Academic literature on the topic 'Infection control procedures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Infection control procedures"
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Fein, Steven I. "Infection control procedures." Journal of the American Dental Association 117, no. 7 (December 1988): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1988.0143.
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Carter, Y. "Manual of infection control procedures." Journal of Hospital Infection 55, no. 2 (October 2003): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00265-2.
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Walsh, Barry. "Control of Infection in Acupuncture." Acupuncture in Medicine 19, no. 2 (December 2001): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.19.2.109.
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This paper is an update on infections, and potential infections, related to acupuncture, and a brief review of the relevant infection control procedures. There is no evidence at present to suggest that significant numbers of infections are being transmitted through standard acupuncture treatments in the UK. None the less, good infection control is essential. Like any other science, new research forces infection control to evolve and refine its procedures. Acupuncturists need to constantly review their standards as new viruses and risks are identified.
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Christensen, Relia P. "MAINTAINING INFECTION CONTROL DURING RESTORATIVE PROCEDURES." Dental Clinics of North America 37, no. 3 (July 1993): 301–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-8532(22)00255-5.
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Bolton, Gill. "Cross-infection control procedures in radiography." Dental Nursing 2, no. 9 (November 2006): 462–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denn.2006.2.9.29910.
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Brachman, M., C. O. Williams, and M. Larweck. "Infection control in cardiopulmonary bypass procedures." American Journal of Infection Control 19, no. 2 (April 1991): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(91)90063-i.
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Czyrko, Chris. "Effective infection control procedures: ultrasonic cleaners." Dental Nursing 11, no. 8 (August 2, 2015): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denn.2015.11.8.469.
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Mollier, Josephine, Neeral R. Patel, Alison Amoah, Mohamad Hamady, and Stephen D. Quinn. "Clinical, Imaging and Procedural Risk Factors for Intrauterine Infective Complications After Uterine Fibroid Embolisation: A Retrospective Case Control Study." CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 43, no. 12 (August 26, 2020): 1910–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00270-020-02622-2.
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Abstract Introduction This was a retrospective case–control study at a single tertiary centre investigating all UFE procedures between January 2013 and December 2018 for symptomatic fibroids. The aim was to determine the clinical, imaging and procedural risk factors which impact upon the risk of post-uterine fibroid embolisation (UFE) intrauterine infection. Cases were patients which developed intrauterine infection post-procedure, and controls were the background UFE population without infection. Methods Clinical demographics, presenting symptoms, uterine and fibroid characteristics on imaging and procedural variants were analysed. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The main outcome measures were presence of infection and requirement of emergency hysterectomy. Results 333 technically successful UFE procedures were performed in 330 patients. Infection occurred after 25 procedures (7.5%). 3 of these patients progressed to overwhelming sepsis and required emergency hysterectomy. Clinical obesity (BMI > 30) (OR 1.53 [1.18–1.99]) and uterine volume > 1000cm3 (2.94 [1.15–7.54]) were found to increase the risk of infection Conclusions UFE is generally safe in patients with symptomatic fibroids. Obese patients (BMI > 30) and those with large volume uteri (> 1000cm3) are at slight increased risk of developing infection and require appropriate pre-procedural counselling, as well as careful post-UFE follow-up. BMI and uterine volume may be useful to assess before the procedure to help to determine post-UFE infection risk.
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Nurmohamed, F. Ruben H. A., Bruce van Dijk, Ewout S. Veltman, Marrit Hoekstra, Rob J. Rentenaar, Harrie H. Weinans, H. Charles Vogely, and Bart C. H. van der Wal. "One-year infection control rates of a DAIR (debridement, antibiotics and implant retention) procedure after primary and prosthetic-joint-infection-related revision arthroplasty – a retrospective cohort study." Journal of Bone and Joint Infection 6, no. 4 (January 27, 2021): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jbji-6-91-2021.
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Abstract. Introduction: Debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) procedures are effective treatments for acute postoperative or acute hematogenous periprosthetic joint infections. However, literature reporting on the effectiveness of DAIR procedures performed after a one- or two-stage revision because of a prosthetic joint infection (PJI) (PJI-related revision arthroplasty) is scarce. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the infection control after 1 year of a DAIR procedure in the case of an early postoperative infection either after primary arthroplasty or after PJI-related revision arthroplasty. Materials and methods: All patients treated with a DAIR procedure within 3 months after onset of PJI between 2009 and 2017 were retrospectively included. Data were collected on patient and infection characteristics. All infections were confirmed by applying the Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) 2014 criteria. The primary outcome was successful control of infection at 1 year after a DAIR procedure, which was defined as the absence of clinical signs, such as pain, swelling, and erythema; radiological signs, such as protheses loosening; or laboratory signs, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) (<10) with no use of antibiotic therapy. Results: Sixty-seven patients were treated with a DAIR procedure (41 hips and 26 knees). Successful infection control rates of a DAIR procedure after primary arthroplasty (n=51) and after prior PJI-related revision arthroplasty (n=16) were 69 % and 56 %, respectively (p=0.38). The successful infection control rates of a DAIR procedure after an early acute infection (n=35) and after a hematogenous infection (n=16) following primary arthroplasty were both 69 % (p=1.00). Conclusion: In this limited study population, no statistically significant difference is found in infection control after 1 year between DAIR procedures after primary arthroplasty and PJI-related revision arthroplasty.
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Herstein, Jocelyn J., Paul D. Biddinger, Shawn G. Gibbs, Aurora B. Le, Katelyn C. Jelden, Angela L. Hewlett, and John J. Lowe. "High-Level Isolation Unit Infection Control Procedures." Health Security 15, no. 5 (October 2017): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0026.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Infection control procedures"
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Babcock, Robert Arnold. "Improving the supervision of infection control procedures in a head injury treatment center through planned monitoring and feedback." 1989. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9011694.
