the study were verified by contacting four managers from each of the 40 automobile marketing firms under study. The number of respondents contacted was: 40 multiplied by 6, which gives 240 respondents. A 5-point likert-scaled questionnaire was administered to respondents. The accurate questionnaire sent out were 240, from which 215 responses were received, and after establishing the validity of the questions 200 (93%) The 200 questionnaires generated the useful response rate. The analysis was made up of descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 22 providing aid. The inferential statistics involved three parametric inferential tests- Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient (PPMC), One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Simple Regression Analysis. The PPMC was used to test the relationship between the variables, ANOVA was employed to test the differences in means of responses on the variables, while by means of the simple regressions, the study tested the effect of the elements of brand image on supply chain performance. The results demonstrated that brand identity has a strong, positive and significant influence on supply chain performance, and brand personality has a moderate, positive and significant influence on supply chain performance. Therefore, the study concludes that brand image significantly influences supply chain performance of automobile marketing firms in Rivers State, and recommends that, managers of automobile marketing firms should design brand image enhancing programs that are competent in bringing about positive supply chain performance in order to survive in the highly competitive and dynamic business landscape.

Correlational or second-order linkage analyses (Schulz, 2008) correlate content data points and survey data at the aggregate level. They are generally used to infer the impact of public opinion climate, the media context or media use on individual attitudes, cognitions and behaviors. Correlational linkage analyses make use of data collected at different points in time to be able to describe patterns of change and stability over time and to compensate for the reduced number of observations resulting from aggregating individual-level data. They often employ manual and automated content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, and time series analysis. Field of application/theoretical foundation: Linkage analyses have extensively been used in the fields of political communication (Soroka, 2002), EU studies (Brosius et al., 2019a), and more recently, social media and social movements. Studies that employed second-order linkage analyses are related to theories of agenda setting (McCombs & Shaw, 1972), framing (Vliegenthart et al., 2008), or media bias and tone (Brosius et al., 2019b) (see chapter Content Analysis in Mixed Method approaches for a detailed account of applications and advantages of using linkage analyses). Example studies: In this data entry we describe two studies that regress survey data on media content data with additional weighs to better model news media effects. The first study (Boomgaarden & Vliegenthart, 2007) weigh media coverage of a particular topic (immigration) by issue prominence and circulation of the newspapers considered in the study. The second one (Vliegenthart et al., 2008) further introduces a publication recency moderator to account for how close in time a given news story was published from when survey data was collected and individuals may have been exposed to such piece of information. References Boomgaarden, H. G., & Vliegenthart, R. (2007). Explaining the rise of anti-immigrant parties: The role of news media content. Electoral Studies, 26(2), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2006.10.018 Brosius, A., van Elsas, E. J., & de Vreese, C. H. (2019a). Trust in the European Union: Effects of the information environment. European Journal of Communication, 34(1), 57–73. Brosius, A., van Elsas, E. J., & de Vreese, C. H. (2019b). How media shape political trust: News coverage of immigration and its effects on trust in the European Union. European Union Politics, 20(3), 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116519841706 McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The agenda-setting function of mass media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176–187. Schulz, W. (2008). Content analyses and public opinion research. The SAGE Handbook of Public Opinion Research, 348–357. Soroka, S. N. (2002). Issue attributes and agenda-setting by media, the public, and policymakers in Canada. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 14(3), 264–285. Vliegenthart, R., Schuck, A. R., Boomgaarden, H. G., & De Vreese, C. H. (2008). News coverage and support for European integration, 1990–2006. