Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infections à Sporozoaires – Épidémiologie'
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Ashraf, Kutub. "A comprehensive study of the antiplasmodial effects of Artemisia spp. infusions against multiple parasite developmental stages including hypnozoite." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS188.pdf.
Full textMy PhD thesis entitled ‘A comprehensive study of the antiplasmodial effects of Artemisia spp. infusions against multiple parasite developmental stages including hypnozoite’. The dormant liver resident parasite is called hypnozoite which can linger for weeks to months, and then relapse to cause recurrent blood stage infection. This hypnozoite reservoir is one of the critical barriers towards malaria eradication, mainly due to the lack of mass medication with a drug that can clear the hypnozoites in the liver. There is a dire need for the development of new hypnozoite-killing drugs but phenotypic screens are hindered by a lack of in vitroculture platforms. Under conventional culture conditions, hypnozoite cultures are often contaminated. This effect partially arises from infection with unpurified sporozoites that adversely affect the hepatocytes culture. Addressing this issue, in chapter 1, firstly I focused on the development of a short protocol with an antimicrobial cocktail, methyl paraben and penicillin streptomycin in a supplementation with sucrose solution that ensure yeast free sporozoite production in the salivary glands. In chapter 2, I tried to describe the research objectives, methodology and findings of the experiments. After developing a robust culture strategy, I moved on drug screening against the hypnozoite stage. We selected two Artemisia sp. A. annuaandA. afra. Aqueousinfusions prepared from them and were tested against the hepatic stage of all Plasmodiumsp. The reasoning behind these plant selections have been described in detail in this manuscript. I found a strong antimalarial activity of Artemisia infusions that blocked the relpase causing hypnozoite formation and cleared the liver parasites. In chapter 3, I described the effect in more detail. We believe that this profound inhibitory activity of Artemisia infusion is partially mediated by the disruption of the biogenesis of apicoplast and mitochondria. In chapter 4, I showed various confocal images of apicoplast disruption and quantitative PCR data of apicoplast DNA confirm our observation. Drug resistance to P. falciparum is a growing problem in Southeast Asia. New drugs are required to solve the problem. In chapter 5, I described in vitro activity of Artemisia infusions against the drug resistant P. falciparum isolates. It can be noted that the in vitroantimalarial effect that I observed in the liver and blood stage of Plasmodium was not artemisinin dependent asA. afracontains negligible amount of artemisinin but showed potent inhibitory activity.This is the first indication that compounds other than 8 aminoquinolines and artemisinin could be effective against the relapsing malaria and overcome the antimlarail drug resistance
Franetich, Jean-François. "Identification de facteurs de la cellule hôte impliqués dans l'infection hépatique de Plasmodium : Rôle de l'aquaporine 9." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066478.
Full textPlasmodium, transmitted to the mammal in its sporozoite form through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito, is the causative agent of malaria, the most deadly parasitic disease. To identify host cell factors required during the first stage of infection in the liver, we compared the transcriptome of permissive and refractory liver cells for the infection by the sporozoite of the human parasite, P. Falciparum. Genes whose expression is associated with human hepatocyte permissiveness were identified. Among them, we have shown that aquaporin 9 (AQP9) is required for the process of sporozoite invasion, but not for its intra-hepatocytic development. In murine models, we observed that the requirement of rodent Plasmodium sporozoites for AQP9 depends on the parasite species and the host cell used. AQP9 function appears to be involved, since phloretin, an inhibitor of the transport function of AQP9, blocks the invasion of liver cells by Plasmodium sporozoites. Finally, we observed the localization of AQP9 on the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) of the hepatic schizonts, where it is probably internalized during or soon after the invasion step. If several red blood cell proteins have been identified on the PVM of erythrocytic parasites, AQP9 is so far the first host protein identified on the PVM of hepatic schizonts. Taken together, these results provide a new element involving a second protein of the host, after CD81, for the infection of hepatocytes by Plasmodium
Dubuque, Josée. "Épidémiologie des hospitalisations pour infections respiratoires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25005/25005.pdf.
Full textNivoix, Yasmine. "Infections fongiques invasives : épidémiologie et optimisation thérapeutique." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA2006.
Full textJusot, Jean-François. "Évaluation de la prise en charge et des mesures d'hygiène dans la prévention des gastroentérites nosocomiales en pédiatrie." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10117.
Full textÉtienne, Manuel. "Infections urinaires : spécificités selon le terrain." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUENR02.
