Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Infections à pneumocoques – immunologie'
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Gomes, Machado Marina. "The role of acetate in macrophage`s response against Streptococcus pneumoniae." Thesis, Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/EDBSL/2022/2022ULILS001.pdf.
Full textShort chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced mainly by the gut microbiota with a known role in immune regulation. Acetate, the major SCFA, is described to disseminate to distal organs such as the lungs. Moreover, the literature supports that acetate modulates inflammation and improves bacterial clearance. Our group has previously demonstrated that acetate improves Streptococcus pneumoniae clearance in the context of a secondary post-viral infection. This protection is mediated by alveolar macrophages, the first line of pulmonary immune defense. Thus, our aim was to evaluate the effect of acetate on the killing ability of alveolar macrophages and to delineate the mechanisms involved in this response. Here we show that acetate supplementation in drinking water modulated the secretion of host defense proteins by murine pulmonary cells and led to reduced S. pneumoniae loads in the lungs. To understand the mechanisms of bacterial clearance, alveolar macrophages were used. Transcriptomic analysis (RNAseq) revealed that acetate induced a specific signature of host defense in S. pneumoniae conditioned macrophages. This associates with the improved killing ability of acetate treated macrophages mediated by nitric oxide (NO) production. Increased NO concentration triggered by acetate was dependent on augmentation of IL-1β levels. Surprisingly, IL-1β production led by acetate was neither dependent on its cell surface receptor (Free-Fatty Acid Receptor 2), nor on the enzymes responsible for its metabolism (Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 1 and 2). Alternatively, acetate enhanced the glycolytic profile of macrophages resulting in greater HIF-1α activity which culminated in higher transcription of IL-1β. Moreover, the increased secretion of IL-1β triggered by acetate relied on NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In conclusion, we unravel a new mechanism of bacterial killing by acetate-activated macrophages. We show that acetate increased IL-1β production and secretion in a mechanism dependent on the axis glycolysis/HIF-1α and NLRP3, respectively. Consequently, higher levels of IL-1β resulted in augmented NO production and improved killing ability of alveolar macrophages
Champagne, Marie-Eve. "Ré-infections avec Streptococcus pneumoniae : effet sur les réponses immunes innée et acquise lors d'une pneumonie à pneumocoque." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19368.
Full textKu, Cheng-Lung. "Human IRAK-4 deficiency and invasive pneumococcal disease." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05T019.
Full textAbsi, Léna. "Contribution au dosage des anticorps antipneumolysine." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO1T005.
Full textTOURNEMIRE, ALAIN. "Infections materno-foetales a haemophilus et pneumocoques." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU31112.
Full textLalin, Pascale. "Les arthrites à pneumocoques." Montpellier 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON11015.
Full textLaurichesse, Henri. "Infections a pneumocoques et pneumonies aigues communautaires : implications therapeutiques et vaccinales (doctorat : maladies infectieuses et tropicales)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF1MM07.
Full textDeffrasnes, Céline. "Nouvelles approches thérapeutiques pour contrer les infections causées par le metapneumovirus humain." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26340/26340.pdf.
Full textRespiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. New viruses are constantly discovered and one of them, the human Metapneumovirus (hMPV), was identified in 2001. hMPV causes upper and lower respiratory infections ranging from cold- or flu-like illnesses to more severe and life-threatening infections such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis. hMPV is only second or third to human respiratory syncytial virus in frequency and sometimes as frequent as human influenza viruses in causing respiratory infections. The majority of severe infections caused by hMPV are seen in individuals having the weakest immune system such as young children, elderly and immunocompromised subjects. Many studies tend to demonstrate that severe viral respiratory infection during childhood can lead to asthma development later in life. Unfortunately, physicians have no vaccine or treatment to fight against severe hMPV infections. Genome and protein fonction analyses are offering promising avenues for the development of effective antivirals. Moreover, hMPV pathogenesis has been described in a murine model which now offers a convenient way to evaluate candidate molecules. This PhD project main goal was therefore to design new molecules against hMPV infections. For that matter, two steps of hMPV replication cycle were targeted, i.e., virus entry into the host cell which happens by a fusion mechanism, and viral genome replication inside the infected cell. The first molecule successfully identified is a fusion inhibitor, the HRA2 peptide that showed highly potent activity against hMPV in vitro but also in vivo. The second group of molecules corresponds to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting genes essential for hMPV replication. RNA interference has been a rapidly growing field since its first description in the 1990’s. Here, we identified two highly effective siRNAs against hMPV in vitro which target the nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein. Evaluation of these siRNAs in a murine model of hMPV infection also showed great possibilities.
Jacobelli, Simon. "Rôle du système immunitaire dans le contrôle des infections par les papillomavirus humains." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T037.
