Journal articles: 'Inferential Logic'

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Hobson, J. Allan, Suchada Sangsanguan, Henry Arantes, and David Kahn. "Dream logic—The inferential reasoning paradigm." Dreaming 21, no. 1 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022860.

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Wiśniewski, Andrzej, and Dorota Leszczyńska-Jasion. "Inferential erotetic logic meets inquisitive semantics." Synthese 192, no. 6 (April 8, 2015): 1585–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-013-0355-4.

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Peregrin, Jaroslav. "Meaning as an Inferential Role." Erkenntnis 64, no. 1 (January 2006): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-005-4698-1.

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Gerken, Mikkel. "Univocal Reasoning and Inferential Presuppositions." Erkenntnis 76, no. 3 (June 23, 2011): 373–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-011-9281-3.

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Makinson, D. "On an inferential semantics for classical logic." Logic Journal of IGPL 22, no. 1 (November 7, 2013): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzt038.

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Sequoiah-Grayson, Sebastian. "A positive information logic for inferential information." Synthese 167, no. 2 (October 22, 2008): 409–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-008-9406-7.

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Malinowski, Grzegorz. "Inferential Intensionality." Studia Logica 76, no. 1 (2004): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:stud.0000027465.12589.75.

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Montminy, Martin. "A Non-Compositional Inferential Role Theory." Erkenntnis 62, no. 2 (March 2005): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-004-0899-2.

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Wiśniewski, Andrzej. "Deduction and Reduction Theorems for Inferential Erotetic Logic." Studia Logica 106, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 295–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-017-9738-8.

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Ibrulj, Nijaz. "Some Characteristics of the Referential and Inferential Predication in Classical Logic." Logical Foresight-Journal for Logic and Science 1, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54889/issn.2744-208x.2021.1.1.1.

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In the article we consider the relationship of traditional provisions of basic logical concepts and confront them with new and modern approaches to the same concepts. Logic is characterized in different ways when it is associated with syllogistics (referential – semantical model of logic) or with symbolic logic (inferential – syntactical model of logic). This is not only a difference in the logical calculation of (1) concepts, (2) statements, and (3) predicates, but this difference also appears in the treatment of the calculative abilities of logical forms, the ontological-referential status of conceptual content and the inferential-categorical status of logical forms. The basic markers or basic ideas that separate ontologically oriented logic from categorically oriented logic are the (1) concept of truth, the (2) concept of meaning, the (3) concept of identity, and the (4) concept of predication. Here, this differences are explicitly demonstrated by the introduction of differential terminology. From this differential methodology follows a new set of characterizations of logic.

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Coletti, G., R. Scozzafava, and B. Vantaggi. "Do inferential processes affect uncertainty frameworks?" Fuzzy Sets and Systems 239 (March 2014): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fss.2013.06.014.

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Malinowski, Grzegorz. "Beyond Three Inferential Values." Studia Logica 92, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-009-9195-0.

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de Donato Rodríguez, Xavier, and Jesús Zamora Bonilla. "Credibility, Idealisation, and Model Building: An Inferential Approach." Erkenntnis 70, no. 1 (January 2009): 101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-008-9139-5.

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Grundmann, Thomas. "Inferential Contextualism, Epistemological Realism and Scepticism: Comments on Williams." Erkenntnis 61, no. 2-3 (November 2004): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10670-004-9281-7.

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Wansing, Heinrich, and Daniel Skurt. "Negation as Cancellation, Connexive Logic, and qLPm." Australasian Journal of Logic 15, no. 2 (July 5, 2018): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v15i2.4869.

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In this paper, we shall consider the so-called cancellation view of negation and the inferential role of contradictions. We will discuss some of the problematic aspects of negation as cancellation, such as its original presentation by Richard and Valery Routley and its role in motivating connexive logic. Furthermore, we will show that the idea of inferential ineffectiveness of contradictions can be conceptually separated from the cancellation model of negation by developing a system we call qLPm, a combination of Graham Priest’s minimally inconsistent Logic of Paradox with q-entailment (quasi-entailment) as introduced by Grzegorz Malinowski.

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Kahn, David. "Response to comments on “dream logic—The inferential reasoning paradigm”." Dreaming 22, no. 1 (2012): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026142.

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17

Franco, Juliana Rocha, and Priscila Monteiro Borges. "Diagrammatic relations of probative strength and inferential progression through semiotics." Semiotica 2019, no. 228 (May 7, 2019): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2018-0088.