Full textBerthelot, Philippe. "Aspects épidémiologiques et physiopathologiques des infections nosocomiales sévères à bacilles à Gram négatifs non fermentants." Saint-Etienne, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STET010T.
Full textEloy-Gosselin, Odile. "Diagnostic et épidémiologie des infections à Candida sp. En réanimation." Paris 12, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA120018.
Full textThe diagnosis of deep-seated Candida infections is difficult because bloodstream cultures are often negative. The sensitivity of other diagnostic methods such as mannan (Mn) antigenemia, IgM, total anti-Candida antibodies, procalcitonin and PCR were evaluated. Mn and IgM have a specificity of 100% and detect infected patients but lack sensitivity. Mn would be more sensitive than the serum PCR, but these results warrant confirmation. Procalcitonin >0,75 ng/ml differentiate fungal and bacterial infections from viral ones. During a 2-year study of the patients of the intensive care unit of the Versailles hospital, index of colonization (IC), defined as the ratio of Candida sp. Colonized anatomical sites / tested sites, and the serological tests mentioned above were performed. Only IC had a 100% sensitivity in surgical patients. Then, we explored the epidemiology of C. Albicans among these patients using 3 polymorphic microsatellite markers and we compared the results with a study already performed at Créteil hospital. If the C. Albicans genotype's distribution had been different, that could have resulted from a nosocomial transmission or to the fact that the populations of patients were different. The patients harboured their own isolate whatever the anatomical site sampled and kept it over the study period. This confirms that there was no crossed transmission. Some genotypes were more frequent due to the fact that C. Albicans is clonal. The populations of the 2 hospitals are similar using 3 statistical tests : " genic differentiation ", " genotypic differentiation " and factorial correspondence analysis. To study the epidemiology of C. Glabrata, the second leading yeast species in intensive care units, three polymorphic microsatellite markers were characterized
Sobesky, Milko. "Epidémiologie de l'infection par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 en Guyane française." Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN1B028.
Full textLetellier, Ann. "Épidémiologie et contrôle des infections à Salmonella spp. chez le porc." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0021/NQ57469.pdf.
Full textSaisonkorh, Watcharee. "Epidémiologie et physiopathologie des infections à Bartonella." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20697.
Full textThe genus Bartonella now comprises more than 20 validated species worldwide. Phylogenetically the genus Bartonella is classified in the alpha subgroup of Proteobacteria, closely related to the genus Brucella, Afipia, Agrobacterium, and Rhizobium. Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are facultative intracellular bacteria. In vivo, B. Bacilliformis and B. Quintana may be observed in human red blood cells whereas B. Henselae, B. Clarridgeiae, and B. Koehlerae may be seen erythrocytes of bacteremic cats. Moreover, these bacteria had a remarkable tropism for endothelial cells, leading to angioproliferative lesions (verruga peruana for B. Bacilliformis and bacillary angiomatosis for B. Henselae and B. Quintana). Bartonellosis may affect humans and mammals and are usually transmitted by arthropods (body lice and fleas) from a human or an animal reservoir. Each Bartonella species is well adapted to a specific host from which incidental transmission may occur. The first part of our thesis is an exhaustive review of Bartonellosis that have reported and described in Asia and Australia (Article 1). The specific aims of the second part of this work were: i) to identify and to evaluate antibiotic susceptibility of B. Bovis strains isolated from animals from French Guyana, South America (Article 2); ii) to detect, identify and characterize a new Bartonella species i. E. “Candidatus Bartonella thailandensis” isolated from blood of rodents from Thailand (Article 3); iii) to identify immunodominant proteins using bidimensional gel electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF useful for diagnosis of B. Henselae infections (Article 4); and iv) to sequence and study a conjugative plasmid containing encoding genes for a type IV secretion system detected in a strain of B. Rattaustraliani and showing for the first time a biological evidence of conjugation between intracellular bacteria within amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga (Article 5)
Diallo, Bassirou Labico. "Épidémie du VIH en Guinée : Prévalence, Facteurs de Risque Associés et Tendances 2001 à 2007 dans les Principaux Groupes à Haut Risque – Éléments de Classification." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28142/28142.pdf.