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Previous studies have indicated that feedback improves staff compliance with preventive practices in health care settings. This study examined the steps needed to establish frequent use of feedback by supervisors to direct service workers about infection control practices in a head-injury treatment program. Nurses were trained to provide written feedback to nursing assistants about the use of gloves to avoid contact with body fluids. The primary dependent variables were the number and content of forms completed by nurses. Training for nurses was followed by low rates of written feedback. A weekly intervention provided nurses with group and individual goals and feedback and contingent letters of appreciation to managers. This process-focused condition increased nurses' use of feedback forms. However, feedback was used by nurses primarily to mention unobserved aspects of infection-control practice. Additional information was included in the weekly intervention: Nurses were shown grouped data on assistants' accuracy in specific performances and the number of feedback forms nurses completed to mention these performances. This process and outcome focused condition resulted in some changes in the forms completed by nurses. Increased completion of feedback forms by nurses was correlated with increased numbers of gloves supplied to the unit. Individual use of gloves also increased in some cases. Observations of assistants' performances showed some signs of improvement as well. Thus, feedback by nurses was judged to be an effective intervention. However, difficulties in measuring infection control practices limited the assessment of the influence of feedback from nurses about specific performances. The written feedback format was very useful in making otherwise private interactions partially measurable. In a survey at the end of the project, assistants rated the feedback from nurses as being accurate and said that they would appreciate receiving feedback in the future. However, both most subjects indicated a preference for oral instead of written and oral feedback from nurses.
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Chien, Lin Yung, and 林永健. "The Developments of Infection-Control Procedure and Dual-Energy X-ray Imaging Technique for Acute Infectious Diseases." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/w4n3ma.
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碩士元培科學技術學院
影像醫學研究所
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Abstract We are presently faced with the threat of an avian flu outbreak in Taiwan. In response to this threat each unit in the hospital must develop a protocol for handling infected patients to protect the medical personnel and the patients being treated in the hospital. This abstract will discuss two issues the radiology department will have to deal with the possibility of an outbreak of avian flu. The first topic is suggestions for updating infectious control procedures in the radiology department. The second topic is a description of the dual energy X-ray image technique for acute respiratory diseases. Patients with an acute infectious disease will have symptoms of upper respiratory infection on their way to the hospital. It is often necessary to order a chest X ray based on the patient’s symptoms. Avian Flu and SARS have similar symptoms therefore proper precautions must be taken. We learned during the SARS outbreak the physicians and medical personnel did not take enough precautions. They did not have a clear idea of how easily the disease could spread, that strong measures of protection that were needed or they neglected using the type of protection recommended. Some medical personnel got infected and some sacrificed their lives as a result of the lack of proper precautions against the spread of SARS. There needs to be new protocol for examining patients in order to prevent the spread of the disease. Even so, X- ray technicians must be careful to use precautions while performing the X-Rays. Before putting on the outer protection equipment, they must spray themselves with phosphor from head to foot. Only after being sprayed can the technician wear the protective covering. After the work is completed, the protective clothing will be taken off and should be wrapped tightly in a bundle inside out. The protective clothes and the technician will be exposed to ultraviolet to check for any relation with the phosphor. If there is no reaction, the protective clothing will be placed into an infectious control container. The technicians are then clear to leave the work place. The traditional X-Ray technique currently used in the hospital does not allow for early diagnosis of pulmonary consolidation. There is a new X-Ray technique that allows for early diagnosis and containment of the disease. Breaking out of the traditional routine imaging technique gives us a golden opportunity for early treatment. When a patient has cough and fever, he may be suspeeted of having respiratory infection. X- rays are usually used to diagnose the infection. However, early pulmonary consolidation has a relatively low absorption coefficient in the early stage alveolar infiltration. There is an x-ray imaging technique that can be used to contrast images to find pulmonary consolidation in the early stages. Computer Radiography uses a Dual-Energy Radiography to produce two different energy images: low-energy images and high-energy images. The images are then stored in the Picture Archiving Communication stem (PACS). After transmission and storage, it is possible to use subtraction technology so that pulmonary consolidation can be seen more clearly in the early stages of infection. The low energy image is organized by the computer in many windows on the screen in different widths and values. The high-energy image is organized together with the low energy image and can cover (mask) some parts of the low-energy image. The high-energy images can be subtracted (eliminated) one by one from the low energy images. After the high-energy images are subtracted (eliminated), the contrast image of tissues will appear more clearly on the screen. Patients with early stage pulmonary consolidation have relatively low absorption coefficient of the X-rays. The use of the subtraction method allows the pulmonary consolidation to be seen more easily. Early identification of pulmonary consolidation seen in the contrast image allows for early treatment of the patient. The staff working in the radiology department must not only use safety practices to protect themselves from infection. but also transmit information about any infections quickly and effectively to the hospital staff in order to avoid further spread of the infection. We should be rigorous in developing procedures and taking precautions to fight against the threat of Avian Flu. We can break out of using the traditional X-Ray techniques and experiment with new methods that are more effective and sensitive for diagnosing infections early. The main focus of this abstract is to introduce a dual-energy X-ray technique that will help us obtain the correct diagnosis and help the patients with acute infections to get early and effective treatment.
Books on the topic "Infection control procedures"
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Manual of infection control procedures. London: Greeenwich Medical Media, 1997.
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Philpott-Howard, J. Hospital infection control: Policies and practical procedures. London: W.B. Saunders, 1994.
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Main, P. A. Review of current infection control procedures. [Toronto]: Community Dental Health Services Research Unit (CDHSRU) : a joint project of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto and the Dental Division, North York Public Health Dept., 1993.
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Philpott-Howard, John. Hospital infection control: Policies and practical procedures. London: Saunders, 1994.
