Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infections bactériennes et mycoses'
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Messien, Patrick. "Les complications bactériennes et fongiques des 96 premières transplantations hépatiques à Bordeaux." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR23027.
Full textRouzé, Anahita. "Impact de l'infection par SARS-CoV-2 sur l'épidémiologie des infections respiratoires bactériennes et des aspergilloses pulmonaires invasives chez les patients de réanimation sous ventilation mécanique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDBSL/2024/2024ULILS017.pdf.
Full textObjectives: The CoVAPid project aimed to study the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the epidemiology of bacterial and fungal respiratory infections in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV). Three entities were analyzed: early bacterial pulmonary infections, bacterial ventilator-associated lower respiratory tract infections (VA-LRTI) including ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis (VAT), and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). The main objectives were to compare the prevalence of early bacterial pulmonary infection between patients admitted for COVID-19 and influenza, to compare the incidence of VA-LRTI among patients admitted for COVID-19, influenza, or other reasons than viral pneumonia, to compare the prevalence of early bacterial pulmonary infection and the incidence of VA-LRTI between patients from the 1st and 2nd pandemic waves of COVID-19, to determine the impact of VAP on mortality in patients with COVID-19, to assess the effect of corticosteroid therapy on the incidence of VAP in patients with COVID-19, and to compare the incidence of IPA between patients with COVID-19 and influenza. Methods: This was a retrospective observational multicenter European cohort involving 36 centers. Adult patients under MV for more than 48 hours were consecutively included and divided into four groups according to their ICU admission cause: COVID-19 (1st and 2nd wave, influenza, and others. Results: A total of 2172 patients were included. The prevalence of bacterial pulmonary infections within 48 hours following intubation was significantly lower in COVID-19 patients (9.7%) compared to those admitted for influenza (33.6%, adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.16-0.33). The incidence of VA-LRTI was significantly higher in COVID-19 patients (50.5%) compared to those admitted for influenza (30.3%, adjusted sub-hazard ratio (sHR) 1.6 (1.26-2.04)) and those without viral infection (25.3%, sHR 1.7 (1.20-2.39)), with a significantly higher incidence of VAP in the COVID-19 group compared to the other two groups. The prevalence of early infection significantly increased between the 1st and 2nd wave (9.7 vs 14.9%, adjusted OR 1.52 (1.04-2.22)), as did the incidence of VAP (36 vs 44.8%; adjusted sHR 1.37 (1.12-1.66)). VAP was associated with a significant increase in 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients (adjusted HR of 1.65 (1.11-2.46)), which was not observed in patients admitted for influenza and without viral infection. However, no significant difference in the heterogeneity of the association between VAP and mortality was observed among the three study groups. The relationship between corticosteroid exposure and the incidence of VAP was not statistically significant (p=0.082 for the overall effect), despite a varying risk of VAP over time since the initiation of treatment. Finally, the incidence of putative IPA (defined by the AspICU algorithm) was significantly lower in the COVID-19 group compared to the influenza group (2.5% vs 6%, cause-specific adjusted HR 3.29 (1.53-7.02)). Conclusion: The CoVAPid project highlighted a lower prevalence of early bacterial pulmonary infections in COVID-19 patients compared to those with influenza, with a significant increase between the 1st and 2nd pandemic wave. The incidence of VAP was higher in COVID-19 patients, compared to patients admitted for influenza or without viral infection at admission, and significantly increased between the 1st and 2nd wave. In COVID-19 patients, corticosteroid therapy had no significant effect on the incidence of VAP, and the occurrence of VAP was associated with a significant increase in 28-day mortality. The incidence of IPA was lower among patients with COVID-19 than those with influenza
Nivoix, Yasmine. "Infections fongiques invasives : épidémiologie et optimisation thérapeutique." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA2006.
Full textFourmaux, Éric. "Diagnostic et traitement des endophtalmies bactériennes post-opératoires." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR23032.
Full textMugabe, Clement, and Abdelwahab Omri. "La gentamicine sous la forme liposomale : aspects technologique et microbiologique." Acfas-Sudbury, 2005. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/63.
Full textLo, Cheikh Ibrahima. "Répertoire des bactéries identifiées par Maldi-Tof en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5051/document.
Full textThe Africa bacteria repertory is unfamiliar because the available tools in this region are not allowed its best knowledge. In fact, bacteria are most often identified using culture techniques on simple media and biochemical tests which enable the identification of some common characters. These methods do not facilitate an exhaustive knowledge of the bacterial repertory; consequently they have recently been revolutionized by the systematic use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS).In our thesis we used two mass spectrometers, respectively, MALDI-TOF Vitek MS currently installed at Dakar (Senegal) and MALDI-TOF Microflex LT installed in Marseille (France). In addition we have also confirmed that MALDI-TOF is a powerful tool for identifying bacterial species rarely involved in human infectious diseases. Thus in adopting the MALDI-TOF as a first-line tool in bacterial identification before Gram staining or other techniques of phenotypic identifications based on chemical characteristics, we discovered seven new species of bacteria isolated for first time in humans. Microbial identification using MALDI-TOF MS is currently feasible in Africa. Its performance and effectiveness in routine diagnosis of clinical microbiology laboratories have been proven. It is necessary either to increase the installation of MALDI-TOF, or establishing a network around a shared MALDI-TOF platform between several structures located in the same area, especially in the underdeveloped countries of Africa amortization of investment costs of the device, because it allowed reducing the time of reporting results and indirectly facilitating better care for patients
Siddle, Katherine Joyce. "Régulation transcriptomique et génétique de la réponse des microARN aux infections (myco)bactériennes." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066330.
Full textMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important epigenetic regulators of gene expression that play a key role in many biological processes, including the immune response. Although infection is accompanied by marked changes in the transcriptional profiles of host cells, little is known about the variability of host miRNA responses to infection. In this thesis, we aimed to define the extent and specificity of pathogen-induced miRNA transcriptional responses of host cells, and to characterise the genetic basis of miRNA variability upon infection, using the model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection of human dendritic cells. To this end, we have combined ex vivo approaches with a range of high-throughput genomic techniques to profile miRNA responses to MTB at the population-level and to compare this response with other mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial infections. We show that miRNAs display marked changes in expression and in isomiR distribution upon infection that are highly consistent across diverse bacteria, demonstrating the presence of a strong core miRNA response to bacterial infection. Our results highlight the impact of infection on miRNA-mediated gene regulatory networks and show that the expression of 3% of miRNAs are controlled by proximate expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and identify a number of candidate miRNAs that may play a role in variability in the immune response to infection. Together, these results provide the first assessment of the impact of genotype-environment interactions on the regulation of miRNA expression, as well as offering novel insights into the specificity of these miRNAs in the response to mycobacterial infections
Siddle, Katherine Joyce. "Régulation transcriptomique et génétique de la réponse des microARN aux infections (myco)bactériennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066330.