Full textT cell immunity is involved in the defense against human papillomaviruses (HPV). Incidence and prevalence of HPV-induced clinical lesions are high in immunocompromised patients and concern oncogenic and/or non oncogenic cutaneous and mucosal HPV. In this work, T-cell immunity against HPV was studied in 2 models of HPV infection: - Epidermodysplasia verruciformis-like eruptions in the setting of HIV infection: clinical, virological et immunologic features were studied in a series of patients. The nadir of CD4+ T lymphocytes, the intensity and the length of T CD4+ deficiency were related on the development of clinical lesions induced by both bêta HPV or alpha HPV. The inefficacy of antiretroviral therapy on HPV-induced clinical lesions suggests that anti-HPV T-cell responses were ineffective. - Couples with women presenting with HPV16-induced classic vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and their healthy male partners, who were longitudinally followed for 18 months. Anti-E2 protein T-cell responses are a marker of efficient control of HPV infection, either after treatment in women, or spontaneously in men. Since E2 protein is absent from viral particles, the presence of anti-E2 T-cell responses in healthy male partners indirectly proves that they have been infected by replicative HPV16. These results provide a strong argument in favor of prophylactic HPV vaccination of young men to decrease the spread of mucosal HPV diseases
Lawrence, Philip. "Modélisation in vitro de l'infection et du franchissement de la muqueuse génitale féminine par HIV-1." Saint-Etienne, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STET009T.
Full textBedrossian, Josiane. "Maladies auto-immunes associées aux infections H. I. V. : à propos de six cas observés à l'Hôpital d'Avignon." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX20053.
Full textJochems, Simon. "Molecular mechanisms of regulation of chronic immune activation in siv-infected african green monkeys." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077249.
Full textChronic inflammation and immune activation (IA) drive progression to AIDS in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in humans and simian immunodefiency virus (SIV) infections in macaques (MACs). Studying non-pathogenic (SIV) infections in natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGMs), has contributed to acknowledging the importance of immune activation in the progression to AIDS. Natural hosts are capable of downmodulating inflammation by the end of acute SIV infection by unknown mechanisms. Several non-mutually exclusive hypotheses could explain this downmodulation of IA in AGMs: We observed an initiation of the control of inflammation in AGMs around the peak of infection, earlier than previously appreciated. The type I interferon (IFN-I) response upon SIV encounter was decreased during the acute phase of SIVagm infection, but only transiently, showing that an IFN-I producing defect does not underlie the absence of chronic IA in AGMs. Moreover, the IFN-I response to herpes simplex virus was increased. Furthermore, we discovered that pDCs of AGMs, but not macaques (MACs), express low levels of CD4 and are predominantly not expressing CCR5. Despite this reduced expression of SIV receptor and co-receptor, pDCs of AGMs were infected at high levels, similar to those found in MACs. We showed that SIV infection induces dynamic DNA methylation changes in AGMs and MACs, with different kinetics of methylation in MACs and AGMs. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes that can be bound by the transcription factor TRIM28, which can alter DNA methylation, were enriched among the DMGs. Integration with transcriptomics data identified 29 and 17 genes that were differentially methylated and differentially expressed after SIV infection in MACs and AGMs, respectively. Potential target genes, such as IRF4, PRKAG2, PLAGL1 and IGF2R were identified, which could further the understanding of HIV pathogenesis
Le, Moing Vincent. "Réponse virologique et immunologique aux traitements avec inhibiteurs de protéase chez les patients infectés par le VIH." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28872.
Full textProtease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral regimens have been largely prescribed before a complete evaluation. The main objective of this thesis is to analyse repeated measures of two biological markers : plasma HIV RNA (VL) and CD4+cell counts (CD4) in a cohort of treated patients in order to show how observational studies may contribute to the answering to two pending questions concerning these treatments : when to start them ? how to measure their short and longer term efficacy ? The analyses of immunological and virological response yielded results favouring early initiation of therapy in the course of the disease : response was more frequent and more sustained when patients initiated therapy at low VL and high CD4. Due to the observational nature of the data, there are many potential biases however and only a controlled trial may answer to the question of the moment of initiation of therapy. The analyses of the relationships between virological response and further increase of CD4 suggested a potential role for partial virological response, i. E. Low but detectable VL as opposed to the complete virological response, undetectable VL, which is usually considered as the goal of therapy. In patients having virological failure with a VL < 5,000 copies/ml, a continuous increase of CD4 was observed. Preliminary analyses of progression to AIDS tended to confirm this result : progression was associated with a VL > 10,000 copies/ml 4 months after the initiation of therapy. If these results were confirmed with a longer follow-up and a higher number of events, they would be in favour of a more modest goal of therapy. Studies presented in this thesis also took into account sociological and behavioural measures, like adherence to therapy and social support and emphasised their important role, in epidemiology as well as in routine clinical practice
Liehl, Peter. "Analyse génétique des défenses de l'hôte drosophile après infections bactériennes par voie orale." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066627.
Full textTsai, Yu-Huan. "Investigating human neurolisteriosis with relevant host and bacterial partners." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077232.
Full textListeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a bacterial foodbome pathogen that crosses the intestinal barrier via the interaction of its surface protein InIA with its receptor E-cadherin (Ecad), and disseminate within the host to induce listeriosis. Lm can cross the placental barrier in pregnant women resulting in abortion and fetal infection, and cross the blood-CNS barrier to cause neurolisteriosis via a so far unknown mechanism. InIA-Ecad interaction is species-specific, does not occur in wild-type (wt) mice, but does in humanized mice expressing humanized mouse Ecad. InIA has also been "murinized" (InlAm) to interact with mouse Ecad in wt mice. We have shown that InlAm not only interacts with mouse Ecad, but also uses N-cadherin (Ncad) as a receptor, whereas InIA does not. This unanticipated and artifactual InlAm-Ncad interaction promotes bacterial translocation across villous M cells, accompanying with intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier damage, ail of which are not seen in humans and humanized mouse models permissive to In1A-Ecad interaction. The widely used reference strains are not representative of clinical isolates, based on MLST, a sequence-based typing method. We have shown in a humanized mouse model of listeriosis developed in the laboratory, that the isolates originating from the most prevalent clones responsible for human neurolisteriosis are more virulent and induce far more efficiently neurolisteriosis than isolates from other clonai complexes and reference strains. By use of the humanized mouse model and relevant human CNS isolates, we are investigating the pathogenesis of orally acquired neurolisteriosis, and deciphering the underlying mechanisms of neurolisteriosis
Romefort, Bénédicte Gras-Le Guen Christèle. "L'impact du délai pré-thérapeutique sur la mortalité et la morbidité des méningites bactériennes de l'enfant étude rétrospective à Nantes de 1997 à 2005 /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2007. http://castore.univ-nantes.fr/castore/GetOAIRef?idDoc=16461.