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Martin, Michael. Infection control in the dental environment: Effective procedures. London: M. Dunitz, 1991.
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Martin, Michael. Infection control in the dental environment: Effective procedures. London: Dunitz, 1991.
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Gina, Pugliese, Lynch Patricia 1941-, and Jackson Marguerite, eds. Universal precautions: Policies, procedures, and resources. Chicago, Ill: American Hospital Pub., 1991.
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Surgical infections. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, 2009.
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1950-, Calhoun Jason H., and Mader Jon T. 1944-, eds. Musculoskeletal infections. New York: M. Dekker, 2003.
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Damani, Nizam N. Infection control: A procedure manual. Craigavon: Craigavon Area Hospitals Group Trust, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Infection control procedures"
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Andresen, David, and Giulietta Pontevivo. "Infection control procedures." In Interventional Cardiology and Cardiac Catheterisation, 81–87. Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2019] | Preceded by Cardiology and cardiac catheterisation : the essential guide / edited by John Boland and David W.M. Muller. 2001.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351060356-8.
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Bali, Rishi Kumar. "Operating Room Protocols and Infection Control." In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 173–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_9.
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AbstractIn the modern day’s Oral and Maxillofacial surgical practice, complex surgical and aesthetical procedures are being carried out associated with an increased risk of infectious complications. Therefore, to ensure better outcomes of the surgical procedures, it is absolutely necessary that appropriate measures must be taken to decrease the incidence of associated infections. The practices to be carried out for infection control include proper scrubbing procedures for both patient and the operator, specific protocols to be followed by the operating personnel at the time of procedures, proper handling of the instruments and maintaining an aseptic environment throughout the procedure. The main aim of this chapter is to provide information on the preoperative, operative and post-operative protocols that should be adhered to improve the safety of the patients undergoing surgical procedures.
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Mikulska, Malgorzata. "Infection Control and Isolation Procedures." In The EBMT Handbook, 189–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02278-5_27.
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Lowbury, E. J. L., G. A. J. Ayliffe, A. M. Geddes, and J. D. Williams. "Disinfection (2) Cleaning and Disinfection Procedures." In Control of Hospital Infection, 72–104. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6884-5_7.
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Caveney, Linda. "“Best Practice” Procedures Prior to Sterilization of Medical Equipment." In Veterinary Infection Prevention and Control, 145–58. Ames, Iowa, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119266037.ch8.
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Téot, Luc, Sergiu Fluieraru, and Christian Herlin. "Suture Edge Tension Control Technologies for Scar Improvement." In Textbook on Scar Management, 497–502. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44766-3_57.
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AbstractMechanotherapy of postoperative scarring is considered an effective measure to prevent pathological scars. Tension increases suture line enlargement, opening the way to infection. Several options have been proposed since decades and are currently used in practice, from adhesive sutures to adhesive dressings, reapproximation devices, and postoperative negative pressure. Closed incision negative pressure therapy (ciNPT) was recently proposed in at-risk patients, showing a significant difference in prevention of infection. These technologies offer a double effect of mechanical stabilization and aspiration of exudates and have recently been extended to different clinical indications. This chapter describes the recently developed technologies to diminish scar enlargement on a suture line and to prevent infection after extensive surgical procedures in thoracic, abdominal, plastic and orthopedic surgery.
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Andersen, Bjørg Marit. "External CPAP: Cleaning Procedures." In Prevention and Control of Infections in Hospitals, 365–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99921-0_32.
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Lowbury, E. J. L., G. A. J. Ayliffe, A. M. Geddes, and J. D. Williams. "Prevention of Infection in Wards (1) Ward Procedure and Dressing Techniques." In Control of Hospital Infection, 107–22. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6884-5_8.
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Dunbar, Sherry A., and Yi-Wei Tang. "Diagnostic Tests and Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic." In Springer Actuarial, 191–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78334-1_10.
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AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has brought a huge impact on global health and the economy. Early and accurate diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is essential for clinical intervention and pandemic control. This book chapter addresses the evolving approach to the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 covering preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical steps. The rapidly changing dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic serve as an example which will be important for laboratories to plan for future pandemics. With the quick identification of the causative pathogen and availability of the genome sequence, it will be possible to develop and implement diagnostic tests within weeks of an outbreak. Laboratories will need to be flexible to continuously adapt to changing testing needs and burdens on the healthcare system, plan mitigation strategies for bottlenecks in testing and workflow due to limitations on resources and supplies, and prepare back-up plans now in order to be better prepared for future pandemics.
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Toye, Philip, Henry Kiara, Onesmo ole-MoiYoi, Dolapo Enahoro, and Karl M. Rich. "The management and economics of east coast fever." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 239–73. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0239.
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Abstract This book chapter tackles the management and economics of east coast fever. At about the time of ILRAD's establishment in 1973, a vaccination procedure was being developed at the East African Veterinary Research Organization (EAVRO) at Muguga, Kenya. The infection-and-treatment method (ITM) is an immunization procedure against ECF. It involves inoculation of live sporozoites of T. parva, usually in the form of a semi-purified homogenate of T. parva-infected ticks, combined with simultaneous treatment with a dose of a long-acting formulation of the antibiotic oxytetracycline. Whilst safe and very effective when administered correctly, production and delivery of this live ECF vaccine is complicated, expensive and time consuming, and at the time of ILRAD's founding, there were doubts as to whether such a procedure was commercially viable. The future for ILRI in the pathology and immunoparasitology of theileriosis will be guided by the vaccine, balanced against the evolving prospects for a subunit vaccine. The future in the epidemiology and economics of ECF management will be developing and evaluating current or novel control methods.
