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Journal articles on the topic 'Infection'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Epperla, Narendranath, Mirela Anghelina, Qiuhong Zhao, Akwasi Agyeman, James S. Blachly, Kerry A. Rogers, Gerard Lozanski, Christopher C. Oakes, Michael R. Grever, and Leslie Andritsos. "Infection at the Time of Initial Therapy for Hairy Cell Leukemia Is Associated with Inferior Time to Next Treatment." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 2305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-119951.

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Abstract Introduction: Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL) is a rare, chronic hematological malignancy that makes up approximately 2% of all leukemias. HCL patients are at a markedly increased risk for infection related to a combination of disease-related and treatment-related immunosuppression which has been well described in the literature. However, the significance of infection prior to initiation of HCL therapy and its impact on the subsequent selection of HCL treatment, or outcomes, is not well described. Using the HCL patient data registry, we report here the impact of antecedent infection on the treatment patterns and outcomes of HCL patients. Methods: We evaluated adult (≥18 years) patients with HCL who had information regarding antecedent infections and subsequent HCL treatment during 1984-2018. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS-1). Secondary endpoint included time to next treatment (TTNT). PFS-1 was measured from the date of first HCL treatment to date of progression/death or last follow-up. TTNT was defined as the time from first HCL treatment to initiation of second HCL treatment. The study population was stratified into 3 groups based on the presence or absence of antecedent infections: no infection prior to first HCL treatment (no infection group), infection within 30 days prior to first HCL treatment (infection1 group) and infection >30 days prior to first HCL treatment (infection2 group). Fisher's exact test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the characteristics among the no infection and infection groups and the Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the association with PFS-1 and TTNT. Results: A total of 205 HCL patients who had information regarding antecedent infections and subsequent HCL treatment were eligible for the study. Among these, 144 (70%) belonged to the no infection group, while 26 patients (13%) belonged to infection1 group and 35 (17%) to infection2 group. Patient characteristics are shown in Table 1 with a breakdown between the three groups. The majority of the patients were Caucasian with a male preponderance and had classic HCL. The patients in the infection1 group had a lower median WBC (K/uL) (1.9 vs 3.1 vs 2.9), particularly the absolute neutrophil count (K/uL) (0.4 vs 0.7 vs 0.8) and significantly lower median hemoglobin (gm%) (10.1 vs 12.2 vs 12.4) relative to the no infection and infection2 groups, respectively (p=0.01). Similarly, a greater proportion of patients in the infection1 group had significant comorbidities (including pulmonary, gastrointestinal and hepatic disease) relative to no infection and infection2 groups as shown in Table 1. The majority of patients received purine nucleoside analogs as their first HCL treatment (no infection group=92%, infection1 group=85%, infection2 group=94%). The median PFS-1 (in years) was better in the no infection group compared to the infection1 group but was not statistically significant (17.0 [95% CI=7.9-not reached (NR)] vs 8.8 [95% CI=4.2-NR], respectively, p=0.98, Figure 1). However, the median TTNT (in years) was significantly longer for HCL patients with no infection versus the infection1 group (6.3 [95% CI=5.4-7.8] vs 3.6 [95% CI=0.7-NR], respectively, p=0.001, Figure 1). On subgroup analysis, relative to the no infection group, median PFS-1 (in years) was not significantly different in infection1 group treated with Pentostatin (10.7 [95% CI=3.53-NR] vs NR [95% CI=1.38-NR], respectively, p=0.43), however, the median PFS-1 (in years) was shorter in the infection1 group treated with Cladribine (17.0 [95% CI=7.67-NR] vs 4.0 [95% CI=2.00-NR], respectively), although not reaching statistical significance (p=0.09) probably due to small sample size. Conclusion: In this large series of HCL patients who received treatment, we show that the patients who had infections at the time of HCL treatment have a significantly shorter TTNT. The reasons for this are unclear but may indicate that patients were unable to receive treatment in a timely manner because of the infection, or were unable to complete treatment because of complications. The significant difference in hemoglobin between the infection1 and other groups indicates the possibility that these patients had more advanced HCL at the time of diagnosis. These findings indicate the potential long term negative impact of infections in patients who need treatment for HCL and reinforce the need for careful management in this setting. Disclosures Lozanski: Beckman: Research Funding; Coulter: Research Funding; Stem Line: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; BI: Research Funding. Andritsos:HCLF: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AstraZeneca: Consultancy.
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2

Jayasree, T., and Mustafa Afzal. "Implementation of Infection Control Practices to Manage Hospital Acquired Infections." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 591–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.13.1.68.

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3

Scendoni, Roberto, Emanuele Bury, Isabella Lima Arrais Ribeiro, Mariano Cingolani, Roberto Cameriere, Anna De Benedictis, and Francesco De Micco. "Leading Pathogens Involved in Co-Infection and Super-Infection with COVID-19: Forensic Medicine Considerations after a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Pathogens 12, no. 5 (April 27, 2023): 646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12050646.