Full textChbani-Rima, Asmâa. "Etude de la sécrétion de la protéinase acide par Candida albicans : purification, participation à la pathogénicité des souches et rôle immunogène dans les candidoses systémiques." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30182.
Full textOuldali, Naïm. "Impact à moyen terme de l'implémentation du vaccin conjugué pneumococcique 13 valences en pédiatrie : analyse de séries chronologiques interrompues." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2020. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=4437&f=28972.
Full textBackground. Due to serotype replacement, the long-term impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) implementation remains to be evaluated. We aimed to assess, in children, the impact of PCV13 implementation on: (i) pneumococcal meningitis, (ii) community acquired pneumonia (CAP), and (iii) antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococcal strains in nasopharyngeal carriage. Finally, we conducted a methodological systematic review of the literature on assessing the impact of PCVs implementation. Methods. We used the quasi-experimental interrupted time series (ITS) analysis design with data from three French surveillance systems: (i) the national network of pediatric bacterial meningitis (230 centres), (ii) the CAP pediatric network (8 pediatric emergency departments), and (iii) an ambulatory network of pneumococcal carriage (121 pediatricians). A segmented regression model with autoregressive error was used, taking into account pre-intervention time trend, seasonality and autocorrelation. The methodological systematic review included all studies assessing the impact of PCVs implementation in children and adults, using PubMed, Embase, and references of selected articles. Results. After a 38% (95% CI [20; 56]) decrease of pneumococcal meningitis incidence following PCV13 implementation in 2010 in France, a rebound was observed since January 2015, mainly linked to the emergence of non-PCV13 serotypes. CAP rate also decreased significantly following PCV13 implementation (44% decrease, 95% CI [32; 56]), but since June 2014, only a slight increase was observed since June 2014. Regarding pneumococcal susceptibility in carriage, after a significant reduction of penicillin non-susceptibility following PCV13 implementation, a steady increase is observed since January 2014. Finally, 377 studies were included in the systematic review, from 2001 to 2018. Among them, 296 (78,5%) used the before-after design, and only 69 (18,3%) used the ITS design. Conclusions. After an important impact of PCV13, the consequences of serotype replacement in France may vary between pneumococcal disease. These findings may still evolve in the coming years, underlining the need of continuous active surveillance of these outcomes. Despite Cochrane recommendations, the use of ITS to assess PCVs impact remains largely infrequent worldwide, and needs to be promoted to adequately analyze the complex evolution of this pathogen over time
Le, Gars Mathieu. "Régulation de l'expression et de la fonction du CFTR par l'élastase du neutrophile et l'élastace B de Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077093.
Full textEndothelial cells play a key role in the context of organ transplantation due to their localization within capillaries of the transplanted organ permitting direct contact with both antibodies of the graft recipient and with immune cells of the receiver potentially directed against the donor transplant. Endothelial cells have been extensively documented as a target of the key actors of humoral graft rejection, HLA class I and class II anti-donor antibodies. In addition they induce activation of alloreactive CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes. Such allo-activation can lead to T cell proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion ultimately resulting in acute cellular mediated graft rejection. This study examined the mechanisms of allo-activation of CD4+ T cells by human endothelial cells and determined whether such activation was modified in the presence of HLA class II allo-antibodies. We have developed a model of allo-reaction between human dermal microvascular endothelial cells and CD4⁺ T lymphocytes. This model allowed us to demonstrate that HLA class II expressing microvascular endothelial cells induce expansion of both Th17 (T CD4⁺IL-17⁺) and Treg (T CD4⁺CD45RA⁻FoxP3bright) populations. Amplification of Treg was secondary to their proliferation and dependent on the expression of ICAM-1 on the endothelial cell whereas amplification of Th17 was IL-6/STAT-3 dependent and associated with memory CD4⁺ T cell proliferation. Pre-activation of endothelial cells with an anti-HLA class II antibody led to increased memory T CD4⁺ proliferation and Thl7 expansion while decreasing endothelial cell mediated expansion of the Treg population. These data lead to the proposal that endothelial cells within the graft actively participate in the local regulation of the CD4⁺ T cell allogeneic response either by inducing a fully functional Treg population or a pro-inflammatory Thl7 population depending upon the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines (eg IL-6) and/or the presence of circulating HLA class II allo-antibodies
Cellier, Mathieu. "Elaboration de modèles expérimentaux pour l'étude des stress cellulaires dans les interactions hôte - agent pathogène." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20205.