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 20(4), 415–439. Table 1. Data matching in correlational linkage analyses Author(s) Relationship of theoretical interest Sample Time frame Content-analytical constructs Linkage strategy Boomgarden & Vliegenthart (2007) News media reporting about immigration-related topics on aggregate share of vote intention for anti-immigrant parties (a) 157,968 articles collected through computer-assisted analysis, dealing with immigration and published in the five most-read Dutch national newspapers (b) Monthly self-reports on vote intention toward anti-immigrant parties from surveyed representative samples of the Dutch population (c) Monthly number of people that moved to the Netherlands and unemployment rates available from the Dutch governmental statistical institute 1990-2002 Visibility of immigration-related topics in news (1) The authors calculate a visibility score per article by computing: (1.1.) an average person’s log probability that s/he is exposed to news about immigration through a given article. This is done by using the frequency with which this article mentions immigration-related topics (f(t,a), both in the headline (fh(t,a)), in which case the frequency is weighed by 8, and in the body of the text (fb(t,a)), in which case the frequency is multiplied by 2. (1.2.) 1.1. is weighed by circulation of the newspaper where the article is published (c(a)). (1.3.) 1.1. is weighed by whether the article is placed in the front page or other to account for how prominently the topic is featured (fp(a)). Notationally, the equation can be written as follows: (…) (2) In a second step, V(a) are aggregated for all articles in all outlets by month (the time unit to link content and survey data) (3) Final immigration visibility scores (independent variable) are linked to monthly percentage of people that reported intending to vote for an anti-immigration party (dependent variable) through time series analysis. The authors run ARIMA models, successively adding controls for extreme right leadership peaks (Fortuyn’s entrance in the political arena and assassination), immigration levels, unemployment rates, the interaction between the both and finally, the media visibility variables. Vliegenthart, Schuck, Boomgaarden, De Vreese (2008) How framing of EU news in terms of benefit and conflict explains public support for the EU (a) 329,746 articles that contained at least one reference to the European institutions in main newspapers of 7 EU countries (Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom) were computer-assisted content analysed to obtain data on EU media visibility. (b) 9,649 hand-coded articles that mentioned the EU at least twice (at least one of these references in the headline or in the lead of the article) were then analysed to investigate the framing of the EU. Approximately 50 articles per country were coded for each 6-month period. (c) Self-reports on EU support from the bi-annual standard Eurobarometer. 1990–2006 (a) News media attention/visibility of the EU (b) Presence of a benefit frame or a disadavantage frame in EU news coverage © Presence of a conflict framing in EU news coverage (1) Articles dealing with the EU (at least one reference) are weighed by prominence and publication recency as follows: Articles on the first page of a newspaper are counted twice as heavily as articles in the remainder of the newspaper; articles appearing in the month before a Eurobarometer survey was conducted are weighed six times, they are counted five times if appeared 2 months before, etc. The weighted EU visibility score is aggregated for each time period t in each country c. (2) Framing scores are then assigned to each article (benefit and disadvantage frames 0-2, conflict framing ranged from 0 to 3) (3) Mean framing scores per time period–country combination (fs(t,c)) are multiplied by visibility scores (vs(t,c)) to capture the overall salience of the frames (beyond its presence) as follows: (…) (4) OLS regressions with panel corrected standard errors are run with benefit, disadvantage and conflict framing as main independent variables, and aggregated-level support for the EU as dependent variable

First-order linkage analyses (Schulz, 2008) employ individual survey data weighted by aggregated content data and are generally used to investigate media effects on public opinion. In contrast to experiments, their outcomes are highly generalizable since they allow to grasp what kind of content people encounter in a naturalistic setting (Barabas & Jerit, 2009), with which frequency and intensity, and how it triggers a particular reaction, attitude change, knowledge gain or behavior. First-order linkage analyses often employ manual and automated content analysis, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. When using panel data, they are furthermore able to identify within-individual changes in attitudes and behaviors (e.g. Takens et al., 