Conference papers on the topic "Infection control procedures"
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Akzholtoeva, Aizharkyn A., Gulmira A. Dzhumalieva, Anna V. Lubimova, Gulzat Zhanadilovna Zhanadilova, and Davranbek kyzy Meerim. "Assessment of the state of infection control in medical and preventive organizations in Osh region." In Innovations in Medical Science and Education. Dela Press Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56199/dpcsms.iauj7163.
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This article presents the results on the state of infection control in medical and preventive organizations in the Osh region. Report on the incidence of infections associated with medical care and infections in the field of surgical interventions of 2021 years. The research was conducted in 8 medical and preventive organizations in the districts of Osh region and in the city of Osh using the "Scorecard of infection control in healthcare organizations" including 64 criteria (sanitary and hygienic requirements, safety of medical procedures, compliance with disinfection, sterilization of surgical instruments and materials, administrative measures etc.), for the prevention of infections associated with the provision of medical care and infection in the field of surgical interventions. The assessment of the state of infection control was carried out by calculating the numerical expression of the percentage between the existing fulfillment of infection control requirements according to the data on the registration of the incidence. During the assessment, the main sanitary and hygienic directions for the prevention of diseases of infections associated with the provision of medical care and infections in the field of surgical interventions were identified.
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Yanti, Dian Anggri, Pitriani, Samuel Ginting, Kardina Hayati, and Tati Murni Karokaro. "Exploration of Themes from the Apllication of Standard Operational Procedures Control Infection Nosocomial at X General Hospital." In International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0009466701120119.
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Acharya, Sharad Raj, and Parsaoran Hutapea. "Design and Control Strategy of Tip Manipulation for Shape Memory Alloy Actuated Steerable Needle." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-91002.
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Abstract In a minimally invasive percutaneous procedure like biopsy, brachytherapy, and tissue ablation, the inner soft tissue is accessed through surgical needle-puncture of the skin. This process reduces tissue damage and risk of infection and improves patient recovery time. However, its effectiveness depends on the needle’s ability to travel on a curved path, avoid obstacles, and maintain high targeting accuracy. Conventional needles are passive and have limited steerability and trajectory correction capability. This has motivated researchers to develop actuation mechanisms to create active needles. In this study, an innovative active steerable needle with a single shape memory alloy (SMA) wire actuator is designed, fabricated, and tested for maneuver. A closed-loop Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with position feedback is developed to control needle tip deflection in air and tissue-mimicking gels. The needle tip is deflected up to 5.75 mm in the air medium. In tissue-mimicking gel, it is deflected up to 15 mm in a predefined trajectory during a 100 mm insertion depth. Our results show that needle tip deflection control has an average root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.72 mm in the air and 1.26 mm in the tissue-mimicking gel. The trajectory tracking performance of the designed SMA actuated needle and its control system show the effectiveness of the active needle in the percutaneous procedures. Future work includes testing the needle’s performance in the biological tissues.
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"Precautions to Combat COVID-19 Infection and Waste Management Among Arab Peoples." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/wreo7618.
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Background: COVID-19 is a global pandemic since March/2020. The number of cases in the last update on the 4th of september/2022 reached 604 million cases worldwide. Humanity is currently experiencing one of the worst epidemics due to Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). Objective: Our study aims to evaluate knowledge, practice, and attitudes toward COVID-19 and its vaccine. The study targeted the Arab society, which is a young and diverse society. Methods: A cross-sectional study where a 30-item survey was used. A total of (9008) surveys were selected randomly and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Results: 30% of respondents believe that COVID-19 is man-made and launched for political purposes. 63% do not trust approved government sources. 26.7% consider the COVID-19 vaccine to be neither effective nor safe, although 85.2% of them have received it or will soon have it. Knowledge of waste management and infection control procedures was significantly associated with gender (P = .002 and < .001), education (P = .03 and .053), and work experience (P = .035 and .008), respectively. Conclusion: Our insight that analyzes the factors that influence awareness regarding COVID-19 and the vaccine will help us identify gaps in their knowledge and response, and through this we can focus and try to solve problems and raise awareness and thus, will ultimately help us get out of this pandemic with the best results possible. Keywords: COVID-19, Infection Knowledge, Prevention. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice.
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Dominguez-Vergara, Nicolas, and Daniel Nicolas Dominguez-Perez. "QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS IN THE ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 CAUSED PROBLEMS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end105.
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Quality control tools are taught in engineering careers to analyze and try to solve problems in the production of goods and in the performance of service businesses. Those tools can be used to analyze and understand many problems. The coronavirus pandemic has caused many problems around the world, like many people infected in people’s agglomerations in public transportation, in celebrations like parties, in political rallies and in public markets because of the people not wearing masks. A Pareto diagram clearly shows the most dangerous comorbidities in case of covid-19 infection. A lot of doctors and nurses have been contagious around the world in many cases because of lack of protection materials for them, hopefully health and safety procedures (check lists) and Poka Yoke devices are being created and implemented to reduced contagion. In this paper we identified and analyzed some covid-19 caused problems using basic quality control tools and for some cases we proposed solutions to them. Examples of a Pareto Diagram in analyzing the death rate in age ranges is used to explain the decrement in deaths in the United States of America if certain age groups are first vaccinated, an Ishikawa Diagram is used to analyze the ineffective distant learning in Mexico, a Check List is elaborated to avoid contagion in shopping and a Dispersion Diagram is used to find a relation between the number of contagious and the number of deaths in many countries of the world. Some other tools are briefly explained and some problems which could be analyzed with those are identified. The examples could enhance the interest of the students in learning the usefulness of those tools in a variety of fields.
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Katoch, Rohan, Boao Xia, Yoshinori Yamakawa, Jun Ueda, and Hiroshi Honda. "Design and Analysis of a Symmetric Articulated Single-Port Laparoscopic Surgical Device." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3441.