Full textObjectives: To estimate HIV prevalence, its associations with potential risk factors, and trends from 2001 to 2007, and to describe vulnerability among commercial sex-workers (CSWs) as well as among their potential clients who were truck-drivers, military army and miners from all over the country of Guinea, West Africa. Methods: 339 CSWs and 954 potential clients in 2001, 598 and 3401 respectively in 2007 were interviewed then tested for HIV over all the country. Data were analysed by multivariate log-binomial regression. Results: Among CSWs, HIV prevalence (40.7% in 2001 and 34.5% in 2007; p=0.15) was associated with illiteracy [(Prevalence Ratio noted PR)=1.41; p=0.02 in 2001 and PR=1.28; p=0.03 in 2007) and with sexually transmitted diseases [ (STDs); PR=1.89; p=0.001 in 2001]. HIV prevalence among potential clients (varying from 4.5% to 7.0% in 2001 and from 5.2% to 6.4% in 2007) was positively associated once at least, with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), alcohol consumption, declaring paying sexual partners and negatively, with reported capacity of restraining from risky sexual intercourse. Trends of indicators analysed were together not favourable for controlling epidemic with the exception of those observed among among CSWs. Conclusion: HIV prevalence was very high and strongly concentrated among CSWs and their potential clients, relatively to data obtained observed in the general population of Guinea. Sexually active networks were also observed, as well as more vulnerable sub-groups among illiterate CSWs and among potential clients who were alcohol consumers, or who declared STD symptoms. Reinforcement of prevention targeting specific sub-groups is needed.
Rabaud, Christian. "La toxoplasmose au cours de l'infection par le Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine : épidémiologie descriptive et facteurs prédictifs." Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0305_RABAUD.pdf.
Full textPelczar, Stephane. "Etude clinique et épidémiologiqque des patients infectés par le VIH à l'admission au centre hospitalier de Pointe-à-Pitre." Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M186.
Full textChêne, Geneviève. "Les infections urinaires nosocomiales dans un service de soins intensifs : épidémiologie,coût, prévention." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23021.
Full textJacques, Jérôme. "Etude épidémiologique, virologique et physiopathologique des infections respiratoires basses par les entérovirus en pédiatrie." Reims, 2008. http://scdurca.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000862.pdf.
Full textEnteroviruses (EV) (Picornaviridae) are among the most common viruses infecting human beings worldwide. These viral agents are associated with a wide range of human pathologies, including upper respiratory but also lower respiratory tract infections resulting in bronchitis, pneumonia or bronchiolitis in adults or in infants. In the first study, we assessed the potential role of the respiratory picornaviruses as causative agents of bronchiolitis in 192 infants ≤36 months of age and hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis. The detection of common respiratory viruses (respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus I, II, III, and adenovirus) was performed using classical immunofluorescence antigens and cell culture detection assays in nasopharyngeal aspirates whereas the detection of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) rhinoviruses and enteroviruses was performed by molecular techniques. A potential causative virus was detected in 72. 5 % of the 192 study infants. RSV (30%), rhinovirus (21%), enterovirus (9%), influenza virus A (6%) and human metapneumovirus (4%) were the most frequent causative agents detected. Rhinoviruses or enteroviruses were detected as the only evidence of respiratory viral tract infection in 57 (30%) of 192 infants, whereas rhinovirus or enterovirus occurred in mixed viral infection detected in 25 (13%) of 192 study cases (30 vs. 13%, p<10-3). Our data suggest that respiratory picornaviruses are one of the leading etiological causes of bronchiolitis in French infants. In the second part our investigations, we analysed 252 EV-related infection cases (median age, 5. 1 years) diagnosed among 11,509 consecutive children visiting emergency departments within a 7-year period in the North of France. EV strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal samples by viral cell culture, identified by seroneutralization assay and genetically compared by partial amplification and sequencing of the VP1 gene. The respiratory syndromes (79 (31%) of 252 EV infections) appeared as the second more frequent EV induced pediatric pathologies after meningitis (111 (44%) of 252 cases) (44 vs. 31%, P<10-3), contributing to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in 43 (54%) of 79 EV respiratory infection cases. Bronchiolitis was the most frequent EV induced LRTI (34 (43%) of 79 cases, P<10-3) occurring more often in infants aged 1-12 months (P=0. 0002) with spring-fall seasonality. Viruses ECHO 11, 6 and 13 were the more frequently identified respiratory strains (24, 13 and 11%, respectively). The VP1 gene phylogenetic analysis showed the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV respiratory strains (species A or B) during the same month or annual epidemic period. Our findings indicated that respiratory tract infections accounted for appreciatively 30% of EV-induced paediatric pathologies, contributing to LRTIs in 54% of these cases. Moreover, the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV strains indicated the possibility of paediatric repeated respiratory infections within the same epidemic season. To identify the mechanisms that can regulate the development of airway mucosa inflammation during EV respiratory lower tract infection, we investigated the production of chemokines by EV-infected bronchial epithelial cells. Cultures of primary human small airway epithelial cell (SAEC) were infected by wild-type respiratory EV strains, demonstrating a replicative and productive infection by Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 strains. Exposure of SAEC to gamma interferon (INF-γ), in combination with Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 infection, induced a significant increase in RANTES production that was synergistic with respect to that obtained by EV-infection or INF-γ treatment alone. We observed that the replicative infection of the SAEC by Coxsackievirus B5 and Echovirus 30 wild-type viruses induced dose and time-dependent increases in mRNA and protein secretion for RANTES, MCP-1 and IL-8. The protein secretion of these chemokines appeared to be significantly increased at 48 or 72 hours post-infection in cultures treated by low-doses of INF-γ comparatively to mock-infected cells (P<0. 