2015). Field of application/theoretical foundation: Linkage analyses have extensively been used in the fields of political communication and public opinion, EU studies and media and political psychology. Studies that employed first-order linkage analyses are concerned with theories of agenda setting (Erbring et al., 1980), visibility, priming and media attention on public opinion dynamics (e.g. Bos et al., 2011); news media tone (Hopmann et al., 2010), or the impact of exposure to counter-attitudinal views through the media (Matthes, 2012) on voting decisiveness and behavior. Framing studies or studies focusing on journalistic styles have also made extant use of linkage analysis (e.g. Jebril et al., 2013; Schuck et al., 2014) (see chapter Content Analysis in Mixed Method approaches for a detailed account of uses, applications and advantages of using linkage analyses). References Barabas, J., & Jerit, J. (2009). Estimating the Causal Effects of Media Coverage on Policy-Specific Knowledge. American Journal of Political Science, 53(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00358.x Boomgaarden, H. G., Van Spanje, J., Vliegenthart, R., & De Vreese, C. H. (2011). Covering the crisis: Media coverage of the economic crisis and citizens’ economic expectations. Acta Politica, 46(4), 353–379. Bos, L., Van der Brug, W., & De Vreese, C. (2011). How the media shape perceptions of right-wing populist leaders. Political Communication, 28(2), 182–206. Castro Herrero, L., & Hopmann, D. N. (2017). The Virtue of Moderation: A Cross-National Analysis of Exposure to Cross-Cutting Information and Turnout. International Journal of Public Opinion Research. Castro, L., Nir, L., & Skovsgaard, M. (2018). Bridging Gaps in Cross-Cutting Media Exposure: The Role of Public Service Broadcasting. Political Communication, 1–24. De Vreese, C. H., Boukes, M., Schuck, A., Vliegenthart, R., Bos, L., & Lelkes, Y. (2017). Linking survey and media content data: Opportunities, considerations, and pitfalls. Communication Methods and Measures, 11(4), 221–244. Erbring, L., Goldenberg, E. N., & Miller, A. H. (1980). Front-page news and real-world cues: A new look at agenda-setting by the media. American Journal of Political Science, 16–49. Hopmann, D. N., Vliegenthart, R., De Vreese, C., & Alb\a ek, E. (2010). Effects of election news coverage: How visibility and tone influence party choice. Political Communication, 27(4), 389–405. Jebril, N., Albaek, E., & De Vreese, C. H. (2013). Infotainment, cynicism and democracy: The effects of privatization vs personalization in the news. European Journal of Communication, 28(2), 105–121. Matthes, J. (2012). Exposure to counterattitudinal news coverage and the timing of voting decisions. Communication Research, 39(2), 147–169. Schuck, A. R., Vliegenthart, R., & De Vreese, C. H. (2014). Who’s Afraid of Conflict? The Mobilizing Effect of Conflict Framing in Campaign News. British Journal of Political Science, 1–18. Schulz, W. (2008). Content analyses and public opinion research. The SAGE Handbook of Public Opinion Research, 348–357. Takens, J., Kleinnijenhuis, J., Van Hoof, A., & Van Atteveldt, W. (2015). Party leaders in the media and voting behavior: Priming rather than learning or projection. Political Communication, 32(2), 249–267. Vreese, C. H. D., & Semetko, H. A. (2004). News matters: Influences on the vote in the Danish 2000 euro referendum campaign. European Journal of Political Research, 43(5), 699–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0304-4130.2004.00171.x Table 1. Data matching in first-order linkage analyses Author(s) Relationship of theoretical interest Sample Time frame Content-analytical constructs Linkage strategy Boomgaarden et al., 2011 How exposure to media coverage of the 2008-2009 economic crisis affected expectations regarding the future development of the national economic situation (a) Predictions or expectations about the economic situations provided by articles of nine newspapers and items from 2 news bulletins in the Netherlands in the period between wave 1 and wave 2 of the survey below-mentioned. For w2 to w3, only the front pages of newspapers were coded. (b) 976 respondents of a three-wave panel survey conducted in the Netherlands between November 2008 to February 2009 Nov 2008- Feb 2009 “Expectation, assumption or prediction of the personal economic situation of the Dutch people/the Dutch economy” and whether these are negative, neutral or positive (Boomgaarden et al., 2011, p. 361) (1) Calculation of number of positive and negative economic expectations/assumptions/predictions per outlet (negative (-2), rather negative (-1), balanced (0), rather positive (1), positive (2)) for either the Dutch economy or the Dutch people. Negative evaluations are weighted twice since people tend to select negative information in greater numbers. (2) Each survey respondent’s frequency of