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The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns about the potential for co-infection or over-infection with other respiratory infections, as they can complicate the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of the disease. This is also a challenge for forensic pathologists, who may come across cases where the presence of co-infection or over-infection is suspected or confirmed, and it is important that they take this into account when determining the cause of death. The aim of this systematic review is to analyse the prevalence of each specific pathogen co-infecting or over-infecting patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In total, 575 studies were selected from the Scopus and Pub-Med online databases and 8 studies were included in a meta-analysis. Male gender, advanced age and nursing home care are risk factors associated with the development of co-infection, whereas age, tachypnoea, hypoxaemia and bacterial infection are predictors of mortality. Overall, however, having a SARS-CoV-2 infection does not represent a real risk for the development of co-infections/super-infections.
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4

Newsom, William. "Wound Infection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 7, S2 (February 1986): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700065590.

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Any consideration of infection following clean surgery, particularly cardiothoracic must include both exogenous and endogenous sources. The MRC Study on Hip Surgery presents a particular challenge. Although uncontrolled antibiotic prophylaxis reduced the infection rate almost as well as a laminar flow operating theater, further analysis of the data correlated the incidence of infection with the theater air counts and more significantly considered the sources of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Data on swabs from patient and theater staff at the time of surgery were available for 14 of the 28 patients who subsequently developed deep infections with S. aureus. Overall 25% of patients and 33% of staff were carriers. Bacteriophage typing revealed that 2 patients, 2 surgeons and 7 theater staff carried the infecting type at the time of the surgery. In two instances there was no correlation and in the last a member of the surgical staff on leave at the time carried the relevant strain. This at least provides a clue that exogenous infection can be important, and justifies attempts to clean the environment as well as the patient.
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5

Glynn, Judith R., and Adrian C. Jones. "Atypical respiratory infections, including chlamydia TWAR infection and legionella infection." Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 3, no. 2 (April 1990): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001432-199004000-00004.

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6

Breathnach, Aodhán S. "Nosocomial infections and infection control." Medicine 41, no. 11 (November 2013): 649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2013.08.010.

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7

Jenkins, David R. "Nosocomial infections and infection control." Medicine 45, no. 10 (October 2017): 629–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2017.07.005.

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8

Bergogne-Bérézin, E. "Acinetobacter infections: Unusual infection sites." Antibiotiques 10, no. 2 (May 2008): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.antib.2007.12.009.

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9

Avila, Vicente, and Daniel Rissi. "Ulcerative dermatitis due to feline infectious peritonitis virus infection in a cat." Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24070/bjvp.1983-0246.v13i1p48-50.

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10

Simon, Tamara D., Matthew P. Kronman, Kathryn B. Whitlock, Samuel R. Browd, Richard Holubkov, John R. W. Kestle, Abhaya V. Kulkarni, et al. "Patient and Treatment Characteristics by Infecting Organism in Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infection." Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 8, no. 3 (May 15, 2018): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piy035.

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Abstract Background Previous studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection treatment have been limited in size and unable to compare patient and treatment characteristics by infecting organism. Our objective was to describe variation in patient and treatment characteristics for children with first CSF shunt infection, stratified by infecting organism subgroups outlined in the 2017 Infectious Disease Society of America’s (IDSA) guidelines. Methods We studied a prospective cohort of children <18 years of age undergoing treatment for first CSF shunt infection at one of 7 Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network hospitals from April 2008 to December 2012. Differences between infecting organism subgroups were described using univariate analyses and Fisher’s exact tests. Results There were 145 children whose infections were diagnosed by CSF culture and addressed by IDSA guidelines, including 47 with Staphylococcus aureus, 52 with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 37 with Gram-negative bacilli, and 9 with Propionibacterium acnes. No differences in many patient and treatment characteristics were seen between infecting organism subgroups, including age at initial shunt, gender, race, insurance, indication for shunt, gastrostomy, tracheostomy, ultrasound, and/or endoscope use at all surgeries before infection, or numbers of revisions before infection. A larger proportion of infections were caused by Gram-negative bacilli when antibiotic-impregnated catheters were used at initial shunt placement (12 of 23, 52%) and/or subsequent revisions (11 of 23, 48%) compared with all other infections (9 of 68 [13%] and 13 of 68 [19%], respectively). No differences in reinfection were observed between infecting organism subgroups. Conclusions The organism profile encountered at infection differs when antibiotic-impregnated catheters are used, with a higher proportion of Gram-negative bacilli. This warrants further investigation given increasing adoption of antibiotic-impregnated catheters.
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11

Louhi, Katja-Riikka, Lotta-Riina Sundberg, Jukka Jokela, and Anssi Karvonen. "Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1821 (December 22, 2015): 20152097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2097.

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Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host–parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co-infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of the effects of genotype by genotype (G × G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co-infection is limited. Here, we tested such a relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluke genotypes both singly and in all possible pairwise combinations. We found that virulence (host mortality) was higher in co-infections compared with single infections. Importantly, we also found that the overall virulence was dependent on the genetic identity of the co-infecting partners so that the outcome of co-infection could not be predicted from the respective virulence of single infections. Our results imply that G × G interactions among co-infecting parasites may significantly affect host health, add to variance in parasite fitness and thus influence evolutionary dynamics and ecology of disease in unexpected ways.
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12

Childs, Lauren M., and Caroline O. Buckee. "Dissecting the determinants of malaria chronicity: why within-host models struggle to reproduce infection dynamics." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12, no. 104 (March 2015): 20141379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.1379.