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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to explore the concept of diagram and diagrammatic reasoning involving semiotics in its three branches and not only in speculative grammar. We will concentrate on the apprehension of the movement of reasoning, which diagrammatically begins with speculative grammar, runs through critical logic, and consolidates at methodeutics. We seek to apply the trichotomic logic of Peirce to list the modes of reasoning with diagrams. Our intention is to move away from the categorization as taxonomy, and try to understand how sign classes can be used in the inferential process. Thus, considering a possible relationship between the hypoicon, the three classes of iconic signs in the system of ten classes of signs, and the methods of inference, we suggest three subclasses of diagrams in inferential terms that may offer a grading system, which would present degrees of accuracy or probative capacity.

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Baker, S. C., R. J. Dolan, and C. D. Frith. "The functional anatomy of logic: A PET study of inferential reasoning." NeuroImage 3, no. 3 (June 1996): S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(96)80220-5.

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Ferguson, Joseph Paul. "Students are not inferential-misfits: Naturalising logic in the science classroom." Educational Philosophy and Theory 51, no. 8 (October 2018): 852–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131857.2018.1516141.

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Jiang, Jingzhe, Peng Liu, Zhipeng Ye, Wei Zhao, and Xianglong Tang. "A hierarchical inferential method for indoor scene classification." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 27, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 839–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amcs-2017-0059.

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AbstractIndoor scene classification forms a basis for scene interaction for service robots. The task is challenging because the layout and decoration of a scene vary considerably. Previous studies on knowledge-based methods commonly ignore the importance of visual attributes when constructing the knowledge base. These shortcomings restrict the performance of classification. The structure of a semantic hierarchy was proposed to describe similarities of different parts of scenes in a fine-grained way. Besides the commonly used semantic features, visual attributes were also introduced to construct the knowledge base. Inspired by the processes of human cognition and the characteristics of indoor scenes, we proposed an inferential framework based on the Markov logic network. The framework is evaluated on a popular indoor scene dataset, and the experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness.

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NICHOLSON, JAMES, and JIM RIDGWAY. "A RESPONSE TO WHITE AND GORARD: AGAINST INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: HOW AND WHY CURRENT STATISTICS TEACHING GETS IT WRONG." STATISTICS EDUCATION RESEARCH JOURNAL 16, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/serj.v16i1.216.

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White and Gorard make important and relevant criticisms of some of the methods commonly used in social science research, but go further by criticising the logical basis for inferential statistical tests. This paper comments briefly on matters we broadly agree on with them and more fully on matters where we disagree. We agree that too little attention is paid to the assumptions underlying inferential statistical tests, to the design of studies, and that p-values are often misinterpreted. We show why we believe their argument concerning the logic of inferential statistical tests is flawed, and how White and Gorard misrepresent the protocols of inferential statistical tests, and make brief suggestions for rebalancing the statistics curriculum. First published May 2017 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives

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Cozman, Fabio Gagliardi, and Denis Deratani Mauá. "On the Semantics and Complexity of Probabilistic Logic Programs." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 60 (September 27, 2017): 221–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.5482.

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We examine the meaning and the complexity of probabilistic logic programs that consist of a set of rules and a set of independent probabilistic facts (that is, programs based on Sato's distribution semantics). We focus on two semantics, respectively based on stable and on well-founded models. We show that the semantics based on stable models (referred to as the "credal semantics") produces sets of probability measures that dominate infinitely monotone Choquet capacities; we describe several useful consequences of this result. We then examine the complexity of inference with probabilistic logic programs. We distinguish between the complexity of inference when a probabilistic program and a query are given (the inferential complexity), and the complexity of inference when the probabilistic program is fixed and the query is given (the query complexity, akin to data complexity as used in database theory). We obtain results on the inferential and query complexity for acyclic, stratified, and normal propositional and relational programs; complexity reaches various levels of the counting hierarchy and even exponential levels.

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23

Guagnano, Giacinto Davide. "The Transformations of Abduction: From the Inferential Model to the Logic of Relatives." Semiotica 2017, no. 215 (March 1, 2017): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sem-2016-0068.

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AbstractThis article traces the evolution of C. S. Peirce’s notion of abduction and proposes an interpretation of this evolution in light of the philosopher’s own theory of categories. It shows the shift from the inferential and propositional model developed in On a New List of Categories in 1867 and Some Consequences of Four Incapacities in 1868, focused on the category of Firstness (quality) to the post-1890 evenemential model. In this post-1890 model, Firstnesses, events expressed by the verb of the proposition, are generated in their opposition to other Firstnesses (the relation of Secondnesses) from a tendency to action or general habit, Thirdness. Parallel to this, the article also shows the shift from the first formulation of the notion of abduction, which replaced the multiplicity of qualities with a comprehensive predicate that implied all of them to the discovery of the diagrammatic reasoning and Logic of Relatives, which confers greater importance to the category of Thirdness and transforms the abductive movement into a transductive one.