Full textMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important epigenetic regulators of gene expression that play a key role in many biological processes, including the immune response. Although infection is accompanied by marked changes in the transcriptional profiles of host cells, little is known about the variability of host miRNA responses to infection. In this thesis, we aimed to define the extent and specificity of pathogen-induced miRNA transcriptional responses of host cells, and to characterise the genetic basis of miRNA variability upon infection, using the model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection of human dendritic cells. To this end, we have combined ex vivo approaches with a range of high-throughput genomic techniques to profile miRNA responses to MTB at the population-level and to compare this response with other mycobacterial and non-mycobacterial infections. We show that miRNAs display marked changes in expression and in isomiR distribution upon infection that are highly consistent across diverse bacteria, demonstrating the presence of a strong core miRNA response to bacterial infection. Our results highlight the impact of infection on miRNA-mediated gene regulatory networks and show that the expression of 3% of miRNAs are controlled by proximate expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and identify a number of candidate miRNAs that may play a role in variability in the immune response to infection. Together, these results provide the first assessment of the impact of genotype-environment interactions on the regulation of miRNA expression, as well as offering novel insights into the specificity of these miRNAs in the response to mycobacterial infections
Bergeau, Caroline Ballereau Françoise. "Place du voriconazole et de la caspofungine dans le traitement des infections fongiques invasives au CHU de Nantes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHbergeau.pdf.
Full textGriseri, Thibault. "Rôle immunorégulateur des lymphocytes TNK dans le diabète de type 1 et les infections virales." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N24S.
Full textInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells can prevent type 1 diabetes by impairing T cell responses to pancreatic β cells. As iNKT cells can also promote T cell responses to pathogens, and as viruses can trigger autoimmune diabetes, we investigated the effect of iNKT cells on virus-induced diabetes. Mice expressing the lymphochoriomeningitis virus (LCMV) nucleoprotein (NP) in their pancreatic β cells develop diabetes after LCMV infection. Here, we show that although iNKT cells promote systemic anti-LCMV CD8 T cell responses, theyn also completely abolish LCMV-induced diabetes. Locally in the pancreas, iNKT cells induced the production of large amount of antiviral cytokines inhibiting LCMV replication
Vuillemard, Catherine. "Traitement des mycoses ophtalmiques, stratégie thérapeutique des kératomycoses et des endophtalmies à candida et aspergillus." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2P074.
Full textMijouin, Lily. "Interactions peau/microbiote cutané : effet d'un neuropeptide cutané, la Substance P, sur l'adaptation et la virulence bactériennes." Rouen, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ROUES010.
Full textHuman skin is the largest neuroendocrine organ, and hosts approximately 1012 bacteria, most of which are commensal or symbiotic. Substance P is a major actor of neurogenic inflammation, and is involved in various cutaneous disorders, such as atopic dermatitis or sensitive skin phenotype. However, the exact role played by the cutaneous micro-organisms in these disorders is unknown, and interactions between human neuropeptides and cutaneous bacteria were never investigated. During this work, a detailed analysis of cutaneous bacterial microbiota was realized within normal skin and sensitive skin volunteers. Bacterial isolates collected were identified with Pasteurian techniques, molecular biology techniques and MALDITOF mass spectrometry coupled to the Biotyper ® software. This first step led to the selection of four cutaneous germs, considered as representative of different cutaneous bacterial sub-populations: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus cereus and Pseudomonas fluorescens The effects of SP on cutaneous bacterial virulence were then studied. The exposure of bacterial strains with SP induced a significant raise in global virulence and adhesion properties of bacteria to kératinocytes HaCaT. For S. Aureus and B. Cereus strains, we were able to identify virulence factors potentially involved in such phenomenon. Moreover, the Thermo-unstable elongation factor Tu was identified as a SP binding site in B. Cereus. Finally, we observed that two bio-active cosmetic compounds were able to antagonize SP pro-virulent effects. These observations support the hypothesis that SP could act as a global virulence regulator of the cutaneous microflora. This study participates in the understanding of the role of such microflora within the physiological interactions between the skin and microbes that colonizes it
Bozdogan, Bülent. "Mécanismes de résistance aux lincosamides et aux streptogramines chez les bactéries à Gram positif." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05N132.
Full textPrudent, Elsa. "Applications de l'hybridation in situ en fluorescence et stratégies moléculaires pour le diagnostic des infections bactériennes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0253/document.
Full textWe applied FISH methods to the study of three intracellular pathogenic bacteria. The viability of Bartonella henselae was evaluated in a large series of lymph nodes from patients with cat scratch disease (CSD). The results obtained, associated with sterile cultures and negative histological analyzes and FISH, as well as the low level of RNA detected by molecular biology, provide evidence that B. henselae are not or are rarely viable in the lymph nodes of patients with CSD. Tropheryma whipplei has been identified by FISH in macrophages from one lymph node and for the first time in a pulmonary biopsy, confirming the diagnosis of infection. Two methods of FISH have been tested to detect Coxiella burnetii in cases of endocarditis and vascular infections using oligonucleotide and PNA probes. The results attested to the greater efficiency of PNA probes, and demonstrated that FISH were applicable for the diagnosis of C. burnetii endocarditis. We also evaluated the molecular strategies used for syndrome-driven diagnosis of infectious diseases. Although conventional broad-spectrum PCR allows for the identification of fastidious and anaerobic microorganisms, real-time specific PCR reveals a significant superiority in syndrome-driven diagnosis. The addition of specific PCRs in real time PCR would improve our molecular strategies, for example, in the case of the detection of Staphylococcus aureus for the diagnosis of lymphadenopathy. In conclusion, this work demonstrates the effectiveness and applicability of FISH for the identification of intracellular bacteria. This method can be used as an important complementary tool to the improvement of clinical microbiological diagnosis
Courtin-Chabre, Valérie. "Les infections fongiques au cours du sida : à propos d'un cas de mucormycose et revue de la littérature." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON11167.
Full textAntraygues, Kévin. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation biologique de nouveaux ansamacrolides dans le traitement d'infections bactériennes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILS027.
Full textAntimicrobial resistance is a major public health issue nowadays and this will be even more true in the coming decades. Among the bacteria involved in this alarming phenomenon, Acinetobacter baumannii and Mycobacterium abscessus are both resistant to many antibiotics currently available on the market. Research and development of new antibiotics is therefore necessary to fight these pathogens.Rifabutin, a semi-synthetic macrocyle of the rifamycin class, has recently shown interesting in vitro activities against A. baumannii and M. abscessus, which then translated into in vivo efficacy. Rifabutin therefore seems to be promising to the fight against these bacteria, but the use of this antibiotic is currently limited. In order to treat an infection caused by A. baumannii, rifabutin requires to be injected by intravenous route, which is not so easy because of the low water solubility of the molecule. Concerning the treatment of M. abscessus infections, rifabutin, although effective in vivo, has moderate activity against this mycobacterium, which could lead to therapeutic escape.Therefore, the work presented in this thesis manuscript seeks to address the limitations of rifabutin mentioned above.In a first part, water-soluble prodrugs of rifabutin have been synthesized in order to allow an intravenous injection and thus fight effectively against A. baumannii infections. To achieve the release of rifabutin after enzymatic cleavage in plasma, an intramolecular cyclization strategy was employed. After evaluation of the compounds in plasma stability assays, structure-stability relationship studies were performed, leading to the identification of three promising prodrugs. Additional in vitro studies were then conducted such as the measurement of aqueous solubility and bacterial growth inhibition, and finally an in vivo pharmacokinetic study was performed to be able to select for a preclinical candidate.In a second part, analogues of rifabutin modified at the C25 position were synthesized to identify more potent compounds. Based on a parallel chemistry strategy, a large number of derivatives were rapidly obtained and then evaluated against M. abscessus in order to conduct structure-activity relationship studies
Joubert, Olivier. "Identification,stabilisation et inhibition de l'interaction monomère S-monomère F des leucotoxines à deux composés de Staphylococcus aureus." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/JOUBERT_Olivier_2005.pdf.
Full textCalvat, Sigolène. "Infections bactériennes des voies urinaires, de la paroi et de la loge du greffon après transplantation rénale." Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11086.