Full textBerlier, Willy. "Etude de la participation de facteurs séminaux, des cellules épithéliales et des cellules dendritiques de la muqueuse génitale féminine dans la transmission hétérosexuelle de HIV-1." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET004T.
Full textDupuy-Papin, Catherine. "Vaccination anti-papillomavirus : réponse systémique et vaginale contre la protéine majeure de capside." Tours, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOUR3813.
Full textDelgado, Tiria Félix Giovanni. "Role of T and B cells in long lasting immunity against dengue and Zika virus infections." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/DELGADOTIRIA_FG_1_va_20180530.pdf.
Full textZika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus of the Flaviviridae family, transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes. The high level of dengue virus (DENV) seroprevalence in areas where ZIKV is circulating and the immunological cross reactivity between both viruses have raised concerns on the risk of increased disease severity for patients with a history of previous DEN V infection. Indeed, recent studies have shown that anti-DENV pre-existing antibodies may enhance ZIKV infection and increase disease severity. However, little has been shown about the ability of these antibodies to neutralize orto facilitate ZIKV infection in the same context. In addition, little is known regarding the role of T cellsin the control of ZIKV infection. Despite important efforts in predicting potential epitopes that couldbind to different HLA class I or class II alleles, the precise identification of human T-cell epitopes that are either unique to ZIKV or shared with DENV is still lacking. Given these facts, to determine the roleof DENV pre-immunity in ZIKV infection and disease outcome, the aim of this project was to analyze the specificity and strengths of T and B cell responses against ZIKV. Using PBMC from blood donors with previous history of DENV/ZIKV or ZIKV infection, we have identified ZIKV epitopes by screening T-cell responses against 15-mer overlapping peptides spanning the ZIKV proteome by IFN-gammaenzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) analysis. Our results show that the non-structural proteins NS1, NS3 and NS5 contain most of the immunodominant peptides that induce a strong T-cell response. Interestingly, in donors with a history of DENV infection, specific peptides were also identified as DENV CD8+ T-cell epitopes and the strongest T-cell responses observed in these donors corresponded to sequences with a high level of amino acid identity with the four serotypes of DENV.These results strongly support the activation of cross-reactive T-cells in this context. We also developed a flow cytometry-based assay to quantify the neutralizing and enhancing activities of antibodies against DENV and ZIKV infections. Using plasma samples from the same donors, we have shown that DENV-induced antibodies can enhance ZIKV infection. In addition, all samples from ZIKV infected donors exhibited neutralizing activity only against ZIKV, and one donor showed enhancingactivity for DENV4 infection. The highest neutralizing activity against ZIKV infection was observed insamples from donors with previous DENV and ZIKV infection, strongly suggesting the induction of cross-reacting antibodies induced upon sequential DENV and ZIKV infection. These data have crucial implications for future ZIKV and DENV vaccines and provide new opportunities to study the role of subsets of DENV- or ZIKV-specific T cells in the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies in the context of sequential flavivirus infections, which could modulate disease severity
Dionne, Natasha. "Développement d'une puce à ADN sur plate-forme microfluidique utile pour le diagnostic rapide des virus responsables des infections respiratoires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26266/26266.pdf.
Full textGiguère, Katia. "Étude de l'acquisition du PD-L1 par le VIH-1 et de son effet sur les lymphocytes T." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27496/27496.pdf.
Full textZaidman-Rémy, Anna. "Analyse génétique de la fonction des peptidoglycan recognition proteins dans la réponse immunitaire de la drosophile." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077216.
Full textIn Drosophila, two pathways regulate the expression of antimicrobial peptides in response to bacterial infection. The activation of these pathways relies on the detection of the peptidoglycan (PGN) of the bacterial cell wall by a conserved family of proteins, the Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs). The receptors PGRP-SA and SD function upstream of the Toll pathway in the sensing of PGN from gram-positive bacteria while PGRP-LC and LE activate the Imd pathway upon recognition of PGN from gram-negative bacteria. In addition to these recognition PGRPs that can bind and recognize PGN, a second class of PGRPs named catalytic PGRPs can degrade PGN. A combination of biochemical and genetic approaches allowed us to determine two important functions for catalytic PGRPs. First, we shown that PGRP-LB is a secreted protein regulated by the Imd pathway, which specifically degrades gram-negative bacterial PGN into non-immunostimulatory fragments. We demonstrated that the regulation of PGRP-LB by the Imd pathway provides a negative feedback regulation to tightly adjust immune activation to infections. We also revealed a role of PGRP-LB in the control of the gut immune response and the tolerance to commensals. Second, we demonstrated in vivo an essential bactericidal function for the enzyme PGRP-SB1, which is strongly induced by the Imd pathway after an infection and is secreted into the hemolymph, where it participates in the elimination of bacteria. Collectively, our work indicates that PGRPs are essential components of the Drosophila host defence that act not only in the sensing of microbes but also as regulators and effectors of the antibacterial response
Rey, Camille. "Cytosolic bacterial subversions of mucosal immunity : a study of microfold (M) cell and enterocyte infections by S. flexneri and L. monocytogenes." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/Rey_camille_1_va_20180321.pdf.