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24

Thagard, Paul. "Critical Thinking and Informal Logic: Neuropsychological Perspectives." Informal Logic 31, no. 3 (September 13, 2011): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.22329/il.v31i3.3398.

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This article challenges the common view that improvements in critical thinking are best pursued by investigations in informal logic. From the perspective of research in psychology and neuroscience, hu-man inference is a process that is multimodal, parallel, and often emo-tional, which makes it unlike the linguistic, serial, and narrowly cog-nitive structure of arguments. At-tempts to improve inferential prac-tice need to consider psychological error tendencies, which are patterns of thinking that are natural for peo-ple but frequently lead to mistakes in judgment. This article discusses two important but neglected error ten-dencies: motivated inference and fear-driven inference.

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25

Erdőhegyi, Ágnes, József Topál, Zsófia Virányi, and Ádám Miklósi. "Dog-logic: inferential reasoning in a two-way choice task and its restricted use." Animal Behaviour 74, no. 4 (October 2007): 725–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.03.004.

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Oktaria, Dinari, Budhi Setiawan, and Sumarwati Sumarwati. "The Contribution Of Logic Language Control Toward Scientific Writing." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 5, no. 2 (May 20, 2018): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v5i2.318.

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The excellent human resources can be seen from their positive productivity. One of productivity in academic writing is scientific writing. Academicians assume that the best work is a work which is produced through writing. Basically the skills of scientific writing are supported by the mastery of good logic of language. One of the writing skills used in expressing ideas is in writing scientific articles. Logic if language in this study means as way for the scientific article writers to think systematically. Survey method with correlation technique was used as research method in this research. The population in this study were all students of the Indonesian Language Education Program FKIP UNS. The data collection and writing skills of scientific article were obtained by conducting test techniques with the practice of writing scientific articles, mastering the logic of language with objective tests as much as 40 items. Data analysis technique here included two thing, namely descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. The analysis of inferential data was used simple regression and correlation techniques. Data analysis was conducted in this study and it referred to the concept of simple analysis of regression correlation. The result of the analysis showed that there was a positive relationship between the logic of the language with the writing of scientific articles (ry1) of 0.42. Furthermore, to know the significance of coefficient correlation, then the T test was done. Based on the results of tests that hade been done, the result showed that the strength of the relationship between the logic language mastery and scientific skills skill was as much as 4.39 and it was greater than the value of t table as much as 1.651

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27

Hale, Bob. "Basic Logical Knowledge." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 51 (March 2002): 279–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100008171.

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At least some of us, at least some of the time—when not in the grip of radical sceptical doubt—are inclined to believe that we know, for example, that if we infer a conclusion from two true premises, one a conditional whose consequent is that conclusion and the other the antecedent of that conditional, then our conclusion must be true, or that we know similar things about other simple patterns of inference. If we do indeed have knowledge of this sort, it is what I mean by logical knowledge. Logical knowledge is, roughly speaking, knowledge about logic—such as knowledge that a certain principle of inference necessarily preserves truth, or that every proposition of a certain form must be true—and so is not the same thing as knowledge that is gained by using logic, i.e. inferential knowledge. That is not to say, of course, that logical knowledge can't be inferential. On the contrary, it is barely open to question that—if there is any logical knowledge at all—there is a lot of inferential logical knowledge. For example, if we know that the introduction and elimination principles for the conditional are truth-preserving, we can surely get to know, by inference, that the principle of hypothetical syllogism (i.e. transitivity of the conditional) is so too, not to mention other, less obvious and more recondite, examples of putative logical knowledge.

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Kevoe-Feldman, Heidi. "Closing the gap in customer service encounters." Pragmatics and Society 6, no. 1 (March 10, 2015): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.6.1.04kev.

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Within the context of service inquiries, and the specialized inferential logic associated with the particularized activities (Levinson 1992) there is a gap in the orientations of customers and service representatives. Specifically, one problem that arises in customer service encounters is that customers and service representatives appear to arrive at different understandings of what constitutes a relevant response to a service inquiry. By examining one type of customer service context, calls to an electronic repair facility, this article offers a conversation analytic account of how customers use formulations to collaboratively achieve a mutually agreed upon answer to their service inquiry and close the gap in the underlying logics that emerge in these calls.

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Gregson, Robert A. M. "Understanding Bayesian procedures." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 2 (April 1998): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98301168.