use of each outlet is weighted (multiplied) by each outlet’s aggregated score for each relevant content characteristic outlined above, and regressed on people’s actual economic expectations for the country and for themselves. De Vreese et al. 2017 How exposure to economic news (visibility and tone) predicts respondents’ expectations about the state of the national economy in the coming 12 months (a) 1,211 hand-coded articles evaluating the state of the Dutch economy in Dutch national newspapers (b) Three-wave panel data from a surveyed representative sample of the Dutch population Feb-June 2015 (Negative, neutral or positive) tone towards the Dutch economy (1) The authors construct a variable in a content-analysed dataset measuring a tone scale per news article, ranging from -2 (completely negative) to 2 (completely positive) (2) Publication recency for each article (how close in time the article was published to when respondents were surveyed) and prominence of each article (operationalized as how long the article was compared to average article length) were used to create weighted measures, in order to test whether more recent and more lengthy evaluative articles had stronger effects on economic perceptions, as compared to an unweighted variable. (3) Observations at the article level were then aggregated at the wave-outlet level in a new dataset containing information on total number of articles with evaluations of the economy, tone, and the two weighted measures above-mentioned per outlet in each wave. (4) The linkage was done using the survey dataset. For each individual i in wave w a score of the amount of evaluative news (visibility), the positive, neutral or negative connotation of such news (tone) and the weighed variables (weighted tone by recency and prominence) was calculated for each newspaper they read on a weekly basis. The final computation can be illustrated as follows: For each individual i and wave w, (…) Where k stands for outlet, =1 if individual i reads outlet k and 0 otherwise, and j denotes article and Nkw is the set of articles with evaluative news published by outlet k in wave w. Yj can denote one of three possibilities: (…) Above, tj captures tone of an article, rj captures recency and lj is a measure of article length. (5) A series of OLS regression analyses were finally performed, with respondents’ expectations on the economy as dependent variable, exposure to media evaluations of the economy (tone), the weighted tone variables and lagged dependent variables as predictors. Castro, Nir & Skovsgaard (2018) How political interest and public service broadcasting strength impact cross-cutting, or counter-attitudinal media exposure; and whether public service media moderates the effect of political interest on cross-cutting exposure (a) 48,983 news stories from three newspapers and two TV news bulletins across 27 EU countries, collected by the European Election Media Study during the June 2009 European election campaign (May 14 to June 4 for some countries, up to May 17 to June 7 for others). Among such stories, 3,390 news evaluations on the national government’s record were identified and used to build the media content component of a cross-cutting media exposure measure. (b)Self-reported news media exposure and political interest from 27,079 individuals in 27 EU countries surveyed by the European Election Study consortium during the three weeks following the June 2009 European Parliament elections. May-June 2009 Tone toward the national government (positive (1), balanced/mixed (0), negative (–1) (1) A variable that accounts for the extent to which an individual approves (1) or disapproves (– 1) of the government’ s performance to date is built. (2) The mean of each national government’ s positive (1), balanced/mixed (0), or negative (– 1) evaluations found in each media outlet’ s news stories is computed. (3) Cross-cutting exposure is calculated by accounting for the absolute difference between each individual’ s approval of their government and the average degree for each media outlet this individual uses at least once a week, averaged by the number of news media outlets they follow. (4) Random-intercept regression models, using individual exposure to cross-cutting information as the dependent variable, and political interest, public service broadcasting strength (audience share) and an interaction between both as main independent variables, are run. This allows to account for the hierarchical structure of the data by decomposing individual and country-level variances, and also to explain the relationship between cross-cutting news media exposure and political interest, considering contextual interactions (i.e., with public service broadcasting strength). See Appendix B of the paper for the exact formula and a more detailed account of how scores are calculated for each individual and media outlet