Full textCytosolic bacterial pathogens S. flexneri and L. monocytogenes subvert extracellular mucosal immunity by inducing their uptake and intracellular lifestyle in the intestinal epithelium. Within the host, they are able to rapidly escape their internalization vacuole, invade the cytosol and escape cellular degradation by spreading from cell-to-cell. Antigen sampling M cells overlying immune induction sites are targeted by these pathogens to initiate intestinal invasion. However, the intracellular lifestyle of these pathogens within M cells, the mechanism of spread of the infection toneigh boring enterocytes from this entry point and the mechanism of S. flexneri evasion of adaptive immunity is poorly characterized. We present a novel physiologic model of apical S. flexneri infection of human in vitro M cells which recapitulates the early steps of epithelial invasion. We show that a subset of S. flexneri is rapidly transcytosed, within 15 minutes, through M cells. We establish a newtime-lapse imaging approach of M cell infections, which reveals that another subset of bacteriainduces apical ruffling upon entry, vacuolar rupture and replicates within the M cells at later timepoints. Remarkably, these bacteria are able to spread from M cells to neighboring cells by actinbased-motility, which we show constitutes the main route of basolateral spreading of the infection.As we extend our study to L. monocytogenes, we observe that unlike S. flexneri, the bacterium diverts M cell transcytosis via the virulence factor ActA. However, we discover that L. monocytogenes spreads within the epithelium exclusively by actin-based motility, similar to S. flexneri. We propose that subversion of M cell transcytosis and avoidance of underlying immune tissues are features shared by cytosolic pathogens, allowing their escape from induction of adaptive immunity.In addition, we submit a pipeline of fluorescence-based single cell sorting of enterocytes atsuccessive stages of infection combined with transcriptional analysis by multiplex qPCR. This methodreveals the production of distinct responses in host enterocytes according to subcellular pathogen localizations. We observe the production of a strong bystander response involving multiplecorrelated host pathways in non-infected enterocytes. Moreover, we detect the output of distinct host response patterns according to vacuolar or cytosolic bacterial localizations in infectedenterocytes. We further show that the virulence effector OspF contributes to dampen infected host responses and disrupt otherwise correlated host signaling pathways. To conclude, our studies expose new immune subversion strategies linked to the intracellular life styles of cytosolic enteric bacteria, highlighting the importance of M cells in initial bacterial dissemination and diversion of adaptive immunity, and the organization and disruption of innate immune responses provoked in enterocytes during infection
Doisneau-Sixou, Sophie. "Contribution à la mise au point du ciblage de foyers inflammatoires ou infectieux à l'aide de molécules électrochargées dans des leucocytes." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30204.
Full textImbeault, Michaël. "Étude transcriptomique de l'effet du VIH-1 sur le système immunitaire : purification de cellules infectées et effets des molécules de l'hôte." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22174.
Full textPerrin, Daniel. "Infections a herpes simplex virus : mise au point de modeles experimentaux murins ; application a l'etude de la latence et des proprietes antivirales d'agents physiques ou chimiques." Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05M098.
Full textKammoun, Hana. "Protection contre les infections hétérologues par la souche vaccinale atténuée Bordetella pertussis BPZE1." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S032.
Full textRespiratory infections are still among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Many different bacterial or viral pathogens are responsible for these infections. For some of them no vaccine is available, as is the case for the respiratory syncytial virus, and other current vaccines suffer from significant limitations. These limitations are mainly related to the antigenic variation and the constant evolution of circulating strains, as is the case of influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. For others, such as pertussis, the current vaccination programs do not result in sufficient protection of the most vulnerable population, i. e. very young infants. Most of the current vaccines are administered parenterally. However, the port of entry of respiratory pathogens is the nasal mucosa. Intranasal vaccination seems therefore more appropriate. Intranasal vaccination has the advantage of targeting both the local and the systemic immune system. In addition, it is non invasive (needle-free) and easy to apply.In this context, a new, live attenuated vaccine against pertussis has been developed in the host laboratory. The vaccine, named BPZE1, is a genetically attenuated Bordetella pertussis strain, the causative agent of whooping cough. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of this vaccine strain after a single nasal administration. In addition, the first clinical trials in adults have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of this strain. Beyond pertussis vaccination, BPZE1 has also anti-inflammatory properties that protect against asthma and against mortality induced by highly pathogenic influenza.In the first part of my thesis, we were interested in studying the protection induced by BPZE1 against heterologous infections. Firstly, we showed that a single administration of BPZE1 conferred heterologous protection against a lethal infection with Bordetella bronchiseptica. This protection was evidenced by a reduction of lung inflammation mediated by regulatory T cells, a significant increase in survival of the challenged mice and a significant decrease in bacterial load.Then, we have investigated the heterologous protection of BPZE1 against an unrelated bacterium, S. pneumonia. We found that an intranasal administration of BPZE1 protected against mortality caused by S. pneumoniae. This protection was MyD88 dependent.In the second part of my thesis, we were interested in studying the possibility of using BPZE1 as a biotechnological platform for the presentation of heterologous protective antigens to develop multivalent vaccines. Three different models (influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and S. pneumoniae) were developed by expressing the most promising and conserved antigens in BPZE1.In conclusion, our data indicates that BPZE1 is a promising candidate vaccine to express foreign antigens and to protect against heterologous respiratory infections
Ravet, Sophie. "Exploration du compartiment NK dans les pathologies humaines : implications dans le contrôle de l'infection VIH." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX22952.
Full textMartin, Mélanie. "Étude des mécanismes de résistance du cytomégalovirus humain et développement de nouveaux antiviraux contre les virus herpétiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27103/27103.pdf.