001), and was correlated to the viral replication activity. SAEC-derived chemokines exhibited a strong chemotactic activity for normal human blood eosinophils. Furthermore, we observed an EV productive infection in eosinophils, which specifically released significant levels of RANTES and MCP-1, 24 hours post-infection. Therefore, the inflammatory process in EV-induced bronchiolitis appears to be triggered by the infection of epithelial cells and further amplified via mechanisms driven by INF-γ and by the secretion of eosinophil chemokines. Altogether, our findings suggest that EVs are a common cause of respiratory tract infections in paediatric patients, where they can induce the release of chemokines by bronchial epithelial cells, which may significantly contribute to the various histologic and inflammatory features of EV-induced airway disease
Defrocourt, Christophe. "L'encéphalite japonaise en 2003 : épidémiologie et nouvelles perspectives de vaccin." Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUEP008.
Full textPicault, Jean-Paul. "Contribution à l'étude des coronaviroses dans l'espèce Gallus gallus en France." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO11731.
Full textRotily, Michel. "Epidémiologie de l'infection à VIH et des hépatites virales en milieu carcéral." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30040.
Full textThe concomitant development of drug addictions, and health and social poverty in developed countries has contributed to the dramatic increase in imprisoned population in European countries. In this context, HIV infectionand viral hepatitis made the decision-makers and professionals facing a major public health challenge. Here is reported the experience gathered in several epidemiological studies carried out in French and European prisons. The utilisation of methodologies based upon salivary tests and risk elicitation from anonymous and self-administered questionnaires among inmates demonstrated the feasibility of a European epidemiological surveillance system in prisons, both for the prevalence of communicable diseases and related risk behaviour, together with the knowledge of routes of contamination. The statistical models performed with these data identified a set of factors related to HIV infection and viral hepatitis, and to risk behaviour as well. This work also deals with the issue of non-answers, the utilisation of complex sampling methods, and the choice and construction of statistical models in socio-behavioral epidemiology. The results of these surveys showed the persistence of risk behaviour during incarceration, and plead for targeted and innovative risk reduction policies. The cross-sectional design did not allow to quantify the risk of contamination during incarceration. Now we strongly need sizeable prospective studies. It is also urgent to implement as soon as possible epidemiological surveillance systems in prisons of developing countries where HIV and viral hepatitis are highly prevalent in the community, and life conditions in prisons are more precarious than in European prisons
Mirand, Audrey. "Infections neuro-méningées à entérovirus : du génotypage... à l'épidémiologie moléculaire." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007CLF1MM15.
Full textWassia, Tona. "Epidémiologie des protozooses et des helminthoses intestinales dans un nouveau quartier de la ville de N'Gaoundere au Cameroun." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M053.
Full textRuppé, Etienne. "Épidémiologie, quantification et conséquences du portage intestinal d'entérobactéries multirésistantes." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077067.
Full textThe recent widespread of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria, especially those producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL), has jeopardized the efficacy of currently advised treatments of the infections they cause. The intestinal microbiota might play a key role in this phenomenon as being the main reservoir for enterobacteria. Still, data about intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria remain scarce for some aspects that could benefit to the patients. In the present work, we aimed to add knowledge to the different phases of the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria (pre-colonization, colonization and post-colonization). We first focused on the pre-colonization phase and studied the determinants that lead to the intestinal carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria. We found that such bacteria had spread even in extremely remote places, and that at hospital admission, the prediction of their digestive carriage was poorly effective based on the clinical data available at that time. About colonization itself, we worked on the quantitative dimension of the carriage of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and introduced a new marker: the relative abundance i. E. The ratio between the intestinal densities of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and that of total enterobacteria. We observed the evolution of this marker after a short exposure to levofloxacin, a widely-prescribed fluoroquinolone. Furthermore about thé colonization phase, we developed a microbiological method to recover enterobacteria producing the OXA-48 carbapénémase, subsequently to its incidental detection in a patient with no obvious risk factors for carriage of such bacteria. Eventually, we studied the post-colonization phase (i) in establishing for the first time the link between the relative abundance of ESBL-producing enterobacteria and their occurrence in urinary-tract infections in women, and (ii) in observing the in vivo transfer of the KPC carbapenemase from a Greece-acquired strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae to a commensal K. Pneumoniae. In conclusion, our results highlighted the central role played by the intestinal microbiota and opened new, concrete perspectives of the management of multidrug-resistant enterobacteria
Giretti, Eric. "Infections à campylobacter chez le sujet VIH+ : épidémiologie et apport de l'électrophorèse en champ pulsé." Paris 5, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA05P217.