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Laparoscopic surgery is a practice of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) performed in the abdominal area. Prior to surgery, instead of exposing the target region to air as in a typical conventional open surgery, “key holes” are opened for positioning ports, through which surgical tools (e.g. laparoscope, needle drivers, etc.) are inserted. MIS therefore minimizes trauma and reduces the risk of hemorrhaging and infection. MIS also generates economic benefits such as shorter hospitalization time for patients and better utilization of operating rooms and wards for hospitals. MIS procedures, however, require extra dexterity from surgeons: they must use instruments with little to none haptic feedback to remotely manipulate tissue within a limited range of motion, assisted by an indirect view from laparoscope. Such unintuitive operations not only require additional training, but also increase the risk of medical errors. Thus, the development of novel surgical devices that can provide a better operating experience will allow surgeons to deliver safer and more effective surgeries. At the advent of MIS only rigid straight laparoscopic instruments were available. Therefore, surgeons used multiple incisions to position the tools and achieve triangulation. In single port laparoscopic surgeries (SPLS), only one incision is made for positioning a port. Two rigid straight instruments inserted through one incision cannot provide sufficient triangulation for operations. Rigid bent, or articulated, instruments can achieve triangulation, but the tools must intersect at a point. The mapping to control the end-effector, therefore, must be inverted such that the right hand controls the left end-effector, and vice versa [1]. Given this inverted mapping, surgeons need to undergo extra training to intuitively control the end-effector, and greater attention is required toward operating the device, which can potentially detract from the ability of surgeons to focus on procedures. The disadvantage of an inverted mapping can be overcome by providing additional mobility with flexible tools and actuating structures [2]. For example, Transenterix has developed a flexible laparoscopic device which utilizes a cable-driven system for articulation of the end-effectors. However, using flexible elements as the driving mechanism can result in new problems such as diminished force feedback [3]. In 2015, a novel design of an articulated single port laparoscopic device was presented with 6 degrees of freedom (DOF). The system provides intuitive control, accurate force feedback, and sufficient manipulation for laparoscopic procedures. The design proposed in this paper keeps much of the functional features in the previous model, including 1:1 mapping and force feedback, while incorporating flexible hydraulic graspers. The articulated mechanism was redesigned to have a symmetrical structure, which is more intuitive to control and provides better operating angles for surgeons. Joint structures are redesigned for enhanced robustness and misalignment prevention. Kinematic analysis is presented for the proposed mechanisms, which is used to determine the manipulator workspace.
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Sahlabadi, Mohammad, Seyedvahid Khodaei, and Parsaoran Hutapea. "Design and Evaluation of Advanced Smart Needles for Brain Biopsy." In ASME 2017 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2017-3838.
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Biopsy involves removing a piece of tissues for further medical examination. Brain biopsy is generally performed using different techniques, such as open biopsy, stereotactic core biopsy, and needle biopsy. Open biopsy is the most common and the most invasive form of the brain biopsy. During the procedure, a piece of the skull is removed and the brain is exposed. Stereotactic core and needle biopsies are minimally invasive. In these procedures, a hole is usually drilled into the skull and a needle is inserted through the hole to extract the tissue. Brain biopsy has its risks and complications due to the vulnerability of the brain tissue. Although using needle or stereotactic biopsies reduce the risks, brain biopsy may cause swelling or bleeding in the brain, and in some cases, can result in infection, stroke, seizure or even coma. A needle biopsy with conventional needles involves pulling or pushing the cutting stylet inside the needle hollow body (cannula). The manual pulling and pushing procedure induces lateral movement of the needle, which increases the damage in brain tissue. The goal here is to completely remove the needle harmful lateral movement. In this work, design of smart biopsy needles is proposed and demonstrated by incorporating nitinol wires and springs to control the lateral movement of the cutting stylet. The first design comprises of two parts. The first part of the needle is a 360° tissue cutting stylet, and the second part is the cannula. The cutting stylet can slide inside the cannula and a nitinol wire is embedded at the end of the stylet and the end of the cannula. As the electric current is applied on the nitinol wire, it shrinks and pulls the cutting stylet. The second design is almost similar to the first design, but it has a 180° tissue cutting stylet with a similar actuating mechanism. The last design uses a nitinol torsion spring that is attached to the cutting stylet. It cuts tissue samples by activating the nitinol spring to rotate the cutting stylet.
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Sharma, Shweta. "Enhanced Recovery after Surgery in Open Abdominal Gynaecologic Procedures: A Randomised Control Trial." In 10th National Conference of Asia Oceania Research Organisation on Genital Infections and Neoplasia, India. AOGIN 2021, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7869/aogin41.
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GINTHOTAVIDANA, S. S. C., and K. G. A. S. WAIDYASEKARA. "AN INSIGHT INTO THE HOUSEKEEPING PRACTICES OF SRI LANKAN HEALTHCARE FACILITIES IN PRIVATE SECTOR." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.1.
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The inferior performance in housekeeping services has contributed to distinguishable levels of patient dissatisfaction. Therefore, similar to primary processes like medical treatment in healthcare sector same attention should be paid on secondary processes such as housekeeping services by the management. Moreover, the knowledge on housekeeping services is critical to plan and design proper housekeeping mechanisms in healthcare facilities. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the nature of housekeeping services in order to design proper housekeeping processes for private healthcare facilities in Sri Lanka. This research follows a qualitative research approach to examine the current housekeeping practices by adopting case study strategy. Semi structured interviews were conducted with seven respondents of the selected three cases from the private sector and direct observation method was used to better understand the housekeeping procedures. The results revealed that even though the bed capacity belongs to three groups, the housekeeping practices remain almost similar and the housekeeping in hospitals is essentially based on infection control and hygiene rather than aesthetical appearance compared to other facilities. Furthermore, the key differences such as absence of key designations such as upholsterers, painters, wall washers and catering team in the hierarchy and the absence of floor plans and area responsibility plans in the housekeeping divisions in Sri Lankan context were determined by comparing the research findings with the literature sources.