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The duration of infection is fundamental to the epidemiological behaviour of any infectious disease, but remains one of the most poorly understood aspects of malaria. In endemic areas, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum can cause both acute, severe infections and asymptomatic, chronic infections through its interaction with the host immune system. Frequent superinfection and massive parasite genetic diversity make it extremely difficult to accurately measure the distribution of infection lengths, complicating the estimation of basic epidemiological parameters and the prediction of the impact of interventions. Mathematical models have qualitatively reproduced parasite dynamics early during infection, but reproducing long-lived chronic infections remains much more challenging. Here, we construct a model of infection dynamics to examine the consequences of common biological assumptions for the generation of chronicity and the impact of co-infection. We find that although a combination of host and parasite heterogeneities are capable of generating chronic infections, they do so only under restricted parameter choices. Furthermore, under biologically plausible assumptions, co-infection of parasite genotypes can alter the course of infection of both the resident and co-infecting strain in complex non-intuitive ways. We outline the most important puzzles for within-host models of malaria arising from our analysis, and their implications for malaria epidemiology and control.
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13

Philips, Cyriac, and Chhagan Bihari. "THE OCCURRENCE OF SIEVE-LIKE DUODENUM DUE TO HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN A CIRRHOTIC PATIENT: CURRENT INSIGHTS, MANAGEMENT, AND THE IMPORTANCE OF H. PYLORI INFECTION AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS WITH CIRRHOSIS." International Journal of Surgery and Medicine 2, no. 4 (2016): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ijsm.helicobacter-pylory-infection.

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14

Saqui, Olivia, Maitreyi Raman, Albert Chang, and Johane P. Allard. "Catheter-Related Infections in a Canadian Home Total Parenteral Nutrition Program: A Prospective Study Using U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Criteria." Journal of the Association for Vascular Access 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2007): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2309/java.12-2-10.

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Abstract The most frequent home parenteral nutrition complication is central venous catheter infection. The authors sought to determine the rate and types of bloodstream infections in a Canadian home parenteral nutrition program. Methods: Bloodstream infection was diagnosed if all following criteria were present: (1) one or more positive blood cultures were found, (2) antimicrobial therapy or catheter was removed, and (3) there were no other infections. Results: Between April 1, 1996, and April 30, 1997, 43 patients from the Home Parenteral Nutrition Program at Toronto General Hospital participated in a multicenter study in which a total of 355 patients receiving home infusion therapy for various reasons were enrolled. From these 43 patients, there were 37 infections in 19 home parenteral nutrition patients. The infection rate was 2.3 per 1000 catheter days. The common infecting organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Conclusion: In this prospective study involving patients receiving home parenteral nutrition, although the information is 10 years old, the infection rate of 2.3 per 1000 catheter days is lower than most recent studies involving patients receiving total parenteral nutrition in the hospital or at home with a similar common infecting organism of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus.
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15

Dunne, Eileen F., and Lauri E. Markowitz. "Emerging Infections: Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection." Clinical Infectious Diseases 43, no. 5 (September 2006): 624–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/505982.

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16

Heath, Christopher H. "Fungal infections: an infection control perspective." Australian Infection Control 7, no. 4 (December 2002): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hi02138.

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17

Paunio, M., H. Peltola, M. Virtanen, P. Leinikki, A. Makela, and O. P. Heinonen. "Acute infections, infection pressure, and atopy." Clinical Experimental Allergy 36, no. 5 (May 2006): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02468.x.

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18

Samaranayake, LP, PL Fidel, Naglik, SP Sweet, R. Teanpaisan, MM Coogan, E. Blignaut, and P. Wanzala. "Fungal infections associated with HIV infection." Oral Diseases 8 (July 2002): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.8.s2.6.x.

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19

Robertson, Gemma. "Laboratory-acquired infections and infection control." Pathology 48 (February 2016): S53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2015.12.134.

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20

Rahoo, A. M. "Infection of Galleria mellonella larvae by Steinernema affine and production of infective juveniles." Pakistan Journal of Nematology 35, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18681/pjn.v35.i01.p65-71.

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21

Imanbayeva, Lira. "A CLINICAL CASE OF A LETHAL OUTCOME OF VIRAL HEPATITIS A AGAINST THE BACKGRAUND OF SEVERE FORM OF HERPES INFECTION." Alatoo Academic Studies 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.213.038.

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To date, among viral infections, herpes infections in terms of morbidity occupy a leading position in both children and adults. According to the WHO, this infection is the second most common viral infection after influenza. Herpes viruses are capable of infecting almost all organs and systems of the human body, causing acute, chronic and latent forms of infection. Herpes viruses are hepatotropic and can cause severe fatal hepatitis. In recent decades, not only an increase in morbidity has been observed everywhere, but, unfortunately, there has been an increase in the number of mortalities, which is explained by their widespread distribution and difficulties in diagnosis.
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22

Strandh, Maria, and Lars Råberg. "Within-host competition between Borrelia afzelii ospC strains in wild hosts as revealed by massively parallel amplicon sequencing." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1675 (August 19, 2015): 20140293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0293.