Full textQuillay, Héloïse. "Rôle de l'immunité innée dans le contrôle naturel de la transmission du VIH-1 au niveau des muqueuses du tractus reproducteur féminin." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077072.
Full textMucosae, particularly in the female reproductive tract, are the preferential portal for Human lmmunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry in the body. To develop efficient prevention strategies, it is crucial to identify the mucosal immune responses necessary for a control of HIV-1 transmission. The decidua basalis (endometrium during pregnancy) is a model of natural protection against transmission at a mucosal level. We have compared innate immunity components from the decidua and the non-pregnant endometrium in order to identify mechanisms of control of HIV-1 infection. In the decidua, type 2 macrophages (dM) are the main target cells of HIV-1. We have demonstrated that they are also the main target cells in the non-pregnant endometrium (eM). However, eM and dM phenotypes are distinct. We have shown that eM and dM infection is restricted by the restriction factor SAMHD1. Moreover, decidual NK (dNK) cells inhibit efficiently dM HIV-1 in vitro infection, through cellular contacts and soluble factors. Finally, we have shown that Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2, 4, 7/8 and 9 are expressed by dM and dNK cells, and are functional. TLR activation may participate to the control of HIV-1 infection. These data indicate that innate immunity components have a role in the control of HIV-1 infection at a mucosal level, and open perspectives on new transmission prevention strategies
Cloutier, Nathalie. "Rôle des protéines de latence du virus humain herpès-8 sur la synthèse d'interféron de type 1." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27219/27219.pdf.
Full textQuintin, Jessica. "Study of the GNBP/ßGRP family in the immune response of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and of the host-pathogen interaction between this host and opportunistic fung Candida." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6218.
Full textThe inducible humoral response plays a crucial role in the Drosophila immune system. It is controlled by two major NF-κB signalling pathways, Toll and IMD, which have been extensively studied. During my PhD I first studied the mechanisms involved in detecting microbial infection, which just started to be characterized at this time. Whereas it is now understood how Pattern Recognition Receptors from the Toll-Like Receptor and Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein families interact with microbial ligands, nothing was known about the sensing of microbial patterns by the Gram-Negative Binding Proteins. I have also attempted to characterize novel immune effectors in addition to the antimicrobial peptides, on which attention has mainly focused in the past. In a second part, I deciphered the interactions that take place between the host Drosophila and microbes such as the opportunistic fungi C. Glabrata. Overall, this study established the particular relevance of Drosophila as an exciting model for understanding the interactions between host and fungi, which will be a major challenge for the years to come. The stage is now set for further studies on this instructive model of host-pathogen relationships
Krzysiek, Roman. "Rôle des interactions cellulaires et des chimiokines dans la réponse lymphocytaire B." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T001.
Full textMaturation of the B cell response to peptide antigens mostly depends on the limiting amount of T cell help. Lt depends on both, the availability of Ag-specifie T cells and on the ability of Ag-binding B cells to efficiently recruit them. We showed that B-cell Ag receptor (BCR) engagement on ali functional subsets of mature B ce lis selectively induces the production of MIP-lα/ β and fractalkine, chemokines which elicit migratory response in CD4+ T cells of memory/etfector phenotype. The blocking experiments strongly suggest that BCR-activated B cells produce other chemokines with activity towards T cells by. In vitro, fractalkine expression in B cells was also induced by CD40 triggering. In situ, it was found in germinal centers of secondary follicles and dendritic cells (DC) within T cell area. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that within the B cell lineage, CCR6 chemokine receptor (MIP-3α/LARC β and -defensins receptor) is a marker of peripheral mature B cell pool but is absent within in central pro-, pre-B compartement and germinal center B cells and plasma cells in the periphery. In Boyden-type microchamber chemotaxis and F-actin polimerization assays, MIP-3α is a potent B-cell hemoattractant but seems to be only functional on CCR6(high) memory B cells. MIP-3α responsiveness in B cell is strongly enhanced by INFα, the cytokine of the innate immune response. Altogether, these data provide new insides in the role of chemokines gradients and direct cell-cell interactions during maturation of the B cell reponse
Fournier-Betz, Véronique. "Le système immunitaire intestinal du turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L. ) : relation avec le système immunitaire général et recherche des mécanismes immuns induits lors de vaccinations par voie orale contre la vibriose à Vibrio anguillarum." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2011.
Full textLachkar, Régis Médioni Michel. "Enquête sur la pratique des vaccinations Prévenar® et contre l'hépatite B, chez les nourrissons, en médecine générale." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2008. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0483120.pdf.
Full textMfunyi, Claude Mukeba. "Le rôle du DCIR dans la libération des exosomes dans le contexte de l'infection par le VIH-1." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29761/29761.pdf.
Full textJalaguier, Pascal. "Étude du mécanisme moléculaire d'incorporation de la molécule de l'hôte ICAM-1 par le VIH-1." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25415.
Full textCaron, Emmanuelle. "Etude de l'interaction "Brucella"/macrophage humain : implication du TNF alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha) dans le contrôle de l'infection." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20273.
Full textMarrão, Gina. "Virus d'Epstein-Barr et cancer du sein : étude immunologique et virologique." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE10174.