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Chow's account of Bayesian inference logic and procedures is replete with fundamental misconceptions, derived from secondary sources and not adequately informed by modern work. The status of subjective probabilities in Bayesian analyses is misrepresented and the cogent reasons for the rejection by many statisticians of the curious inferential hybrid used in psychological research are not presented.

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Long, Christopher E., and Edward P. Gatzke. "Model Predictive Control Algorithm for Prioritized Objective Inferential Control of Unmeasured States Using Propositional Logic." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 10 (May 2005): 3575–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie049287p.

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Gill, P., A. Urquhart, E. Millican, N. Oldroyd, S. Watson, R. Sparkes, and C. P. Kimpton. "A new method of STR interpretation using inferential logic -development of a criminal intelligence database." International Journal of Legal Medicine 109, no. 1 (March 1996): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01369596.

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Wansing, Heinrich, and Yaroslav Shramko. "Suszko’s Thesis, Inferential Many-valuedness, and the Notion of a Logical System." Studia Logica 88, no. 3 (March 26, 2008): 405–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11225-008-9111-z.

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Goodstadt, Michael S. "Alcohol Education Research and Practice: A Logical Analysis of the Two Realities." Journal of Drug Education 16, no. 4 (December 1986): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2a14-nfbd-14hy-hwa1.

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The assumptions underlying alcohol education programs, and the impact of such programs are examined from the perspectives of inferential and deductive logic. The inconclusiveness of empirical evidence concerning program effectiveness leads to the adoption of a position of “relative agnosticism,” according to which we can compensate for our state of empirical ignorance by giving greater attention to the deductive logic implied in the assumptions underlying alcohol education. Common flaws in the deductive logic of alcohol education are identified; a series of increasingly sound underlying syllogisms is proposed, leading to the establishment of (inductively and deductively) logically sound objectives and targets for alcohol education programs. A review of existing empirical evidence concerning effectiveness of alcohol education is combined with the outcome of the deductive-logical analysis, resulting in a series of explicit, realistic, recommendations for effective alcohol programming.

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Dagys, Jonas, Haroldas Giedra, and Živilė Pabijutaitė. "Inferences Between Buridan’s Modal Propositions." Problemos 101 (April 26, 2022): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.101.3.

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In recent years modal syllogistic provided by 14th century logician John Buridan has attracted increasing attention of historians of medieval logic. The widespread use of quantified modal logic with the apparatus of possible worlds semantics in current analytic philosophy has encouraged the investigation of the relation of Buridan’s theory of modality with the modern developments of symbolic modal logic. We focus on the semantics of and the inferential relations among the propositions that underlie Buridan’s theory of modal syllogism. First, we review all inferences between propositions of necessity, possibility, contingency, and non-contingency, with or without quod est locution, that are valid in Buridan’s semantics, and offer a comprehensive diagrammatic representation that includes them all. We then ask the question if there is a way to model those results in first order modal logic. Three ways of formalizing Buridan’s propositions in quantified modal logic are considered. Comparison of inferences between the quantified formulas and Buridan’s propositions reveals that, when supplied with a suitable formalization, Buridan’s semantics of categorical statements and immediate inferences among them can be fully captured by the quantified modal system T.

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Rubin, Mariela, and Ariel Roffé. "Against a Metaphysical Understanding of Rejection." Principia: an international journal of epistemology 22, no. 1 (August 22, 2018): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1808-1711.2018v22n1p189.

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In this article, we defend that incorporating a rejection operator into a paraconsistent language involves fully specifying its inferential characteristics within the logic. To do this, we examine a recent proposal by Berto (2014) for a paraconsistent rejection, which — according to him — avoids paradox, even when introduced into a language that contains self-reference and a transparent truth predicate. We will show that this proposal is inadequate because it is too incomplete. We argue that the reason it avoids trouble is that the inferential characteristics of the new operator are left (mostly) unspecified, exporting the task of specifying them to metaphysicians. Additionally, we show that when completing this proposal with some plausible rules for the rejection operator, paradoxes do arise. Finally, we draw some more general implications from the study of this example.

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Gorard, Stephen, and Yiyi Tan. "Reviewing the logic of social scientific claims." Technium Social Sciences Journal 24 (October 9, 2021): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v24i1.4781.

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This paper considers three different claims to knowledge, namely, “fully descriptive”, “generally descriptive” and causal claims. These are all common in social science, and each type of claim requires more assumptions than the previous one. After discussing their methodological and logical foundations, this paper describes some of the limitations in the nature of these three claims. Fully descriptive claims suffer from non-random errors and inaccuracies in observations, and can be queried in terms of utility. Generally, in addition to observational errors, descriptive can be questioned because of the long-standing problem of induction. Even the notion of falsification might not be able to help with this. Finally, causal claims are the most problematic of the three. While widely assumed, causation cannot be observed directly. The paper combines and develops three models of what causation might be, and discusses their implications for causal claims. It points out that so far our belief in causation is still a kind of religious one, and that neither theory nor inferential statistics can help in proving or observing its existence. Finally, the paper provides some suggestions for avoiding being misled by false knowledge and reporting our research findings with tentative care and judgement.