Full textLaunay, Elise. "Méthodologies d’évaluation de l’optimalité des soins : exemples des délais diagnostiques et des infections bactériennes sévères de l’enfant." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB134/document.
Full textThe aim of this thesis was to product new knowledge about the methodology on how to assess the optimality of care with the examples of time to diagnosis and serious bacterial infection (SBI). In two systematic reviews, we found that the key methodological points potentially related to risks of bias or threats to transportability were rarely reported in the primary studies and rarely evaluated by authors of systematic reviews. Then, we developed and internationally validated a reporting guideline to help scientists to better take into consideration these critical methodological points. In a population-based confidential inquiry, we found that: (i) care was suboptimal in 76% of the initial management of children who died from SBI, (ii) delayed first medical contact, undervaluation of severity or delayed antibiotic administration were detected in the management of 20%, 20% and 24% of children admitted to intensive care for a SBI, respectively, (iii) the total number of suboptimal cares delivered during the management was independently associated with death, and (iv) suboptimal cares were more frequent in children younger than one year old and if the care was delivered by a non specialist physician. Minimizing the risks of bias both in the selection process of the study population and in the assessment of the optimality of care, and taking into account confounding factors such as the intrinsic severity of the disease are keys elements to ensure a reliable evaluation of optimality of care in order to produce effective corrective clinical messages
Alonso, Jean-Michel. "Deux approches différentes dans la stratégie d'immunoprévention des infections bactériennes transmissibles : le modèle Yersinia et le modèle Bordetella." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112048.
Full textRuer, Ségolène. "Les systèmes "chaperone-usher" CupB et CupC chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa : assemblage et fonctions, caractérisation du "P-usher", une protéine bi-fonctionnelle impliquée dans l'assemblage de fimbriae et la sécrétion d'une protéine TpsA." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22010.pdf.
Full textIn the environment, bacteria live mostly attached to a surface in a sedentary and multicellular community called biofilm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a human opportunistic Gram negative pathogen, responsible for nosocomial infections and respiratory infections of cystic fibrosis patients. This bacterial lifestyle represents a strategy to persist in colonized hosts and constitutes a passive or active mechanism of resistance towards antimicrobial molecules. The establishment of P. Aeruginosa in biofilm is due to macromolecular machines of the “chaperone-usher” (CU) family. My thesis work consisted in the characterisation of P. Aeruginosa CupB and CupC systems of the CU family. These two systems are functional and specifically assemble fimbriae through their own outer membrane protein, the usher. The cupB cluster encodes two periplasmic chaperones CupB2 and CupB4, which are respectively responsible for the capture in the périplasme and targeting of the major pilin CupB1 and the adhesin CupB6, respectively, to the CupB3 usher protein. The cupB cluster encodes a TpsA substrate of the two partner secretion system (TPS), CupB5, which secretion occurs through the “P-usher”. The “P-usher” is therefore a bi-functional protein capable of both the assembly of CupB fimbriae and the secretion of CupB5 protein. The “P-usher” results from the fusion of a POTRA domain and of an “usher” domain, highlighting a genetic rearrangement in the P. Aeruginosa cupB gene cluster. This is strongly supported by the restoration of the P. Aeruginosa TPS substrate (CupB5) secretion, in the absence of the “P-usher”, by the introduction of the heterologous TpsB outer membrane protein from the P. Fluorescens cupB cluster. The study of the fimbriae CupB and CupC fimbriae showed their implication in biofilm formation and host cell response, particularly of the CupB5 protein which plays a role in phagocytosis
Koffi, Oi Koffi Basile. "Apport du dosage sanguin de l'interleukine-6 et de l'interleukine-8 dans le diagnostic précoce des infections bactériennes néonatales." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M165.
Full textPham, Thi Xuan Tu. "L'infection bactérienne materno-foetale : épidémiologie, aspects cliniques et biologiques au Vietnam et en France." Amiens, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AMIED002.
Full textThe aim of our study was to determine the criteria for maternofetal infection and the relevance of bacteriological sampling, i. E. Gastric fluid, in order to make a quick diagnosis and to avoid unappropriate antibiotic therapy. We have underlined the underestimation of some medical history items in Vietnam such as maternal fever > 38°C before or at the onset of labor, membranes rupture duration > 12 hours or membranes rupture occuring before 35 weeks , maternal urine tract infection, fetal tachycardia, neonatal asphyxia. The negative predictive value of gastric fluid direct examination was also emphasized. A better knowledge of such results should lead to a decrease in neonatal mortality and morbidity in Vietnam
Romano, Sara. "Dynamique des populations et communautés bactériennes au cours de l’hospitalisation et des infections associées aux soins : cas particulier de la chirurgie cardiaque." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONT3515.
Full textHuman microbiota are now considered as supplementary organs involved in diseases such as infections. Microbiota disequilibrium named dysbiosis creates impaired ecological niches (pathobiomes). This new paradigm of infection is particularly relevant for opportunistic infections. In this study, we consider one major type of healthcare associated infection (HAI), the surgical site infections after cardiothoracic surgery as a pathology of niche. We study the dynamics of microbial communities and populations as conditions for emergence and success of infectious agents.The diversity and dynamics of superficial and deep surgical microbiota in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting show a partial replacement of the pre-operative microbiota by a specific surgical microbiota with partial resilience during healing. Significant links are found between microbiota composition and scores for infectious risk. The population structure of Propionibacterium acnes, a pathogen complicating cardiac surgery, shows variable frequencies of phylotypes according to operative stages. Surgical microbiota appears specific with high diversity of Gram-negative bacteria, some of them being previously described in healthy skin microbiota. At the species-level, these bacteria appear atypical among known human bacteria because they are related to environmental bacteria. We demonstrate the cutaneous reservoir of the opportunistic pathogen Roseomonas mucosa deemed, until now, to be environmental. Three populations of opportunistic pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Ochrobactrum anthropi, O. intermedium) are structured in order to precise their transmission and their infectivity in the general context of impaired ecological niche and pathobiome.The results obtained at various microbiological scale (community, population, species, phylotype) are organized in this general context in order to delineate an original integrative vision of HAI
Capdevila, Xavier. "Intérêt du lavage broncho alvéolaire pour le diagnostic et la conduite thérapeutique des pneumonies bactériennes associées à la ventilation mécanique." Montpellier 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON11087.
Full textRanfaing, Jérémy. "Etudes des activités anti-adhérentielles et anti-bactériennes de la canneberge (Vaccinium macrocarpon) et de la propolis." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT122.