Full textEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human herpesvirus and is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis disease. The EBV is associated with the development of a variety of epithelial and lymphoid malignant pathologies, and recently is closely associated with the breast carcinoma, one of the most frequent tumors in the occidental countries. Moreover, the breast cancer is a disease with a high metastatic propensity and with a significant number of patients dying before the five years of its evolution, after the primary treatment. The development of the disease is not very predictable and its natural history and prognosis are frequently changing. Currently, 21 studies (out of 29 published) have showed the existence of EBV sequences on woman breast tumors. None of these studies bring new conclusions on the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of the tumor, mainly because of the lack of patient follow-up during a period of time, Therefore, we made a prospective study in the Hospitals of the University of Coimbra at closely relationship with the Histocompatibility Centre of Coimbra and the University of Grenoble for try to elucidate the role of EBV in this type of tumor. We establish that the main goal was to detect the EBV both in the tumor and in peripheral blood and if that event is accompanied or is closely correlated with immune response of the patients, mainly based on the immunophenotypic and functional characterization of: (i) the dendritic cells and monocytes, (ii) T lymphocytes subpopulations (including the double positive CD4+/CD8+ cells), (iii) and NK cells. We also compare the follow-up of the patients according to their EBV "status", and of the clinical, biological and anatomopathological factors used in a groove based on clinic gynecology: lymph nodes invasion, estrogens/progesterone receptors, c-erB-2, tumor histology and tumor size. In general, the results obtained in this study showed that: (i) there is a close correlation between the survival of patients with breast cancer and the presence of the EBV in the peripheral blood and in the tumor; (ii) An increase in the percentage of CD4+/CD8+ T in the peripheral blood of the patients with breast cancer with a better overall survival, particularly those with a memory effector phenotype, seems to indicate that these cells have a potential antitumoral activity. (iii) The peripheral T CD4+ and T CDS+ cells with a central memory phenotype are increased in all patients groups and in the patients with tumor EBV+ "status" (p<0,05) (with decreasing of the naïve phenotype) supporting a role of specific antigen stimulation; (iv) The functional study on T and NK cells showed that the patients, including the group of patients with tumor EBV+ that produce higher amounts of TNF-α, at single cell level, in both cell populations, show a better overall survival, which seems to indicate that a better functional activity of these cells, shows the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines which could be a good prognostic factor; (v) The patients with a increased percentage of NK cells CD56+/CD57- expressing granzyme B show a better overall survival, being the protein, one of the mechanisms utilized by these cells to induct an apoptotic death in target cells. Ln conclusion, we have developed a series of new virologica) biomarkers (status EBV) and immunological (at phenotype and functional levels) for the follow-up of the breast cancer patients and include them in "theragnostic" tests
Bourgoin, Pénélope. "Recherche de nouveaux tests rapides en cytométrie en flux pour l’établissement de diagnostics « aux lits des patients » : application à la discrimination des infections bactériennes et/ou virales en vue de réduire l’usage inutile des antibiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200213_BOURGOIN_959uvzsse391uijk154knph339nyhkrq_TH.pdf.
Full textInfectious diseases are pathologies whose etiological diagnosis is often complex. The clinician must base his diagnosis on his clinical observations and link them to the patient's biological measurements. Several groups are actively seeking new biomarkers to clarify this diagnosis. It is for this purpose that flow cytometry has been used and optimized to compare the expression of new biomarkers on blood cells of infected patients or healthy subjects. Characterization of the expression mechanisms of the markers shows that the expression of CD64 on neutrophils is amplified in patients infected by a bacterium via interferon γ, whereas the expression of CD169 on monocytes is amplified in patients infected with a virus via the type I interferon family (α, β, ω). In addition, the expression of HLA-DR on monocytes seems to help the etiological identification of the infection. The work suggests that the assay of these three biomarkers combined into an optimized flow cytometry technique could be an interesting candidate in studies on the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections
Dupré, Thierry. "Immunité humorale cervicovaginale des femmes au stade asymptomatique des infections par le VIH de type 1 ou par le VIH de type 2." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P128.
Full textMoreno, Nieves Uriel Yojanan. "Study of Natural killer cell responses induced by the HIV-1 vaccine candidate, MVAHIV." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077143.
Full textNatural Killer (NK)-cell functions and repertoire have been associated with protection from HIV acquisition and disease progression. The capacity of viral vaccine vectors to stimulate NK cells to control infection has not been addressed. We therefore tested the ability of the HIV vaccine candidate MVAHIV and S100A9 proteins to stimulate the anti-HIV activity of NK cells. We developed an in vitro co-culture system allowing the priming of NK cells by autologous DCs infected by MVAHIV. Using this system, we observed that MVAWT-primed NK cells more efficiently control HIV infection compared to MVAWT-primed NK cells, that the enhanced antiviral activity is HIV-specific, and that NKG2D, NKp46 and membrane-bound IL-15 are implicated in the priming of NK cells. Previously we demonstrated that CD85j+ NK cells naturally control HIV infection in autologous DCs and that S100A9 proteins are ligands of CD85j. Here, we found that stimulation of NK cells by S100A9 tetramers enhances the control of HIV infection in CD4+ T cells, and that the anti-HIV activity induced by S100A9 tetramers is preserved during the priming of NK cells by MVAHIV. Overall, we observed that MVAHIV-primed NK cells efficiently and specifically control HIV infection. As S100A9 tetramers stimulate the anti-HIV activity of NK cells alone or in combination with a vaccine-candidate, we suggest that they might be considered as adjuvants to enhance the control of HIV infection by NK cells
Arnold, Vincent. "Etude des interactions entre les cellules tueuses naturelles et les cellules dendritiques dans le cadre de l'infection par le VIH-1." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077125.