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Infections frequently consist of more than one strain of a given pathogen. Experiments have shown that co-infecting strains often compete, so that the infection intensity of each strain in mixed infections is lower than in single strain infections. Such within-host competition can have important epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. However, the extent of competition has rarely been investigated in wild, naturally infected hosts, where there is noise in the form of varying inoculation doses, asynchronous infections and host heterogeneity, which can potentially alleviate or eliminate competition. Here, we investigated the extent of competition between Borrelia afzelii strains (as determined by ospC genotype) in three host species sampled in the wild. For this purpose, we developed a protocol for 454 amplicon sequencing of ospC , which allows both detection and quantification of each individual strain in an infection. Each host individual was infected with one to six ospC strains. The infection intensity of each strain was lower in mixed infections than in single ones, showing that there was competition. Rank-abundance plots revealed that there was typically one dominant strain, but that the evenness of the relative infection intensity of the different strains in an infection increased with the multiplicity of infection. We conclude that within-host competition can play an important role under natural conditions despite many potential sources of noise, and that quantification by next-generation amplicon sequencing offers new possibilities to dissect within-host interactions in naturally infected hosts.
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23

Steain, Megan C., Bin Wang, Dominic E. Dwyer, and Nitin K. Saksena. "HIV-1 co-infection, superinfection and recombination." Sexual Health 1, no. 4 (2004): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04024.

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ABSTRACT. As the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic progresses, an increasing number of recombinant viruses have been identified and in many geographical regions they are now the predominating strain. These recombinants are formed when an individual has acquired a co-infection or superinfection with more than one HIV-1 strain or subtype. Thus, dually infected individuals provide opportunities for studying HIV recombinants and viral interactions between infecting strains in vivo. The possible epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic implications of dual infections and recombination are many. Recombination may result in the emergence of more pathogenic and virulent HIV strains with altered fitness, tropism, and resistance to multiple drugs, and may hamper the development of subtype-based vaccines. This review is aimed at providing a more thorough understanding of dual infections (both co-infection and super-infection) and the possible consequences of the emergence of recombinant HIV-1 strains.
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Han, Mingyuan, Charu Rajput, Tomoko Ishikawa, Caitlin Jarman, Julie Lee, and Marc Hershenson. "Small Animal Models of Respiratory Viral Infection Related to Asthma." Viruses 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2018): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v10120682.

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Respiratory viral infections are strongly associated with asthma exacerbations. Rhinovirus is most frequently-detected pathogen; followed by respiratory syncytial virus; metapneumovirus; parainfluenza virus; enterovirus and coronavirus. In addition; viral infection; in combination with genetics; allergen exposure; microbiome and other pathogens; may play a role in asthma development. In particular; asthma development has been linked to wheezing-associated respiratory viral infections in early life. To understand underlying mechanisms of viral-induced airways disease; investigators have studied respiratory viral infections in small animals. This report reviews animal models of human respiratory viral infection employing mice; rats; guinea pigs; hamsters and ferrets. Investigators have modeled asthma exacerbations by infecting mice with allergic airways disease. Asthma development has been modeled by administration of virus to immature animals. Small animal models of respiratory viral infection will identify cell and molecular targets for the treatment of asthma.
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25

Katzelnick, Leah C., Magelda Montoya, Lionel Gresh, Angel Balmaseda, and Eva Harris. "Neutralizing antibody titers against dengue virus correlate with protection from symptomatic infection in a longitudinal cohort." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 3 (January 4, 2016): 728–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1522136113.

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The four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1–4) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses that infect ∼390 million people annually; up to 100 million infections are symptomatic, and 500,000 cases progress to severe disease. Exposure to a heterologous DENV serotype, the specific infecting DENV strains, and the interval of time between infections, as well as age, ethnicity, genetic polymorphisms, and comorbidities of the host, are all risk factors for severe dengue. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are thought to provide long-lived protection against symptomatic infection and severe dengue. The objective of dengue vaccines is to provide balanced protection against all DENV serotypes simultaneously. However, the association between homotypic and heterotypic NAb titers and protection against symptomatic infection remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the titer of preinfection cross-reactive NAbs correlates with reduced likelihood of symptomatic secondary infection in a longitudinal pediatric dengue cohort in Nicaragua. The protective effect of NAb titers on infection outcome remained significant when controlled for age, number of years between infections, and epidemic force, as well as with relaxed or more stringent criteria for defining inapparent DENV infections. Further, individuals with higher NAb titers immediately after primary infection had delayed symptomatic infections compared with those with lower titers. However, overall NAb titers increased modestly in magnitude and remained serotype cross-reactive in the years between infections, possibly due to reexposure. These findings establish that anti-DENV NAb titers correlate with reduced probability of symptomatic DENV infection and provide insights into longitudinal characteristics of antibody-mediated immunity to DENV in an endemic setting.
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Gonzalez, Andres, John Clary, Jade Rodgers, Anna Rodriguez, and Tanya Miura. "Can the common cold protect you from influenza? A murine model of respiratory viral co-infection." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 78.20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.78.20.