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Flores-Mendoza, Carmen, Renan Benigno Saraiva, Gislene Clemente Vilela Câmara, Wilma M. Guimarães Lopes, Ana P. Carvalho Pereira Passos, Ana Maria Valladão Pires Gama, Viviane de Oliveira Baumgartl, et al. "Socioeconomic environment effect on inferential reasoning of Latin American students." Salud mental 40, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.024.

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Introduction. Inferential reasoning (IR) is a major component of intelligence, which comprises many different cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and logic. Many studies have proposed that socioeconomic status (SES) has a negligible association with IR, but more recent findings suggest that they may have a higher association when evaluating group instead of individual SES. Objective. The aim of this study is to test the effects of both individual (students) and group (schools) socioeconomic status on IR, comparing different countries of Latin America. Method. The sample was composed of 2 358 students aged 14 and 15 years from 52 different schools (44% public) of five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Peru). Participants took part in an inferential reasoning test and answered a socioeconomic questionnaire. Results. SES student showed a small positive correlation with IR (r = .10, p < .001), while SES school had a more pronounced effect on IR (F [2, 1944] = 74.68, p < .001, ηp2 = .07), with higher IR at schools with higher SES. A significant difference of IR between countries (F [4, 1976] = 20.68, p < .001, ηp2 = .04), was also found with Peru showing the highest mean. Peru was the country with the higher percentage of private schools in the present study. A multilevel model was fitted using individual and group SES as predictors. Discussion and conclusion. Our findings showed that group SES have a higher predictive value of IR when compared to individual SES. This result suggests that individuals with low SES can benefit from studying on higher SES schools. Future research and the importance of public policies are discussed.

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Боброва, Ангелина Сергеевна, and Татьяна Викторовна Сальникова. "LOGIC AND DIAGRAMS. TEACHING EXPERIENCE." Логико-философские штудии, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52119/lphs.2022.50.23.004.

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В последние десятилетия университетские курсы логики довольно быстро сдают свои позиции. Исключением не являются и академические философские программы, для которых логика всегда являлась важной профильной дисциплиной. Логика оказывается слишком сложной, слишком абстрактной, а потому слишком оторванной от философии. В поисках выхода из сложившейся ситуации мы решили модифицировать курс, состоящий из привычных теорий, и включить в него диаграмматические подходы Венна, Лейбница, Пирса. Круговые схемы Эйлера при этом, разумеется, сохраняли свои позиции. Мы исходили из того, что студентам важно продемонстрировать задачи логики (те, которые предполагают вводные курсы): логика интересуется логическими отношениями, выводами и доказательствами, а не только тем, как они представлены через конкретные знаки конкретных теорий. В этой работе мы описываем результаты нашей коррекции. Безусловно, диаграммы не способны стать универсальным решением (они подходят далеко не всем), но для кого-то они могут показывать иконичность логических формул и процедуру вывода, приоткрывая тем самым природу логики. Такой вариант изложения материала обращает логику к философии и повышает ее привлекательность для ребят, которым не просто дается алгебра. In recent years, logic courses are quickly losing ground. The introductory course of logic for philosophers, which has always been an integral part of their major, is not an exception. Logic turns out to be too complicated, too abstract, and too separated from philosophy. Trying to find a way out, we decided to modify the course by including diagrammatical approaches of Venn, Leibniz and Peirce. The set of known theories and the traditional functions of Euler’s diagrams were preserved. We reasoned that diagrams could highlight that it is more important to understand key goals of logic (logical relations, consequence, inferences, etc. studies) rather than the syntax (certain signs) of certain theories. This paper reports the results of our investigations. We agree that diagrams cannot be seen as a universal solution (they cannot be great for everyone), but they clarify both the inferential processes and essence of logic for some students. This approach can turn logic back to philosophy, and this step can increase the attraction of logic even for those who are not much of algebra fans.

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PAILOS, FEDERICO MATÍAS. "A FULLY CLASSICAL TRUTH THEORY CHARACTERIZED BY SUBSTRUCTURAL MEANS." Review of Symbolic Logic 13, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020318000485.