Full textUrinary Tract Infection (UTI) is a major problem of public health. Acute cystitis which touches mostly women is the most common form of UTI. The bacteria which is mostly isolated in an UTI is Escherichia coli. A particularity of cystitis is to come back. In this context news strategies have to be developed to prevent and cure recurrent UTI. One of these strategies is the utilization of natural products like the cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) which is promising. Indeed, previous studies showed the negative impact of cranberry on the adhesion of bacteria on the superficial cells of bladder which help the elimination of bacteria by the urinary flux. This activity is carried by the type A proanthocyanidin (PAC-A). Moreover, a study lead by our team has demonstrated an improvement of the activity of cranberry on the adhesion and the virulence of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) by another natural product: the propolis. Since Antiquity its antibacterial activities have been recognize and more recent studies have demonstrated its impact of Gram positive bacteria and also on two Gram negative bacteria: E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This thesis has allowed for: i) the description of the impact of cranberry, propolis and its association on the transcriptome of a clinical strain of UPEC (G50). This transcriptomic analyze have shown that the cranberry down regulated genes linked to the adhesion and also genes linked to the motility and biofilm formation. However the cranberry up regulated genes linked to the iron metabolism and the stress response. These effects are improve by the addition of propolis. Concurrently phenotypics tests have been conducted on a collection of UPEC on the motility and the biofilm formation and they confirmed the previous results; ii) the development of a test, based on our transcriptomic results, enable to performed a standardized evaluation of the impact of PAC-A on E. coli, independently of its concentration. Indeed, this molecule cannot be measure in a standard way. Four genes have been selected (tsr, ftnA, fecB, feoB), the monitoring of their expression allow us to measure the anti-bacterial efficiency of the cranberry; iii) the measurement of the potential effect of the propolis of the antibiotic’s activities used to treat UTIs. Thus it have been observed that the addition of propolis improve the bactericide activity of the antibiotics tested and reduces the minimal inhibitory concentration of these antibiotics
Pichavant, Muriel. "Mécanismes de sensibilisation par voie aérienne : interactions entre cellules épithéliales bronchiques et cellules dendritiques." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S018.
Full textMucosal immune response depends on the surveillance network established by dendritic cells (DC), located within airway epithelium. DC are professionnal antigen presenting cells, which play a key role in the development and the polarization of immune responses. Exposure to microbial products or allergens increases the number of DC within bronchial epithelium. Moreover, airway sensitization to allergens depends on the presence of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, involving probably bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) activation. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the crosstalk between BEC and DC in response to a potent vaccinal agent: KpOmpA and to an aeroallergen: Der p1. KpOmpA, an outer membrane protein from Klebsiella pneumoniae, activates macrophages and DC, and has immunomodulatory properties. Our results show that KpOmpA-activated BEC take part to innate immune response through the recruitment of neutrophils. Moreover, BEC trigger the migration of myeloid DC precursors and favor their differentiation/maturation. This study demonstrates the role of BEC in the development of innate and adaptive immune responses after PAMP exposure. Since Der p1, a cystein protease allergen from Dermatophagoïdes pteronyssinus, is able to induce airway sensitization of atopic patients, we evaluated interactions between BEC from non atopic (NA) and allergic asthmatic (AA) donors and DC. Der p1 triggers CCL2, CCL5 and CXCL10 production in both groups, whereas CCL20 is only induced with AA BEC. Langerhans cell precursors are recruited by AA BEC, in addition to monocyte-derived DC precursors which are recruited in both groups. This mechanism of airway sensitization to Der p1 probably implicate the selective recruitment of a DC sub-population. These data show that BEC participate to the development of the immune response through their capacity to regulate the homeostasis of airway DC, and their differentiation/maturation. Thus, bronchial epithelium targeting and activation could be important in vaccination process via airway mucosa
Hoffmann, Jonathan. "Etude translationnelle sur les interactions hôte-pathogène : étiologie des infections respiratoires aigües et impact des co-infections sur la modulation de la réponse immunitaire innée." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1022.
Full textRespiratory infections, especially pneumonia are the leading cause of death among children under 5 years-old worldwide. Advances in molecular diagnostic have highlighted heterogeneous etiologies of respiratory infections with a high proportion of viral and bacterial co-infections whose clinical impact remain difficult to assess. The translational research conducted during this thesis aimed to describe the etiology of respiratory infections and the impact of viral and bacterial co-infections on the innate immunity.We have developed an in-vitro study model of sequential infection of antigen presenting cells (APC) by the human influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae and studied the modulation of the inflammatory response. The results show that APC co-infection by those two major pathogens of pneumonia strongly impacts cells viability and induces a significant deregulation of the inflammatory response. During co-infection, pro-inflammatory chemokine IP-10 is synergistically expressed suggesting a role so far undescribed for this chemokine in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. We also demonstrated that micro-RNAs (including miR-200a-3p) actively participate in the regulation of the inflammatory response by targeting the signaling pathway regulators JAK-STAT (SOCS-6) and indirectly IP-10 signalling pathway.Recently, we evaluated the inflammatory response of children aged under 5 hospitalized for pneumonia, in partnership with medical and scientific teams of Paraguay involved in the GABRIEL network. This study confirmed 1) a varied etiology of childhood pneumonia and 2) a significant elevated IP-10 serum level among children with very severe pneumonia caused by mixed viral and bacterial co-infections
Ehounoud, Hervé Cyrille Bile. "Maladies bactériennes, y compris vectorisées, en Afrique de l'Ouest (Côte d'Ivoire et Guinée-Conakry)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5051.
Full textFebrile illnesses including bacterial diseases are poorly known in Côte d'Ivoire and Guinea.In the first part of our work, we researched by molecular biology bacteria transmitted by ticks in Côte d’Ivoire. We analyzed different species of ticks collected from cattle and highlighted pathogenic bacteria responsible for many infectious diseases such as Rickettsia, Borrelia, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and twenty potential new species. In the second part, our goal was to detect using molecular biology several microorganisms in humans in Guinea (Conakry) and Côte d'Ivoire. As regards the study of wounds and healthy skin in Guinea, most patients were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, several species of Acinetobacter.Among the febrile patients and healthy controls afebrile recruited in Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire, Plasmodium falciparum is the most common detected microorganism especially in blood samples from febrile patients although several bacteria were also identified. In Guinea, it was Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typhoidal Salmonella spp., and R. felis. These bacteria were also identified as well as Salmonella enterica Typhi, Salmonella enterica Paratyphi, Tropheryma whipplei and a potential new species of Wolbachia in Côte d’Ivoire.This work allowed establishing the repertory of bacteria transmitted by ticks in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as those involved in bacteremia in Côte d’Ivoire and Guinea (Conakry)
Jean, Baptiste Elixène. "Amélioration des propriétés antibactériennes et anticoagulantes des prothèses vasculaires en polyester par immobilisation et libération contrôlée de principes actifs." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S043/document.
Full textSynthetic vascular prosthesis likewise vascular endoprosthesis are prone to several complications after implantation into the human body. Infections, thromboses and late occlusions are the most challenging and the most common, leading to serious clinical consequences that are sometimes lethal. Management of those complications is still fraught with tremendous difficulties justifying the economic burden and the continuous efforts in research development for improving vascular prosthetic materials. This research investment is, however, yet to yield any great clinical advance. Previous studies conducted in our research laboratory have led to the development of polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. This was achieved in order to increase the loading and eluting capacities of these vascular prostheses towards several antibiotics. In the current works, we sought to determine the optimal conditions for effective controlled release of three antibiotics from those prosthetic platforms. We have also evaluated their efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models of vascular infections. This was carried-out against nine different bacteria strains that are among the most common in human vascular infections. Moreover, we have assessed in vivo their safety, their healing properties, their systemic toxicity and their biocompatibility in the prospect of clinical application.The above-mentioned drug delivery system has been proved to be effective in releasing in situ the selected antibacterial agents over a seven-day desorption period in human plasma. Optimal batch concentration and time for prosthetic immersion into the antibiotic solutions were well compatible with current surgical practice standards. A bactericidal activity evidenced by significant reduction of bacterial adhesion, growth and proliferation was revealed when compared to appropriate controls in the various tested vascular infection models. We have also studied antibacterial molecules alone or in combination. In this latter setting, no antagonistic effects were depicted. This provides a unique opportunity to customize local antibiotic treatment delivered in situ from vascular device fabrics and to adapt it to the evolving ecology of both monomicrobial and polymicrobial vascular prosthetic infection. The polyester vascular prostheses coated with a polymer of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin were proved in vivo safe and demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, healing properties and tissue integration without any signs of systemic toxicity. [...]