Full textKhanafer, Nagham. "Épidémiologie des infections à Clostridium difficile chez les patients hospitalisés dans un centre hospitalo-universitaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10136/document.
Full textClostridium difficile is responsible for almost all cases of pseudomembranous colitis and for 15%-25% of cases of post-antibiotic (ATB) diarrhea. Since 2003 and the emergence of 027 strain, CDI epidemiology is changing, with evidence of rising incidence and severity. In response to the alarming situation we decided to conduct a prospective study at Eduard Herriot Hospital to explore in details this infection. Patient’s inclusion has started in February 2011 and will end in February 2014. In a meta-analysis we found that the risk profiles for antimicrobial classes as risk factors for community-acquired CDI are similar to those described for nosocomial CDI. We used the ORION statement (Outbreak Reports and Intervention Studies Of Nosocomial infection) to synthesize knowledge of interventions to reduce and to control CDI in hospitals. Then in a retrospective study, we found that male gender, rising serum C-reactive protein level, and previous exposure to fluoroquinolones were independently associated with severe CDI in ICU. Between 2011 and 2013, 430 patients were included in our prospective cohort study. Data analysis of 118 cases of CDI showed an inefficient knowledge of current recommendations of CDI treatment. The crude mortality rate within 30 days after CDI diagnosis was 19.5%, with 15 deaths (65.7% of deceased patients) related to CDI. In a multivariate cox regression model, gender, serum albumin, antidiarrheal medications, cephalosporins, peritonitis and septic shock were independently associated with mortality in CDI patients. When diarrhea was not related to C. difficile, mortality was rather associated with cancer and high WBC level
Béhanzin, Luc. "Évolution de l'épidémie du VIH en présence d'interventions ciblant le milieu prostitutionnel au Bénin : analyses de tendance et des techniques de collectes de données comportementales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29661/29661.pdf.
Full textThis study carried out in Benin had three components associated with the following objectives: 1) to assess the time trends in the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (HIV/STI) and associated sexual behaviors among female sex workers (FSW) from 1993 to 2008, while preventive interventions targeting the sex work milieu were ongoing (developed by the Canadian project from 1992 to 2006 before being taken over by the national authorities) and assess the impact of change in intervention model on trends after the disengagement of the project in 2006, 2) to assess the change in HIV/STI prevalence and associated behaviors in the general population of Cotonou between 1998 and 2008, 3) to compare the method of individual face-to-face interviews (FTFI) to that of polling booth surveys (PBS). From 1993 to 2008, there was a significant decrease in HIV/STI prevalence among FSW and this decrease was very strong in Cotonou for HIV (53.3% to 30.4%, adjusted-p=0.0001) and gonorrhea (43.2 % to 6.4%, adjusted-p < 0.0001). On the other hand, from 2005 to 2008, there was a significant increase in gonorrhea prevalence (prevalence ratio: PR=1.76, 95% confidence interval: [1.17-2.65]) after disengagement of the Canadian project in 2006. In Cotonou, where the targeted interventions were reinforced between 2001 and 2006, HIV prevalence significantly decreased by 83% between 1998 and 2008 (3.0 to 0.5 %, adjusted-p=0.002) among young men of the general population aged 15-29 years. More HIV-related risky sexual behaviors were reported through PBS than through FTFI, thus suggesting that the former reduces social desirability biases. The study shows that in countries where the HIV epidemic is still concentrated among FSW as in Benin, preventive interventions targeting the sex work milieu remain the most effective intervention for a reliable control of the epidemic. Within this context where accurate data on sexual behaviors are of central importance for the design of effective preventive interventions as well as the assessment of their impact, PBS should be integrated into behavioral surveys.