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AbstractWe will present a three-valued consequence relation for metainferences, called CM, defined through ST and TS, two well known substructural consequence relations for inferences. While ST recovers every classically valid inference, it invalidates some classically valid metainferences. While CM works as ST at the inferential level, it also recovers every classically valid metainference. Moreover, CM can be safely expanded with a transparent truth predicate. Nevertheless, CM cannot recapture every classically valid meta-metainference. We will afterwards develop a hierarchy of consequence relations CMn for metainferences of level n (for 1 ≤ n < ω). Each CMn recovers every metainference of level n or less, and can be nontrivially expanded with a transparent truth predicate, but cannot recapture every classically valid metainferences of higher levels. Finally, we will present a logic CMω, based on the hierarchy of logics CMn, that is fully classical, in the sense that every classically valid metainference of any level is valid in it. Moreover, CMω can be nontrivially expanded with a transparent truth predicate.

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Малиновский, Г. "Multiplying logical values." Logical Investigations 18 (May 3, 2012): 292–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2074-1472-2012-18-0-292-308.

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The modern history of many-valuedness starts with Lukasiewicz’s construction of three-valued logic. This pioneering, philosophically motivated and matrix based construction, first presented in 1918, was in 1922 extended to n-valued cases, including two infinite ones. Soon several constructions of many-valued logic appeared and the history of the topic became rich and interesting. However, as it is widely known, the problem of interpretation of multiple values is still among vexed questions of contemporary logic. With the paper, which essentially groups my earlier settlements, from [3], [4], [7] and [8], I intend to put a new thread into discussion on the nature of logical many-valuedness. The topics, touched upon, are: matrices, tautological and non-tautological many-valuedness, Tarski’s structural consequence and the Lindenbaum–Wojcicki completeness result, which supports the Suszko’s claim on logical two-valuedness of any structural logic. Consequently, two facets of many-valuedness — referential and inferential — are unravelled. The first, fits the standard approach and it results in multiplication of semantic correlates of sentences, and not logical values in a proper sense. The second many-valuedness is a metalogical property of inference and refers to partition of the matrix universe into more than two disjoint subsets, used in the definition of inference.

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Nugroho, Arif Ganda, and Muhammad Husni. "Prestasi Belajar Siswa Dalam Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe TAI dan Jigsaw Ditinjau Dari Kecerdasan Majemuk." Media Pendidikan Matematika 8, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/mpm.v8i1.2484.

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The purpose of this study was to determine student achievement in the TAI and Jigsaw cooperative learning model in terms of multiple intelligences. This research method is a quasi experiment. The population of this study was students of Class VIII Middle Schools in the city of Banjarmasin, while the sample was VIII Class students of SMPN 1 Banjarmasin, SMPN 7 Banjarmasin and SMPN 14 Banjarmasin. Data analysis was performed inferential statistics. The results of the study indicate that (1) There are significant differences in student achievement in each of the TAI and Jigsaw cooperative learning models before and after treatment; (2) there is no significant difference in student achievement between linguistic intelligence, mathematical logic and others; (3) there is no significant difference in student achievement between linguistic intelligence, mathematical logic and others in the implementation of the TAI type learning model; (4) there is no significant difference in student achievement between linguistic intelligence, mathematical logic and others in the implementation of Jigsaw type learning models; (5) There is a significant difference between students' learning achievement and linguistic intelligence between learning models type TAI and Jigsaw

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Zambrana, Rocío. "Hegel's Hyperbolic Formalism." Hegel Bulletin 31, no. 01 (2010): 107–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263523200001099.

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The Science of Logic is perhaps Hegel's most notoriously impenetrable work. Despite well over a century of commentaries as well as the recent proliferation of scholarship, there exists little agreement concerning the text, whether with regard to particular details or the project of speculative logic in general. Nonetheless, the Logic has often been regarded as exemplifying totalizing metaphysics at its worst. Contemporary philosophers concerned with overcoming metaphysics have thus sought to show not only the incoherence of speculative logic but also the perils of Hegel's supposedly totalizing philosophy. In contrast, showing the continuity between Kant and Hegel has been the strategy for establishing a ‘non-metaphysical’ view of Hegel's speculative logic. Against readings of Hegel as a metaphysical monist who defends the reality of the Absolute Idea developing in nature and spirit, speculative logic is presented as the absolute-idealist successor to Kantian transcendental logic. Hegel's speculative logic is an ‘idealist logic’, since it aims at expounding the conditions necessary for the determinacy of any possible object of thought. Speculative logic thus clarities that experience is dependent on non-empirical concepts and, ultimately, on selfconsciousness. Along this interpretative line, Hegel's Science of Logic offers an account of thinking as a norm-based activity, and of concepts as rules for fixing determinacy. The great insight of Hegel's Logic is, on this view, twofold. First, Hegel's notion of the concept [der Begriff] is understood as a holistic-inferential system of logical concepts, since it provides an account of conceptual content as determined by every other possible content. Second, Hegel's analysis of the actualization of the concept — of the concept that has ‘made itself the foundation’, in Hegel's obscure phrasing — provides an account of the fundamental role of authority involved in the process of fixing determinacy. To be bound to a rule is to acknowledge it as having authority over us and at the same time to institute it as authoritative over the states of affairs that we seek to determine. That Hegel spoke of the freedom of the concept is, therefore, crucial. It suggests that determinacy is ultimately a matter of the authorization of reason, of establishing one way of fixing intelligibility over against others.