Azandegbe, Afi. "Étude de la structure des communautés bactériennes du sédiment et de l'écologie de Vibrio aestuarianus pathogène de l'huître creuse Crassostrea gigas dans deux sites ostréicoles." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2068.
Full textGeorgel, Anne-France. "Analyse des réponses anti-bactériennes et anti-virales respiratoires induites par les agonistes des récepteurs de l’immunité innée." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S053.
Full textViral and bacterial infections remain a burden for health care systems. The current therapeutic approaches by antibiotic have shown their effectiveness but also their limit especially in cases of multidrug-resistant microorganisms or in the treatment of patients with aggravating pathologies. Stimulation of innate immunity could be a complementary therapeutic approach to current treatments. Indeed, the activation of the innate immune system induces local production of antimicrobial molecules and the recruitment of effector cells involved in controlling infection.The Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are innate sensors that trigger signaling cascades and promotes the archetypal pro-inflammatory responses involved in antimicrobial defense. TLR5 recognizes flagellin, the structural protein of bacterial flagella. TLR5 is expressed on the surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and epithelial cells.In the first part of the work, we assessed the ability of flagellin to control the replication of influenza A virus H3N2. We first showed that intranasal or systemic administration of flagellin activated transcription of anti-viral genes in lung tissue. Administration of flagellin reduced viral replication in the lung of mice infected with H3N2 IAV. This effect is also observed in Il22-/- and Ifnar-/- mice suggesting a mechanism independent of type I interferon and interleukin 22 signaling. Finally, we also showed that the combination of flagellin with oseltamivir (neuraminidase inhibitor) was more efficacious than standalone treatments.The second part of this work is the ASTRAL clinical study, which assesses the ability of blood mononuclear cells to respond to different TLR agonists in patients with acute lobar pneumonia. This study started in October 2017 and plans to include 38 patients. The objective is to observe the response after TLR agonist stimulation by transcriptional analysis and cytokine assays. The first results (analysis of 7 patients) show that blood mononuclear cells can be activated by TLR agonists in the context of pneumonia
Herindrainy, Perlinot. "Epidémiologie et transmission mère-enfant des entérobactéries productrices de bêta-lactamases à spectre étendu (E-BLSE) à Madagascar." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV074/document.
Full textThe emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a concern. Infection caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) worsens the prognosis of infected patients and increases the costs associated with their management. Among the MDRs, Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), especially extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) are the most frequently isolated. Antibiotic resistance may have an impact on morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) because of the potential for emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and the burden of bacterial infections in these countries. However, data on bacterial resistance are scarce or came from the hospital, for the great majority, in LMICs. In these settings, severe neonatal bacterial infections (sepsis, pneumoniae and meningitis) still represent the leading causes of death in newborns. Enterobacteriaceaeare responsible for a great part of these neonatal infections. Thus, investigating the transmission of ESBL-PE in newborns would make it possible to propose prevention strategies. This work was based on the BIRDY program (Bacterial Infections and Antibiotic Resistant Diseases among Young Children in Low-Income Countries). The first objective was to estimate the prevalence of colonization by ESBL-PE in pregnant women in Madagascar as well as the risk factors of this colonization. The results showed an overall colonization prevalence of 18.5% [95% CI 14.5-22.6]. Factors reflecting a higher socioeconomic level such as private access to drinking water and having a house are associated with colonization. The second objective of this work was to study the incidence of ESBL-PE colonization in community-based infants and to identify acquisition risk factors. The results reveal an overall incidence of ESBL-PE acquisition of 10.4 per 1000 newborn-days [95% CI: 8.0; 13.4]. In addition, we found that low birth weight adjusted HR 2.7 [95% CI 1.2; 5.9], cesarean section delivery adjusted HR 3.4 [95% CI 1.7; 7.1], maternal intake of antibiotic at delivery adjusted HR 2.2 [95% CI 1.1; 4.5] were risk factors for the acquisition of ESBL-PE. The third objective was to document neonatal infections. We found an incidence of neonatal infections of 30.6 cases per 1000 live births [95% CI: 23.4; 40.1]. Our results suggest that public health measures should focus on the improvement of pregnancy follow-up and early diagnosis of neonatal infections
López, Camilo. "Caractérisation de gènes de résistance candidats, d'ESTs et analyse du transcriptome : application à l'étude de la résistance du manioc à Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis." Perpignan, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PERP0583.
Full textCassava (Manihot esculenta subsp. Esculenta Crantz) is an important crop that constitutes a basic component in the diet of about 600 million people in the world. One of the major diseases of this crop is cassava bacterial blight (CBB), caused by the pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv manihotis (Xam). In order to dissect the resistance mechanism of to CBB different approaches were conducted. First, a Resistance Gene Candidate (RGC) approach led to the characterization of several putative resistance genes and the identification of a resistance gene cluster. Additionally, I isolated a homologue of the rice resistance gene Xa21 in cassava, RXam1. This gene is associated with a QTL to the strain CIO136 of Xam. Second, an EST approach was also attempted to identify other genes involved in the resistance signalling pathway. A large cassava EST database was developed from sequencing 11,954 cDNA clones. Cluster analysis assembled them in a unigene set of 5,700 sequences. Some of the ESTs showed similarity to genes that are known to be involved in plant defense mechanisms and constitute a new source of candidate resistance and defense genes. Based on the EST unigene set generated, we constructed a cassava microarray that was used to study the course-time response of cassava to Xam. In response to Xam, cassava induces several genes, including principally those involved in oxidative burst, protein degradation and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes
Matta, Roula. "Infections nosocomiales et résistance aux antibiotiques chez les bacilles à GRAM négatifs : étude de cohorte multicentrique dans les hôpitaux libanais." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0485.
Full textHospital-acquired infections and bacterial resistance to antibiotics are widespread worldwide, with a higher prevalence in developing countries with limited resources, including Lebanon. In Lebanon, epidemiological data on resistance among Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics of last resort in hospitals and on nosocomial infections are scarce. Aims: We conducted three studies to meet the following objectives: a first study to identify and compare the different bacteria identified in communityacquired infections and nosocomial infections, focusing on associated co-morbidities and sociodemographic factors. This was followed by two studies targeting resistance to last-resort antibiotics in Gram-negative bacilli, in order to describe the epidemiology and identify patient characteristics associated with this resistance. Mortality in patients with Gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems was analyzed. Methods. The first study was a retrospective, multicenter cohort study conducted in five hospitals. Data were collected using a standardized form (demographic data: gender and age, underlying diseases and type of acquired infection). The other two studies were based on a prospective cohort study using a database compiled in nine Lebanese hospitals between 2016 and 2017 (patient characteristics, variables related to hospitalization and variables related to the characteristics of the infection). Data were collected and processed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS version 24. Logistic regressions were used to define the profile of patients for each type of resistance (3rd generation cephalosporins-3GC, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, carbapenem) observed in Gram-negative bacilli (Enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii). A sensitivity analysis based on the extreme results of the missing values for bacterial sensitivity was used to take account of the missing data and provide robust results. Results. The first study showed the importance of Gram-negative bacilli resistant to antibiotics in both hospital and community-acquired infections, with two independent factors in the acquisition of a nosocomial infection: advanced age and immunosuppression. The other two studies showed high percentages of resistance in the targeted Gram-negative bacilli and established different patient profiles for each type of resistance. For example, in Escherichia coli, resistance to 3GC was associated with previous hospital admission and the presence of a urinary catheter. Similarly, resistance to carbapenems in Gram-negative bacilli was associated with surgical patients, the presence of a urinary catheter, and pulmonary or surgical site infection. In terms of overall mortality, the Cox proportional model showed that carbapenem resistance was associated with a significant difference in hospital survival in patients with nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli compared with susceptible bacteria. Conclusions. We report on resistance to antibiotics of last resort in enterobacteria (E. coli and Non-E. coli enterobacterales) and non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli identified in Lebanese hospitals, where epidemiological data are scarce. Describing the profiles of patients carrying these resistant bacterial strains will enable clinicians to prescribe appropriate probabilistic antibiotic therapy
Bourgoin, Pénélope. "Recherche de nouveaux tests rapides en cytométrie en flux pour l’établissement de diagnostics « aux lits des patients » : application à la discrimination des infections bactériennes et/ou virales en vue de réduire l’usage inutile des antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200213_BOURGOIN_959uvzsse391uijk154knph339nyhkrq_TH.pdf.