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Abstract Clinical cases demonstrate that up to 30% of respiratory infections involve more than one virus with rhinovirus being one of the most common in co-infections. Interestingly, rhinovirus has been found to exacerbate disease when co-infecting with adenovirus, whereas it can modulate disease when co-infecting with influenza A virus. However, there has yet to be a clear connection for how these viruses interact in the host to alter immune responses and disease severity. We are using a murine model of respiratory viral co-infection to determine how minor group rhinovirus (RV1B) affects pathogenesis during influenza A virus (PR8) infection. BALB/c mice were infected with RV1B or mock-infected two days before infecting with a high (100% lethal) or low (40% lethal) dose of PR8. Mice co-infected with RV1B and low dose PR8 had reduced clinical signs, weight loss and mortality compared to mice infected with PR8 alone. However, RV1B did not reduce disease severity upon infection with a high dose of PR8. Groups of mice were infected with RV1B or mock-infected two days prior to infection with low dose PR8 and were sacrificed 4 and 7 days later to quantify PR8 in the lungs. Single- and co-infected mice had similar PR8 titers on day 4; however, the co-infected group completely cleared PR8 on day 7 while the single infected group still had detectable titers. These results suggest that rhinovirus stimulates an immune response that promotes viral clearance and recovery upon infection with influenza A virus. Ongoing work will characterize this response to explain how respiratory viral co-infections can manipulate host immune responses to change disease outcome.
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Gupta, Alpana, and Abhishek Pathak. "Common fungus at an uncommon site." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 4, no. 2 (March 23, 2017): 600. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20171068.

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Dermatophytes frequently cause fungal infections limited to the hair, stratum corenum and nails. However, deep dermatophytosis infecting dermis, subcutis and internal visceral organ caused by T. rubrum is a rare clinical entity. To highlight this rare infection, we present a case of swelling in lower limb caused by subcutaneous infection by deep dermatophytes in an elderly individual.
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Linkevitch, E. Ye. "CIRCULATION DINAMYCS OF SPECIFIC SERUM MARKERS OF HERPETIC (HSV, CMV) INFECTION ACTIVE REPLICATION IN POPULATION OF GOMEL REGION." Health and Ecology Issues, no. 1 (March 28, 2009): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51523/2708-6011.2009-6-1-19.

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There was estimated infecting of Gomel Region population with Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). There was determined frequency of reactivation of above-mentioned infections during the calendar year. Determination of serum markers to HSV and CMV was carried out by means of quantitative method of hard-phase Immuno-Enzyme-Analysis (IEA) on test-systems of «Equipar-SRL-Diagnostici» firm. Blood serums of 551 people were subjected to one-moment analysis. 106 donors of blood plasma at the age of 20-49 years old were taken for the observation to determine HSV and CMV infection. In the process of the investigation there was determined that the level of HSV and CMV infecting appeared to be 96,4 and 92,4 % relatively. 30,2 % of the examined people were in the state of active HSV infection, 16,5 % - in the state of active CMV infection. Frequent HSV infection reactivation during the year was revealed in 73,6 ± 4,3 % people; CMV infection - in 32,1 ± 4,5 %. There was determined the seasonal relapse of herpetic infection with prevalence of infectious process activation during winter-spring time.
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Raymond, Daniel P., Shawn J. Pelletier, Traves D. Crabtree, Andrew M. Schulman, Timothy L. Pruett, and Robert G. Sawyer. "Surgical Infection and the Aging Population." American Surgeon 67, no. 9 (September 2001): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480106700903.

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With the general aging of the United States population we can expect to encounter increasing numbers of elderly patients with surgical infections. To further delineate this population, patient attributes, treatment characteristics, and outcomes were examined in elderly patients with surgical infection. All infections from December 1996 through May 2000 occurring on the inpatient, adult general, and trauma surgical services at a university hospital were studied prospectively. Characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes were examined in patients ≥70 years of age and compared with those of patients <70 years of age. Elderly patients had significantly higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores (15.4 ± 0.3 vs 11.2 ± 0.2, P < 0.001) and greater numbers of comorbidities than the younger population. The Acute Physiology score; infecting organisms; and rates of pneumonia and intra-abdominal, central line, and bloodstream infection were similar between groups. Crude mortality (21.7% vs 8.1%, P < 0.001) and mortality associated with pneumonia (31.0% vs 17.2%, P = 0.005), central venous catheter infection (50.0% vs 17.4%, P < 0.001), bloodstream infection (32.3% vs 16.6%, P = 0.006), and intra-abdominal infection (23.2% vs 6.3%, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the elderly. Logistic regression analysis identified APACHE II score, cerebrovascular disease, and fungal infection as independent predictors of mortality in the elderly population. Surgical infection in the elderly is associated with a high mortality and requires special consideration when treating this unique population.
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Wachholz, Patrick Alexander, Christiane Salgado Sette, Dejair Caitano do Nascimento, Cleverson Teixeira Soares, Suzana Madeira Diório, and Paula Yoshiko Masuda. "Mycobacterium peregrinum Skin Infection." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 20, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475415616963.