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de França Gurgel, Diogo, and Matheus Tostes Furtado. "A teoria das implicaturas de Grice sob a ótica dos teóricos da relevância." Problemata 11, no. 5 (December 2020): 20–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7443/problemata.v11i5.51631.

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This article’s aim is to put under examination the Relevance Theory (presented by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in Relevance: communication and cognition) by the means of a comparison between this theory and Paul Grice’s inferential approach of communication. We believe that certain central claims of the Relevance Theory (for example, the statement of explicatures) could only be established on the theoretical basis built in works such “Meaning” and “Logic and conversation”. To highlight the similarities and differences between these models and to analyze their consequences for a cognitivist grounded theory of communication will be the task of this article.

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Pólos, László, and Michael T. Hannan. "4. Reasoning with Partial Knowledge." Sociological Methodology 32, no. 1 (August 2002): 133–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9531.00114.

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We investigate how sociological argumentation differs from classical first-order logic. We focus on theories about age dependence of organizational mortality. The overall pattern of argument does not comply with the classical monotonicity principle: Adding premises overturns conclusions in an argument. The cause of nonmonotonicity is the need to derive conclusions from partial knowledge. We identify metaprinciples that appear to guide the observed sociological argumentation patterns, and we formalize a semantics to represent them. This semantics yields a new kind of logical consequence relation. We demonstrate that this new logic can reproduce the results of informal sociological theorizing and lead to new insights. It allows us to unify existing theory fragments, and it paves the way toward a complete classical theory. Observed inferential patterns which seem “wrong” according to one notion of inference might just as well signal that the speaker is engaged in correct execution of another style of reasoning. —Johan van Benthem (1996)

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López-Astorga, Miguel. "The Problems of the Mental Logic with the Double Negation: The Necessity of a Semantic Approach." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 46, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2016-0037.

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Abstract The double negation has always been considered by the logical systems from ancient times to the present. In fact, that is an issue that the current syntactic theories studying human reasoning, for example, the mental logic theory, address today. However, in this paper, I claim that, in the case of some languages such as Spanish, the double negation causes problems for the cognitive theories mainly based on formal schemata and supporting the idea of a universal syntax of thought in the human mind. Thus, I propose that, given those problems, semantic frameworks such as that of the mental models theory seem to be more appropriate for explaining the human inferential activity.

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Markovits, Henry, and Fabien Savary. "Pragmatic Schemas and the Selection Task: To Reason or Not to Reason." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 45, no. 1 (July 1992): 133–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749208401319.

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Cheng and Holyoak (1985) have proposed that people possess classes of linguistically based schemas that have an internal structure that is determined by pragmatic considerations. They found that when permission schemas (“If you want to do P, then you must do Q”) are used in the selection task, the success rate is much superior to what is usually observed. According to Cheng and Holyoak, this is due to the fact that the permission schema is defined by a set of production rules that give the same answers to problems of conditional inference as those of formal logic. In order to test this hypothesis specifically, 160 university students were given one of two tests. The first contained two sets of inferential reasoning tasks, one using a permission schema, the second using a relation of multiple causality. The second test employed the same two conditional relations, but in an appropriate context. The results indicated that subjects did better on the reasoning task with the schema of multiple causality when presented in context, but, as predicted, their performance was much worse on the inferential reasoning task with the permission schema, which generated a higher proportion of logically incorrect responses. These results suggest that contrary to what has been affirmed, permission schemas might not have a logical structure that is equivalent to conditional logic. A second experiment examined selection task performance using the same two relations in context. Performance on the permission schema was superior to that found with the relation of multiple causality. This confirmed previous results indicating that permission schemas do improve selection task performance, but also suggests that this effect is not related to understanding of conditional reasoning.

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Gaska, Krzysztof, Agnieszka Generowicz, Mykhailo Lobur, Nazariy Jaworski, Józef Ciuła, and Myroslava Vovk. "Advanced algorithmic model for poly-optimization of biomass fuel production from separate combustible fractions of municipal wastes as a progress in improving energy efficiency of waste utilization." E3S Web of Conferences 122 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912201004.