Full textInfectious diseases are pathologies whose etiological diagnosis is often complex. The clinician must base his diagnosis on his clinical observations and link them to the patient's biological measurements. Several groups are actively seeking new biomarkers to clarify this diagnosis. It is for this purpose that flow cytometry has been used and optimized to compare the expression of new biomarkers on blood cells of infected patients or healthy subjects. Characterization of the expression mechanisms of the markers shows that the expression of CD64 on neutrophils is amplified in patients infected by a bacterium via interferon γ, whereas the expression of CD169 on monocytes is amplified in patients infected with a virus via the type I interferon family (α, β, ω). In addition, the expression of HLA-DR on monocytes seems to help the etiological identification of the infection. The work suggests that the assay of these three biomarkers combined into an optimized flow cytometry technique could be an interesting candidate in studies on the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections
Pruvost, Olivier. "La maladie des taches noires de la mangue (Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae) : étude bactériologique, biologique, épidémiologique et mise au point des bases d'un système de lutte intégrée dans les confitions de l' Île de la Réunion." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112020.
Full textAn extensive study was undertaken to characterize 94 isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaeindicae responsible for bacterial black spot of mangoes. Studies on carbohydrates assimilation, susceptibility to antibiotics and to heavy metal salts, serotyping and phage-typing, plasmid patterns as well as to pathogenicity to several hosts have revealed a large variability within the isolates. Biological and epidemiological studies of the pathogen under Reunion Island conditions have allowed us to establish susceptibility and receptivity periods of host tissues and their relations to climatic conditions. The pathogen is able to survive as an epiphyte on leaves, buds and immature fruit. Its mode of spread has been studied. Chemical and biological disease control were evaluated and resuls show that disease control may be achieved by using an antagonistic strain of Bacillus subtilis or B. Amyloliquefaciens
Laroche, Maureen. "Application d'outils innovants de génomique et protéomique à l'entomologie médicale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0665.
Full textVector-borne diseases are responsible for hundreds of thousands of cases of human infections and deaths each year worldwide. Generally, little is known about these diseases, caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites, sometimes emerging or re-emerging. Arthropods can be used as a tool for epidemiological monitoring of their associated microorganisms, some of which being able to be transmitted to vertebrate hosts. The identification of arthropods remains crucial in entomological investigations.We were able to detect potential new bacteria in ticks from Tahiti and triatomines in French Guiana.We explored the salivary microbiota of nearly a thousand mosquitoes from 3 different countries by 16S rRNA metagenomics. We have thus detected a large number of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria but also a very large number of genotypes probably corresponding to new bacterial species and genera. Finally, our major focus has been the development of the use of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in medical entomology. To overcome the limitations of existing arthropod identification reference methods, we validated the use of this tool for the identification of mosquitoes (collected in the field in Australia) and fleas (Spain, Corsica, Algeria). We have also developed its use for the identification of new families of arthropods, such as bed bugs (Cimicidae) and triatomines (Reduviidae). We were able to highlight the capacity of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to differentiate between anopheles infected or not by malaria parasites
Kante, Moussa. "Diversité des populations de Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis au Mali et recherche de sources de résistance durables chez le manioc." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG028.
Full textThe problem of plant diseases occupies a prominent place in the axes of agronomic research in many countries, especially developing ones, where agriculture is generally the engine of the economy. Despite extensive agronomic research, there is a good deal of crop production which until now seemed to be neglected such as cassava (Manihot esculenta). This culture nowadays occupies the front of a lot of research given its strengths as one of the avenues for convincing solutions to the two major challenges (climate change and food security) in southern countries such as Mali. However, it faces a major parasitic constraint, the vascular bacteriosis of cassava (CBB, for Cassava Bacterial Blight) caused by the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas phaseoli pv manihotis (Xpm).In Mali in order to offer a source of diversification to conventional food crops largely dominated by cereals and to promote crops resilient to the effects of climate change, we carried out a socio-agronomic and phytoparasitic study on cassava. This is how we focused on: (i) the socio-economic characteristics of cassava production in 05 of the most important cassava-producing regions; (ii) the biological and genetic knowledge of Xpm on cassava in Mali and elsewhere in Africa (Nigeria and Cameroon) and (iii) the resistance to Xpm of local varieties of cassava widely produced in Mali.A series of survey and prospecting followed by field sampling in Mali, but also in Nigeria and Cameroon have enabled us to collect epidemiological data and obtain a range of plant material symptomatic of CBB. With these data we had better sharpened our reflections and arguments on the use of samples: isolation, bio-molecular characterization, pathogenicity test, MLVA analysis of genetic diversity, varietal screening.Our results denote the presence of CBB in the 03 countries surveyed and specifically allow confirmation of the disease presence status (CBB) in Mali. In this country, the production system remains very vulnerable to pests, dominated by a family approach with a small area (from 0.15 to 2 ha in general) with a long-year use of the same varieties, a majority use of the hand of family work and also exchanges of cuttings between producers from the same village who are in the majority (78% of cases of acquisition of cuttings). The study of the diversity and structure of xpm populations in Mali allows us to assume an endemic presence of the disease in Mali. As for the local varieties cultivated in Mali, they are for the most part sensitive to the most present strains (according to the analysis of the family tree from the MLVA analysis
Cassir, Nadim. "Culturomique : un nouvel outil d'analyse de microbiotes impliqués dans la pathogenèse ou la transmission de maladies infectieuses." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5038/document.
Full textHe human gut microbiota plays an important and beneficial role in its host but it is also involved in a growing number of diseases. Knowledge of the composition of this ecosystem have recently been revolutionized by the use of molecular techniques. However, these techniques have significant limitations. Thus, the concept of "culturomics" has been introduced; it consists of the multiplication of culture conditions and the rapid identification of bacterial colonies by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) or by PCR 16S RNA gene sequencing. In the first part of this work, we have demonstrated an association between the presence of Clostridium butyricum in the stool and the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis whether by pyrosequencing methods and Culture or by quantitative PCR specific real time C. butyricum; identified after sequencing the complete genome of all our strains of C. butyricum, the presence of the gene of β-hemolysin (toxin). In the second part of this work, we showed by cuturomics that Gram-negative bacteria (BGN) were frequently spread out over the transitional skin microbiota of patients hospitalized in intensive care; the reservoir would essentially digestive. In conclusion, the gut microbiota is an underestimated reservoir of pathogenic bacteria. Modern microbiology including new culture-based methods is currently extending exponentially our knowledge on gut microbiota giving rise to new insights into the pathogenesis or the transmission of infectious diseases
Mathlouthi, Najla. "Déterminisme du support moléculaire et de l'épidémiologie de la résistance aux β-lactamines chez des bacilles à Gram négatif isolés dans des hôpitaux tunisiens et libyens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0079/document.