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Finocchiaro, M., A. Arezzo, A. Menciassi, A. Casals, A. Hernansanz, and G. Ciuti. "Human Machine Interfaces for robot-assisted colonoscopy: a clinical survey." In The Hamlyn Symposium on Medical Robotics: "MedTech Reimagined". The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London London, UK, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31256/hsmr2022.26.
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Over the years, the continuous development of intraluminal procedures resulted in strong benefits for the patients, i.e., reduced blood loss, lower risks of infections, diminished scaring impact and quicker recovery time [1]. However, these improvements imposed high mental and physical stress to the clinicians [2], [3]. In this context, the introduction of robotic technologies has resulted in notable improvements in terms of endoscopes flexibility and control stability, by designing multi-steerable snake-like robots and endoscopic capsules. Nevertheless, it also introduces additional degrees of freedom (DOF) to control and sensing information to process, posing the basis for a new framework of human-robot interaction and high-level telemanipulation control [4]. Besides the mechanical design of the surgical device, the Human Machine Interface (HMI, i.e., the interface used to maneuver the endoscope, together with the adopted control strategy and the quality of the feedback received during the interventions) has an important impact over the outcomes of the procedure. Accordingly, all these factors can vary the difficulty of the tasks and are strictly connected to the users’ physical and mental stress, influencing their final performances [5]. Focusing on one intraluminal intervention, i.e., robot- assisted colonoscopy, a variety of HMI have been designed in the last decades, including different input devices, assistive tools and feedback [6]. However, few studies aiming at assessing the best features of the HMI have been performed so far [7]–[9], leading to a lack of knowledge about the optimal HMI able to minimize the cognitive and physical load of the operators and maximize their performace. Herein, we present the results of a survey administered to more than 70 endoscopists across different European countries, to get insights about the clinicians’ desires on the next generation HMI for robot assisted colonoscopy.
Reports on the topic "Infection control procedures"
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.
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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Treadwell, Jonathan R., Mingche Wu, and Amy Y. Tsou. Management of Infantile Epilepsies. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer252.
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Objectives. Uncontrolled seizures in children 1 to 36 months old have serious short-term health risks and may be associated with substantial developmental, behavioral, and psychological impairments. We evaluated the effectiveness, comparative effectiveness, and harms of pharmacologic, dietary, surgical, neuromodulation, and gene therapy treatments for infantile epilepsies. Data sources. We searched Embase®, MEDLINE®, PubMed®, the Cochrane Library, and gray literature for studies published from January 1, 1999, to August 19, 2021. Review methods. Using standard Evidence-based Practice Center methods, we refined the scope and applied a priori inclusion criteria to the >10,000 articles identified. We ordered full text of any pediatric epilepsy articles to determine if they reported any data on those age 1 month to <36 months. We extracted key information from each included study, rated risk of bias, and rated the strength of evidence. We summarized the studies and outcomes narratively. Results. Forty-one studies (44 articles) met inclusion criteria. For pharmacotherapy, levetiracetam may cause seizure freedom in some patients (strength of evidence [SOE]: low), but data on other medications (topiramate, lamotrigine, phenytoin, vigabatrin, rufinamide, stiripentol) were insufficient to permit conclusions. Both ketogenic diet and the modified Atkins diet may reduce seizure frequency (SOE: low for both). In addition, the ketogenic diet may cause seizure freedom in some infants (SOE: low) and may be more likely than the modified Atkins diet to reduce seizure frequency (SOE: low). Both hemispherectomy/hemispherotomy and non-hemispheric surgical procedures may cause seizure freedom in some infants (SOE: low for both), but the precise proportion is too variable to estimate. For three medications (levetiracetam, topiramate, and lamotrigine), adverse effects may rarely be severe enough to warrant discontinuation (SOE: low). For topiramate, non-severe adverse effects include loss of appetite and upper respiratory tract infection (SOE: moderate). Harms of diets were sparsely reported. For surgical interventions, surgical mortality is rare for functional hemispherectomy/hemispherotomy and non-hemispheric procedures (SOE: low), but evidence was insufficient to permit quantitative estimates of mortality or morbidity risk. Hydrocephalus requiring shunt placement after multilobar, lobar, or focal resection is uncommon (SOE: low). No studies assessed neuromodulation or gene therapy. Conclusions. Levetiracetam, ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and surgery all appear to be effective for some infants. However, the strength of the evidence is low for all of these modalities due to lack of control groups, low patient enrollment, and inconsistent reporting. Future studies should compare different pharmacologic treatments and compare pharmacotherapy with dietary therapy. Critical outcomes underrepresented in the literature include quality of life, sleep outcomes, and long-term development.
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James-Scott, Alisha, Rachel Savoy, Donna Lynch-Smith, and tracy McClinton. Impact of Central Line Bundle Care on Reduction of Central Line Associated-Infections: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0014.