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Usage of generated fuel components from segregated municipal waste groups in combined combustion processes with traditional fuels results in significant savings by partial replacement of fossil fuels and the reduction of environmental inconvenience that arises directly from the migration of waste to the environment. This article develops technological process of fuel components production which is controlled by advanced embedded SCADA control systems, providing monitoring of process parameters, process visualization and implementation, with the help of logic controllers of freely programmable PLC and complex control algorithms (including adaptive, predictive and inferential control algorithms) by implementation of the polymorphic model of fuel components obtaining process multi-stream optimization.

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RIDGWAY, D. "The logic of causation and the risk of paralytic poliomyelitis for an American child." Epidemiology and Infection 124, no. 1 (February 2000): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268899003350.

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Beginning in January 1997, American immunization policy allowed parents and physicians to elect one of three approved infant vaccination strategies for preventing poliomyelitis. Although the three strategies likely have different outcomes with respect to prevention of paralytic poliomyelitis, the extreme rarity of the disease in the USA prevents any controlled comparison. In this paper, a formal inferential logic, originally described by Donald Rubin, is applied to the vaccination problem. Assumptions and indirect evidence are used to overcome the inability to observe the same subjects under varying conditions to allow the inference of causality from non-randomized observations. Using available epidemiologic information and explicit assumptions, it is possible to project the risk of paralytic polio for infants immunized with oral polio vaccine (1·3 cases per million vaccinees), inactivated polio vaccine (0·54 cases per million vaccinees), or a sequential schedule (0·54–0·92 cases per million vaccinees).

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Lisanyuk, Elena N., and Dilbarhon I. Fayzikhodzhaeva. "False argument, three Liars and a conclusive end of a discussion." Philosophy Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-1-85-101.

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We propose a conception of false argument as the opposite to the conception of valid argument with respect to three approaches to arguments, inferential, dialogical, and abstract. A false argument is strongly invalid according to all the validity criteria of arguments, as distinct from a weakly invalid argument amounting to flawed arguments according to one of the criteria. The examples from the narratives of the film “Wag the dog” and A. Strindberg’s novel “The Sacred Bull or The Triumph of Lies” illustrate the relevance of the conception of false arguments for the analysis of argumentation from the perspective of the addressee, which paves the way for differentiating the epistemological approach to falsity from that of logic. False arguments are defined in three ways of referring to them in dialogs, referential, attributive and self-referring, call them Liars (a), (b) and (c) respectively. False arguments of Liar (b) exist for all the three kinds of arguments. In the referential sense, there exists only a dialogical false argument; inferential false arguments are redundant. The conception of a false dialogical argument supports an effective resolution of difference of opinions in discussion where the author fails to prove their point.

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Hind Khabbah, Hind Khabbah. "Informal logic in Islamic theology: Argumentative study of the inferential structure theological debate: المنطق غير المحكم في علم الكلام: دراسة حجاجية للبنية الاستدلالية في المناظرة الكلامية." مجلة العلوم الإنسانية و الإجتماعية 6, no. 1 (January 28, 2022): 88–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.n121021.

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Informal logic aims to study arguments formulated in natural language, examine their inferential structure, and extrapolate general criteria that enable us to judge the invalidity of an argument or vice versa. It transcends its limit, which is confined to the infallibility of thought from error, and transcends it to work to overthrow false arguments. Therefore, we decided to reveal this kind of logic through the argumentative theory, which gives the possibility to evoke the domicile and contextual dimension of the subject of the argumentative process, and to highlight the role played by the Ethos, Pathos, Logos, enthymeme, and the introspection of implicit forms in the discourse, and taking into account the psychological and sociological dimensions. and the ideological background, and for this reason, one of the endeavors of this study is to analyze the inferential structure of Islamic theological discourse with analogous denominators, in which the pilgrims relied on the creed. To illustrate this, the "Al-Aslah wa Salaah" debate, which took place between "Al-Jabai" and "Al-Ash'ari", was chosen. by adopting a method that combines analysis and conclusion, imposed by the nature of the subject, which was among the reasons for choosing the intellectual and ideological conflict, which in a large part has become subject to purely political orientations, predicting ideological transformations of a significant degree of danger that seek to crush the constants, and to blind the insights through fallacies. Logical and dissemination on a large scale, so one of the most prominent recommendations that this study urges is to be able to use arguments and logical mechanisms to distinguish between right and wrong and protect oneself from being drawn into arguments that are formed in false and fragile logical images.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Inferential Logic'

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