Full textThe increase and spread of β-lactam resistance in gram negative bacteria especially Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter (E.P.A) species have become a major concern worldwide. The hospital-acquired infections caused by MDR bacteria have led to an increase in mortality, morbidity and cost of treatment. The frequent misuse of antibiotic drug has greatly contributed to worldwide dissemination of antibiotics resistance. Front of this worldwide concern, and various recommendations, several epidemiological and molecular studies have been reported in order to control the spread and the dissemination of these MDR. Unlike many parts of the world, there is little information concerning the molecular characterization of the β-lactam resistance genes of Gram-negative bacilli isolated in Tunisia and especially in Libya. Therefore, it is in this context that the project of this thesis was conducted with essential objectives: (i) highlight the prevalence of multi-resistant Gram negative bacilli isolated in Tunisian and Libyan hospitals (ii) identify the genetic support of resistance to β-lactams of these clinical strains (iii) study the clonal diversity of the multi-resistant strains by molecular typing (iii) study the molecular epidemiology of these BMRs in these countries in order to control the decision-making process of the treatment and the rapid identification of epidemics by implementing appropriate control measures for the spread of infections and especially developing new tools and software for the diagnosis and monitoring of potential MDR bacteria in Mediterranean countries
Okdah, Liliane. "Gestion patrimoniale des anciens agents antimicrobiens en les criblant contre des bactéries multi-résistantes modernes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0593.
Full textThe emergence of beta-lactam and carbapenem resistant bacteria, resulted in the reintroduction of colistin as an agent of last resort to treat infections caused by these bacteria. However, chromosomal resistances and more recently plasmidic to colistin appeared. This problem of multidrug-resistant bacteria subsequently triggered the publication of alarming articles on the dangers of these germs. To answer the media dramatization related to this problem, my thesis project aims to propose therapeutic strategies to treat infections due to multiresistant bacteria.Initially, we tested the activity of a large panel including old antibiotics against carbapenem resistant bacteria and others resistant to colistin. Several families of antibiotics have been effective against these two types of resistant bacteria.In a second step, we evaluated the activity of combined antibiotics in order to detect a synergistic action. Two synergistic combinations were retained: colistin + sulfadiazine and colistin + fusidic acid. These combinations of antibiotics have shown a bactericidal effect on a collection of Gram-negative colistin-resistant bacteria, independent of the resistance mechanism
Compagne, Nina. "Développement d'inhibiteurs des pompes d'efflux des bactéries Gram négatives pour lutter contre la résistance aux antibiotiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS032.
Full textThe discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century allowed to treat a number of previously fatal bacterial infectious diseases. However, this therapeutic progress was followed by a massive, repeated and inappropriate use of antibiotics, leading to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. This phenomenon is alarming, with an estimated 4.95 million deaths associated with antibiotic resistance in 2019. One of the resistance mechanisms developed by Enterobacterales and overall Gram-negative bacteria is the (over)expression of efflux pumps. These bacterial pumps are able to extrude several classes of antibiotics, thereby reducing their intrabacterial concentration and rendering them ineffective. One strategy being considered to circumvent this phenomenon is the development of efflux pump inhibitors which, in combination with an antibiotic, could offer a new therapeutic alternative to treat resistant bacterial infections.AcrAB-TolC is an efflux pump of the RND superfamily found in Enterobacterales such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In order to identify inhibitors of this pump, a chemical library of 1280 fragments was screened on E. coli in combination with a model antibiotic substrate of this pump, leading to the selection of a hit compound belonging to the pyridylpiperazine family. This hit has no intrinsic antibacterial activity, but is able to potentiate the activity of a range of antibiotics by direct inhibition of the AcrB protein. Initial studies of structure-activity relationships have allowed the identification of two chemical series, the quinoline/quinoxaline series and the pyridine series. Structural modifications around these three cores were carried out using a rational design based on the co-crystallographic structures obtained with AcrB. 80 compounds were therefore synthesised in order to identify more potent analogues and establish new structure-activity relationships. In particular, the introduction of different substituents with an amine function allowed to create new interactions with acidic residues in the AcrB binding pocket. The physicochemical and in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters of the most promising compounds were then measured, leading to the selection of one compound for a pharmacokinetic study in mice. In order to enrich the chemical diversity of substituents introduced on the quinoline and pyridine rings, a chemical library of 672 triazoles was synthesised via a copper-catalysed cycloaddition reaction. The aim was to increase the potency of the compounds by creating new interactions with AcrB while reducing the cytotoxicity and intrinsic antibacterial activity of the compounds. This led to the identification of new compounds with promising activities, which will soon be resynthesised in order to characterise their biological effect and measure their ADME properties
Pauchard, Laure-Anne. "Analyse et modulation de la réponse inflammatoire au cours de l'agression pulmonaire liée à l'infection bactérienne et à la ventilation mécanique." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOMU05/document.
Full textDespite major advances since decades in the management of ventilated patients, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to complicate the course of approximately 28% of the patients receiving mechanical ventilation (MV). Among patients hospitalized in intensive care units, the risk of pneumonia is 3- to 10- fold increased in MV patients. However, MV is often the only way to care for critically ill patients with respiratory failure. It has now been clearly demonstrated that MV, in particular adverse ventilatory strategies could activate lung cells, thus leading to a proinflammatory response, even in the absence of pathogen. This is the biotrauma paradigm, which accounts, at least in part, for the ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). In one way, MV primes airway cells to respond massively to a second proinflammatory insult, through the subsequent release of large amounts of cytokines (as interleukin (IL)‐ 8), thus leading to additional lung injury, particularly through the recruitment of neutrophils attracted by the massive release of IL-8. Accordingly, innate immunity plays an important role in the developement of VILI. The involvement of Toll-like receptors has been suggested by several experimental studies. Ventilation in the prone position (PP) has been described to have beneficial effects on patients under MV, especially in those with lobar involvement. Our team focused particularly on the TLR2, which interacts with Gram-positive bacteria, and we have previously demonstrated in vitro that cyclic stretch of human pulmonary cells resulted in TLR2 overexpression and enhanced TLR2 reactivity to Gram-positive cell wall components. We confirmed these datas in an in vivo model of ventilated rabbits which immune response had been stimulated with Pam3CSK4. In a first project, we assessed the impact of the PP on unilateral pneumonia to Enterobacter aerogenes in rabbits subjected to MV. Our results shows that the prone position could be protective if the host is subjected to MV and unilateral bacterial pneumonia. To ensure the relevance of our hypothesis on TLR2 in our animal model of VAP, we conducted experiments using live bacteria specifically recognized by TLR2 (Methicilin resist. aureus). We demonstrate that mild-‐stretch MV impaired lung bacterial clearance, hastened tissue injury and promoted a systemic inflammatory response. Both pulmonary and peripheral blood TLR2 overexpression could account for such an impact. The third project assessed the impact of a statins therapy in the context of MRSA VAP, treated with linezolid, in our model of ventilated rabbits. Our results suggest that statin exposure prior to pneumonia provides an anti-‐inflammatory effect within the lung and the systemic compartment of rabbits with MRSA VAP. Although LNZ enhances pulmonary bacterial clearance, dampening the host systemic inflammatory response with statin could impede defense against MRSA in this compartment. It could be subsequent to enhanced antibacterial defences and improvements in lung mechanics, thereby blunting overwhelming inflammation. In the last project, in collaboration with the University of Geneva, we assessed whether mitochondrial alarmins are released during VILI and can generate lung inflammation. Our results confirmed the hypothesis made and showed indeed that alarmins are released during during cyclic stretch of human epithelial cells, as well as in BAL fluids from rabbits ventilated with an injurious ventilatory regimen. These alarmins stimulate lung cells to produce bioactive IL-‐1, and are likely to represent the proximal endogenous mediators of VILI and ARDS, released by injured pulmonary cells
Bédubourg, Gabriel. "Place des outils d'analyse des séries temporelles dans la surveillance épidémiologique pour la détection des épidémies et leur analyse : élaboration de nouveaux outils de détection et d'analyse étiologique des épidémies appliqués à la surveillance épidémiologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0739.