Full textThe crosstalk between DC and NK is a critical issue of NK activation resulting in both effector functions and survival or proliferation of NK cells, as well as the expansion of resting NK cells. In turn, once activated, NK cells may induce DC maturation (mDC) or DC killing. There is an increasing body of in vivo evidence indicating that NK-DC interactions during the early phase of innate immunity can impact the quality and magnitude of the subsequent adaptive immune response. NK and DC are thought to play critical roles in the first phases of HIV infection. In this study, we examined changes in the NK cell repertoire and functions occurring in response to early interaction with HIVinfected DC, using an autologous in vitro NK/DC coculture System. We show that NK cell interaction with HIV-1-infected autologous monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) modulates NK receptor expression. In particular, expression of the CD85J receptor on NK cells was strongly down-regulated upon coculture with HIV-1-infected MDDC. We demonstrate that CD85J+ NK cells exert potent control of HIV-1 replication in single-round and productively HIV-1-infected MDDC, whereas CD85J- NK cells induce a modest and transient decrease of HIV-1 replication. HIV-1 suppression in MDCC by CD85J+ NK cells required cell-to-cell contact and did not appear mediated by cytotoxicity or by soluble factors. CD85J+ NK cell inhibition of HIV-1 replication in MDDC is mainly mediated by CD85J interaction with an unknown ligand (distinct from HLA class I molecules) preferentially expressed on HIV-1-infected MDDC. We were able to show that the CD85J receptor interacts with two calcium-binding proteins, S100A8/A9. We demonstrated that HIV infection of MDDC induce modulations of the overall S100A8/A9 distribution on the surface of MDDC, and potentially influence through CD85J ligation mechanism the anti-HIV activity of human NK cells. There is a relative paucity of information regarding NK cell function in adaptive immunity from clinical vaccine trials, as few vaccine studies have attempted to evaluate the non-specific, yet potentially clinically relevant, NK response to immunization and to identify markers of this innate response which, indeed, might be useful as correlates of protective immunity. We have shown that the HIV-1 recombinant MVA vaccine strain being tested is indeed capable of inducing DC presentation of the HIV antigens, as well as specifying a particular NK response rendering the cells more potent against HIV infection in vitro
Pizzato, Nathalie. "Modulation de l'expression membranaire de HLA-G1 par le cytomégalovirus humain et le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine : importance du domaine cytoplasmique court de HLA-G1." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30068.
Full textHuman cytomegalovirus and HIV-1 down-modulate classical MHC class I molecules cell surface expression to escape to the immune system. In this way, we analysed HLA-G1 cell surface expression after HCMV or HIV-1 infection. HLA-G1 is a non classical MHC class I molecule that play an important role during pregnancy. First, we demonstrate that cytomegalovirus down-modulates HLA-G1 cell surface expression. This decrease depends on the viral protein US2 that induces HLA-G1 degradation. At the opposite, US11 lies HLA-G1 but because of it short cytoplasmic tail HLA-G1 is not degraded by US11. Concerning HIV-1, this virus also down-regulates HLA-G1. This inhibition is Vpu-dependent but Nef-independent
Avarre, Jean Christophe. "Relations entre vitellogenèse et pathologie chez les crustacés : cas de la crevette pénéide." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20215.
Full textGarcía, Téllez Thalia Alejandra. "Study of inflammasome activation in monocytes, macrophages and epithelial cells during SIV infection in a pathogenic and a non-pathogenic model." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC300.
Full textChronic immune activation drives progression toward AIDS in HIV infection and still remains in low levels in antiretroviral-treated patients increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases. Such non-AIDS co-mobility and mortality is associated with markers of monocyte/macrophage (Mφ ) activation and microbial translocation, but the molecular bases of this phenomenon remain unknown. In contrast to humans and pathogenic animal models of HIV (i.e. macaques, MAC), natural hosts of SIV (i.e. African Green Monkeys, AGM) quickly resolve SIV-induced inflammation and display lower levels of IL-1β and IL-18. IL-1β and IL-18 can be produced by Mφ or intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) upon inflammasome activation with potential multiple roles. Therefore, we studied whether the inflammasome activation upon SIV-infection occurs in natural hosts, in which tissues it might take place and if it differs between models. To do so, we measured plasmatic IL-1β and IL-18 levels along SIV-infection; we performed microscopy staining of Mφ , IEC and IL-18 in tissues, we set-up functional assays for inflammasome activation in-vitro and we developed tools for phenotyping and isolating Mφ and IEC from blood, lung, BAL, LN and gut. We showed inflammasome activation in vivo during pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infection evaluated by IL-18 in the gut of MAC and AGM, particularly in the small intestine, as well as by the levels of IL-18 and IL-1β in plasma. Our study indicated higher IL-18 production in the jejunum of SIV-infected MAC as compared to SIV-infected AGM. We showed that signals that might be in the environment during pathogenic SIVmac infection, in particular LPS and ATP as a result of microbial translocation and stress activate the inflammasome of MAC and AGM macrophages. We revealed differences at the level of the regulation between both models, observed by higher levels of IL-18BP and IL-1RA in AGM compared to MAC and correlations between IL-18, IL-1β and their respective antagonists only in AGM but not in MAC