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Background: Mycobacterium peregrinum is a rapidly growing mycobacterium (RGM) that rarely causes skin infections. The correct identification of the specific RGM infecting the skin will enhance therapeutic success. Objective: To highlight the importance of rapid and precise identification of the Mycobacterium involved in skin infections in order to enhance therapeutic success. Methods: We describe an RGM skin infection in an immunocompetent patient. Results: Classic methods (biochemical tests and culture) of RGM identification are time-consuming, and the histopathological features are not specific. Some molecular methods are reliable but expensive. The PRAhsp-65 is a simple procedure that is helpful in identifying the specific agent of an RGM. Conclusion: Although skin infections caused by M peregrinum are rare, they represent a substantial clinical challenge. Specific and more effective treatment options depend on the development of precise and rapid methods for identifying mycobacterial species.
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YAMAGUCHI, KAZUNARI. "Lymphocytosis following viral infections. HTLV-I infection. From infection to onset of ATL." Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology 12, no. 5 (1989): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2177/jsci.12.509.

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32

DiPiro, Joseph T. "Cytokine Networks with Infection: Mycobacterial Infections, Leishmaniasis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, and Sepsis." Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 17, no. 2 (March 4, 1997): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03702.x.

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Distinct cytokine profiles are clearly associated with and relate to the severity of several types of infections. Cytokine networks are apparent with selected human infectious diseases, such as mycobacterial infections (leprosy, tuberculosis), the parasitic infection leishmaniasis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and gram‐negative sepsis. Cytokine profiles are determined to some extent by two functional subsets of T lymphocytes, Th1 and Th2. The Th1 cytokines (interferon γ, interleukin‐2 [IL‐2], IL‐12) enhance cell‐mediated immunity, inhibit humoral immunity, and result in protective effect for pathogens that are removed primarily through cell‐mediated immunity (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Leishmania). The Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐10, IL‐13) enhance humoral immunity and inhibit cell‐mediated immunity, and result in protective effect for pathogens removed primarily through humoral mechanisms. Progression of HIV infection is associated with a switch from a Th1 to a Th2 profile. For sepsis, uncontrolled activation of proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1, tumor necrosis factor‐α, interferon‐γ) may be a fundamental defect that promotes the detrimental aspects of inflammation, whereas Th2 cytokines may be beneficial in controlling inflammation. Knowledge of basic cytokine immunopharmacology, networks, and relationships with infectious processes will aid clinicians in determining treatment approaches that are likely to be effective.
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Lee, Chul Jin, Min-Jeong Kim, and Sang Joon An. "Association between Obesity and Infection." Korean Journal of Health Promotion 20, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2020.20.1.1.

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Obesity and infection are interacting with each other. Infection causes obesity, and obesity contributes to the occurrence and deterioration of infection. The sources of infection that cause obesity include viruses such as adenovirus, intestinal viruses, bacteria such as intestinal microbes, parasites, and the antibiotics that cause these microbes to change. The above risk factors cause chronic inflammatory reactions in the body, and in addition, obesity is further accelerated when bad eating habits are accompanied. Among the infections that occur often in obese people and worsen their condition are various viral infections such as influenza viruses and coronavirus, bacterial infections that cause urinary tract infections or periodontal infections, respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, floor infections and infections in surgical areas. Infection in obesity increases complications, and reduces the effectiveness of antibiotics and vaccines. The mechanism between obesity and infection is a decrease in immunity resulting from increased chronic inflammation. Based on the evidence that obesity and infection cause and effect each other and interact with each other, it can be used for prevention and treatment of obesity. Studies related to the development of obesity vaccines and the maintenance of healthy intestinal microbes are under way, which is expected to reduce obesity and prevent future prevention. As a result, reducing obesity will reduce the risk and deterioration of infection.
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Bushman, Mary, and Rustom Antia. "A general framework for modelling the impact of co-infections on pathogen evolution." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 155 (June 2019): 20190165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0165.

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Theoretical models suggest that mixed-strain infections, or co-infections, are an important driver of pathogen evolution. However, the within-host dynamics of co-infections vary enormously, which complicates efforts to develop a general understanding of how co-infections affect evolution. Here, we develop a general framework which condenses the within-host dynamics of co-infections into a few key outcomes, the most important of which is the overall R 0 of the co-infection. Similar to how fitness is determined by two different alleles in a heterozygote, the R 0 of a co-infection is a product of the R 0 values of the co-infecting strains, shaped by the interaction of those strains at the within-host level. Extending the analogy, we propose that the overall R 0 reflects the dominance of the co-infecting strains, and that the ability of a mutant strain to invade a population is a function of its dominance in co-infections. To illustrate the utility of these concepts, we use a within-host model to show how dominance arises from the within-host dynamics of a co-infection, and then use an epidemiological model to demonstrate that dominance is a robust predictor of the ability of a mutant strain to save a maladapted wild-type strain from extinction (evolutionary emergence).
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35

Lello, Joanne, Stefanie Knopp, Khalfan A. Mohammed, I. Simba Khamis, Jürg Utzinger, and Mark E. Viney. "The relative contribution of co-infection to focal infection risk in children." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1754 (March 7, 2013): 20122813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.2813.