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Purpose/Background Central venous catheters (CVC) are typical for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Due to the invasiveness of this procedure, there is a high risk for central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). These infections have been known to increase mortality and morbidity, medical costs, and reduce hospital reimbursements. Evidenced-based interventions were grouped to assemble a central line bundle to decrease the number of CLABSIs and improve patient outcomes. This scoping review will evaluate the literature and examine the association between reduced CLABSI rates and central line bundle care implementation or current use. Methods A literature review was completed of nine critically appraised articles from the years 2010-2021. The association of the use of central line bundles and CLABSI rates was examined. These relationships were investigated to determine if the adherence to a central line bundle directly reduced the number of CLABSI rates in critically ill adult patients. A summary evaluation table was composed to determine the associations related to the implementation or current central line bundle care use. Results Of the study sample (N=9), all but one demonstrated a significant decrease in CLABSI rates when a central line bundle was in place. A trend towards reducing CLABSI was noted in the remaining article, a randomized controlled study, but the results were not significantly different. In all the other studies, a meta-analysis, randomized controlled trial, control trial, cohort or case-control studies, and quality improvement project, there was a significant improvement in CLABSI rates when utilizing a central line bundle. The extensive use of different levels of evidence provided an excellent synopsis that implementing a central line bundle care would directly affect decreasing CLABSI rates. Implications for Nursing Practice Results provided in this scoping review afforded the authors a diverse level of evidence that using a central line bundle has a direct outcome on reducing CLABSI rates. This practice can be implemented within the hospital setting as suggested by the literature review to prevent or reduce CLABSI rates. Implementing a standard central line bundle care hospital-wide helps avoid this hospital-acquired infection.
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Malkinson, Mertyn, Irit Davidson, Moshe Kotler, and Richard L. Witter. Epidemiology of Avian Leukosis Virus-subtype J Infection in Broiler Breeder Flocks of Poultry and its Eradication from Pedigree Breeding Stock. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586459.bard.
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Objectives 1. Establish diagnostic procedures to identify tolerant carrier birds based on a) Isolation of ALV-J from blood, b) Detection of group-specific antigen in cloacal swabs and egg albumen. Application of these procedures to broiler breeder flocks with the purpose of removing virus positive birds from the breeding program. 2. Survey the AL V-J infection status of foundation lines to estimate the feasibility of the eradication program 3. Investigate virus transmission through the embryonated egg (vertical) and between chicks in the early post-hatch period (horizontal). Establish a model for limiting horizontal spread by analyzing parameters operative in the hatchery and brooder house. 4. Compare the pathogenicity of AL V-J isolates for broiler chickens. 5. Determine whether AL V-J poses a human health hazard by examining its replication in mammalian and human cells. Revisions. The: eradication objective had to be terminated in the second year following the closing down of the Poultry Breeders Union (PBU) in Israel. This meant that their foundation flocks ceased to be available for selection. Instead, the following topics were investigated: a) Comparison of commercial breeding flocks with and without myeloid leukosis (matched controls) for viremia and serum antibody levels. b) Pathogenicity of Israeli isolates for turkey poults. c) Improvement of a diagnostic ELISA kit for measuring ALV-J antibodies Background. ALV-J, a novel subgroup of the avian leukosis virus family, was first isolated in 1988 from broiler breeders presenting myeloid leukosis (ML). The extent of its spread among commercial breeding flocks was not appreciated until the disease appeared in the USA in 1994 when it affected several major breeding companies almost simultaneously. In Israel, ML was diagnosed in 1996 and was traced to grandparent flocks imported in 1994-5, and by 1997-8, ML was present in one third of the commercial breeding flocks It was then realized that ALV-J transmission was following a similar pattern to that of other exogenous ALVs but because of its unusual genetic composition, the virus was able to establish an extended tolerant state in infected birds. Although losses from ML in affected flocks were somewhat higher than normal, both immunosuppression and depressed growth rates were encountered in affected broiler flocks and affected their profitability. Conclusions. As a result of the contraction in the number of international primary broiler breeders and exchange of male and female lines among them, ALV-J contamination of broiler breeder flocks affected the broiler industry worldwide within a short time span. The Israeli national breeding company (PBU) played out this scenario and presented us with an opportunity to apply existing information to contain the virus. This BARD project, based on the Israeli experience and with the aid of the ADOL collaborative effort, has managed to offer solutions for identifying and eliminating infected birds based on exhaustive virological and serological tests. The analysis of factors that determine the efficiency of horizontal transmission of virus in the hatchery resulted in the workable solution of raising young chicks in small groups through the brooder period. These results were made available to primary breeders as a strategy for reducing viral transmission. Based on phylogenetic analysis of selected Israeli ALV-J isolates, these could be divided into two groups that reflected the countries of origin of the grandparent stock. Implications. The availability of a simple and reliable means of screening day old chicks for vertical transmission is highly desirable in countries that rely on imported breeding stock for their broiler industry. The possibility that AL V-J may be transmitted to human consumers of broiler meat was discounted experimentally.
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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.
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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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Epel, Bernard L., Roger N. Beachy, A. Katz, G. Kotlinzky, M. Erlanger, A. Yahalom, M. Erlanger, and J. Szecsi. Isolation and Characterization of Plasmodesmata Components by Association with Tobacco Mosaic Virus Movement Proteins Fused with the Green Fluorescent Protein from Aequorea victoria. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7573996.bard.