Scieux, Catherine. "Marqueurs épidémiologiques moléculaires de Chlamydia trachomatis." Paris 11, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA114826.
Full textMoyen, Nanikaly. "Epidémiologie des infections par les filovirus et arbovirus en République du Congo." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM5069.
Full textThe Republic of Congo (RC) where our work took place is a Central African country, sharing borders with the Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Gabon, Cameroon, and Angola (Cabinda). In these countries the circulation of arboviruses is documented. In RC, there was little or no documentation on arboviruses prior to our work. We conducted studies of arbovirus seroprevalence in Congolese blood donors for different virus families. We also studied the epidemic caused by the chikungunya virus that prevailed in RC in 2011.Our work have highlighted the high rate of seroprevalence for incriminated major pathogens: 47.2% for Dengue, 27.8% for Yellow Fever, 24.4% for West Nile, 38.8% for Chikungunya and 7.9% for Rift Valley fever. These high seroprevalence rates indicate that these viruses actively circulate in Congo, although no epidemic has yet been reported for some viruses. We have also isolated and genetically characterized a strain named "Brazza_MRS1", belonging to the East Central and Southern African lineage, after the chikungunya epidemic in 2011. The RC has experienced several outbreaks caused by the Ebola virus. We have performed a filovirus seroprevalence study to attempt to better characterize the circulation of filoviruses in asymptomatic Congolese blood donors. The observed rate of seroprevalence of anti Ebola IgG was 2.5% overall (1.6% in Brazzaville, 4% in Pointe-Noire and 4% in rural areas). Identified epidemiological risk factors were the exposure to bats (p <0.001) and birds (p = 0.04). The seroprevalence rate of Marburg virus IgG was low (0.5%)
Monnet, Dominique. "Épidémiologie, identification et surveillance de la résistance aux antibiotiques des bactéries appartenant au genre Klebsiella." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO1T002.
Full textLasky, Mariama. "Etude des caractéristiques moléculaires et virologiques de l'infection à VIH-1 survenue outre-mer." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20234.
Full textBotuna, Eleko Éric. "Prévalence de l'infection à hélicobacter pylori en milieu rural québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21368/21368.pdf.
Full textMéry, Dominique. "Stratégie dans la lutte contre l'infection nosocomiale : microbiologie de l'environnement et suivi informatique de l'épidémiologie infectieuse , création du logiciel hygie." Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05P501.
Full textMichel, Virginie. "Épidémiologie de la leptospirose zoonose : étude comparée du rôle de différentes espèces de la faune sauvage et de leur environnement." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T055.
Full textBonis, Joe͏̈lle. "Mise au point et comparaison de tests sérologiques de discrimination des infections par les virus HTLV-I et HTLV-II : application à la sérotypie HTLV en Afrique." Limoges, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIMO0184.
Full textKles, Virginie. "Contribution à l'étude des arboviroses sur l'Ile de la Réunion : enquête séro-épidémiologique." Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2027.
Full textRisi, Christian. "Surveillance des infections nosocomiales au C. H. R. De Bordeaux : résultats d'une enquête de prévalence (1989)." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23076.
Full textAmazian, Kamelia. "Risques infectieux nosocomiaux dans la région méditerranéenne : surveillance et évaluation dans le cadre du réseau NosoMed." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10283.
Full textDenis, Blandine. "Epidemiology of fungal infections in HIV infected individuals in France : P jirovecii pneumonia and invasive aspergillosis in FHDH ANRS CO4." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066109/document.
Full textThe advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in 1996 resulted in a dramatic fall in the incidence of AIDS-defining illness (ADI), including Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Nevertheless, PCP was the second most frequent ADI in France in 2001-2003 and fungal infections remain a major threat for HIV-infected individuals worldwide. Epidemiological data on fungal infections in the late cART period in resource-rich settings are scarce. The purpose of our work was to study changes in the epidemiology of fungal infections among HIV-infected individuals in France in the late cART period, focusing on PCP and invasive aspergillosis (IA) in the French Hospital Database on HIV ANRS CO4 (FHDH). In the FHDH, during the 2004-2011 period, half of the 1259 PCP cases occurred among HIV-infected individuals who had waning adherence to care, and for those who had a prior ADI before PCP the 3-year mortality rate was 25%. For the second study on IA, a review committee validated IA cases among all the cases that included a diagnostic code for aspergillosis (ICD-9 or ICD-10) in the FHDH over a 20-year period. Our study demonstrated that only half of validated IA cases among HIV-infected individuals met EORTC criteria. The 3-months survival rate after IA diagnosis improved after the advent of cART and a protective role of voriconazole was observed in the period after 2001
Fondrevez, Marc. "Yersinia enterocolitica chez le porc : détection, caractérisation et prévalence." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S017.