Full textPublic health surveillance is the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of data for use in public health action to reduce morbidity and mortality of health-related events and to improve health. One of its objectives is the detection of unusualevents, i.e. outbreaks, requiring the rapid implementation of countermeasures.The objectives of this work are: (i) to evaluate the main published statistical methods for outbreak detection commonly implemented in different public health surveillance systems, (ii) to propose a new approach based on the optimal combination of statistical methods foroutbreak detection and benchmark it to other methods; and (iii) develop a new statistical method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from public health surveillance data routinely collected by the system. To achieve these objectives, as a first step, we evaluate the main statistical methods, from a published set of simulated public health surveillance data. Statistical methods have been evaluated for an operational purpose: for all simulated time series, we used the tuning parameters recommended by their authors for each algorithm when available. We propose sensitivity and specificity metrics suitable for these tools. Then we propose an original approach for outbreak detection based on combination of methods selected in the previous step. The performance of this approach is compared to the previous ones according to the methodology implemented in the first step.Finally, we propose a method for the etiological analysis of an outbreak from surveillance data by using statistical models suitable for time series analysis
Leangapichart, Thongpan. "Phenotypic and genomic analysis of multi-drug resistant bacteria in travelers." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0183.
Full textAntibiotic resistance in bacteria is increasing and become a worldwide problem. Newresistance bacteria or mechanisms are emerging and spreading rapidly. Recently, thetransmission of antibiotic-resistant (AR) bacteria among humans, animals, and the variousenvironments are vastly recognized. With the growth of international travels over the pastdecades, this provides opportunities for AR bacteria to be spread rapidly from one geographiclocation to another. During trips, travelers changed diets, lifestyles, and their environmentsresulting in the alteration of AR patterns of bacteria residing in the gut. Thus, internationaltravelers are one of the most important modes for the acquisition and spread of AR genes.The largest annual mass gathering, the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) is well known as a sourcefor infectious diseases transmission such as influenza, meningococcal outbreaks ortuberculosis. Thus, travelers, especially pilgrims, are one of the most significant sources forspreading AR bacteria. However, studies of the transmission and acquisition of AR genesduring Hajj in pilgrims are scarce. Therefore, this research thesis was carried out with threemain objectives to better understanding the prevalence of AR genes and bacteria during Hajj:(i) epidemiological surveillance of AR genes in pilgrims before and after Hajj, (ii) risk factorsanalysis concerning AR genes acquisition in pilgrims, (iii) molecular epidemiological studiesof AR bacteria in pilgrims, including patients, animals, and environment with the use ofmulti-locus sequence typing and whole genome sequencing
Abat, Cédric. "Développement de nouveaux outils informatiques de surveillance en temps réel des phénomènes anormaux basés sur les données de microbiologie clinique du laboratoire de la Timone." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5029/document.
Full textAlthough considered under control in the second half of the 20th century with the discovery of antimicrobials, infectious diseases remain a serious threat to humanity. Regardless of the state of knowledge we possess on these diseases, all remained unpredictable. To fight this phenomenon, many monitoring strategies have been developed leading to the implementation of various epidemiological surveillance computer programs to detect and identify, as soon as possible, abnormal events including epidemic phenomena. The initial objective of our work was to implement, within the Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection and based on the Microsoft Excel software, two new automated computer-based programs for the weekly automated epidemiological surveillance of abnormal epidemic events using clinical microbiological data from the Timone teaching hospital of of Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM). Once completed, we then worked to develop a comprehensive monitoring structure incorporating the investigation and the validation of alarms emitted by the established surveillance systems, the transmission of alerts to the Regional Health Agency (ARS) of the Provence-Alpes Côte d'Azur (PACA), the public dissemination of confirmed abnormal events by publishing scientific articles, and the implementation of feedback and weekly epidemiological bulletins to inform local infectious diseases epidemiological surveillance actors
Seng, Piseth. "Application de la spectrométrie de masse MALDI-TOF en microbiologie clinique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5033/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to apply the method of bacterial identification by MALDI-TOF MS in daily practice in a routine clinical microbiological laboratory. Firstly, we prospectively evaluated the performance and the cost-effective of bacterial identification by MALDI-TOF in comparison with conventional phenotypic identification methods. During a 16-week study, we compared the performance of MALDI-TOF with conventional techniques of identification including Gram staining, API ANA identification strip and automated identification using the Vitek 2. The unmatched identifications between MALDI-TOF and conventional methods were resolved by molecular identification. In this study, we showed that MALDI-TOF was an effective tool and less expensive for the rapid identification of bacterial species in clinical microbiology laboratory. MALDI-TOF can be used in first intention for identification before Gram staining or other phenotypic identification techniques based on physicochemical properties of bacteria. Secondly, we retrospectively evaluated the performance and the cost-effectiveness of the exclusive use of MALDI-TOF in bacteriological diagnosis in comparison with conventional phenotypic identification. 11-year retrospective analysis of data showed that MALDI-TOF was efficient and completely adapted for the routine identification of bacterial species. We also showed that MALDI-TOF had capacity to identify bacterial species that were rarely involved in human diseases. This technique could be an alternative to molecular methods in the clinical laboratory
Pagé, Sabourin Ariane. "Les macrophages d’ascendance européenne et africaine répondent différemment aux infections bactériennes." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10974.
Full textPrevious studies demonstrate that people of African and European ancestry differ in their susceptibility to certain infectious diseases. Differences in infection progression between these populations suggest inter-population variation in the immune response, possibly caused by adaptation to the pathogens of their historical environments. Here, we characterize the immune response of people of African and European ancestry to bacterial infections. Monocyte-derived macrophages from 30 African Americans (Africans) and 31 European Americans (Europeans) were infected with the intracellular pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium for 4 hours and whole genome gene expression of infected and non-infected cells was measured by RNA-sequencing. Macrophage control of bacterial infection at 2, 4 and 24 hours was assessed by culturing infected cell lysate and counting colony-forming units to approximate bacterial survival rate. We found that macrophages derived from Africans presented fewer intracellular bacteria after 4 and 24 hours than Europeans, suggesting that Africans better control intracellular bacterial infections. Concordant with this observation, we identified inter-population differences in cytokine secretion and gene expression that might explain this pattern of increased infection control in Africans. Interestingly, several of those differences indicate that Africains have a stronger pro-inflammatory response than Europeans. We show that several of these genes appear to have been subject to recent selection in the Europeans population alone. We also identify multiple candidate genes that may affect the course of infection in these populations. Overall, our findings suggest that differences in infectious disease progression observed in Africans and in Europeans may be the outcome of natural selection.
Simon, Liliana. ""Procalcitonine et protéine C-réactive comme marqueurs des infections bactériennes : une revue systématique et une méta-analyse"." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14177.
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