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Co-infection is ubiquitous in people in the developing world but little is known regarding the potential for one parasite to act as a risk factor for another. Using generalized linear mixed modelling approaches applied to data from school-aged children from Zanzibar, Tanzania, we determined the strength of association between four focal infections (i.e. Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , hookworm and self-reported fever, the latter used as a proxy for viral, bacterial or protozoal infections) and the prevalence or intensity of each of the helminth infections. We compared these potential co-infections with additional risk factors, specifically, host sex and age, socioeconomic status and physical environment, and determined what the relative contribution of each risk factor was. We found that the risk of infection with all four focal infections was strongly associated with at least one other infection, and that this was frequently dependent on the intensity of that other infection. In comparison, no other incorporated risk factor was associated with all focal infections. Successful control of infectious diseases requires identification of infection risk factors. This study demonstrates that co-infection is likely to be one of these principal risk factors and should therefore be given greater consideration when designing disease-control strategies. Future work should also incorporate other potential risk factors, including host genetics which were not available in this study and, ideally, assess the risks via experimental manipulation.
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Toufen Junior, Carlos, André Luiz Dresler Hovnanian, Suelene Aires Franca, and Carlos Roberto Ribeiro Carvalho. "Prevalence rates of infection in intensive care units of a tertiary teaching hospital." Revista do Hospital das Clínicas 58, no. 5 (2003): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0041-87812003000500004.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence rates of infections among intensive care unit patients, the predominant infecting organisms, and their resistance patterns. To identify the related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection and mortality rates. DESIGN: A 1-day point-prevalence study. SETTING:A total of 19 intensive care units at the Hospital das Clínicas - University of São Paulo, School of Medicine (HC-FMUSP), a teaching and tertiary hospital, were eligible to participate in the study. PATIENTS: All patients over 16 years old occupying an intensive care unit bed over a 24-hour period. The 19 intensive care unit s provided 126 patient case reports. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Rates of infection, antimicrobial use, microbiological isolates resistance patterns, potential related factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection, and death rates. RESULTS: A total of 126 patients were studied. Eighty-seven patients (69%) received antimicrobials on the day of study, 72 (57%) for treatment, and 15 (12%) for prophylaxis. Community-acquired infection occurred in 15 patients (20.8%), non- intensive care unit nosocomial infection in 24 (33.3%), and intensive care unit-acquired infection in 22 patients (30.6%). Eleven patients (15.3%) had no defined type. The most frequently reported infections were respiratory (58.5%). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae (33.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (16.9%; [100% resistant to methicillin]). Multivariate regression analysis revealed 3 risk factors for intensive care unit-acquired infection: age > 60 years (p = 0.007), use of a nasogastric tube (p = 0.017), and postoperative status (p = 0.017). At the end of 4 weeks, overall mortality was 28.8%. Patients with infection had a mortality rate of 34.7%. There was no difference between mortality rates for infected and noninfected patients (p=0.088). CONCLUSION: The rate of nosocomial infection is high in intensive care unit patients, especially for respiratory infections. The predominant bacteria were Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus (resistant organisms). Factors such as nasogastric intubation, postoperative status, and age ³60 years were significantly associated with infection. This study documents the clinical impression that prevalence rates of intensive care unit-acquired infections are high and suggests that preventive measures are important for reducing the occurrence of infection in critically ill patients.
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Razak, Kamarul Arifin Abdul, Terence Michal Dass, Tan Weng Liang, Yogeshwarran Nadeson, and Karenjit Kaur. "Crab bite causing shewanella putrefaciens infection: Introduction to a possibly deadly and emerging threat." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 5_suppl5 (May 1, 2020): 2325967120S0004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00046.

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Shewanella species are gram-negative bacteria found in warm, temperate regions and are normal microflora of the marine environment1. Human infections are unusual and have a restricted geographic distribution. Presentation: A 45 years old lady was bitten by a crab while preparing to cook it. She developed fever and swelling of the right thumb with hemoserous discharge and blackish discolouration.Upon examination, the thumb was erythematous and swollen with a hematoma filled blister formation over the dorsal aspect. Deblistering was done and fluid samples were sent for culture and sensitivity which later returned as Shewanella Putrefaciens. Empirically she was started on IV Augmentin. Discussion: Most common clinical manifestation associated with Shewanella spp are superficial soft tissue infection1. Other reported clinical features are primary and secondary bacteremia, hepatobiliary, bone, joint and CNS infection, endocarditis, eye, ear and respiratory infection2. Antibiotics susceptibility includes aminoglycosides, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones1. About 79% of patients have underlying conditions such as diabetes mellitus, venous congestion and heart failure; they are immunocompromised, as is our patient3. Conclusion: Proper handling of seafood during preparation should be encouraged as a simple bite may turn deadly. Initiation of antibiotics according to suspected organisms should be performed to prevent worsening of soft tissue infections. References: Diaz, J.H, Lopez, F.A Skin, Soft Tissue and Systemic Bacterial Infections Following Aquatic Injuries and Exposures. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 349(3), 269275 Finkelstein,R, Oren,I. Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Marine Bacterial Pathogens: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Current Infectious Disease Report (2011)13(5):470–477 N. Vignier et al; Human Infection with Shewanella putrefaciens and S. algae: Report of 16 Cases in Martinique and Review of the Literature; Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 89(1), 2013, pp. 151–156
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38

Chapman, Nora M. "Persistent Enterovirus Infection: Little Deletions, Long Infections." Vaccines 10, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050770.