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The coordination and regulation of growth and development in multicellular organisms is dependent, in part, on the controlled short and long-distance transport of signaling molecule: In plants, symplastic communication is provided by trans-wall co-axial membranous tunnels termed plasmodesmata (Pd). Plant viruses spread cell-to-cell by altering Pd. This movement scenario necessitates a targeting mechanism that delivers the virus to a Pd and a transport mechanism to move the virion or viral nucleic acid through the Pd channel. The identity of host proteins with which MP interacts, the mechanism of the targeting of the MP to the Pd and biochemical information on how Pd are alter are questions which have been dealt with during this BARD project. The research objectives of the two labs were to continue their biochemical, cellular and molecular studies of Pd composition and function by employing infectious modified clones of TMV in which MP is fused with GFP. We examined Pd composition, and studied the intra- and intercellular targeting mechanism of MP during the infection cycle. Most of the goals we set for ourselves were met. The Israeli PI and collaborators (Oparka et al., 1999) demonstrated that Pd permeability is under developmental control, that Pd in sink tissues indiscriminately traffic proteins of sizes of up to 50 kDa and that during the sink to source transition there is a substantial decrease in Pd permeability. It was shown that companion cells in source phloem tissue export proteins which traffic in phloem and which unload in sink tissue and move cell to cell. The TAU group employing MP:GFP as a fluorescence probe for optimized the procedure for Pd isolation. At least two proteins kinases found to be associated with Pd isolated from source leaves of N. benthamiana, one being a calcium dependent protein kinase. A number of proteins were microsequenced and identified. Polyclonal antibodies were generated against proteins in a purified Pd fraction. A T-7 phage display library was created and used to "biopan" for Pd genes using these antibodies. Selected isolates are being sequenced. The TAU group also examined whether the subcellular targeting of MP:GFP was dependent on processes that occurred only in the presence of the virus or whether targeting was a property indigenous to MP. Mutant non-functional movement proteins were also employed to study partial reactions. Subcellular targeting and movement were shown to be properties indigenous to MP and that these processes do not require other viral elements. The data also suggest post-translational modification of MP is required before the MP can move cell to cell. The USA group monitored the development of the infection and local movement of TMV in N. benthamiana, using viral constructs expressing GFP either fused to the MP of TMV or expressing GFP as a free protein. The fusion protein and/or the free GFP were expressed from either the movement protein subgenomic promoter or from the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein. Observations supported the hypothesis that expression from the cp sgp is regulated differently than expression from the mp sgp (Szecsi et al., 1999). Using immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy, it was determined that paired wall-appressed bodies behind the leading edge of the fluorescent ring induced by TMV-(mp)-MP:GFP contain MP:GFP and the viral replicase. These data suggest that viral spread may be a consequence of the replication process. Observation point out that expression of proteins from the mp sgp is temporary regulated, and degradation of the proteins occurs rapidly or more slowly, depending on protein stability. It is suggested that the MP contains an external degradation signal that contributes to rapid degradation of the protein even if expressed from the constitutive cp sgp. Experiments conducted to determine whether the degradation of GFP and MP:GFP was regulated at the protein or RNA level, indicated that regulation was at the protein level. RNA accumulation in infected protoplast was not always in correlation with protein accumulation, indicating that other mechanisms together with RNA production determine the final intensity and stability of the fluorescent proteins.
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Sordillo, Lorraine, Don Wojchowski, Gary Perdew, Arthur Saran, and Gabriel Leitner. Identification of Staphylococcus aureaus Virulence Factors Associated with Bovine Mastitis. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574340.bard.
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Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of mastitis in dairy cattle. The organism is able to adhere to and penetrate mammary epithelium, forming deep seated abscesses that result in chronic infections. This study was based on the observation that certain genotypes of S. aureus are isolated more frequently from field cases of bovine mastitis than others and the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus have an increased ability to resist neutrophil phagocytosis and killing compared to the rare variants. It was hypothesized that these predominating genotypes differentially express virulence factors that allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. The overall objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which predominating S. aureus genotypes were able to resist mammary gland defense mechanisms. The following specific aims were accomplished to address the overall objectives of this project: 1. Analyze and compare cell surface and secreted protein profiles of common and rare S. aureus genotypes isolated from field cases of bovine mastitis. 2. Purify and sequence selectively synthesized proteins unique to the most prevalent genotypes of S. aureus . 3. Determine the in vitro effects of isolated proteins on essential host defense mechanisms. Results from each specific aim showed that these redominating genotypes differentially express factors that may allow them to overcome or suppress essential host defense mechanisms and successfully colonize mammary parenchyma. Using complementary approaches, both the US and Israeli teams identified differentially expressed S. aureus factors that were positively correlated with virulence as determined by the ability to modify host immune cell responses and increase disease pathogenesis. Several candidate virulence factors have ben identified at both the molecular (US team) and protein (Israeli team) levels. Components of the phosphotransferase system were shown to be differentially expressed in prevalent strains of S. aureus and to modify the growth potential of these strains in a milk microenvironment. Evidence provided by both the Israeli and US teams also demonstrated a potential role of Staphylococcal enterotoxins in the pathogenesis of mastitis. Certain enterotoxins were shown to directly affect neutrophil bactericidal activities which can profoundly affect the establishment of new intramammary infections. Other evidence suggests that S. aureus superantigens can suppress mammary defenses by enhancing lymphoid suppressor cell activity. Collectively, these data suggest that unique factors are associated with predominating S. aureus genotypes that can affect in vitro and in vivo virulence as related to the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. The potential development of a subunit mastitis vaccine which incorporates only relevant antigenic determinants has not been investigated in depth. Experiments outlined in this proposal has identified putative virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus mastitis and which may be used to formulate an efficacious subunit mastitis vaccine. Results from these studies may lead to the development of new methods to prevent this costly disease, providing a viable alternative to less effective mastitis control procedures based on chemotherapy.
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Egypt: Expand access to postabortion care. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2000.1023.
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The Population Council has supported a series of studies to improve the quality of postabortion care (PAC) in Egypt. A 1994 pilot study in two Egyptian hospitals showed that upgrading PAC and training physicians in manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), infection control, and counseling led to significant improvements in the care of postabortion patients. The 1997 study, conducted by the Egyptian Fertility Care Society with support from the Population Council, sought to institutionalize improved postabortion medical care and counseling procedures in ten hospitals. Five senior physicians from each hospital attended a five-day training course in MVA, infection control, and family planning (FP) counseling. The physicians then supervised four months of on-the-job training of doctors and nurses at the ten hospitals. A case management protocol, including emergency medical treatment, pain control, and FP counseling, was also introduced. As reported in this brief, training providers and introducing a case management protocol led to improved PAC at ten government and teaching hospitals in Egypt.