Full textYersinia enterocolitica is the third pathogen responsible of zoonosis in Europe. Pig is considered as the principal reservoir of pathogenic Y. Enterocolitica for humans. The goal of this study was to develop methods for detection and genetic characterization. The detection method using enrichment in ITC broth followed by streaking on CIN then on YeCM proved its performance to detect the bacteria compared to the actual norm. This method reduces the number of biochemical tests necessary to confirm this species Y. Enterocolitica. A chromogenic medium YECA was tested to detect specifically the pathogenic biotypes. A real-time PCR targeting DNAr 16S was developed to identify specifically Y. Enterocolitica. Genotyping by RFLP-PFGE of isolates from slaughtered pigs and the detection of virulence genes by real-time PCR were realized. Isolates are closely related and a majority carried all the genes of virulence. Then, a one-year study of prevalence was realized on 3120 pigs from 96 batches in 16 slaughterhouses. 13. 7% of pigs and 74. 3% of batches were positive. The most prevalent biotype was biotype 4 (92. 5% of the isolates). A season effect was observed; individual prevalence was higher during warm months. This study shows the importance of Yersinia. Enterocolitica in the French pig production
Voirin, Nicolas. "Analyse et modélisation de la transmission de la grippe nosocomiale." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10151.
Full textThe consequences of outbreaks of nosocomial influenza (NI) for patients in terms of morbidity and mortality are an issue of concerned. However, clinical presentation of cases, frequency of infection, risk of infection among patients, transmission and the most adapted control measures remain poorly understood. An original analysis of the literature allowed synthesizing the knowledge on NI. Then on the basis of a prospective study conducted during 3 influenza seasons from 2004 to 2007, we report a description of clinical cases of NI observed at the Edouard Herriot hospital in Lyon. Then, we developed a statistical model to analyze the risk of NI among patients and we apply this model on data from over 21,500 patients. Factors influencing the transmission were studied by simulating the spread of influenza virus in a hospital unit using a mathematical model. We show that identifying cases of influenza in the hospital without a systematic virological screening is difficult. The risk for the patient to present influenza like illness was 2 times higher in hospital than in the community. Furthermore, the risk was 5 to 35 times higher when a patient was exposed to other contagious patients or health care workers during his hospitalization. Transmission from patient to patient seemed to be a major route of transmission. The approach used in this work could be adapted and the statistical tools could be extended to study of the dynamics and control of nosocomial infections
Arnavielhe, Sylvie. "Etude génétique et épidémiologique de souches de Candida Albicansisolées chez les patients non neutropéniques : [Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON13523.
Full textCorbière, Fabien. "Modèles de mélange en analyse de survie en présence de donnée groupées : application à la tremblante du mouton." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21465.
Full textAlthough they are of major interest in the understanding of the classical scrapie dynamic in infested flocks, the factors influencing the contamination by the infectious agent and incubation period remain poorly known. The absence of antemortem diagnostic tools and the confounding effects of long incubation periods and flock management practices yield a partial knowledge of the infectious status of animals. Moreover, we must take into account that only an unknown fraction of animals become infected, even in heavily affected flocks. To deal with issues, we use a class of particular survival models, which take account for the presence of long term survivors. We propose a penalized likelihood, allowing for the estimation of a smooth risk function. We also develop some parametric models with shared frailties to deal with the presence of grouped data. These different models are evaluated through simulations studies. These statistical approaches are then applied to the analysis of real data collected during the following-up of infected flocks in Pyrénées Atlantiques. The key influence of the PRP genotype on the contamination risk and incubation periods is confirmed. Our results also suggest that, at the individual level, the infection mainly takes place around birth. Finally, the strong heterogeneity in the contamination risk and incubation periods observed between flocks could be partially explained by their PRP genetic structure and the number of incubating animals
Roumanes, David. "Caractérisation des fonctions effectrices des lymphocytes T γδVδ2- impliqués dans la réponse immunitaire dirigée contre le cytomégalovirus : rôle de NKG2D, KIR2DS2 et de l'interaction avec les cellules dendritiques." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21473.