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Enteroviruses have now been shown to persist in cell cultures and in vivo by a novel mechanism involving the deletion of varying amounts of the 5′ terminal genomic region termed domain I (also known as the cloverleaf). Molecular clones of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) genomes with 5′ terminal deletions (TD) of varying length allow the study of these mutant populations, which are able to replicate in the complete absence of wildtype virus genomes. The study of TD enteroviruses has revealed numerous significant differences from canonical enteroviral biology. The deletions appear and become the dominant population when an enterovirus replicates in quiescent cell populations, but can also occur if one of the cis-acting replication elements of the genome (CRE-2C) is artificially mutated in the element’s stem and loop structures. This review discusses how the TD genomes arise, how they interact with the host, and their effects on host biology.
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Kotthoff-Burrell, Ernestine. "Candidemia (Blood Infection) and Other Candida Infections." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 200, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): P9—P10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2005p9.

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40

Thakre, Rhishikesh. "Systemic fungal infections - emerging infection in newborn." Journal of Neonatology 25, no. 2 (June 2011): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973217920110204.

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41

Schneider, Roslyn F., and Mark J. Rosen. "Respiratory infections in patients with HIV infection." Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 2, no. 3 (May 1996): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063198-199605000-00013.

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42

MATO, S. "Pulmonary infections in children with HIV infection." Seminars in Respiratory Infections 17, no. 1 (March 2002): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/srin.2002.31685.

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43

Dehio, C. "Pathogenesis of a (itRocha (a) infection) infections." Bulletin de l'Institut Pasteur 95, no. 4 (October 1997): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-2452(97)83528-3.

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44

Svoboda, Jaroslav. "Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV infection." Journal of Community Health 20, no. 2 (April 1995): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02260343.

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45

Thakre, R. "Systemic fungal infections emerging infection in newborn." Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences 1, no. 4 (January 12, 2014): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jucms.v1i4.9579.

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46

Rasheed, F. N. "Maternal infections influence infection susceptibility in childhood." Medical Hypotheses 42, no. 2 (February 1994): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(94)90079-5.

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Mackenzie, D. W. R. "Rapid diagnosis of hospital infection: fungal infections." Journal of Hospital Infection 11 (February 1988): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(88)90198-3.

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48

Gershenson, Carlos, Yaneer Bar-Yam, Stephane Bilodeau, Matti TJ Heino, Andrew Ewing, and Špela Šalamon. "Increased Infection Risks After COVID-19 Infections." WHN Science Communications 5, no. 3 (March 7, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.59454/whn-2403-645.

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49

Britt, William J. "Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Women With Preexisting Immunity: Sources of Infection and Mechanisms of Infection in the Presence of Antiviral Immunity." Journal of Infectious Diseases 221, Supplement_1 (March 5, 2020): S1—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz464.

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Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection remains an important cause of neurodevelopmental sequelae in infants infected in utero. Unique to the natural history of perinatal HCMV infections is the occurrence of congenital HCMV infections (cCMV) in women with existing immunity to HCMV, infections that have been designated as nonprimary maternal infection. In maternal populations with a high HCMV seroprevalence, cCMV that follows nonprimary maternal infections accounts for 75%–90% of all cases of cCMV infections as well as a large proportion of infected infants with neurodevelopmental sequelae. Although considerable effort has been directed toward understanding immune correlates that can modify maternal infections and intrauterine transmission, the source of virus leading to nonprimary maternal infections and intrauterine transmission is not well defined. Previous paradigms that included reactivation of latent virus as the source of infection in immune women have been challenged by studies demonstrating acquisition and transmission of antigenically distinct viruses, a finding suggesting that reinfection through exposure to an exogenous virus is responsible for some cases of nonprimary maternal infection. Additional understanding of the source(s) of virus that leads to nonprimary maternal infection will be of considerable value in the development and testing of interventions such as vaccines designed to limit the incidence of cCMV in populations with high HCMV seroprevalence.
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Laws, Henry L., and Raleigh B. Kent. "Acute Pancreatitis: Management of Complicating Infection." American Surgeon 66, no. 2 (February 2000): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480006600209.

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Acute pancreatitis develops precipitously, changing the patient's condition from apparent good health to a critically ill status. Of patients who succumb, 80 per cent die from secondary infection in the pancreas-peripancreatic area. Infection supervenes in the second week or later after onset. Prophylactic antibiotic(s) appear to be helpful in avoiding, delaying, and/or lessening secondary sepsis. Once infection develops, treatment requires open debridement of necrotic material, drainage, and appropriate antibiotic therapy; or mortality will approach 100 per cent. Infecting organisms are commonly Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Bacteroides, and/or fungi. Antibiotics felt to be preferable for prophylactic therapy include 1) imipenem-cilastatin, 2) a quinolone + metronidazole, and 3) possibly an extended-spectrum penicillin. Treatment should be continued for 2 weeks or until recovery. Because fungus infections are occurring more often, prophylaxis with fluconazole may be warranted.
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