Full textIn healthy individuals, γdelta T lymphocytes represent 0,5 to 10 % of total T lymphocytes. Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that this percentage can be increased in renal transplant recipients who have developed cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. Moreover, V delta2neg γdelta T cell clones isolated from these recipients show a strong reactivity in vitro against CMV infected fibroblasts. In this work, we have focused our attention on the mechanisms of V delta2neg γdelta T lymphocyte activation. Two molecules are involved in this activation : NKG2D and KIR2DS2. We observed that KIR2DS2 was able to increase the TCR signal involved in IFN-γ and TNF-α production. Although the engagement of the NKG2D molecule did not induce cytokine secretion, this molecule could act as a stimulatory molecule per se, or as a co-stimulatory molecule on V delta2neg γdelta T cell clones or lines cytotoxicity. In the second part, we analyzed the interaction between Vdelta2neg γdelta T cells and CMV-infected dendritic cells (DC). Our results show that, even when the percentage of CMV-infected DC was low, TNF-α and INF-γ production by Vdelta2neg γdelta T cell clones was enhanced when they were co-cultured with DC previously incubated with CMV. Moreover, our results suggest that when the infection occurs, the DC will be protected from the Vdelta2neg γdelta T cell clone cytotoxicity. Taken together, these results increase our knowledge on the activation mechanisms of Vdelta2neg γdelta T lymphocytes by opening new approaches for the therapeutic use of these cells
Boyd, Anders. "Clinical epidemiology of multi-viral hepatitis infection among HIV-HBV infected patients." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066618.
Full textCheenne, Laurence. "Microsporidioses humaines : revue des espèces incriminées et évaluation de deux techniques de diagnostic de l'atteinte intestinale." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P003.
Full textValour, Florent. "Infections ostéo-articulaires à Staphylococcus aureus et Staphylococcus epidermidis : épidémiologie moléculaire et corrélation entre expression clinique et interactions hôte – bactérie." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10287/document.
Full textPas de résumé en anglais
Mbiaga, Cyrille. "Contributions méthodologiques à une analyse de la dynamique socio-spatiale des infections à VIH en Afrique centrale : régions de Batouri (Cameroun), Berberati (Centrafrique)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30088.
Full textCombes, Jean-Damien. "Epidémiologie des infections à papillomavirus humains et cancers des voies aérodigestives supérieures : enjeux et perspectives de prévention." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10367.
Full textAt least one out of six cancers worldwide is caused by infectious agents, of which human papillomaviruses (HPV) are responsible for around 600 000 cancer cases each year. HPV are recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer, and the cause of a fraction of cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, penis, but also the oropharynx. Recent epidemiological data report an alarming increase in the incidence of HPV-induced oropharyngeal cancers in some devel- oped countries, as in North America and North Europe. In cervical cancer, extended knowledge of the natural history of HPV infection and associat- ed lesions has led to the implementation of cervical pap smear screening resulting in a sub- stantial decrease in cervical cancer incidence. Conversely, in HPV-induced head and neck cancers, very few data on the natural history of the disease are available. Today, the mode of transmission of HPV infection and the steps in cancerisation of head and neck tissues are still poorly understood. Although vaccination against HPV should impact the incidence of HPV- induced cancers other than in the cervix, vaccine coverage is insufficient in many countries to generate herd immunity, and to date no other method for prevention of HPV-induced head and neck cancers is available. The main objectives of this work are: (i) to better define the oncogenic potential of the differ- ent HPV types [Articles I, II and III]; (ii) to improve the knowledge of the role of HPV in can- cers of the head and neck [Articles IV and V]; and (iii) to understand the natural history of HPV infection and associated lesions in the oropharynx [Projects I and II]
Giang, Le Truong. "Evaluation de la politique de lutte contre le sida à Hochiminh ville, 1994-1998." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN19920.
Full textColin, Catherine. "Séroprévalence des infections à "Chlamydia pneumoniae" chez l'enfant : données cliniques et épidémiologiques en milieu hospitalier." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P059.
Full textGuedj, Jérémie. "Inférence dans les modèles dynamiques de population : applications au VIH et au VHC." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21371.
Full textThe study of the dynamical models of HIV, based on non- linear systems of Ordinary Differential Equations has considerably improved the knowledge on its pathogenicity. This modelling leads to complex issues for identifiability and parameter estimation. To overcome these difficulties, the first models used simplified ODE systems and analyzed each patient separately. However, these models prevent from considering the course of the infection as a whole. We propose here an alternative way based on a full likelihood inference, using the particular structure of the non-simplified models and borrowing strength from the whole sample. We apply it to real data, taking into account the viral load left-censoring, and we illustrate the interest of this approach to provide an alternative tool for analyzing clinical trials. Last, we study the practical identifiability of these models